Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2014; 3(4): 149-159

E-ISSN: 2278-4136
P-ISSN: 2349-8196 A review on medicinal plants with antidiabetic activity
JPP 2014; 3(4): 149-159
Received: 24-09-2014
Accepted: 03-10-2014 ANM Mamun-or-Rashid, Md. Shamim Hossain, Naim Hassan, Biplab
Kumar Dash, Md. Ashrafuzzaman Sapon, Monokesh Kumer Sen
ANM Mamun-or-Rashid
PhD Research student, Graduate Abstract
School of Life and Medical In the last few years, there has been an exponential growth in the field of herbal medicine and gaining
Sciences, Doshisha University, popularity both in developing and developed countries because of their natural origin and less side
Japan. effects. A comprehensive review was conducted to pile up information about medicinal plants used for
the treatment of diabetes mellitus. It is a metabolic disorder of the endocrine system and affecting nearly
Md. Shamim Hossain 10% of the population all over the world also the number of those affected is increasing day by day. The
Department of Biotechnology and profiles presented include information about the scientific and family name, plant parts and test model
Genetic Engineering, Faculty of used, the degree of hypoglycemic activity, and the active chemical agents. The large number of plants
Applied Science and Technology, described in this review (108 plant species belonging to 56 families) clearly demonstrated the importance
Islamic University, Kushtia-7003,
of herbal plants in the treatment of diabetes. The effects of these plants may delay the development of
Bangladesh.
diabetic complications and correct the metabolic abnormalities. This work stimulates the researchers for
Naim Hassan further research on the potential use of medicinal plants having antidiabetic potential.
Department of Biotechnology and
Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Keywords: Comprehensive review, medicinal plant, antidiabetic potential.
Applied Science and Technology,
Islamic University, Kushtia-7003, 1. Introduction
Bangladesh. Medicinal plants continue to be an important therapeutic aid for alleviating ailments of
humankind. Over the last 2500 years, there have been very strong traditional systems of
Biplab Kumar Dash
Lecturer, Department of Genetic
medicine such as Chinese, Ayurvedic, and the Unani, born and practiced, more in the eastern
Engineering and Biotechnology, continent. These traditions are still flourishing, since; approximately 80% of the people in the
Jessore University of Science and developing countries rely on these systems of medicine for their primary health care needs [1].
Technology, Bangladesh. These plants contain substances that can be used for therapeutic purposes, of which are
precursors for the synthesis of drugs [2]. A lot of research work has been carried out on some
Md. Ashrafuzzaman Sapon medicinal herbs and they have been found to have definite action on the nervous, circulatory,
PhD Research student, Bioscience
respiratory, digestive and urinary systems; as well as the sexual organs, the skin, vision,
Division, Graduate school of
Science & Technology, Shizuoka
hearing and taste [3].
University, Shizuoka, Japan. Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic alterations characterized by hyperglycemia resulting
from defects in insulin secretion, action or both. It is made up of two types: Type I and Type
Monokesh Kumer Sen II. Type I diabetes often referred to as juvenile diabetes, is insulin dependent and known to
Department of Biotechnology and affect only 5% of the diabetic population. The Type II, which is non-insulin dependent, usually
Genetic Engineering, Faculty of develops in adults over the age of 40. It has already been established that chronic
Applied Science and Technology,
hyperglycemia of diabetes is associated with long term damage, dysfunction and eventually
Islamic University, Kushtia-7003,
Bangladesh. the failure of organs, especially the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart and blood vessels [4]. It has an
adverse effect on carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism resulting in chronic
hyperglycemia and abnormality of lipid profile. These lead to series of secondary
complications including polyurea, polyphasia, ketosis, retinopathy as well as cardiovascular
disorder [5]. In spite of the introduction and extensive utilization of hypoglycemic agents,
diabetes and the related complications continue to be a major health problem worldwide,
which is affecting nearly 10% of the population all over the world [6] and considered as a major
cause of high economic loss which can in turn impede the development of nations [7]. It is
projected to become one of the world’s main disablers and killers within the next 25 years.
Many factors contribute to the on-set of diabetes and these are termed as predisposing or risk
Correspondence: factors. Environmental factors such as diet, obesity and sedentary life style increase the risk of
Md. Shamim Hossain diabetes. Other important risk factors include high family aggregation, insulin resistance,
Department of Biotechnology
nutritional status, age and lifestyle change due to urbanization [8]. The management of diabetes
and Genetic Engineering,
is a global problem until now and successful treatment is not yet discovered [9].
Faculty of Applied Science and
Technology, Islamic University,
Kushtia-7003, Bangladesh.
~ 149 ~
Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry

Currently available therapy for diabetes includes insulin and various oral hypoglycemic traditional system of medicine worldwide and many of them are known to be effective
agents such as sulfonylureas, metformin, glucosidase inhibitors, troglitazone, etc. But these against diabetes. The hypoglycemic effect of pharmacologically active component of plant
are reported to produce serious adverse side effects such as liver problems, lactic acidosis decrease the effect on α-amylase and various direct and indirect effects of different blood
and diarrhea [10]. It is currently affecting around 143 million people [11] and the number of parameters responsible for development of diabetes [15]. A large number of antidiabetic
those affected is increasing day by day, by 2030 it is predicted to reach 366 million medicines are available in the pharmaceutical market for diabetes and its related
population worldwide [12]. About 800 plant species have been reported to possess complications; however, currently no effective therapy is available to cure the disease.
antidiabetic properties. Several plant species have been used for prevention or management However, due to unwanted side effects the efficacies of these compounds are debatable and
of diabetes by the Native Americans, Chinese, South Americans and Asian Indians [11]. there is a demand for new compounds for the treatment of diabetes [16, 17]. In the last few
The study showed that Asian and African continents have 56% and 17% share of the years, there has been a growing interest in the herbal medicine in care and management of
worldwide distribution of therapeutic herbal plants, respectively [13]. Biological actions of diabetes both in developing and developed countries, due to their natural origin and less side
the plants are related to chemical composition that are rich in phenolics, alkaloids, effects [18, 19, 20].
flavonoids, terpenoids, coumarins, and glycosides usually show positive effects. On the In this review article, an attempt has been made to compile the reported hypoglycemic
other hand, many conventional drugs for treatment of diabetes, such as metformin are plants available in different scientific journals and may be useful to the health professionals,
secretagogues which have a plant origin [14]. scientists and scholars working in the field of pharmacology and therapeutics to develop
The conventional drugs are used to treat diabetes by improving insulin sensitivity, evidence based alternative medicine to cure different kinds of diabetes in man and animals.
increasing insulin production and decreasing the amount of glucose in blood. The adverse This review shows the importance and the interest placed on medicinal plants in the drive to
effect of drug treatment are not always satisfactory in maintaining normal levels of blood demonstrate their antidiabetic effects and the responsible bioactive agents. This review also
glucose and this view many medicinal plants have been provided a potential source of covers the common name of a plant, the parts that are commonly used as a remedy sources,
antidiabetic principle which are widely used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus in various extracts, doses, and a test model.

