Structure of The Atom and Periodic Tables

STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM AND PERIODIC TABLES
1. 1989 Q1a
(i) An element X has atomic number 3, relative atomic mass 6.94 and consist
of two isotopes of mass numbers 6 and 7. What is the mass number of the
more abundant isotope of X? Give a reason for your answer.
(ii) Complete the following table

Mass number of Number of neutrons Number of electrons
isotope
2. 1989Q 13
The atomic number of an element Y is 18
(i) Write down its electronic arrangement
(ii) Give one use of element Y
3. 1989 Paper 1A Q 33
(a)The table below shows the atomic numbers of elements of the periodic table
represented by letter J to Q.
The letters are not the actual chemical symbols for the elements
Element J K L M N P O Q
Atomic 3 7 8 9 10 12 13 14
number
(i) Select two elements which belong to:

I The same period of the periodic table (1 mark)
II The same group of the periodic table
(ii) Select the element which (1 mark)

I Will form a divalent union
II Reacts most vigorously with water
(b) The boiling points of some chloride are shown in the table below:
Group I II III IV V VI VII

Chloride LiCl Chloride BCl3 CCl4 NCl3 OCl2 FCl
of W
B.P. (0C) 1350 487 12 77 71 2 -101
Chloride Nacl Mgcl2 AlCl3 Chloride PCL3 SCl2 Cl2
of X
B.P. (0C) 1465 1418 Sublimes 57 74 59 -35
at 180
(i) What is the most likely formulae for the chlorides of W and X?
(ii) Select two chlorides from the table which are the most ionic. Explain
why the two elected chloride are the most ionic.
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(iii) Would you expect group VIII elements of the periodic table to form
chlorides? Explain the answer (1 mark)
4. 1990 Q 1
Metal p is a group 2 element in the periodic table and it lies below Q in the
same group
(a) Explain how the reactivity of metal P and Q with bromine compares (1 mark)
(b) Given that the atomic number of Q is 12, determine the atomic
number of P. Show how you arrive at your answer (2 marks)
5. 1990 Paper 1 A Q 11
Element E has atomic number 15.
(a) Write the electron arrangement for an atom E (1 mark)
(b) Explain why E forms a chloride which is a liquid of low boiling point
6. 1991 Q 2
The table below gives some information about elements represented
by letters B, C, D and E. Study the information and answer the
questions that follow:
Element Atomic radii (nm) Melting Point 0C

B 0.152 180
C 0.186 98
D 0.231 64
F 0.244 39
(i) Would these elements form part of group or period? Explain. (2 marks)
(ii) What does the trend in melting points suggest about the nature
of the elements
(1 mark)
7. 1991 P1 Q 8
Element J whose atomic numbers is 31 has two isotopes. The table below
shows the mass numbers and the relative abundance for each isotope
Mass number Relative abundance (%)

69 60.4
71 39.6
(a) Determine the number of neutrons in the isotope with mass 69 (1 mark)
(b) Calculate the relative atomic mass of element J (2 marks)
2
8. 1991 Q 30
Study the data in the table below and answer the questions that follow.
The letters do not represent actual symbols of the elements
Element Atomic No. M.P.0(C) B.P. 0(C) Ionic radius (nm)

A 11 98 890 0.095
B 12 650 1110 0.065
C 13 660 2470 0.050
D 14 1410 2360 0.41
E 15 44.2, 590 280 0.034
0.212
F 16 113 445 0.184
119
G 17 -101 -35 0.181
H 18 -189 -186
(a) (i)Write electronic arrange for the atoms represented by letters B and F
(ii) State the nature of the oxides of the elements represented by B and F
(b) Why does the element represented by letter E have two values of
melting point?
(c) Explain the following observations in terms of structure and bonding

(i) There is an increase in boiling point from A to C
(ii) Element D has a high boiling point
(iii) There is a decrease in boiling point E to H
(d) Explain the difference in ionic radius between elements represented

by letters A and G
(e) Write the formulae and the electronic arrangement of the two ions
E whose ion radius are shown in the table
9. 1992 Q 1
Study the information below and answer the questions that follow. Letters
W, X and Y represent elements in the periodic table but not the actual symbols
of the elementsW has atomic number 8, while X has atomic symbols of the
elements Y is in the same period with X and reacts with W to form an ionic
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compound Y, W
(a) Place elements W and X in their correct positions in the grid below which
represents part of the periodic table.
(b) Write electronic configuration for of the ions in compound Y, W

10. 1993 Paper 1A Q 1
An element X has atomic number 30 while element Y has atomic number 8
(a) Write the electron arrangement for X (1 mark)
(b) What type of bond would be formed when X and Y react (1 mark)
11. 1993 Q 23
(a) The grid given below represents part of periodic table. Study it and
answer the questions that follow. The letters are not the actual
symbols of the elements
(i) Which element will require the least amount of energy to remove
one of outermost electrons? (1 mark)
(ii) Select the most reactive non-metal (1 mark)
(iii) Which of the elements has the greatest tendency of forming

covalent compounds Explain? (2 marks)
(iv) What name is given to the family of elements to which elements
O, T & V belong? (1 mark)
(v) An element W has atomic number 15. Indicate the position of
W on the grid (1 mark)
(vi) Explain why the atomic radius of S is smaller than that of R.
12. 1994 Q 1
Complete the table below
Isotope Number of
Protons Neutrons Electrons
59
27
4
13. 1995 Paper 1A Q 1
The electron arrangement of ions X3+ and Y2- are 2, 8 and 2, 8, 8 respectively
(a) Write the electron arrangement of the elements X and Y (2 marks)
(b) Write the formula of the compound that would be formed between
X and Y
(1 mark)
14. 1995 Paper 1 A Q 12
With reference to its atomic number of one, explain why hydrogen can be
placed in either group I or VII of the period table
15. 1996 Q6
The table below shows some properties of substances E, F, G and H
Substance Action with water Melting point Thermal conductivity

