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    Lecture 02 - Chapter 1 - Ideal Gas

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    Hyeon Chang No
    1) Gases are defined by their ability to expand to fill any container. The state of gases is described by pressure, volume, temperature, and amount of gas. 2) Pressure is defined as force per unit area and is measured in units such as pascals. Several gas laws relate the pressure, volume, and temperature of gases including Boyle's law, Charles' law, and the combined gas law. 3) The gas constant R is used in the ideal gas law, PV=nRT, which describes the behavior of ideal or perfect gases.

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    Lecture 02 - Chapter 1 - Ideal Gas

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    Hyeon Chang No
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    1) Gases are defined by their ability to expand to fill any container. The state of gases is described by pressure, volume, temperature, and amount of gas. 2) Pressure is defined as force per unit area and is measured in units such as pascals. Several gas laws relate the pressure, volume, and temperature of gases including Boyle's law, Charles' law, and the combined gas law. 3) The gas constant R is used in the ideal gas law, PV=nRT, which describes the behavior of ideal or perfect gases.

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    1) Gases are defined by their ability to expand to fill any container. The state of gases is described by pressure, volume, temperature, and amount of gas. 2) Pressure is defined as force per unit area and is measured in units such as pascals. Several gas laws relate the pressure, volume, and temperature of gases including Boyle's law, Charles' law, and the combined gas law. 3) The gas constant R is used in the ideal gas law, PV=nRT, which describes the behavior of ideal or perfect gases.

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    69 views11 pages

    Lecture 02 - Chapter 1 - Ideal Gas

    Uploaded by

    Hyeon Chang No
    1) Gases are defined by their ability to expand to fill any container. The state of gases is described by pressure, volume, temperature, and amount of gas. 2) Pressure is defined as force per unit area and is measured in units such as pascals. Several gas laws relate the pressure, volume, and temperature of gases including Boyle's law, Charles' law, and the combined gas law. 3) The gas constant R is used in the ideal gas law, PV=nRT, which describes the behavior of ideal or perfect gases.

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    Chapter Title

    Atkins & de Paula:


    Atkins’ Physical Chemistry

    Part I: Equilibrium
    Chapter 1: The Properties of Gases

    State of gases

    gas, a form of matter that fills any container it occupies

    The perfect gas (ideal gas)


    the molecules of a gas are widely separated from one another and
    move in paths that are unaffected by intermolecular forces
    1.1 The state of gases
    The physical state of a substance is defined by its
    physical properties (V, n, P, T).
    Equation of state P = f (T, V, n)
    nRT
    For perfect gases, P=
    V
    Pressure
    Pressure is defined as force divided by the area to which the force is applied.
    The origin of the force exerted by a gas is the incessant battering
    of the molecules on the walls of its container. P= Force/ Area = F / A
    1 Pa = 1 N m-2 = 1 kg m-1 s-2
    Standard pressure p∅ = 1 bar = 105 Pa
    1 atm = 101,325 Pa = 14.7 psi = 760 torr = 760 mmHg

    Mechanical Equilibrium

    Mechanical equilibrium
    the condition of equality of pressure
    on either side of a movable wall
    Pressure Measurement

    Measurement of pressure
    F = ma = ρAh g A

    P = F/A = ρAhg/A = ρgh h

    P = ρgh = ρglcosθ

    Pressure Measurement

    h ∝ P – Pex

    P = Pex + ρgh

    Difference in the height of column in the open-


    tube manometer is proportional to the difference
    in the pressure between sample and atmosphere.
    Temperature
    Temperature
    Temperature T is the property that indicates the direction
    of the flow of energy through a thermally conducting, rigid wall.
    Diathermic boundary : energy transfer across the boundary
    Adiabatic boundary : No energy transfer across the boundary

    Thermal equilibrium

    Zeroth Law

    Zeroth Law of thermodynamics


    If A is in thermal equilibrium with B,
    and B is in thermal equilibrium with C,
    then C is also in thermal equilibrium with A.