Table 1: Analysis of remedies obtained from different plant parts for diabetes mellitus

Common Parts Test

Family Botanical name Extracts Active chemical constituents Dose mg/kg Result References
name used model
Indian gum Seed,
Acacia arabica - Polyphenol, Tannin - - -
arabic Bark
Sterol, Triterpenoid, Flavonoid,
Cassia auriculata Tanner’s cassia Flower - - - -
Tannin
Glycine max Soya beans Seed - 3-O-methyl-D-chiro-inositol - - -
Seed,
Tamarindus indica Tatul tree Methanolic Flavonoid, Polysaccharide 200 STZ rat -
Fruit [21,22,
Fabaceae Fagomine, 4-O-beta-D- 23,24, 25,26]
Xanthocercis
Nyala tree Leaf - glucopyranosylfagomine, - - -
zambesiaca
Castanospermine
whole
Retama raetam - Aqueous - i.v., AT STZ rat ↓Glucose
plant
Type II
Butein, Palasonin, Stigmasterol-3 β-
Butea monosperma Bastard teak Fruit Aqueous 1 or 2g diabetic -
D-glucopyranoside
patient
↓Glucose,
↓glycosylated
[27, 28,29,
Leaf, I.p., 14d; Hemoglobin, ↑C-
Aegeline 2, Coumarin, Flavonoid, 30, 31,32,
Rutaceae Aegle marmelos Golden apple Seed, Ethanolic, Aqueous p.o., 14d; 1.0 STZ rat peptide,
Alkaloid 25,26]
Fruit g/kg ↑glucose
Tolerance,
↑glycogen,

~ 150 ~
Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry

↑insulin
Citrus reticulate Mandarin Fruit Essential oil Essential oil 500-2000 Alloxan rat -
Feronia Bioflavonoid, Triterpenoid, Stigma
Wood apple Fruit Aqueous 500 Alloxan rat -
elephantum sterol, Bergapten
Leaf, Alloxan
Murraya koenigii Curry-leaf tree Fruit juice Carbazole, Alkaloid 2.5-5.0 ml/kg
Fruit mice -
Limonia acidissima Wood apple Fruit Methanolic Polysaccharide 200-400 Alloxan rat
Allyl propyl disulphide, S- methyl Alloxan
Allium cepa Onion Bulb - -
cysteine sulphoxide rat [34,35,
Diallyl disulphide oxide, Ajoene, 36,37,
Alliaceae ↓Glucose, ↓Lipid,
Allyl P.o., 14d, 21- STZ rat 38, 39,26]
Allium sativum Garlic Root Ethanolic ↑Insulin,
propyl disulfide, S-allyl cysteine, 112 d
↓Oxidative stress
S-allyl mercaptocysteine
[40,
Lophenol, 24-methyl-lophenol, 24-
Asphodelaceae Aloe barbadensis Barbados aloe Leaf - - - - 26]
ethyllophenol
Leaf,
Azadirachta indica Neem - Nimbidin - - -
Seed [41,25,
Meliaceae African 26]
Melia dubia mahogany - Alcoholic Liminoid 300 STZ rat -
[42,
Whole
Chenopodiaceae Beta vulgaris Beetroot - Sugar beet pectin, Polydextrose - - - 26]
Plant
Biophytum. Whole
Sikerpud - Not known - - - [43,32,26]
Oxalidaceae Sensitivum Plant
Averrhoa bilimbi - Leaf Aqueous - P.o., 14d STZ rat ↓Glucose, ↓Lipid
Seed,
Brassica juncea Mustard - Isorhamnetin diglucoside - - - [44,
Leaf
45,
p.o., AT,
Brassicaceae Lepidium sativum - Leaf Aqueous - STZ rat ↓Glucose 46,
p.o.,15d
26]
Whole ↓Glucose, ↓Lipid,
Raphanus sativus - Aqueous - p.o., 21d STZ rat
plant ↓Insulin
[47,
(7R*,9as*)-7-phenyl-
Leguminosae Cajanus cajan Pigeon pea Seed - - - - 26]
octahydroquinolizin-2-one
Withania
Winter cherry Leaf - Withanolide, Alkaloid - - -
somnifera
Crude p.o., 21-26d; STZ rat, ↓Glucose,
Lycium barbarum Chirchita Fruit polysaccharide Polysaccharide 10-250 Alloxan ↓Oxidative stress,
extract mg/kg rabbit ↑GLUT4, ↑Insulin
Ethanolic
[48,49,
Withania Vegetable Milk-coagulating enzyme, Esterase, 50,25,
Solanaceae Fruit 750 STZ rat -
coagulans rennet Fatty oil, Essential oil, Alkaloid 26 ]

Strawberry
Alloxan
Physalis alkekengi tomato - Aqueous Polysaccharide 50-100 -
mice
Capsicum
Chilli - - Capsaicin - - -
frutescens
Catharanthus Whole [26]
Apocynaceae Red periwinkle - Vinculin, Alkaloid - - -
roseus Plant
[51,25,
Cinnamomum Leaf,
Lauraceae Cinnamon - Cinnamaldehyde - - - 26]
zeylanicum Bark

~ 151 ~
Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry

Fat, Protein,
Persea americana Avocado Fruit Aqueous 450-900 Alloxan rat -
Vitamin, Mineral
Coriandrum [52,
Coriander Leaf - Alanine - - -
Apiaceae sativum 26 ]
Cuminum cyminum Cumin seed Seed - Aldehyde - - -
[53,54,
Curcuma longa Turmeric Root - Curcuminoid - - -
Zingiberaceae 26]
Zingiber officinale Ginger Bulb - Gingerol, Ethanol - - -
Eucalyptus
Blue gum Leaf - Calytoside - - -
globules
Terpen, Flavonoid, Strictinin, P.o., AT;
Leaf, Aqueous,
Psidium guajava Guava Isostrictinin, Pedunculagin, 100-400 STZ rat ↓Glucose
Fruit Methanolic [55,56,
Polysaccharide mg/kg
57,58,
Myrtaceae Aqueous
Baccharis trimera - Leaf - P.o., 7d STZ mice ↓Glucose 25,26]