E Un reactive High Poor
F Reactive High Poor
G Unreactive High Good
H Unreactive Low Good
Select the substance that would be most suitable

a) For making a cooking pot (1 mark)
b) As a thermal insulator (1 mark)
16. 1996 Q11 P1

Complete the table below.
Species Number of neutrons Electrons

H
17. 1997 Q 3 PP2

(a) Study the information in the table below and answer the questions
that follow. The letters do not represent the actual symbols of the elements.
Element Atomic Melting point of Formula of Melting point

number element chloride of chloride
G 11 98 GCI 801
H 12 650 HCl2 715
J 14 1410 JCl4 -70
K 16 113 K4Cl2 -80
L 20 851 LCl2 780
(i) Which elements are metals? Give a reason (2 marks)

(ii) Write the formula of the compound formed when element H reacts
with element (1 mark)
(iii) Explain why the melting point of J is higher than that of K (2 marks)
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(iv) What is the oxidation state of J in its chloride? (1 mark)
(v) How does the:

I. Melting point of the fluoride of G compare with that of its chloride?
Explain (2 marks)
II. Reactivity of H and L with water compare? Give an explanation
(2 marks)
18. 1998 Paper 1B Q 7

Study the information given in the table below and answer the questions that
follow. The letters do not represent the actual symbols of the elements
Element Atomic number Boiling point (K)

S 3 1603
T 13 2743
U 16 718
V 18 87
W 19 1047
(a) Select the elements, which belong to the same

(i) Group (1 mark)
(ii) Period (1 mark)
(b) Which element
(i) Is in gaseous state at room temperature? Explain
(Take room temperature to be 298K) (2 marks)
(ii) Does not form oxide? (1 mark)
(c) Write the
(i) Formula of the nitrate of element T (1 mark)
(ii) Equation for the reaction between elements S and U (1 mark)
19. 1999 Q 3a-d PP2

Study the information in the table below and answer the questions
that follow. The letters do not represent the symbols of the elements.
Element(C) Atomic number Melting point

L 11 97.8
M 13 660
N 14 1440
Q 17 401
R 19 63.7
a) Write the electrons arrangement for the atom formed by elements

and M and Q
b) Select an element which is

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i) The most reactive non – metal
ii) A poor conductor of electricity
c) In which period of the periodic table does elements R belong.

d) Element R lodes its outermost electron more readily than I. Explain
e) Using dots(.) and crosses (x) to represent outermost electrons show

bonding in the compound formed elements N and Q.
f) Explain why the melting point elements M is higher than that of element .
g) Describe how a solid mixture of sulphate of R and lead sulphate

can be separated into solid samples.
20. 2001 Q 3
The electronic structures for elements represented by letters A, B,C and D are
A 2.8.6 B. 2.8.2. C.2.8.1. D.2.8.8
(a) Select the element which forms:

i. A double charged cation (1 mark)
ii. A soluble carbonates (1 mark)
(b) Which elements have the shortest atomic radius (1 mark)
21. 2001 Q 6a PP2

Study the information in the table below and answer the questions that follow
(The letters do not represent the actual symbols of the elements).
Element Electronic Configuration Ionization energy kjmol-

1
P 2.1 519
Q 2.8.1 494
R 2.8.8.1 418
(i) What is the general name given to the group in which elements P,Q
and R belong?
(ii) What is meant by ionisation energy?
(iii) Explain why element P has the highest ionization energy
(iv) When a piece of element Q is placed on water, it melts and hissing

sound is produced as it moves on the surface of the water. Explain
these observations.
22. 2002 Q 2
Oxygen and sulphur belong to group (V) of the periodic table. Explain why
there is a big difference in their melting points (melting point of oxygen
is – 2160C while that of sulphur is 440C.
23. 2002 Q 3 P1
7
The oxides of elements A and B have the properties shown in the table
below. (The letters do not represent the actual symbols of the elements).
A B
aqueous at room temperature Solid at room temperature
Dissolves in water to form an Dissolves in water to form an alkaline
acidic solution solution
Give one example of elements A and B
24. 2002 Q 5 P1
(a) Write the electronic configuration of calcium (atomic number 20) and
Beryllium (atomic number 4)
b) Why is calcium more reactive than beryllium?
25. 2003 Q 1a, b (i) PP2

The chart below is an outline of part of the periodic table.
(a) (i) With the help of vertical and horizontal lines, indicate the direction
of increasing metallic nature of the elements. (2 marks)
(ii) Which types of elements are represented in the shaded area? (1 mark)
b)i) Element A is the same group of the periodic table as chlorine.

ii) Write the formula of the compound formed when A reacts with
potassium metal. (1 mark)
c)Starting with aqueous magnesium sulphate, describe how you would

obtain a sample of magnesium oxide. (3 marks)
d)Write two ionic equations to show that aluminium hydroxide is
amphoteric
(2 marks)
26. 2004 Q 20
State two factors which determine the stability of an isotope. (2 marks)
27. 2004 Q 1a PP2

The table below shows properties of chlorine, bromine and iodine.
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Element Formula Colour and state room Solubility
temperature
Chlorine Cl2 i)………………… Soluble

Bromine Br2 Brown liquid ii)………………
Iodine l2 iii) ………………. Slight soluble
Complete the table by giving the missing information in (i),(ii) and (iii) (3 marks)
28. 2005 Q 6
Use the information in the table below to answer the questions that follow.
(The letters do not represent the actual symbols of the elements)
Element B C D E F
Atomic number 18 5 3 5 20
Mass number 40 10 7 11 40
a) Which two letters represent the same element? Give a reason. (2 marks)
b) Give the number of neutrons in an atom of element D (1 mark)
29. 2005 Q 4a, b