    Celsius T(oC) = T(K) -273.15


    Rankine T(R) = 1.8 T(K)
    Fahrenheit T(oF) = T(R) -459.67
    T(oF) = 1.8 T(oC) +32
    Perfect Gas Law

    1.2 The gas laws

    Boyle’s law : At constant temperature, the


    Pressure of a sample gas is inversely proportional
    To its volume, PV = constant, at const n, T

    Charles’ law : At constant pressure, the volume of


    A gas is proportional to the absolute temperature
    V ∝ T, at const n, P

    Avogadro’s principle : Equal volume of gases at


    The same pressure and temperature contain the same
    Numbers of molecules
    V ∝ n, at const P, T
    Boyle’s law

    Isotherm

    Isotherms Isobars Isochores

    Boyle’s law Charles’ law

    Limiting law : A law that is strictly true only in a certain limit


    Gas Constant

    The perfect gas law


    PV = constant × nT
    PV = nRT
    R ≡ gas constant

    Perfect Gas

    P1V1 P2V2
    = = nR
    T1 T2
    STP & SATP

    STP (standard temperature and pressure)


    • standard T and P,
    • Molar volume Vm = 22.414 Lmol-1
    • 0℃, 1 atm

    SATP (standard ambient temperature and pressure)


    • standard ambient T and P,
    • Vm = 24.789 Lmol-1
    • 25℃ (298.15 K), 1 bar (P∅)

    Atmospheric Pressure

    h = H ln2

    P = P0 e –h/H
    H = RT/Mg Æ approximately ~ 8 km
    M = the average molar mass number
    P0 = the pressure at sea level
    Weather

    How can a cloud be formed?


    Rising of hot air parcel → Adiabatic expansion → Cooling in temperature
    → Moisture condensation → Cloud formation

    Greenhouse Effect
    Mixture of gases

    Mole fraction
    xJ = nJ / n where n = nA + nB + ····
    xA + xB + ···· = 1
    Partial pressure
    PJ = xJ P

    Dalton’s law : The pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the


    sum of the partial pressures of the gases.

    P = PA + PB + ··· = (xA + xB)P

    Partial pressure

    PJ = xJ P

    PA + PB + ···· = (xA + xB + ····)P = P


    Example 1.3

    Q) The mass percentage composition of dry air at sea level is approximately


    N2:75.5; O2:23.2; Ar:1.3. What is the partial pressure of each component
    when the total pressure is 1.0 atm?
    A) When we suppose the presence of 100g of air,

    75.5 g 2.68 mol


    n( N 2 ) = = 2.68 mol P( N 2 ) = × 1.00 atm = 0.780 atm
    28.02 g / mol 3.45 mol
    23.2 g 0.725 mol
    n(O2 ) = = 0.725 mol P(O2 ) = × 1.00 atm = 0.210 atm
    32.00 g / mol 3.45 mol
    1. 3 g 0.033 mol
    n( Ar ) = = 0.033 mol P( Ar ) = × 1.00 atm = 0.0096 atm
    39.95 g / mol 3.45 mol

    Total = 3.45 mol

    Example 1.3
    Real Gases

    Molecular interactions

    (1) Low pressure : non-molecular interaction


    Perfect gas behavior

    (2) Moderate pressure : attractive interaction


    More compressible

    (3) High pressure : repulsive interaction


    Less compressible

    Compression factor
    The compression factor
    The compression factor Z of a gas is the ratio
    of its molar volume Vm to the molar volume
    of a perfect gas Vmo at the same pressure and
    temperature
    Vm
    Z= PVm = ZRT
    Vmo

    Z = 1 : perfect gas
    Z > 1 : larger Vm, less compressible
    repulsive, high pressure
    Z < 1 : smaller Vm, more compressible
    attractive, moderate pressure

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