SEISMIC PROVISIONS IN THE SAUDI BUILDING CODE

A. Shuraim1, M. Al-Haddad1, R. Al-Zaid1, R. Mirza1, K. Al-Sheref2

1 King Saud University

2 Saudi Aramco
ashuraim@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
The paper describes the development of seismic provisions as presented in SBC
301(Design Loads for Building and Structures) which is one of the six codes
constituting the structural part of Saudi Building Code (SBC). IBC and ASCE-7 were
chosen to be the source codes where extensive modifications have been carried out to
reduce complexity and to account for differences in the seismicity level, construction
materials, structural systems and quality control between USA and the Kingdom.
ASCE-7 has all the seismic provisions in one complex chapter, covering all different
topics. In SBC 301, however, seismic provisions have been reorganized and rationally
presented in eight chapters to represent distinguished themes. The paper aims at
providing a brief introduction of various chapters of the code related to the seismic
provisions in terms of contents and basic concepts. Challenges, changes and the overall
process were highlighted for the purpose of facilitating the understanding of seismic
provisions and permitting successful future revisions.

KEYWORDS: building codes, structural, coding, seismic.

INTRODUCTION
The Royal directive of 2002 represents a milestone in the evolution of the Saudi
Building Code on the basis of comprehensive international codes such as IBC, EC and
NBC along with Arab codes and local research and studies in the kingdom. For
carrying out this objective, the National Committee of the Saudi Building Code
(NCSBC) was formed. The overall framework of code committees that include
consultative committee (CCSBC) and eight technical committees, among them the
structural technical committee (STC) and its associated workgroups are shown in
Figure 1. The development of structural codes was carried over the period described by
the timeline shown in Figure 2.

Proceedings of the 7th Saudi Engineering Conference (SEC7)

The general methodology adopted by NCSBC requires each of the technical
committees to conduct a thorough study of: a) the Source code, relevant national
studies, and Arab league sponsored codes. Based on the study, technical committees
were instructed to identify chapters, sections, and items that should be removed, added,
or modified. Rationale and scientific evidence for such decisions by the technical
committee should be provided.

The source code mentioned in the NCSBC directive was identified as the set of codes
published by The International Code Council (ICC)[1]. The ICC issues about fourteen
codes, one of them is the international building code (IBC) which has been considered
as the default source code, where its contents have been distributed among the various
technical committees. During the evaluation stage, the STC has divided the eight
chapters of IBC among themselves, and agreed on a methodology and criteria for the
thorough reviewing process. The criteria are summarized as: 1) scientific basis; 2)
compact not voluminous; 3) relevant to national/local issues; 4) simplified without
unwarranted complexity; and 5) minimum shortcomings and deficiencies. These
criteria aims at achieving the main STC objective entitled “towards rational and
applicable codes”.

Seismic provisions of the source codes are very complex and play major influence on
the provisions of design, construction and quality control. In the source code, the
provisions are located in chapter 16 of IBC and in ASCE-7-02 [2] which is one of the
standards referenced by IBC. These provisions need to be simplified, with the
following considerations:

1. The seismicity of the kingdom is less severe than the seismicity of USA, for
which the source code was developed. Keeping the high seismicity provisions
was judged by the STC to be counterproductive for the goal of applicability
because engineers and building official will be required to master these
unneeded complex provisions.

2. The seismic provisions are contained in a few sections within chapter 16. These
provisions have significant dependency on ASCE-7-02. Accordingly,
implementing any changes may not lead to a practical Saudi code. Eventually, a
decision has been made to adopt ASCE-7 as the source code for entire SBC
301.

3. ASCE-7 has all the seismic provisions in one complex chapter, covering
different systems and materials and methods. The provisions also address
external referenced codes and standards.

4. There are a number of differences in the construction materials, systems and

quality control between USA and the Kingdom. For example, wood is a major
construction material in USA, especially for single dwelling units, also masonry
is used extensively for low-rise buildings. Differences also occur in material
properties, structural systems, and quality control in design and construction.

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 5. Shortcomings in codes include numerical errors, confusing statements and
complex provisions that can be misinterpreted. Wrong references to sections,
tables and equations can have serious implications.