(a) An atom Q can be represented as
52 Q
24
What does the number 52 represent? (1 mark)
(b)Study the information in the table below and answer the equations
that follow
(Letters are not the actual symbols of the elements)
Element Electronic Atomic Ionic
Arrangement of stable Radius Radius
ion (nm) (nm)
N 2.8.8 0.197 0.099
P 2.8.8 0.099 0.181
R 2.8 0.160 0.065
S 2.8 0.186 0.095
T 2 0.152 0.068
U 2.8 0.072 0.136
(i) Write the formula of the compound formed when N reacts with P.
(atomic numbers are N = 20; P = 17) (1 mark)
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(ii) Identify the elements which belong to the third period of the
periodic table. Explain (2 marks)
(iii) Which of the element identified in b (ii) above comes first in the
third period? Explain (2 marks)
(iv) Select two elements which are non- metals (1 mark)
30. 2006 Q 5
The atomic numbers of elements C and D are 19 and 9 respectively. State
and explain the electrical conductivity of the compound CD in:
(a) Solid state (1 ½ marks)
(b) Aqueous state. (1 ½ marks)
31. 2006 Q 12
The table below shows the relative atomic masses and the percentage
abundance of the isotopes L1 of element L.
Relative atomic mass % abundance

L1 62.93 69.09
L2 64.93 30.91
Calculate the relative atomic mass of element L. (3 marks)
32. 2007 Q3a

Both chlorine and iodine are halogens.
What are halogens? (1 mark)
33. 2007 Q 8
Explain why there is general increase in the first ionization energies
of the elements in period 3 of the periodic table from left to right. (2 marks)
34. 2007 Q 25b

Give a reason why helium is increasingly being preferred to hydrogen
in weather balloons.
35. 2007 Q 26
The table below shows the number of valence electrons of the element
P, Q and R.
Element P Q R
Number of valence electrons 3 5 2
a) Explain why P and R would not be expected to form a compound. (1 mark)

b) Write an equation to show the effect of heat on the carbonate of R (1 mark)
c) Write the formula for the most stable ion or q. (1 mark)
36. 2008 Q 7
a)What are isotopes? (1 mark)
10
18
b)Determine the number of neutrons in O
8
(1 mark)
37. 2008 Q 11
The table below gives atomic numbers of elements represented b
the letters A, B, C and D.
Element A B C D
Atomic number 15 16 17 20
Use the information to answer the questions that follow.

a)Name the type of bonding that exists in the compound formed when
A and D react (1 mark)
b)Select the letter which represents the best oxidizing agent. Give a
reason for your answer. (2 marks)
38. 2009 Q 3
The atomic number of sulphur in the following: (2 marks)
(a) H2S
(b) SO32-
39. 2009 Q 6
An isotope of element E has 34 neutrons and its mass number is 64.

E forms a cation with 28 electrons. Write the formula of the cation
indicating the mass and atomic numbers. (1 mark)
40. 2010 Q 6 P1
Aluminium oxide reacts with both acids and bases.
a) Write an equation for the reaction between aluminium oxide and
hydrochloric acid. (1 mark)
b) Using the equation in (a) above, calculate the number of moles of

hydrochloric acid that would react completely with 153.0g of
aluminium oxide. (AL = 27.0, 0= 16.0) (2 marks)
41. 2010 Q 27 P1
A water trough, aqueous sodium hydroxide, burning candle, watch class
and a graduated gas jar were used in an experimental set up to determine
the percentage of active part of air. Draw a labeled diagram of the set up
at the end of the experiment. (3 marks)
42. 2010 Q 4a PP2

50cm3 of 1M copper (II)sulphate solution was placed in a 100cm 3 plastic
beaker. The temperature of the solution was measured. Excess metal A
powder was added to the solution, the mixture stirred and the maximum
temperature was repeated using powder of metals B and C. The results
obtained are given in the table below:
A B C
Maximum temperature (0C) 26.3 31.7 22.0
Initial temperature (0C) 22.0 22.0 22.0 11
i. Arrange the metal A, B, C and copper in order of reactivity starting with
the least reactive. Give reasons for the order. (3 marks)
ii. Other than temperature change, state one other observation that was
made when the most reactive metal was added to the copper (II)
sulphate solution. (1 mark)
43. 2011 Q 5a, b (i-iii) PP2

a) Other than their location in the atom, name two other differences
between an electron and a proton. (2 marks)
b) The table below gives the number of electrons, protons and neutrons in
particles A,B,C,D,E,F, and G
Particle Protons Electrons Neutrons

A 6 6 6
B 10 10 12
C 12 10 12
D 6 6 8
E 13 10 14
F 17 17 18
G 8 10 8
i) Which particle is likely to be a halogen? (1 mark)

ii) What is the mass number of E? (1 mark)
iii) Write the formula of the compound formed when E combines
with G? (1 mark)
44. 2011 Q 24
The table below gives the number of electrons, protons and neutrons in
Substances X,Y and Z.
Substance Electrons Protons Neutrons

X 10 10 10
Y 10 8 10
Z 8 8 8
a) Which letter
represents an ion? (1 mark)
b) Which of the substances are isotopes? Give a reason. (2 marks)
45. 2011 Q 31
What name is given to elements which appear in group (II) of the
periodic table? (1 mark)
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46. 2012 Q14 P1
Distinguish between ionisation energy and electronic affinity of an
element. (2 marks)
47. 2012 Q2 P2
The grid below is part of the periodic table. Use it to answer the questions
that follow. (the letters are not the actual symbols of the elements).
(a) Which is the most reactive non-metallic element shown in the table?
Explain (2 marks)
(b) (i) Write the formula of the compound formed when element A reacts
with element B (1 mark)
(ii) Name the bond type in the compound formed in b (i) above (1 mark)
(c) (i)What is the name given to the group of elements where, C,G and
H belong?
(ii)Write an equation for the reaction that occurs when C in gaseous

form is passed through a solution containing ions of element H (1 mark)
(d) The melting points of elements F and G are 14100C and -101
respectively. In terms of structure and bonding, explain why there
is a large difference in the melting points of F and G. (2 marks)
(e)D forms two oxides. Write the formula of each of the two oxides. (1 mark)
(f)J is an element that belongs to the 3rd period of the periodic table and
a member of the alkaline earth elements. Show the position of j in the grid
(1 mark)
48. 2013 Q29 P1
A sample of hydrogen gas was found to be a mixture of two isotopes
1 2
H and H .Determine the relative molecular masses of the molecules
1 1
formed, when each of these isotopes is burnt in oxygen. (O =16.0) (2 marks)
1
H ……………
1
2H
…………..
1
49. 2014 Q18 P1

