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    Experiment: 6 Object

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    Shivratan Gupta
    This document simulates transmission through Rayleigh and Rician fading channels. It initializes variables to model a four-path fading channel and creates Rayleigh and Rician channel objects. It then modulates data, filters it through the channel objects, and visualizes the impulse response, frequency response, and other channel characteristics over time. Narrowband fading is also modeled and visualized as a single-path channel with a flat frequency response.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Experiment: 6 Object

    Uploaded by

    Shivratan Gupta
    74 views5 pages
    This document simulates transmission through Rayleigh and Rician fading channels. It initializes variables to model a four-path fading channel and creates Rayleigh and Rician channel objects. It then modulates data, filters it through the channel objects, and visualizes the impulse response, frequency response, and other channel characteristics over time. Narrowband fading is also modeled and visualized as a single-path channel with a flat frequency response.

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    Experiment 6

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    This document simulates transmission through Rayleigh and Rician fading channels. It initializes variables to model a four-path fading channel and creates Rayleigh and Rician channel objects. It then modulates data, filters it through the channel objects, and visualizes the impulse response, frequency response, and other channel characteristics over time. Narrowband fading is also modeled and visualized as a single-path channel with a flat frequency response.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    74 views5 pages

    Experiment: 6 Object

    Uploaded by

    Shivratan Gupta
    This document simulates transmission through Rayleigh and Rician fading channels. It initializes variables to model a four-path fading channel and creates Rayleigh and Rician channel objects. It then modulates data, filters it through the channel objects, and visualizes the impulse response, frequency response, and other channel characteristics over time. Narrowband fading is also modeled and visualized as a single-path channel with a flat frequency response.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    You are on page 1of 5

    0112EC071102 EC-2 (BIST)

    EXPERIMENT : 6
    OBJECT:
    Simulation of transmission through a Rayleigh fading channel.

    INTRODUCTION:
    Rayleigh and Rician fading channels are useful models of real-world phenomena in wireless
    communication. These phenomena include multipath scattering effects, time dispersion, and
    Doppler shifts that arise from relative motion between the transmitter and receiver.
    This demo shows how to use the following in order to model a fading channel:
    1. Rayleigh and Rician multipath fading channel objects
    2. Channel visualization tool

    LAB WORK:

    Initialization
    The following variables control both the Rayleigh and Rician channel objects. By default, the
    channel is modeled as four fading paths, each representing a cluster of multipath components
    received at around the same delay.
    sampleTime = 1/500000; % Sample time (s)
    maxDopplerShift = 200; % Maximum Doppler shift of diffuse components (Hz)
    delayVector = 1.0e-004 * [0 0.0400 0.0800 0.1200]; % Discrete delays of
    % four-path channel (s)
    gainVector = [0 -3 -6 -9]; % Average path gains (dB)
    specDopplerShift = 100; % Doppler shift of specular component (Hz)
    KFactor = 10; % Linear ratio of specular power to diffuse power

    Creating Channel Objects


    With the parameters specified above, we can now create the Rayleigh and Rician channel objects
    using the RAYLEIGHCHAN and RICIANCHAN functions.
    % Create Rayleigh channel object
    rayChanObj = rayleighchan(sampleTime, maxDopplerShift, delayVector,...
    gainVector) ;
    rayChanObj.StoreHistory = 1; % Store channel state information as signal is
    % processed for later visualization
    % Create Rician channel object
    ricChanObj = ricianchan(sampleTime, maxDopplerShift, KFactor, ...
    delayVector, gainVector, specDopplerShift);
    ricChanObj.StoreHistory = 1; % Store channel state information as signal is
    % processed for later visualization
    Modulation and Channel Filtering
    The MODEM.PSKMOD function can be used to create a PSK modulator object The modulation
    object can then be used to modulate the channel data, which has been generated using the
    RANDINT function here. Note that in the code below a 'frame' refers to a vector of information
    bits.
    % QPSK modulation with a phase offset of pi/4 is used for this demo
    phaseOff = pi/4;
    BANSAL INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,BHOPAL
    0112EC071102 EC-2 (BIST)

    modObj = modem.pskmod(4, phaseOff);


    modObj.InputType = 'Bit';

    % Number of bits transmitted per frame is set to be 1000. For QPSK


    % modulation, this corresponds to 500 symbols per frame.
    bitsPerFrame = 1000;
    msg = randint(bitsPerFrame,1);

    % Modulate data for transmission over channel


    modSignal = modulate(modObj, msg);

    % Apply channel object on the modulated data using the FILTER function
    filter(rayChanObj,modSignal);
    filter(ricChanObj, modSignal);

    Visualization

    channel_vis(rayChanObj, 'Visualization', 'ir'); % View Impulse Response


    channel_vis(rayChanObj, 'Animation', 'medium'); % Set animation speed
    channel_vis(rayChanObj, 'SampleIndex', 1); % Set animation start point