In view of the above challenges, the paper presents the eight seismic chapters (9
through 16) of SBC 301 assembled, mainly, from chapter 9 and appendix A of ASCE-
7-02. Substantial portions of the provisions in chapter 9 of ASCE-7-02 were discarded
or simplified for being irrelevant or unwarrantedly complex for the conditions of the
Kingdom (Table 2). The paper also briefly highlights some fundamental concepts of
seismic provisions to permit understanding the changes that have taken place. It is
believed that such documentation can play a great deal in illustrating the code
provisions and in recognizing major issues that need to be taken into consideration in
the future revisions and development.

Figure 1: Saudi Code Building Committees

Figure 2: Timeline of code development

Proceedings of the 7th Saudi Engineering Conference (SEC7)

BACKGROUND OF SEISMIC DESIGN
Earthquake-induced inertia forces depend on the response characteristics of the
structure and the intensity of ground motion at the site. The latter depends primarily on
three factors: the distance between the source and the site, the magnitude of the
earthquake, and the type of soil at the site. Different individual structures shaken by the
same earthquake respond differently. One important characteristic is the fundamental
period of vibration of the structure. Shape or configuration is another important
characteristic that affects structure response.

It is generally uneconomical and unnecessary to design a structure to respond in the

elastic range to the maximum earthquake-induced inertia forces. Thus, the design
seismic horizontal forces prescribed in the seismic codes (IBC 2003, ASCE-7, SBC
301), are generally less than the elastic response inertia forces induced by the design
earthquake. Acceptable performance can be achieved by structures elastically designed
for reduced forces, if suitable structural systems are selected, and structures are detailed
with appropriate levels of ductility, regularity, and continuity [1-4]. Accordingly,
structural systems are expected to undergo fairly large deformations, allowing inelastic
energy dissipation, when subjected to a major earthquake. Some structural and
nonstructural damage can be expected due to large deformations. Therefore, seismic
provisions regulate both strength and lateral drift.

Prescribed design lateral forces are significantly reduced from those that would actually
be produced by a design earthquake, if a structure responds elastically, by the response
modification coefficient R and the importance factor. R is an empirical response
reduction factor intended to account for damping, over strength and the ductility
inherent in the structural system at large displacements. The importance factor, I,
allows for a partial control on the amount of damage experienced by the structure under
a design earthquake. The elastic deformations calculated under these reduced design
forces are then amplified, by the deflection amplification factor (Cd) to estimate the
expected deformations likely to be experienced in response to the design ground
motion.

CHAPTER 9: SEISMIC DESIGN CRITERIA

Chapter 9 is the first chapter in SBC 301 that deals with seismic provisions and is
composed of six sections, as shown in Table 1, to reflect a basic theme in the design
process. The main concepts in this chapter are the design acceleration coefficients, and
the Seismic Design Category. More on these two topics are given next.

Table 1: contents of chapter 9 as extracted from ASCE-7.

ASCE-7-02 Section/subsection Title SBC 301 Section/subsection Title
9.0 Earthquake Loads Chapter 9 Seismic Design Criteria
9.1 General Provisions 9.1 General
9.2.1 Definitions 9.2 Definitions
9.2.2 Symbols 9.3 Symbols and Notations
9.3 9.4 Seismic Ground Motion Values
9.1.4 Occupancy Importance Factor 9.5 Occupancy Importance Factor
9.4.2 Seismic Design Category 9.6 Seismic Design Category

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Design acceleration coefficients
For the site where a structure is to be constructed, the design acceleration coefficients
are to be computed after making basic decisions. First, designers need to obtain two
spectral response accelerations SS and S1, corresponding to 0.2 and 1.0 second
spectral response accelerations, respectively and can be obtained from maps developed
for all regions of the kingdom as exemplified by Figures 1. Next, Designers also need
to obtain site class which is to be determined based on the site soil properties, the site
shall be classified as Site Class A, B, C, D, E or F in accordance with Chapter 14.
Third, based on (SS and S1, and site Class), two coefficients, Fa and Fv are to be
determined from Tables in Chapter 9. These two coefficients respectively scale the SS
and S1 values determined for firm rock sites to appropriate values for other site
conditions. The maximum considered earthquake spectral response accelerations
adjusted for Site Class effects are designated respectively, SMS and SM1, for short
period and 1 second period response. Finally, design acceleration coefficients (SDS,
and SD1) are defined according to appropriate equations. The effect of soil
classification on SD1 and SDS is illustrated in Figure 4, which shows how weak soils
tend to magnify the design accelerations.