↓Glucose,
Syzygium cordatum - Leaf Aqueous - p.o., 28d STZ rat
↑Hepatic glycogen
Syzygium Anthocyanin, Citric, Malic, Gallic
Jambolan Fruit Methanolic 100 ng ml-1 - -
jambolanum acid
Ficus bengalensis Banyan tree Bark - Leucopelargonidin - - -
Leaf,
Ficus carica Anjir - Invert sugar - -
Fruit [59,60,
↓Glucose, 61,62,
Stem
Moraceae Egyptian Morus ↓Lipid 63,25,
bark Alcoholic - p.o., 10d STZ rat
alba peroxidation, 26 ]
↑Insulin
Artocarpus
Jackfruit Fruit Aqueous Sapogenin 250-500 Alloxan rat -
heterophyllus
[64,
Sugar Gymnemic acid, Gymnema,
Asclepiadaceae Gymnema sylvestre Leaf - - - - 26 ]
destroyer Saponin
Hordeum vulgare Barley Seed - Beta-glucan - - - [65,66,
Poaceae Whole 26 ]
Triticum vulgare Wheat - Albumin - - -
plant
Hygrophila Whole
Talmakhana - Unknown - - - [67,
auriculata plant
Acanthaceae 26]
Strobilanthes
Leaf Aqueous - p.o., 21d STZ rat ↓Glucose
crispus
Monoglyceride (MG), Fatty acid
Ibervillea sonorae Huereque Root - - -
-

↓Glucose,
Charantin, Momordicin, Galactose- ↓Glycosylated [68, 69,70,
methanolic, binding lectin hemoglobin, 71,72,
Momordica Whole p.o., 27-30d; SZT mice
Bitter melon Aqueous, Non-bitter, Diosgenin, Cholesterol, ↓Oxidative 73,74,
Cucurbitaceae charantia plant 10-20 mg/kg
chloroformic lanosterol, β-sitosterol, stress, ↑Glycogen, 75,76,
Cucurbitacin glycoside ↓Lipid 25,26]
peroxidation
Coccinia indica
Ivy-gourd Fruit Alcoholic Β-amyrin, Lupeol, Cucurbitacin B 150 Alloxan rat -
Cucumis
Jelly melon Fruit Fruit extract Β-carotene, Fatty acid 1000-1500 Alloxan rat -
metuliferus
Momordica Kaarali-kanda Fruit Aqueous Steroidal glycoside or phenolics 0.5g/kg STZ rat -

~ 152 ~
Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry

cymbalaria
Momordicin, Vitamin C, Resin
acid, Fixed
Momordica
Balsam apple Fruit Methanolic oil, Carotene, Aromatic volatile oil, 250-500 STZ rat -
balsamina
Alkaloid,
Cucurbitacin, Saponin
Whole
Jatropha curcas Barbados nut - Diterpene - - -
plant
Phyllanthus [77,25,26]
Euphorbiaceae Indian
emblica; Fruit Aqueous Tannin 350 Alloxan rat -
gooseberry
P. Acidus
Emblica officinalis Amla Fruit - Tannoid - - -
Leaf,
Mangiferin, Phenolics, i.p., AT;
Stem STZ rat,
Mangifera indica Mango tree Aqueous, Alcoholic Flavonoid 100-200 ↓Glucose [78,79,
Bark, Alloxan rat
Anacardiaceae mg/kg 25,26]
Fruit
Alloxan
Rhus coriaria Sicilian Sumac Fruit Ethanolic Limonene, Nonanal, Dec-2 (Z)-enal 400 -
wistar rat
Essential oil, Terpen, Flavonoid.
Vanadium, Zinc,
Mentha piperita Peppermint Leaf - Chromium, Copper, Iron, - - -
Potassium, Sodium, [80,81,
Nickel 82,
Lamiaceae
Eugenol (1-hydroxy-2-methoxy-4- 26 ]
Ocimum sanctum Holy basil Leaf - - -
allylbenzene) -
Leonotis leonurus - Leaf Aqueous - p.o., AT STZ mice ↓Glucose
↓Glucose
Salvia officinalis - Leaf Aqueous - p.o., 14d STZ rat
↓Gluconeogenesis
Whole [ 26]
Moringaceae Moringa oleifera Moringa - Not known - - -
plant
[83,25,
Musa sapientum Sweet banana Flower - Flavonoid, Steroid, Glycoside - - -
Musaceae 26]
Musa paradisiaca Banana Fruit Methanolic Dietary fibre, Pectin 100-800 STZ rat
[84,
Nymphaeaceae Nelumbo nucifera Sacred lotus Flower - Tolbutamide - - - 26 ]
[85,
Roman Whole
Ranunculaceae Nigella sativa - Thymoquinone - - - 26 ]
coriander plant
[26]
Turneraceae Turnera diffusa Damiana Leaf - Flavonoid, Terpen - - -
[ 26]
Utricaceae Urtica dioica Nettles Leaf - Flavonoid, Coumarin, Lectin - -
Vaccinium
Leaf,
myrtillus Bilberry - Anthocyanoside - - - [86,25,
Fruit
Ericaceae 26 ]
Vaccinium
Wild blueberry Fruit Ethanolic Phenolic 12.5 mg/ml - -
angustifolium
↓Glycosylated
[40,62,
Pseudoprototinosaponin, Db/db hemoglobin
Liliaceae Aloe vera Barbados aloe Leaf Ethanolic P.o., 28d 32]
Prototinosaponin mice
[87,
Amaranthus Whole Oil
Amaranthaceae - - P.o., 21d STZ rat ↓Gluose, ↑Insulin 32]
esculentus plant fraction
[88,89,
STZ rat, ↓Glucose, ↓Lipid,
Leaf, P.o., 10-30d; 90,91,
Annonaceae Annona squamosa - Aqueous, Ethanolic - Alloxan ↓Lipid
Fruit-Pulp p.o., 10-15d 32]
rabbit peroxidation