    % Note: In this plot, the gains do not equal the average path gains because
    % the Doppler effect causes the gains to fluctuate around their average
    % values over time

    OUTPUT

    BANSAL INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,BHOPAL


    0112EC071102 EC-2 (BIST)

    Narrowband or Frequency-Flat Fading


    If the bandwidth is too small for the signal to resolve the individual components, the frequency
    response is approximately flat because of the minimal time dispersion caused by the multipath
    channel. This kind of low-dispersion multipath fading is often referred to as narrowband fading,
    or frequency-flat fading.
    channel_vis(rayChanObj, 'close'); % Close Channel Visualization Tool
    sampleTime = 1/20000; % 20 kb/s transmission

    % Set data characteristics


    bitsPerFrame = 1000;
    numFrames = 20;

    % Create a Rayleigh channel object


    rayChanObj = rayleighchan(sampleTime, maxDopplerShift, delayVector,...
    gainVector) ;
    rayChanObj.StoreHistory = 1;
    rayChanObj.ResetBeforeFiltering = 0; % Retain channel states across
    % multiple frames

    % Process multiple frames


    for i = 1:numFrames
    msg = randint(bitsPerFrame,1); % Create data
    modSignal = modulate(modObj, msg); % Modulate data
    filter(rayChanObj,modSignal); % Apply channel filtering to the data
    channel_vis(rayChanObj, 'Visualization', 'fr'); % Frequency response
    plot(rayChanObj);
    end

    % Visualize the channel frequency response


    channel_vis(rayChanObj, 'Animation', 'medium');
    channel_vis(rayChanObj, 'SampleIndex', 1);
    Note that all delayed components combine at a single delay (in this case, at zero). Using the
    "Multipath gain" visualization, you can validate this narrowband fading behavior. When the
    signal's fading envelope (blue dashed curve) closely approximates the "Narrowband" curve
    (magenta dots), you can regard the channel as exhibiting narrowband fading.
    channel_vis(rayChanObj, 'Visualization', 'gain');
    To simplify and speed up modeling, narrowband fading channels are typically modeled as a
    single-path fading channel. (That is, a multiple-path fading model overspecifies a narrowband
    fading channel.) The following settings correspond to a narrowband fading channel. Notice that
    the shape of the bandlimited impulse response is also flat.
    delayVector = 0; % Single fading path with zero delay
    gainVector = 0; % Average path gain of 1 (0 dB)
    channel_vis(rayChanObj, 'close');

    % Set data characteristics


    BANSAL INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,BHOPAL
    0112EC071102 EC-2 (BIST)

    bitsPerFrame = 1000;
    numFrames = 100;

    % Create a Rayleigh channel object


    rayChanObj = rayleighchan(sampleTime, maxDopplerShift, delayVector,...
    gainVector) ;
    rayChanObj.StoreHistory = 1;
    rayChanObj.ResetBeforeFiltering = 0;

    % Process multiple frames


    for i = 1:numFrames
    msg = randint(bitsPerFrame,1); % Create data
    modSignal = modulate(modObj, msg); % Modulate data
    filter(rayChanObj,modSignal); % Apply channel filtering to data
    channel_vis(rayChanObj, 'Visualization', 'fr'); % Frequency response
    plot(rayChanObj);
    end

    % View channel frequency response


    channel_vis(rayChanObj, 'Visualization', 'fr');
    channel_vis(rayChanObj, 'Animation', 'medium');
    channel_vis(rayChanObj, 'SampleIndex', 1);
    The single-path fading channel is modeled as a complex gain, which captures both the
    attenuation and phase shift of the channel. The "Phasor trajectory" visualization shows how this
    complex gain changes over a transmitted frame. The blue line is the phasor of the path, and the
    green line is its trajectory over time. The signal experiences a deep fade when this trajectory
    passes through or near zero.
    channel_vis(rayChanObj, 'Visualization', 'phasor');
    channel_vis(rayChanObj, 'Animation', 'slow');
    channel_vis(rayChanObj, 'SampleIndex', 1);
    The "Multipath gain" visualization shows the dB gain of the fading channel. The magnitude
    fluctuates over a 30-40 dB range in the Rayleigh fading channel.
    channel_vis(rayChanObj, 'Visualization', 'gain');
    The Doppler spectrum is a statistical characterization of the fading process. The channel
    visualization tool makes periodic measurements of the Doppler spectrum (blue dots). Over time,
    the average of this measurement better approximates the theoretical Doppler spectrum (red
    dashed curve). A close approximation indicates good statistical coverage by the Rayleigh fading
    process.
    channel_vis(rayChanObj, 'close');

    % View Doppler spectrum


    channel_vis(rayChanObj, 'Visualization', 'doppler');

    BANSAL INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,BHOPAL


    0112EC071102 EC-2 (BIST)

    OUTPUT

    BANSAL INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,BHOPAL

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