Figure 3: typical contour seismic map for one of the regions in the kingdom.
Seismic Design Categories
All structures shall be assigned to a Seismic Design Category based on their Occupancy
Category and the design spectral response acceleration coefficients, SDS and SD1,
determined in accordance with Section 9.4.4. Each building and structure shall be
assigned to the most severe Seismic Design Category in accordance with Table 9.6.a or
9.6.b, irrespective of the fundamental period of vibration of the structure, T. Once the
Seismic Design Category (SDC) (A to D) for the building is established, many other

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requirements such as detailing, quality assurance, systems and height limitations,
specialized requirements, and change of use are related to it.

Figure 4: Effects of Soil Class on spectral response acceleration

CHAPTER 10: STRUCTURAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR

BUILDING STRUCTURES
Chapter 10 is composed of fourteen sections, extracted from the contents of ASCE-7-
02 and extensively modified, as shown in Table 2. Modifications include section titles,
adding new subsections, removing some subsections, Simplifying lengthy provisions.

Table 2: contents of chapter 10 as extracted from ASCE-7.

ASCE 7-02 SBC 301
9.5 Structural Design Criteria, Analysis, Ch. 10 Structural Design Requirements for
and Procedures Building Structures
9.5.2 Structural Design Requirements 10.1 Structural Design Requirements
9.5.2.2 Basic Seismic Force-Resisting 10.2 Structural System Selection
Systems
9.5.2.3 Structure Configuration 10.3 Diaphragm Flexibility, Configuration
Irregularities and Redundancy
9.5.2.7 Combination of Load Effects 10.4 Seismic Load Effect and Combinations
9.5.2.5.2Application of Loading 10.5 Direction of Loading
9.5.2.5 Analysis Procedures 10.6 Analysis Procedures
9.5.3 Index Force Analysis Procedure for 10.7 Index Force Analysis Procedure for
Seismic Design of Buildings Seismic Design of Buildings
9.5.4 Simplified Analysis Procedure for 10.8 Simplified Analysis Procedure for
Seismic Design of Buildings Seismic of Buildings
9.5.5 Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure 10.9 Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure
9.5.6 Modal Analysis Procedure 10.10 Modal Analysis Procedure
9.5.2.6 Design and Detailing 10.11 Design and Detailing Requirements

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 Requirements
9.5.2.8 Deflection, Drift Limits, and 10.12 Deflection, Drift Limits, and Building
Building Separation separation
9.7 Foundation Design Requirements 10.13 Foundation Design Requirements
10.14 Supplementary Methods of analysis

There are some fundamental concepts that need some brief clarifications, namely, the
response modification factor, fundamental period, structure configuration, and analysis
procedures.

Response Modification Factor

If a structure responds elastically to ground motion during a severe earthquake, the
maximum response accelerations may be several times the maximum ground
acceleration. The role of the response reduction factor is to reduce the elastic response
depending on the frame type, material, and detailing requirements. Table 10.1 of SBC
301 stipulates R coefficients for different types of building systems using several
different structural materials. The values in this table have been modified by the
committee in order to account for variations in material properties and quality control.
For a lightly damped building structure of brittle material that would be unable to
tolerate any appreciable deformation beyond the elastic range, the factor R would be
close to 1. At the other extreme, a heavily damped building structure with a very ductile
structural system would be able to withstand deformations considerably in excess of
initial yield and would, therefore, justify the assignment of a larger response reduction
factor R. Figure 5 shows illustration of the role of R values on the response in terms of
spectral response acceleration.

Fundamental Period
One important building characteristic is the fundamental period of vibration of the
building (measured in seconds). The fundamental period of a building depends in a
complex way on the stiffness of the structural system, its mass, and its total height.
Seismic waves with periods similar to that of the building will cause resonance, and
amplify the intensity of earthquake forces the building must resist. In general, a large
portion of the earthquake energy is contained in short-period waves. Therefore, short-
period buildings with stiff structural systems are designed for larger forces than long
period, flexible, buildings. It is preferable that this be determined using modal analysis
methods and the principals of structural mechanics. However, methods of structural
mechanics cannot be employed to calculate the vibration period before a building has
been designed.