Use the part of the periodic table given below to answer the questions
that follow (Letters are not the actual symbols of the elements
13
a) Identify the element that forms giant covalent structures (1 mark)
b) Identify one element that does not form compounds (1 mark)
c) Write the formula for the nitride of M (1 mark)
50. 2014 Q29 P1

a) What is meant by the term radical? (1 mark)
b) The table below contains atoms that form common radicals. Complete
the table to show radicals formed from various atoms. (2 marks)
Element N S
H NH +¿ 4
51. 2015 Q10 P1

The atomic number of an element, T is 15.
(a) Write the electronic configuration of the ion T (1 mark)
(b) Write the formula of an oxide of T. (1 mark)
52. 2015 Q14 P1

The table below shows behaviour of metals R, X, Y and Z. Study it and
answer the questions that follow:
Metal Appearance on Reaction in water Reaction with dilute

exposure to air hydrochloric acid
R slowly tarnishes Slow Vigorous
X Slowly turns white Vigorous Violent
Y No change Does not react Does not react
Z No change No reaction Reacts moderately
a) Arrange the metals in the order of reactivity starting with the most
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reactive (2 marks)
b) Name a metal which is likely to be (1 mark)
I X
Ii Y
53. 2015 Q15 P1

Given the following substances: wood ash, lemon juice and sodium chloride.
(a) Name one commercial indicator that can be used to show whether
wood ash, lemon juice and sodium chloride are acidic, basic or neutral.
b) Classify the substances in 15(a) above as acids, bases or neutral
A cid Base Neutral
54. 2015 Q23 P1

The table below is part of the periodic table. The letters are not the actual
symbols of the elements. Study it and answer the questions that follows.
a) Select an element which is stored in paraffin in the laboratory
(b) How do the ionic radii of E and I compare? Explain (2 marks)
55. 2015 Q3c-d P2

c) The diagram below show part of a periodic table. The letters do no
represent the actual symbols of elements. Use the diagram to answer
the questions that follow.
i) Explain why the oxidizing power of W is more than that of X (2 marks)

ii) How do the melting points of R and T compare? Explain (2 marks)
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iii) Sketch an element that could be used
i) In weather ballons (1 mark)
ii) For making a cooking pot (1 mark)
d i) Classify the substances water, iodine, diamond and candle wax

into elements and compounds (2 marks)
Elements Compounds
56. 2015 Q7a P2

Naturally occurring magnesium consists of three isotopes. 78.6% 24Mg;
10% 25Mg and 26Mg. Calculate to one decimal place, the relative atomic
mass of magnesium. (2 marks)
57. 2017 Q24 P1

Figure 6 shows part of the periodic table . The letters are not the actual symbols of the
elements. Study it and answer the questions that follow.
H K
L
M N P
a) Write an equation for the reaction between M and K. (1mark)

b) State the element which can form an ion with a charge of +3 (1mark)
in machines. (3marks)
c) An element J has an atomic number 15. Indicate with a tick (√ ) , on the
part of the periodic table the position of J (1mark)
d) In terms of structure and bonding, explain why graphite is used as a lubricant(1mark)
58. 2018 Q17 P1

The figure 5 represents a grid that is part of the periodic table. study it and answer the
questions that follow. The letters are not the actual symbols of the elements
16
a)Write the electron arrangement of element C (1 mark)
b)On the grid provided, show with a tick ( √) the position of element D whose
atomic number is 18. (1 mark)
59. 2018 Q2 P2
Figure 2 is a section of the periodic table, study it and answer the questions
that follow. The letters do not represent the actual symbols of elements
G
I V
K L M
J
FIGURE 2
a i)Select elements which belong to the same chemical family (1 mark)
ii)Write the formulae of ions for elements in the same period (1 mark)
b) the first ionization energies of two elements K and M at random are

577kj/mol and 494kj/mol.
i)Write equations for the 1st ionization energies for elements K and M and
indicate their energies (1mark)
ii) Explain the answer in (b) (i) (1 mark)

iii)Write the formula of the compound formed when L and I react (1 mark)
iv)Give one use of element V (1 mark)
c i)State another group that G can be placed in Figure 2. Explain (2 marks)

ii)How do the reactivity of elements J and K compare? Explain ()2 marks
17
d i)Elements L and M form chlorides. Complete the following table by writing the
formulae of each chloride and state the nature of the solutions 2 marks
element Formula of chloride Nature of chloride solution
II)The chloride of element M vapourises easily while its oxide has a high melting point.
Explain 2 marks
CHEMICAL FAMILIES
1. 1995 Q1 P1
The table below gives information on four elements by letters K, L, M and
N. Study it and answer the questions that follow. The letters do not
represent the actual symbols of the elements.
Elemen Electron Atomic radius Ionic radius(nm)

t arrangement (nm)
K 2, 8, 2 0.136 0.065
L 2, 8, 7 0.099 0.181
M 2, 8, 8, 1 0.203 0.133
N 2, 8, 8, 2 0.174 0.099
a) Which two elements have two similar properties? Explain (2marks)

b) What is most likely formula of oxide of L? (1mark)
c) Which element is a non-metal? Explain (1 mark)
d) Which one of elements is the strongest reducing agent? Explain (2marks)
e) Explain why ionic radius of N is less than that of M (2marks)
18
f) Explain why the ionic radius of L is bigger than its atomic radius (2marks)
2. 1995 Q 15 P1
The table below gives the atomic numbers of elements W, X, Y and Z. The
letters do not represent the actual symbols of the elements.
Element W X Y Z
(a)Which one of the elements is less reactive? Explain