~ 153 ~
Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry

Aqueous, Ethanolic,
Malmea depressa - Root - p.o., AT STZ rat ↓Glucose
n-butanol fraction
Bryophyllum [ 92]
Crassulaceae - Leaf Alcoholic - p.o./i.p., AT STZ rat ↓Glucose
pinnatum
Canarium Methanolic, [93]
Burseraceae - Stem bark - p.o.,14d STZ rat ↓Glucose
schweinfurthi Methylene chloride
Chamaemelum
- Leaf Aqueous - p.o., 15d STZ rat ↓Glucose
nobile
↓Glucose, ↓Lipid,
Fruit [94,95,
↑Glucose
Eugenia jambolana - pulp, Aqueous, Ethanolic Pandanus odorus p.o., AT STZ rabbit 96,97,
tolerance
Asteraceae Seed 25,
26]
Artemisia
Worm wood Fruit Aqueous Polysaccharide 200 Alloxan rat -
sphaerocephala
Taraxacum
Dandelion Fruit - Terpen - - -
officinale
↓Glucose,
↓Glycosylated
Coscinium hemoglobin, [98]
Menispermaceae - Stem bark Alcoholic - p.o., 12d STZ rat
fenestratum ↓Glycogen,
↓Lipid, ↓Oxidative
stress
Hintonia Stem
- methanolic - p.o., AT STZ rat ↓Glucose
standleyana bark [99,100,25]
Rubiaceae
Indian Saponin, Triterpene, Steroid,
Morinda citrifolia Fruit Fruit juice 2 ml/kg STZ rat -
mulberry Flavonoid
Hypoxis [101]
Hypoxidaceae - Fruit Aqueous - p.o., AT STZ mice ↓Glucose
hemerocallidea
↓Glucose, [102,
Piperaceae Piper betle Pan Leaf Aqueous - p.o., 30 d STZ rat ↓Glycosylated 103]
hemoglobin
↓Glucose, ↓Lipid, [ 104,
Whole Aqueous STZ rat
Scrophulariaceae Scoparia dulcis - - p.o., 21-42 d ↓oxidative stress, 105]
plant
↑Insulin
Shikimic, Gallic, Triacontanoic,
Chebulic Seed, chloroform, p.o., AT;
Terminalia chebula Palmitic acid, β-sitosterol, STZ rat ↓Glucose
myrobalan Fruit Aqueous 200 mg/kg
Daucosterol
Stem
Terminalia methanolic,
- bark - p.o., 14 d STZ rat ↓Glucose
superba methylene chloride
[93,106,107,25]
Combretaceae
Petroleum ether,
Terminalia Methanolic,
Indian almond Fruit Phenolics 68, 40, 42 Alloxan rat -
catappa Aqueous

Tremella Isolated
- Fruit - p.o., 14 d STZ rat ↓Glucose
mesenterica compound
STZ rat, [108,
Ziziphus spina- n-butanol fraction, p.o., AT; 500
Rhamnaceae Christ thorn Leaf Christinin-A, Fatty acid Alloxan ↓Glucose 25]
christi Hydroalcoholic mg/kg
dog
Saponin, Tannin, Alkaloid, [25]
Caricaceae Carica papaya Papaya Fruit Aqueous 100-400 Wistar rat -
Flavonoid,

~ 154 ~
Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry

Anthraquinone, Glycoside,
Reducing sugar
Thespesia Populnetin, Herbacetin, Populneol,
Portia tree Fruit Alcoholic 100-300 Alloxan rat -
populnea Quercetin
[25]
Malvaceae Carbohydrate, Gum, Mucilage,
Abelmoschus Alloxan
Gumbo Fruit Ethanolic Protein, Phytosterol, Flavonoid, 300 -
esculentus mice
Tannin, Phenolics, Volatile oil
Lupeol, Betulin, Gallic acid,
Diospyros
Gaub Betulinic acid, 50-100 STZ rat
peregrine Fruit Aqueous - [25]
Ebenaceae persimmon Hexacosane, Hexacosanol,
Sitosterol
Diospyros lotus Date plum Fruit Aqueous Phenolics 150-1000 STZ rat -
Ganoderma
Reishi Polysaccharide [ 25]
Ganodermataceae lucidum Fruit Polysaccharide 25-100 STZ rat -
mushroom fraction
Diethyl ether, Ethyl Glucose
20% Maitake [ 25]
Meripilaceae Grifola frondosa Maitake Fruit alcohol Disaccharide tolerance -
Extract
mice
Steroid, Terpenoid, Alkaloid, Glucose
East Indian [25]
Sterculiaceae Helicteres isora Fruit Aqueous Carbohydrate, Phenolics 500μg/ml tolerance -
screw tree
rat
Type II
Lodoicea [25]
Palmae Sea coconut Fruit Fruit extract Carbohydrate 2-4g diabetic -
sechellarum
patient
Alloxan [ 25]
Punicaceae Punica granatum Pomegranate Fruit Ethanolic Tannin 200 -
mice
Glucose
[ 25]
Araliaceae Panax ginseng Ginseng Fruit Berry extract Saponin 150 tolerance -
mice
Polysaccharide [ 25]
Cactaceae Opuntia dillenii Prickly pear Fruit Polysaccharide 100, 200, 400 STZ rat -
extract
KK-Ay
Lyophyllum Fried chicken diabetic [ 25]
Lyophyllaceae Fruit Aqueous Polysaccharide 500 -
decastes mushroom mice

Alloxan [25]
Caprifoliaceae Viburnum opulus Cranberry bush Fruit Aqueous Tannin 100 -
mice
Type II
Flame of the [25]
Papilionaceae Butea monosperma Fruit Aqueous Flavonoid 3g diabetic -
forest
patient
AT: Acute treatment, GLUT-4: Glucose transporter, Hex: Hexane fraction, i.p.: Intraperitoneal route, p.o.: oral route and STZ: Streptozotocin