Structure Configuration
The configuration of a structure can significantly affect its performance during a strong
earthquake that produces the ground motion contemplated in the SBC 301.
Configuration can be divided into two aspects, plan configuration and vertical
configuration. The seismic provisions were basically derived for buildings having
regular configurations.

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In a regular structure, inelastic demands produced by strong ground shaking tend to be
well distributed throughout the structure, resulting in a dispersion of energy dissipation
and damage. However, in irregular structures, inelastic behavior can concentrate in the
zone of irregularity, resulting in rapid failure of structural elements in these areas. In
addition, some irregularities introduce unanticipated stresses into the structure which
designers frequently overlook when detailing the structural system.
0.45

0.4
n Elastic
io
t 0.35 R=8
a
r
e
l 0.3 R=5
e
c
c
R=3
a
e 0.25
s
n
o
p 0.2
s
e
rl
a 0.15
tr
c
e
p 0.1
s
0.05

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Period, T , Seconds

Figure 5: Effects of response modification factor.

Analysis Procedures
Analysis procedures are selected based on Seismic Design Category and they achieve
calculating the total base shear and its distribution over the structure. Chapter 10 gives
details of four basic procedures and lists additional procedures that can be used. The
basic procedures are: Index method, Simplified method, Equivalent Lateral Force
Procedure, and Modal Analysis Procedure.

CHAPTER 11: MATERIAL SPECIFIC SEISMIC DESIGN

Chapter 11 is composed of four short sections, extracted from the contents of ASCE-7-
02 as shown in Table 3, each section refers to a material code. For example, section
11.2 entitled “concrete structures” refers to SBC 304 for detailed provisions for
concrete members to comply with selected frame type (special, intermediate or
ordinary). The chapter is entitled “Material Specific Seismic Design and Detailing
Requirements” to reflect the content properly.

Table 3: contents of chapter 11 as extracted from ASCE-7.

ASCE 7-02 Ch. 11 Material Specific Seismic Design and
Detailing Requirements
9.8 Steel 11.1 Steel
9.9 Structural Concrete 11.2 Structural Concrete
9.10Composite Structures 11.3 Composite Structures
9.11Masonry 11.4 Masonry

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CHAPTER 12: NON-STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS
Chapter 12 is composed of three sections (Table 4) that establish minimum design
criteria for architectural, mechanical, electrical, and non-structural systems,
components, and elements permanently attached to structures including supporting
structures and attachments. The design criteria establish minimum equivalent static
force levels and relative displacement demands for the design of components and their
attachments to the structure, recognizing ground motion and structural amplification,
component toughness and weight, and performance expectations. For design purpose,
components shall be considered to have the same Seismic Design Category as that of
the structure that they occupy or to which they are attached unless otherwise stated by
the provisions.

Table 4: contents of chapter 12 as extracted from ASCE-7.

ASCE 7-02 SBC 301
9.6 Architectural, Mechanical, and Electrical Ch.12 Seismic Design Requirements For
Components and Systems Non-Structural Components
9.6.1 General 12.1 General
9.6.2 Architectural Component Design 12.2 Architectural Component Design
9.6.3 Mechanical and Electrical 12.3 Mechanical and Electrical
Component Design Component Design

CHAPTER 13: NON BUILDING STRUCTURES

Chapter 13 is composed of seven sections, extracted from the contents of ASCE-7-02
as shown in Table 5. Modifications include section titles, adding new subsections,
removing some subsections, Simplifying lengthy provisions. Nonbuilding structures
include all self-supporting structures that carry gravity loads and that may be required
to resist the effects of earthquake, with the exception of building structures specifically
excluded in Section 9.1.2, and other nonbuilding structures where specific seismic
provisions have yet to be developed in Chapter 13. Nonbuilding structures supported by
the earth or supported by other structures shall be designed and detailed to resist the
minimum lateral forces specified in this chapter.

Table 5: contents of chapter 13 as extracted from ASCE-7.