(b) (i) Which two elements would react most vigorously with each other?
(1 mark)
(ii) Give the formula of the compound formed when the elements in
b (i) above react
3. 1996 Q4 P1
Study the table below and answer the questions that follow:
Element Atomic number Relative atomic Melting point (oC)

mass
Aluminium 13 27.0
Calcium 20 40.0 850
Carbon 12.0 3730
Hydrogen 1.0 -259
Magnesium 12 24.3 650
Neon 10 -249
Phosphorous 15 31.0 44.2 (white)
590 (red)
Sodium 23 97.8
a) Complete the table by filling in this missing atomic numbers and
atomic mass. (2marks)
b) Write the electron arrangement for the following ions (2marks)
(i) Ca+
(ii) P3-
c) What is the melting point of hydrogen in degrees Kelvin? (1mark)
d) Which of the allotropes of phosphorous ha a higher density? Explain (2marks)
e) The mass numbers of three isotopes of magnesium are 24, 25 and 26.
What is the mass number of the most abundant isotope of magnesium?
Explain (2marks)
f) Give the formula of the compound formed between aluminium
and carbon (1marks)
g) Explain the difference in the melting points of magnesium and sodium. (2marks)
4. 1997 Paper 1A Q 23
An element Y has the electronic configuration 2.8.5
(a) Which period of the periodic table does the element belong? (1 mark)
(b)Write the formula of the most suitable anion formed when
19
element Y ionizes (1mark)
(c) Explain the difference between the atomic radius of element Y and
its ionic radius (1 mark)
5. 1998 Q 15
The grid below shows part of the periodic table. The letters do not represent
the actual symbols of the elements
G
H I
F
a.Select the
i. Element which has the largest atomic radius (4 marks)
ii. Most reactive metal (4 marks)
iii Most reactive non-metal (4 marks)
b.Show on the grid the position of the element J which form J 2- ions
with electronic configuration 2.8.8
6. 1998 Paper 1A Q 26
The table below gives the energy required to remove the outermost electron
for some group I elements.
Element I II III IV
Energy Kjmol-1 494 418 519 376
Arrange the elements in the order of their reactivity starting with

the most reactive (2 marks)
7. 1999 Q 7
Write the formula of sulphide of an element C, whose atomic number is 5.
(C is not the actual symbol of the element)
8. 2000 Q 5 P1
The information below relates to elements S, T, U and X. (The letters do not
represent the actual symbols of the elements)
(i) T displaces X from an aqueous solution containing ions of X

(ii) Hydrogen gas reduces heated oxide of S but does not reduce the
heated oxide of x
(iii)U liberates hydrogen gas form cold water but T does not.
(a) Write an equation for the reaction between T and the ions of X (both
T and x are in group II of the periodic table)
(b) Arrange the elements in order of their increasing reactivity
9. 2000 Q 7 P1
20
Give two reasons why helium is used in weather balloons (2 marks)
10. 2000 Q 1 PP2

The grid given below represents part of the periodic table. Study it
and answer the questions that follow. (The letters do not represent the
actual symbols of the elements)
A
B
C D E
F
(i) What name is given to the group of elements to which C and F belong?
(ii) Which letter represents the element that is the least reactive? (2 marks)
(iii) What type of bond is formed when B and react? (2 marks)
(iv) Write the formula of the compound formed when element D and
oxygen gas react
(vi) On the grid indicate with a tick the position of element G which is
in the third period of the periodic table and forms G3- ions.
(b) Study the information in the table below and answer the questions that
follow (the letters do not represent the actual symbol of the substances)
Substance Melting Boiling Point Solubility in Density at room

Point (0C) (0C) water temperature
g/cm3
H -117 78.5 Very soluble 0.8
J -78 -33 Very soluble 0.77 x 10-3
K -23 77 Insoluble 1.6
L -219 -183 Slightly soluble 1.33 x 10-3
(i) Which substance would dissolve in water and could be separated from
the solution by fractional distillation? Give a reason
(ii) Which substances is a liquid at room temperature and when mixed with
water two layers would be formed?
(iii) Which letter represents a substance that is gas at room temperature and
which can be collected:
I. Over water? Explain

II. By downward displacement of air? (Density of air is 1.29 x 10 -3g/cm3 at
room temperature.
11. 2001 Q 13
The information in the table below relates to elements in the same group
of the periodic table. Study it and answer the question that follows:
21
Element Atomic size
G1 0.19
G2 0.23
G3 0.15
Which element has the highest ionization energy? Give a reason (3 marks)
12. 2001 Q22 PP1

Explain why hydrogen forms compounds in which its oxidation state
is either + 1 or -1 (Atomic number of hydrogen is 1) (1 mark)
13. 2002 Q1 PP1
Name One property of neon that makes it possible to be used in
electric lamps
(1 mark)
14. 2002 Q9 PP1
Use the reactions given below to answer the questions that follow. The
letters do not represent the actual symbols of the elements
D(s) + E2+ (aq) → D2+(aq) + E(s)
+
D (s) + 2F (aq) → D2+(aq) + 2F(s)
E (s) + 2 F+ (aq) → E2+ (aq) + 2F(s)
G (s) + →E2+(aq) → G2+(aq) + E(s)
2+
G (s) + D (aq) → no reaction
(a) What name is given to the type of reaction given above? (1 mark)
(b) Arrange the elements D, E, F and G in the order of their reactivity
starting with the most reactive (1 mark)
(c) Complete the equation below