~ 155 ~
Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry

2. Discussion 2. Sofowora A. Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine

Diabetes mellitus is spreading in an alarming way throughout in Africa Johnwiley, New York, 1984, 256-257.
the world and three fourth of the world populations and 3. Bailey CJ, Day C. Traditional plants medicines as
considered as a major cause of high economic loss which can treatments for diabetes. Diabetes Care 1989; 12(8):552-
in turn impede the development of nations. Moreover, 556.
uncontrolled diabetes leads to many chronic complications 4. Huang THW, Peng G, Kota BP, Li GQ, Yamahara J,
such as blindness, heart disease, and renal failure, etc. For Roufogalis BD et al. Anti-diabetic action of Punica
this, therapies developed along the principles of western granatum flower extract: activation of PPAR-c and
medicine (allopathic) are often limited in efficacy, carry the identification of an active component. Toxicol App
risk of adverse effects, and are often too costly, especially for Pharmacol 2005; 207:160-169.
the developing world. Therefore, treating diabetes mellitus 5. Kumar P, Clark M. Diabetes Mellitus and Other
with plant derived compounds which are accessible and do Disorders of Metabolism. In: Clinical Medicine,
not require laborious pharmaceutical synthesis seems highly Sunders, WB (Eds.). 2nd ed. Elsevier, London; 2002,
attractive. 1069-1071.
The study revealed that 108 plant species belonging to 56 6. Burke JP, Williams K, Narayan KMV, Leibson C,
families were generally used for treatment of diabetes. The Haffner SM, Stern MP. A population perspective on
majority of the experiments confirmed the benefits of diabetes prevention: Whom should we target for
medicinal plants with hypoglycemic effects in the preventing weight gain. Diabetes Care 2003; 26:1999-
management of diabetes mellitus. Among the plants used for 2004.
the diabetes, Annona squamosa, Momordica charantia, 7. Mahabir D, Gulliford MC. Use of medicinal plants for
Egyptian Morus alba, Lycium barbarum, Allium sativum, diabetes in Trinidad and Tobago. Rev Panam Salud
and Aegle marmelose seems to be most common plants used Publica 1997; 1:174-179.
to treat diabetes and are available everywhere. The detailed 8. Deepashree BN, Prakash JA. Study on nutritional status
natural plants not only used for the treatment of diabetes, but of diabetics and associated risk factors. J Human Ecol
also treated for other ailments also. The fruits were most 2007; 21:269-274.
commonly used plant parts and other parts (leaf, root, stem, 9. Malviya N, Jain S, Malviya S. Antidiabetic Potential of
bark, flower, and whole plant) were also useful for curing. Medicinal Plants. Acta Pol Pharm Drug Res 2010;
However, the diabetic model that was most commonly used 67(2):113-118.
was the streptozotocin and alloxan-induced diabetic mouse or 10. Rajalakshmi M, Eliza J, Priya CE, Nirmala A, Daisy P.
rat as diabetic models. In this study, most commonly used Antidiabetic properties of Tinospora cordifolia stem
animal model was STZ rat. In some cases alloxan mice, extracts on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Afr J
glucose tolerance mice, KK-Ay diabetic mice, and diabetic Pharm Pharmacol 2009; 3(5):171-180.
patient were used as a model. Some authors have used 11. Mentreddy SR, Mohamed AI, Rimando AM. Medicinal
hereditary diabetic mice e.g. KK Ay mice as a model of type plants with hypoglycemic/anti-hyperglycemic
II diabetes with hyperinsulinemia.109 properties: a review. Proc Assoc Adv Ind Crop Conf
The most commonly involved active constituents are 2005; 20:341-353.
Flavonoid, Tannin, Phenolics, and Alkaloid. Numerous 12. Ponnusamy S, Ravindran R, Zinjarde S, Bhargava S,
mechanisms of actions have been proposed for these plant Kumar AR. Evaluation of traditional Indian antidiabetic
extracts. Some hypotheses relate to their effects on the medicinal plants for human pancreatic amylase
activity of pancreatic ß cells (synthesis, release) or the inhibitory effect in vitro. Evid Based Complementary
increase of the insulin sensitivity or the insulin-like activity Altern Med 2011; 1-10.
of the plant extracts. All of these actions may be responsible 13. Chung-Hung C, Gek-Cheng N, Yusoff R. A brief review
for the reduction or abolition of diabetic complications. on anti diabetic plants: Global distribution, active
ingredients, extraction techniques and acting
3. Conclusion mechanisms. Pharmacogn Rev 2012; 6(11):22-28.
The present review has presented comprehensive details of 14. Grover JK, Yadav S, Vats V. Medicinal plants of India
antidiabetic plants used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. with anti-diabetic potential. J Ethnopharmacol 2002;
Some of these plant derived medicines, however, offer 81:81-100.
potential for cost effective management of diabetes through 15. Murali Mohan N. M.Sc Thesis entitled Biochemical
dietary interventions, nutrient supplementation, and studies on α- amylase inhibitors derived from Indian
combination therapies with synthetic drugs in the short term, medicinal herbs as potential anti-diabetic agent
and as the sole medication from natural sources over the long submitted to Andhra University, Visakhapatnam 2006,
term. The presences of bioactive chemicals are mainly 25-30.
responsible for this antidiabetic action. However, many other 16. Moller DE. New drug targets for type 2 diabetes and the
active agents obtained from plants have not been well metabolic syndrome. Nature 2001; 414:821-827.
characterized. More investigations must be carried out to 17. Oubre AY, Carlson TJ, King SR, Reaven GM. From
evaluate the mechanism of action of medicinal plants with plant to patient: an ethno medical approach to the
antidiabetic effect. identification of new drugs for the treatment of NIDDM.
Diabetologia 1997; 40:614-617.
4. References 18. Modak M, Dixit P, Londhe J, Ghaskadbi S, Paul A,
1. Tsay HS, Agrawal DC. Tissue Culture Technology of Devasagayam T. Indian herbs and herbal drugs for the
Chinese Medicinal Plant Resources in Taiwan and their treatment of diabetes. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2007;
Sustainable Utilization. Int J App Sci Eng 2005; 3:215- 40:163-173.
223. 19. Hasani-Ranjbar S, Larijani B, Abdollahi M. A systematic
~ 156 ~
Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry

review of the potential herbal sources of future drugs 35. Hattori A, Yamada N, Nishikawa T, Fukuda H, Fujino T.
effective in oxidant-related diseases. Inflamm Allergy Antidiabetic effects of ajoene in genetically diabetic
Drug Targets 2009; 8:2-10. KK-A(y) mice. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol 2005; 51(5):382-
20. Rahimi R, Nikfar S, Larijani B, Abdollahi M. A review 384.
on the role of antioxidants in the management of 36. Liu CT, Wong PL, Lii CK, Hse H, Sheen LY.
diabetes and its complications. Biomed Pharmacother Antidiabetic effect ofgarlic oil but not diallyl disulfide in
2005; 59:365-373. ratswith streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Food Chem
21. Nojima H, Kimura I, Chen FJ, Sugihara Y, Haruno M, Toxicol 2006; 44:1377-1384.
Kato A, et al. Antihyperglycemic effects of N- 37. El-Demerdash FM, Yousef MI, El-Naga NI.
containing sugars from Xanthocercis zambesiaca, Morus Biochemical study on the hypoglycemic effects of onion
bombycis, Aglaonema treubii, and Castanospermum and garlic in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Food Chem
australe in streptozotocin-diabetic mice. J Nat Prod Toxicol 2005; 43:57-63.
1998; 61(3):397-400. 38. Eidi A, Eidi M, Esmaeili E. Antidiabetic effect of garlic
22. Hatapakki BC, Suresh HM, Bhoomannavar V, (Allium sativum L.) in normal and streptozotocin
Shivkumar SI. Effect of Cassia auriculata Linn. Flowers induced diabetic rats. Phytomedicine 2006; 13:624-629.
against alloxan-induced diabetes in rats. J Nat Remedies 39. Tanaka M, Misawa E, Ito Y, Habara N, Nomaguchi K,
2005; 5(2):132-136. Yamada M et al. Identification of five phytosterols from
23. Maghrani M, Michel JB, Eddouks M. Hypoglycaemic Aloe vera gel as antidiabetic compounds. Biol Pharm
activity of Retama raetam in rats. Phytotherapy Res Bull 2006; 29:1418-1422.
2005; 19:125-128. 40. Pillai VR, Santhakumari G. Hypoglycaemic activity of
24. Kang MJ, Kim JI, Yoon SY, Kim JC, Cha IJ. Pinitol Melia azadirachta Linn. (Neem). Indian J Med Res
from soybeans reduces postprandial blood glucose in 1981; 74:931.
patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Med Food 2006; 41. Schwab U, Louheranta A, Törrönen A, Uusitupa M.
9(2):182-186. Impact of sugar beet pectin and polydextrose on fasting
25. Vikrant A, Sharma R. A Review on Fruits Having Anti- and postprandial glycemia and fasting concentrations of
Diabetic Potential. Journal of Chemical and serum total and lipoprotein lipids in middle-aged
Pharmaceutical Research. J Chem Pharm Res 2011; subjects with abnormal glucose metabolism. Eur J Clin
3(2):204-212. Nutr 2006; 60(9):1073-1080.
26. Makheswari MU, Sudarsanam D. Database on 42. Tan BK, Tan CH, Pushparaj PN. Anti-diabetic activity of
Antidiabetic indigenous plants of Tamil Nadhu, India. the semi-purified fractions of Averrhoa bilimbi in high
Int J Pharma Sci Res 2012; 3(2):287-293. fat diet fed-streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Life
27. Kamalakkannan N, Prince PS. The effect of Aegle Sci 2005; 76:2827-2839.
marmelos fruit extract in streptozotocin diabetes: a 43. Yokozawa T, Kim HY, Cho EJ, Choi JS, Chung HY.
histopathological study. J Herbal Pharmacother 2005; Antioxidant effects of isorhamnetin 3, 7-di-O-beta-D-
5:87-96. glucopyranoside isolated from mustard leaf (Brassica
28. Adebajo AC, Ayoola OF, Iwalewa EO, Akindahunsi juncea) in rats with streptozotocin induced diabetes.
AA, Omisore NO, Adewunmi CO et al. Anti- Agric Food Chem 2002; 50(19):5490-5495.
trichomonal, biochemical and toxicological activities of 44. Eddouks M, Maghrani M, Zeggwagh NA, Michel JB.
methanolic extract and some carbazole alkaloids isolated Study of the hypoglycaemic activity of Lepidium
from the leaves of Murraya koenigii growing in Nigeria. sativum L. aqueous extract in normal and diabetic rats. J
Phytomed 2006; 13(4):246-524. Ethnopharmacol 2005a; 97:391-395.
29. Kesari AN, Gupta RK, Singh SK, Diwakar S, Watal G. 45. Taniguchi H, Kobayashi-Hattori K, Tenmyo C, Kamei T,
Hypo-glycemic and antihyperglycemic activity of Aegle Uda Y, Sugita- KonishiY et al. Effect of Japanese radish
marmelos seed extract in normal and diabetic rats. J (Raphanus sativus) sprout (Kaiware-daikon) on
Ethnopharmacol 2006; 107:374-379. carbohydrate and lipid metabolisms in normal and
30. Narendhirakannan RT, Subramanian S, Kandaswamy M. streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Phytother Res
Biochemical evaluation of antidiabetogenic properties of 2006; 20:274-278.
some commonly used Indian plants on streptozotocin- 46. Kubo H, Kobayashi J, Higashiyama K, Kamei J, Fujii Y,
induced diabetes in experimental rats. Clin Experiment Ohmiya S. The hypoglycemic effect of (7R*, 9aS*)-7-
Pharmacol Physiol 2006; 33:1150-1157. phenyl-octahydroquinolizin-2-one in mice. Biol Pharm
31. Narender T, Shweta S, Tiwari P, Papi Reddy K, Khaliq Bull 2000; 23(9):1114-1117.
T, Prathipati P et al. Antihyperglycemic and 47. Tolan I, Ragoobirsingh D, Morrison EY. Isolation and
antidyslipidemic agent from Aegle marmelos. Bioorg purification of the hypoglycaemic principle present in
Med Chem Lett 2007; 17(6):1808-1811. Capsicum frutescens. Phytother Res 2004; 18(1):95-96.
32. Fr¨ode TS, Medeiros YS. Animal models to test drugs 48. Zhao R, Li Q, Xiao B. Effect of Lycium barbarum
with potential antidiabetic activity. J Ethnopharmacol polysaccharide on the improvement of insulin resistance
2008; 115:173-183. in NIDDM rats. Yakugaku Zasshi J Pharm Society Japan
33. Kumari K, Mathew BC, Augusti KT. Antidiabetic and 2005; 125:981-988.
hypolipidemic effects of S-methyl cysteine sulfoxide 49. Wu H, Guo H, Zhao R. Effect of Lycium barbarum
isolated from Allium cepa Linn. Indian J Biochem polysaccharide on the improvement of antioxidant
Biophys 1995; 32(1):49-54. ability and DNA damage in NIDDM rats. Yakugaku
34. Fetrow CW, Avila JR. Professional's Handbook of Zasshi J Pharm Society Japan 2006; 126:365-3671.
Complementary and Alternative Medicines. Spring- 50. Babu PS, Prabuseenivasan S, Ignacimuthu S.
house, PA: Springhouse Corporation, 1999. Cinnamaldehyde-a potential antidiabetic agent.
~ 157 ~
Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry

Phytomed 2007; 14(1):15-22. Pac J Clin Nutr 2007; 16(1):16-24.