ASCE 7-02 SBC 301
9.14 Nonbuilding Structures Ch. Seismic Design Requirements for Non
13 Building Structures
9.14.1 General 13.1 General
9.14.2 Reference Standards 13.2 Reference Standards
9.14.4 Nonbuilding Structures Supported 13.3 Nonbuilding Structures Supported by
by Other Structures Other Structures
9.14.5 Structural Design Requirements 13.4 Structural Design Requirements
9.14.6 Nonbuilding Structures Similar to 13.5 Nonbuilding Structures Similar to
Buildings Buildings
9.14.7 Nonbuilding Structures Not Similar 13.6 General Requirements for Nonbuilding
to Buildings Structures Not Similar to Buildings
9.14.7.3 Tanks and Vessels 13.7 Tanks and Vessels

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CHAPTER 14: SITE CLASSIFICATION
Chapter 14 is composed of four sections, extracted from the contents of ASCE-7-02,
covering site classification procedure for seismic design. This chapter is referenced by
chapter 9 in order to determine site class (A to F), based on specific soil test criteria.

CHAPTERS 15 AND 16: QUALITY AND EXISTING BUILDINGS

Chapter 15 is composed of six sections that address quality assurance. All of the
relevant sections of Appendix A have been moved to this Chapter. Chapter 16
addresses briefly provisions related to existing buildings for the cases of additions,
change of use or multiple uses.

CONCLUDING REMARKS
The Royal directive of 2002 represents a milestone in the evolution of the Saudi
Building Code on the basis of comprehensive international codes. The paper has
introduced various chapters of the code related to the seismic provisions in terms of
contents and basic concepts. Challenges, changes and the overall process were
highlighted. The single complex chapter of ASCE-7 that covers various topics was
converted into eight chapters representing different systems and materials. Buildings,
nonbuildings, and nonstructural components were separated in different chapters. Soil
classification provisions have been allocated a separate chapter to be accessible to
geotechnical engineer. Existing building provisions were separated from new building
provisions. The paper also briefly highlights some fundamental concepts of seismic
provisions to permit understanding the changes that have taken place.

Many lessons have been learned from the foregoing experience, where international
codes and regulations are utilized for developing national codes and standards. Through
proper criteria and thorough knowledge of both the international codes and local
conditions, developers can identify differences and shortcomings and propose
solutions. Documenting the experience can play a great deal in illustrating the code
provisions and in recognizing major issues that need to be taken into consideration in
the future revisions.

Newly developed codes should go through a process of quality assurances in a

systematic manner, through monitored usage and parametric studies by qualified
engineers in order to detect any inconsistency and bring the remarks to the technical
committees to take proper actions. Furthermore, external referenced codes and
standards should be made available in a proper form. Finally, successful
implementation of the code requires education and training of engineers to digest codes
provisions and intents as well as proper administrative and inspection schemes.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors would like to thank the NCSBC, particularly its former chairman Dr.
Khalid Al-Khalaf and its current chairman Engr. Mohammed Al-Nagadi, and the
chairman of the consultative committee Engr. Ali Al-Zaid Without their

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encouragements, supports and appreciations our work may not have been
accomplished. Special thanks to all STC members and workgroup members for their
excellent work and sincere efforts.

REFERENCES
1. International Code Council, Inc., International Building Code, 2003.
2. American Society of Civil Engineers, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other
Structures, SEI/ASCE 7-02, Reston, Virginia, 2002.
3. ICBO, et al. “Uniform Building Code (UBC),” by International Conference of
Building Officials (ICBO), Whittier, California; 1997.
4. Berg, G.V. “Elements of structural dynamics.” Prentice Hall 1989, 267pp.

Table 6: Structural Technical Committee (STC) and SBC 301members.

Work STC Additional tasks (Structural codes)
SBC SBC SBC SBC SBC SBC
301 302 303 304 305 306
1 Dr. Ahmed B. Shuraim KSU Chair CH M
The structural Technical committee (STC)

man
Prof. Saleh H. Alsayed KSU 2 CHM
Dr. Faisal A. Al-Mashary KSU 3 M CH
Prof. Magdy K. Moustafa MMRA 4 CH M M
Dr. Nabeel S. Al-Gahtani SWCC 5 M CH
Dr. Abdulaziz I. Al-Negheimish KSU 6 M M M
Dr. Mosleh A. Al-Shamrani KSU 7 CH M
Dr. Saeid A. Alghamdi KFUPM 8 M M
Dr. Yousef A. Al-Salloum KSU 9 M M
Eng. Khaled M. Al-Sheref Aramco 10 M M M
Dr. Abdulsalam A. Alshogeir KSU 11 M M
Major Eng. Hani H. Alnabulsi MOI-DCD 12 M M
Eng. Faisal O. Binsiddiq RCJ &Y 13 M
Dr. Ahmad O. AlQasabi KSU 14 M M
Additional members