G(s) + 2F+ (aq) → (1 mark)
15. 2003 Q 2
Study the information in the table and answer the questions that follow
Ion Electronic Ionic

arrangement radius
Na+ 2.8 0.095
K+ 2.8.8 0.133
Mg2+ 2.8 0.065
Explain why the ionic radius of (1 mark)

(i) K+ is greater than that of Na+
(ii) Mg2+ is smaller than that of Na+
16. 2003 Q 5
An atom of hydrogen can form two ions. Write two equations to show how
a neutral atom of hydrogen can form two ions. In each case show the sign
of the energy change involved.
17. 2003 Q 10
An oxide of element F has the formula F2O5 (1 mark)
22
(a) Determine the oxidation state of F
(b) In which group of the periodic- table is element F (1 mark)
18. 2003 Q 24
Explain why the reactivity of group (vii) elements decreases down
the group
19. 2004 Q 3
The table below the first ionization energies of elements B and C.
Element Ionisation energy KJ

mol-1
B 494
C 736
What do these values suggest about the reactivity of B compared to that of C?Explain
(2 marks)
20. 2004 Q 16
Four metal F, G, H and J were each separately added to cold water, and steam.
The table below is a summary of the observations made and the formulae of
the hydroxides formed.
Metal Cold water Hot water Steam Formula of

Hydroxide
F Reacts slowly Reacts fast Reacts very fast F(OH)2
G No reaction No reaction No reaction -
H Fast Reacts very Reacts HOH
fast explosively
J No reaction Reacts slowly Reacts fast J(OH)2
a) Which two elements are likely to be in the same group of the periodic table?
b) Arrange the metals in the order of their reactivity starting with the
most reactive (2 marks)
21. 2005 Q 16
The table below gives some information about elements I, II, III and IV
which are in the same group of the periodic table. Use the information to
answer the questions that follows.
Element First Ionisation energy Atomic Radius (nm)

(kjmol-1)
I 520 0.15
II 500 0.19
III 420 0.23
IV 400 0.25
State and explain the relationship between the variations in the first ionization
energies and the atomic radii. (3 marks)
23
22. 2008 Q 18
that follow, (the letters are not the actual symbols of the elements).
R S
N Q T U
P
a) Indicate on the grid the position of an element represented by

letter V whose atomic number is 14. (1 mark)
b) Select a letter which represents a monoatomic gas? (1 mark)
23. 2009 Q 1 P1
The ionization energies for three elements A,B and C are shown in the table below.
Element
A B C
Ionisation energy (kj 519 418 498

/mole)
(a) What is meant by ionization energy? (1 mark)

(b) Which element is the strongest reducing agent? Give a reason (2 marks)
24. 2009 Q 21 P1
Give the name of the product formed when magnesium reacts
with phosphorus. (1 mark)
25. 2011 Q 5 P1
Give the product formed when magnesium reacts with phosphorous (1 mark)
M Q
T V W
The diagram below represents part of the periodic table. Use it to answer
the questions that follow.
(a) Write the electron arrangement for the stable ion formed by W (1 mark)
(b) Write an equation for the reaction between V and Q (1 mark)
(c) How do the ionization energies of the elements M and T compare (1 mark)
26. 2011 Q 22
The table below gives some properties of three elements in group (VII)
24
of the periodic table. Study it and answer the questions that follow.
Element Atomic No. Melting Point (0c) Boiling Point (0c)

Chlorine 17 -101 -34.7
Bromine 35 -7 58.8
Iodine 53 114 184
a) Which element is in liquid form at room temperature? Give a reason.

(1 mark)
b) Explain why the boiling point of iodine is much higher than that
of chlorine. (2 marks)
27. 2012 Q4 P1
The table below shows properties of some elements A, B, C and D which
belong to the same period of the periodic table. The letters are not the actual
symbols of the elements.
Element A B C D
MP (oC 1410 98 -101 660
Atomic radii (nm) 0.117 0.186 0.099 0.143
Electrical conductivity Poor Good No Good
conductor
(a) Arrange the elements in the order they would appear in the period.
Give a reason (2 marks)
(b) Select the metallic element which is the better conductor of electricity.
Give a Reason
28. 2012 Q27 P1

(a)The electronic arrangement of the ion of element Q is 2.8.8. If the
Formula of the ion is Q3-, state the group and period to which Q belongs,
Group: (½ mark)
Period: (½ mark)
(b)Helium, neon and argon belong to group 8 of the periodic table. Give :
(i) The general name of these elements; (1 mark)
(ii) One use of these elements (1 mark)
29. 2013 Q20 P1

The plots below were obtained when the atomic radii of some elements
in groups Iand II were plotted against atomic numbers.
K
Atomic radius (nm)
Na Ca
Li Mg
Be
25
Atomic number
Explain:
a) The trend shown by Li, Na and K. (1 mark)
b) Why the atomic radii of elements Be, Mg, and Ca are lower than
those of Li, Na and K. (2 marks)
30. 2014 Q2 P1
(a) The grid below represents part of the periodic table. Study it and
answer the questions that follow. The letters are not the actual symbols
of the elements
i) Select the most reactive metal. Explain (2 marks)

ii) Select an element that can form an ion with a charge of 3- (1 mark)
iii) Select an alkaline earth metal (1 mark)
iv) Which group 1 element has the highest first ionization energy?
Explain (2 marks)
v) Element A combines with chlorine to form a chloride of A. State the

most likely pH value of a solution of a chloride of A. Explain (2 marks)
(b) (i) Explain why molten calcium chloride and magnesium chloride conduct
electricity while carbon tetrachloride and silicon tetrachloride do not. (2 marks)
(ii) Under the same conditions , gaseous neon was found to diffuse faster
Than gaseous fluorine. Explain this observation. (F=19.0;Ne=20.0) (2 marks)
31. 2015 Q20 P1