51. Gray AM. Insulin-releasing and insulin-like activity of 66. Fadzelly AB, Asmah R, Fauziah O. Effects of
the traditional anti-diabetic plant Coriandrum sativum Strobilanthes crispus tea aqueous extracts on glucose
(coriander). Brit J Nutr 1999; 81(3):203-209. and lipid profile in normal and streptozotocin-induced
52. Honda S, Aoki F, Tanaka H, Kishida H, Nishiyama T, hyperglycemic rats. Plant Foods Human Nut 2006; 61:7-
Okada SM et al. Effects of ingested turmeric oleoresin 12.
on glucose and lipid metabolisms in obese diabetic mice: 67. Basch WE, Gabardi S, Ulbricht C. Bitter Melon
a DNA microarray study. J Agric Food Chem 2006; (Momordica charantia): A Review of Efficacy and
54(24):9055-9062. Safety. Am J Health-Syst Pharm 2003; 60(4):356-359.
53. Kato A, Higuchi Y, Goto H, Kizu H, Okamoto T, Asano 68. Saxena A, Vikram NK. Role of selected Indian plants in
N et al. Inhibitory effects of Zingiber officinale Roscoe management of type 2 diabetes: a review. J Altern
derived components on aldose reductase activity in vitro Complement Med 2004; 10(2):369-378.
and in vivo. J Agric Food Chem 2006; 54(18):6640- 69. Shetty AK, Kumar GS, Sambaiah K, Salimath PV. Effect
6644. of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) on glycaemic
54. Oliveira AC, Endringer DC, Amorim LA, Das Grac L, status in streptozo-tocin induced diabetic rats. Plant
Brandao M, Coelho MM. Effect of the extracts and Foods Human Nut 2005; 60:109-112.
fractions of Baccharis trimera and Syzygium cumini on 70. Sathishsekar D, Subramanian S. Beneficial effects of
glycaemia of diabetic and non-diabetic mice. J Momordica charantia seeds in the treatment of STZ-
Ethnopharmacol 2005; 102:465-469. induced diabetes in experimental rats. Biol Pharm Bull
55. Ojewole JA. Hypoglycemic and hypotensive effects of 2005; 28:978-983.
Psidium guajava Linn. (Myrtaceae) leaf aqueous extract. 71. Sekar DS, Sivagnanam K, Subramanian S. Antidiabetic
Methods Findings Experiment Clin Pharmacol 2005d; activity of Momordica charantia seeds on streptozotocin
27:689-695. induced diabetic rats. Pharmazie 2005; 60:383-387.
56. Musabayane CT, Mahlalela N, Shode FO, Ojewole JA. 72. Yadav UC, Moorthy K, Baquer NZ. Combined treatment
Effects of Syzygium cordatum (Hochst.) [Myrtaceae] of sodium orthovanadate and Momordica charantia fruit
leaf extract on plasma glucose and hepatic glycogen in extract prevents alterations in lipid profile and lipogenic
streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol enzymes in alloxan diabetic rats. Molecular Cellular
2005; 97:485-490. Bioch 2005; 268:111-120.
57. Chauhan A, Sharma PK, Srivastava P, Kumar N, Duehe 73. Harinantenaina L, Tanaka M, Takaoka S, Oda M,
R. Plants having potential antidiabetic activity: a review. Mogami O, Uchida M et al. Momordica charantia
Der Pharm Lett 2010; 2(3):369-387. constituents and antidiabetic screening of the isolated
58. Cherian S, Augusti KT. Antidiabetic effect of a major compounds. Chem Pharm Bull 2006; 54:1017-
glycoside of pelargonidin isolated from the bark of Ficus 1021.
bengalensis Linn. Indian J Exp Biol 1993; 31(1):26-29. 74. Reyes BA, Bautista ND, Tanquilut NC, Anunciado RV,
59. Serraclara A, Hawkins F, Pérez C, Domínguez E, Leung AB, Sanchez GC et al. Anti-diabetic potentials of
Campillo JE, Torres MD. Hypoglycemic action of an Momordica charantia and Andrographis paniculata and
oral fig-leaf decoction in type-I diabetic patients. their effects on estrous cyclicity of alloxan-induced
Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1998; 39(1):19-22. diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2006; 105:196-200.
60. Singap AN, El-Beshbishy HA, Yonekawa M, Nomura T, 75. Hernández-Galicia E, Calzada F, Roman-Ramos R,
Fukai T. Hypoglycemic effect of Egyptian Morus alba Alarcón-Aguilar FJ. Monoglycerides and fatty acids
root bark extract: effect on diabetes and lipid from Ibervillea sonorae root: isolation and
peroxidation of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J hypoglycemic activity. Planta Med 2007; 73(3):236-240.
Ethnopharmacol 2005; 100:333-338. 76. Suryanarayana P, Kumar PA, Saraswat M, Petrash JM,
61. Bnouham M, Ziyyat A, Mekhfi H, Tahri A, Legssyer A. Reddy GB. Inhibition of aldose reductase by tannoid
Medicinal plants with potential antidiabetic activity-a principles of Emblica officinalis: implications for the
review of ten years of herbal medicine research (1990- prevention of sugar cataract. Mol Vis 2004; 10:148-154.
2000). Int J Diabetes Metab 2006; 14:1-25. 77. Muruganandan S, Srinivasan K, Gupta S, Gupta PK, Lal
62. Ayodhya S, Kusum S, Anjali S. Hypoglycaemic activity J. Effect of mangiferin on hyperglycemia and
of different extracts of various herbal plants Singh. Int J atherogenicity in streptozotocin diabetic rats. J
Ayurveda Res Pharm 2010; 1(1):212-224. Ethnopharmacol 2005; 97(3):497-501.
63. Sugihara Y, Nojima H, Matsuda H, Murakami T, 78. Ojewole JA. Antiinflammatory, analgesic and
Yoshikawa M, Kimura I. Antihyperglycemic effects of hypoglycemic effects of Mangifera indica Linn.
gymnemic acid IV, a compound derived from Gymnema (Anacardiaceae) stem-bark aqueous extract. Methods
sylvestre leaves in streptozotocin-diabetic mice. J Asian Findings Experiment Clin Pharmacol 2005c; 27:547-
Nat Prod Res 2000; 2(4):321-327. 554.
64. Kodama T, Miyazaki T, Kitamura I, Suzuki Y, Namba 79. Prakash P, Gupta N. Therapeutic uses of Ocimum
Y, Sakurai J et al. Effects of single and long-term sanctum Linn (Tulsi) with a note on eugenol and its
administration of wheat albumin on blood glucose pharmacological actions: a shortreview. Indian J Physiol
control: randomized controlled clinical trials. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2005; 49:125-131.
Nutr 2005; 59(3):384-392. 80. Ojewole JA. Antinociceptive, antiinflammatory and
65. Poppitt SD, van Drunen JD, McGill AT, Mulvey TB, antidiabetic effects of Leonotis leonurus (L.) R. BR.
Leahy FE. Supplementation of a high-carbohydrate [Lamiaceae] leaf aqueous extract in mice and rats.
breakfast with barley beta-glucan improves postprandial Methods Findings Experiment Clin Pharmacol 2005b;
glycaemic response for meals but not beverages. Asia 27:257-264.
~ 158 ~
Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry

81. Lima CF, Azevedo MF, Araujo R, Fernandes-Ferreira 96. Singh LW. Traditional medicinal plants of Manipur as
M, Pereira-Wilson C. Metformin-like effect of Salvia antidiabetics. J Med Plant Res 2011; 5(5):677-687.
officinalis (common sage): is it useful in diabetes 97. Shirwaikar A, Rajendran K, Punitha IS. Antidiabetic
prevention. British J Nut 2006; 96:326-233. activity of alcoholic stem extract of Coscinium
82. Dhanabal SP, Sureshkumar M, Ramanathan M, Suresh fenestratum in streptozotocin-nicotinamideinduced type
B. Hypoglycemic effect of ethanolic extract of Musa 2 diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2005; 97:369-374.
sapientum on alloxan induced diabetes mellitus in rats 98. Guerrero-Analco JA, Hersch-Martinez P, Pedraza-
and its relation with antioxidant potential. J Herb Chaverri J, Navarrete A, Mata R. Antihyperglycemic
Pharmacother 2005; 5(2):7-19. effect of constituents from Hinto-nia standleyana in
83. Huralikuppi JC, Christopher AB, Stephen PM. Anti- streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Planta Medica
diabetic effect of Nelumbo nucifera (Gaertn): Part I 2005; 71:1099-1105.
preliminary studies in rabbits. Phytother Res 1991; 99. Navarrete A, Mata R. Antihyperglycemic effect of
5(2):54-58. constituents from Hintonia standleyana in
84. Kanter M. Effects of Nigella sativa and its Major streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Planta Medica
Constituent, Thymoquinone on Sciatic Nerves in 2005; 71:1099-1105.
Experimental Diabetic Neuropathy. Neurochem Res 100.Ojewole JA. Antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and
2008; 33(1):87-96. antidiabetic properties of Hypoxis hemerocallidea Fisch.
85. Bever B, Zahnd G. Plants with oral hypoglycemic action. and C.A. Mey. (Hypoxidaceae) corm [‘African Potato’]
Quart J Crude Drug Res 1979; 17:139-196. aqueous extract in mice and rats. J Ethnopharmacol
86. Kim HK, Kim MJ, Cho HY, Kim EK, Shin DH. 2006; 103:126-134.
Antioxidative and anti-diabetic effects of amaranth 101.Arambewela LS, Arawwawala LD, Ratnasooriya WD.
(Amaranthus esculantus) in streptozotocin-induced Antidiabetic activities of aqueous and ethanolic extracts
diabetic rats. Cell Biochem Function 2006; 24:195-199. of Piper betle leaves in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2005;
87. Gupta RK, Kesari AN, Murthy PS, Chandra R, Tandon 102:239-245.
V, Watal G. Hypoglycemic and antidiabetic effect of 102.Santhakumari P, Prakasam A, Pugalendi KV.
ethanolic extract of leaves of Annona squamosa L. in Antihyperglycemic activity of Piper betle leaf on
experimental animals. J Ethnopharmacol 2005a; 99:75- streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Med Food 2006;
81. 9:108-112.
88. Gupta RK, Kesari AN, Watal G, Murthy PS, Chandra R, 103.Latha M, Pari L. Effect of an aqueous extract of
Tandon V. Nutritional and hypoglycemic effect of fruit Scoparia dulcis on plasma and tissue glycoproteins in
pulp of Annona squamosa in normal healthy and streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Die Pharmazie
alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits. Annals Nut Metabol 2005; 60:151-154.
2005b; 49:407-413. 104.Pari L, Latha M. Antihyperlipidemic effect of Scoparia
89. Andrade-Cetto A, Martinez-Zurita E, Wiedenfeld H. dulcis (sweet broomweed) in streptozotocin diabetic rats.
Hypoglycemic effect of Malmea depressa root on J Med Food 2006; 9:102-107.
streptozotocin diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2005; 105.Rao NK, Nammi S. Antidiabetic and renoprotective
100:319:322. effects of the chloroform extract of Terminalia chebula
90. Kaleem M, Asif M, Ahmed QU, Bano B. Antidiabetic Retz seeds in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. BMC
and antioxi-dant activity of Annona squamosa extract in Complement Alternat Med 2006; 6:17.
streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Singapore Med J 106.Lo HC, Tsai FA, Wasser SP, Yang JG, Huang BM.
2006; 47:670-675. Effects of ingested fruiting bodies, submerged culture
91. Ojewole JA. Antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and biomass, and acidic polysaccharide lucuronoxylomannan
antidiabetic effects of Bryophyllum pinnatum of Tremella mesenterica Retz: Fr. on glycemic responses
(Crassulaceae) leaf aqueous extract. J Ethnopharmacol in normal and diabetic rats. J Life Sci 2006; 78:1957-
2005a; 99:13-19. 1966.
92. Kamtchouing P, Kahpui SM, Dzeufiet PD, Tedong L, 107.Abdel-Zaher AO, Salim SY, Assaf MH, Abdel-Hady
Asongalem EA, Dimo T. Anti-diabetic activity of RH. Antidiabetic activity and toxicity of Zizyphus spina-
methanol/methylene chloride stem bark extracts of christi leaves. J Ethnopharmacol 2005; 101:129-138.
Terminalia superba and Canarium schweinfurthii on 108.Mohamed B, Ziyyat A, Mekhfi H, Tahri A, Legssyer A.
streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol Medicinal plants with potential antidiabetic activity - A
2005; 104:306-309. review of ten years of herbal medicine research (1990-
93. Eddouks M, Lemhadri A, Zeggwagh NA, Michel JB. 2000). Int J Diabetes & Metabol 2006; 14:1-25.
Potent hypo-glycaemic activity of the aqueous extract of
Chamaemelum nobile in normaland streptozotocin-
induced diabetic rats. Diabetes Res Clin Prac 2005b;
67:189-195.
94. Sharma SB, Nasir A, Prabhu KM, Murthy PS.
Antihyperglycemic effect of the fruit-pulp of Eugenia
jambolana in experimental diabetes mellitus. J
Ethnopharmacol 2006; 104:367-373.
95. Ravi K, Rajasekaran S, Subramanian S.
Antihyperlipidemic effect of Eugenia jambolana seed
kernel on streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats. Food
Chem Toxicol 2005; 43:1433-1439.
~ 159 ~