Dr. Rajeh Z. Al-Zaid KSU 1 M

Dr. Mohammed S. Al-Haddad KSU 2 M
Dr. Ali Al-Ghadib KFUPM 3 M
Dr. Saleh Al-Deghaiter KSU 4 M
SBC 301

Dr. Muhammad K.Rahman KFUPM 5 M

Dr. Nabil Al-Jundi RG&ME 6 M
Eng. Rais Mirza KSU 7 M
Abbreviations: (M) member, (CH): workgroup chairman, King Saud University (KSU), King Fahd University of
Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM) ; Ministry of Municipal and Rural Affairs (MMRA,: Royal commission for Jubail
and Yanbu (RCJ &Y); Rashid Geotechnical and Material Engineers( RG&ME); Ministry of Interior – Directorate of Civil Defense
(MOI-DCD); Saline Water Conversion Corporation (SWCC)

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Table 7: Examples of provisions that have been removed from source code.
9.1.2.4.1New Buildings
9.1.2.5 Alternate Materials and Methods of Construction
9.1.3 Seismic Use Groups
9.1.3.1 High Hazard Exposure Structures
9.1.3.1.1Seismic Use Group III Structure Protected Access
9.1.3.1.2 Seismic Use Group III Function
9.4.1.3 Site-Specific Procedure for Determining Ground Motion Accelerations
9.4.1.3.1Probabilistic Maximum Considered Earthquake
9.4.1.3.2Deterministic Limit on Maximum Considered Earthquake Ground Motion
9.4.1.3.3Deterministic Maximum Considered Earthquake Ground Motion
9.4.1.3.4Site-Specific Design Ground Motion
9.4.1.3.5Design Acceleration Parameters
9.4.2.2 Site Limitation for Seismic Design Categories E and F
9.5.7.1 Modeling 9.5.8.4 Design Review
9.5.7.2 Ground Motion 9.5.9.1 General
9.5.7.2.1Two-Dimensional Analysis 9.5.9.2 Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure

9.5.7.2.2Three-Dimensional Analysis 9.5.9.2.1Base Shear

9.5.7.3 Response Parameters 9.5.9.2.1.1 Effective Building Period
9.5.8.1 Modeling 9.5.9.2.1.2 Effective Damping
9.5.8.2 Ground Motion and Other Loading 9.5.9.2.2Vertical Distribution of Seismic Forces
9.5.8.3 Response Parameters 9.5.9.2.3Other Effects
9.5.8.3.1Member Strength 9.5.9.3 Modal Analysis Procedure
9.5.8.3.2Member Deformation 9.5.9.3.1Modal Base Shears
9.5.8.3.3Interstory Drift 9.5.9.3.2Other Modal Effects
9.5.9.3.3Design Values
9.1.3.2 9.13.4.7.2 Structural Elements Above the
Isolation System
9.1.3.3 9.13.4.7.3 Scaling of Results
9.5.2.4.3Seismic Design Categories E and F 9.13.4.7.4 Drift Limits
9.5.2.6.5Seismic Design Categories E and F 9.13.5 Lateral Load on Elements of Structures
and Nonstructural Components Supported by
Buildings
9.5.2.6.5.1 Plan or Vertical Irregularities 9.13.5.1 General
9.12 Wood 9.13.5.2 Forces and Displacements
9.12.1 Reference Documents 9.13.5.2.1 Components at or Above the Isolation
Interface
9.12.1.1 Consensus Standards 9.13.5.2.2 Components Crossing the Isolation
Interface
9.12.1.2 Other References 9.13.5.2.3 Components Below the Isolation
Interface
9.13Provisions for Seismically Isolated 9.13.6 Detailed System Requirements
Structures
9.13.1 General 9.13.6.1 General
9.13.2 Criteria Selection 9.13.6.2 Isolation System
9.13.2.1 Basis for Design 9.13.6.2.1 Environmental Conditions
9.13.2.2 Stability of the Isolation System 9.13.6.2.2 Wind Forces
9.13.2.3 Seismic Use Group 9.13.6.2.3 Fire Resistance
9.13.2.4 Configuration Requirements 9.13.6.2.4 Lateral Restoring Force

Proceedings of the 7th Saudi Engineering Conference (SEC7)