A crystal of iodine, heated gently in a test tube gave off a purple vapour.
(a) Write the formula of the substance responsible for the purple vapour. (1 mark)
(b) What type of bond is broken when the iodine crystal is heated gently? (1 mark)
(c) State one use of iodine. (1 mark)
32. 2017 Q11 P1

An oxide of element K has the formula K2O5
a) Determine the oxidation number of K (1mark)
b) To which group of the periodic table does K belong? (1mark)
26
33. 2018 Q5 P1
Describe an experiment to show that group one elements react with cold water
To form alkaline solution (3 marks)
STRUCTURE AND BONDING

1. 1989 Q 6
The table below gives the distance between atoms (bond lengths) in
halogen molecules and the energies required to break the bonds
(bond energies) between the atoms.
Molecule Bond length (nm) Bond Energy (KJ Mol-1)

Cl – Cl 0.20 240
Br – Br 0.23 195
I–I 0.26 150
At – At 0.29
(i) Predict the energy required to break the At – At bond
(ii) What is the relationship between bond length and bond energy for the
halogen molecules?
27
2. 1989 P1 A Q 8
A solid compound has a giant Ionic Structure. State and explain whether
the Compound has electricity in the solid state.
3. 1989 Q 33c
Using dots (.) and crosses (X) to represent outermost elections, draw a
diagram to show the bonding CCl.
4. 1991 P1A Q 21
Using dot (.) and crosses (X) to represent electrons, draw a diagram
which shows the bonding in phosphate molecule, PH3 (Atomic
numbers: p = 15, H = 1)
(1 mark)
5. 1993 Q 13
In terms of structure and bonding, explain why graphic conducts
electricity while diamond does not (2 marks)
6. 1993 Q 23c
Study the information given in the table below and answer the questions
that follow: -
Formula of NaCl MgCl2 AlCl3 SiCl4 PCl3 SCl2

compound
B.P. (0C) 1470 1420 Sublimes 60 75 60
at 1800C
M.P. (0C) 800 710 -70 -90 -80
(i) Give two chlorides that are liquids at room temperature. Give a
reason for the answer (2 marks)
(ii) Give a possible reason why AlCl3 has a much lower melting point that
MgCl2 although both Al and Mg are metals (1 mark)
(iii)Which one of the chlorides would remain in liquid state for the highest
temperatures range? Show you arrive at your answer (2 marks)
7. 1994 P1A Q 14
When an electric current was passed through two molten substances
M and N in different containers, the observations in the table below
were made.
Molten M Conducts an electric current and is not

decomposed
Molten N Conducts an electric current and a gas is
formed at one of the electrodes
Suggest the type of bonding present in substance M and N
8. 1994 Q 1 P2
The table below gives elements represented by letters T, U, V, W, X, Y
and their atomic numbers
Element T U V W X Y
28
Atomic number 12 13 14 15 16 17
Electron arrangement
Use the information in the table to answer the questions below: -
(a) Complete the above table giving the electron arrangement of each
of the elements
(b) In which period of the periodic table do these elements belong?
Give a reason
(c) How does the atomic radius v compare with that of X? Explain
(d) Give the formula of the compound that could be formed between U and W
(e) What type of bonding will be present in a compound formed between

T and Y? Explain
(f) Arrange the species T,T,T, in increasing order of size

(g) Which of the ions X2+ and X2- is the most stable? Explain
(h) Give the formula of:

(i) An acidic oxide formed when one of the elements in the table
is heated in air
(ii) A basic oxide formed when one of the elements in the table is
heated in air
9. 1996 Q 5
a) Using dots (.) and crosses (x) to represent electrons draw diagram
to representthe bonding in:
(i) NH3 (ii) NH4+ (1 mark)
b) State why an ammonia molecule (NH3) can combine with H+ to

form NH4+
(Atomic numbers: N=7 and H=1) (1 mark)
10. 1996 Q 6 P1
The table below shows some properties of substances E, F, G and H
Substance Action with water Melting point Thermal conductivity

E Un reactive High Poor
F Reactive High Poor
G Unreactive High Good
H Unreactive Low Good
Select the substance that would be most suitable

a) For making a cooking pot (1mark)
b) As a thermal insulator (1 mark)
11. 1996 Q 11
Complete the table below.
29
Species Number of neutrons Electrons
H
12. 1996 Q 4 P2
Study the table below and answer the questions that follow:
Element Atomic number Relative atomic mass Melting point (oC)

Aluminium 13 27.0 ………
Calcium 20 40.0 850
Carbon ……… 12.0 3730
Hydrogen ………. 1.0 -259
Magnesium 12 24.3 650
Neon 10 ……… -249
Phosphorous 15 31.0 44.2 (white)
Sodium ……… 23 590 (red)
a) Complete the table by filling in this missing atomic numbers and

atomic mass. (2 marks)
b) Write the electron arrangement for the following ions (2 marks)
i. Ca+
ii. P3+
c) What is the melting point of hydrogen in degrees Kelvin? (1 mark)
d) Which of the allotropes of phosphorous has a higher density? Explain

(2 marks)
e) The mass numbers of three isotopes of magnesium are 24, 25 and 26.
What is the mass number of the most abundant isotope of magnesium?
Explain (2 marks)
f) Give the formula of the compound formed between aluminium
and carbon.
(1 marks)
g) Explain the difference in the melting points of magnesium and sodium.
(2 marks)
13. 1997 Q 27 P1
Using dots (.) and crosses (x) to represent outermost electrons, draw
diagrams to show the bonding in CO2 and H3O+ (Atomic numbers;
H = 1.0,C= 14.0, O = 8 ).
14. 1997 Q 27 P1
(a) Study the information below and answer the questions that follow:
The letters do not represent the actual symbols of the elements
30
Element Atomic Melting Point Formula of Melting Point
Number Element Chloride Chloride
G 11 98 GCI 801
H 12 650 HCI2 715
J 14 1410 JCI4 -70
K 16 113 K2CI2 -80
L 20 851 LCI2 780
(i) Which elements are metals? Give a reason (1 mark)

(ii) Write the formula of the compound formed when element H
reacts with elements K (2 marks)
(iii) Explain why the melting point of J is higher than that of K (1 mark)
(iv) What is the oxidation state of J in its chloride (2 marks)
(v) How does the:

I – Melting point of fluoride of G compare with that of its chloride? (2 marks)
II- Reactivity of H and L with water compare? Give an explanation (2 marks)
15. 1998 Q 5
The table below shows some properties of substances C, D and E. Study it
and answer the questions that follow.
Substance M.P (0C) Solubility in Electrical Conductivity

water solid state molten state.
E -39 Insoluble Good good

D 1610 Insoluble Poor poor
E 801 Soluble Poor good
Select substance
a) With a giant molecular structure
b) That is not likely to be an element
16. 1998 Q 10
An ion of phosphorous can be represented as 31 P3-
15
Draw a diagram to show the distribution of the electrons and the
composition of the nucleus of the ion of phosphorous.
17. 1998 Q 11
Diamond and graphite are allotropes of carbon. In terms of structur
and bonding. Explain the following.
(a) Diamond is used in drilling through hard rocks
(b) Graphite is used as a lubricant
18. 1998 Q 7d
Study the information given in the table below and answer the questions
31
that follow. The letters do not represent the actual symbols of the elements
Element Atomic number Boiling point

S 3 1603
(d) What type of T 13 2743 bond would exists in the
compound U 16 718 formed when U
(e) and V 18 87 T react?
W 19 1047
Give a reason for your answer
19. 1999 Q 6
What type of bond is formed when lithium and fluorine react? Explain
(Atomic numbers: Li = 3 and F = 9)
20. 1999 Q 18 P1
Use the information in the table below to answer the questions that follows
Element Fluorine Chlorine Bromine Iodine

Heat of 3.16 10.2 15.0 22.0
vapourizaration
Explain the trend in the molar heats of vaporization
21. 1999 Q 25
When solid magnesium carbonate was added to a solution of hydrogen
Chloride in methylbenzene, there was no apparent reaction. On addition
of water to theresulting mixture, there was vigorous effervescence.
Explain these observations
22. 1999 Q 3e P2
Study the information in the table below and answer the questions
that follow.
The letters do not represent the symbols of the elements.
Element(C) Atomic number Melting point

L 11 97.8
M 13 660
N 14 1440
Q 17 401
R 19 63.7
Using dots(.) and crosses (x) to represent outermost electrons show bonding
in the compound formed elements N and Q.
23. 2000 Q 16
Compound Q is a solid with a giant ionic structure. In what form would the
compound conduct an electric current
24. 2000 Q 6a P2
(a)The following diagrams show the structures of two allotropes of carbon.
Study them and answer the questions that follow
32
Allotrope N
Allotrope M
(i) Name allotrope

M ................................................................................................
N.................................................................................................
(ii) Give one use of N

(iii) Which allotrope conducts electricity? Explain
25. 2001 Q 23
The table below shows the properties of substances K, L, M and N the
substances which arelikely to be:
Substances Reaction with oxygen at Melting point Conductivity Molten

25oC Solid
K Unreactive Low Poor Good
L Reactive
M Unreactive High Good Good
N Unreactive Low Good Good
a) Copper metal.......................................................................................................
b) Magnesium chloride..........................................................................................
26. 2001 Q 25 P1
The melting point of phosphorous dichloride is – 91oC. While that of
magnesium chloride is 715oC.In terms of structure and bonding, explain
the difference in their melting points. (3 marks)
33
27. 2002 Q 2 P1
Oxygen and sulphur belong to group (VI) of the periodic table. Explain
why there is a big difference their (melting points of oxygen is – 216 0C
while that of sulphur is 440C. (2 marks)
28. 2002 Q 16
With reference to iodine, distinguish between covalent bonds and
Van Der Waals Forces (3 marks)
29. 2002 Q 20
The table below gives some information about the electrical conductivity and
the likely bonding in substances N,P and Q. Complete the table by inserting
the missing information the spaces numbered I, II and III
Substance Likely type of bonding Electrical solid Conductivity

present
N Metallic I………………… Conducts
P II……………………. Does not conduct Conducts
Q III …………………… Does not conduct Does not conduct
30. 2003 Q 1b P2
a) The chart below is an outline of part of the periodic table.
(a) (i) With the help of vertical and horizontal lines, indicate the direction
of increasing metallic nature of the elements. (2marks)
(ii) Which types of elements are represented in the shaded area? (1mark)
b)i) Element A is the same group of the periodic table as chlorine.

Write the formula of the compound formed when A reacts with
potassium metal. (1 mark)
ii) What type of bonding exists in the compound formed in
(b) (i) above? Give a reason for your answers. (3 marks)
c) Starting with aqueous magnesium sulphate, describe how you would
obtain a sample of magnesium oxide. (3marks)
d) Write two ionic equations to show that aluminium hydroxide is

amphoteric (2marks)
31. 2004 Q 6
34
Both diamond and graphite have giant atomic structures. Explain
why diamond is hard while graphite is soft. (3 marks)
32. 2005 Q 4
Using dots (.) and crosses(x) to represent electrons, show bonding in the
Compounds formed when the following elements react:
(Si = 14, Na = 11 and Cl = 17)
a) Sodium and chlorine (1 mark)
b) Silicon and chlorine (1 mark)
33. 2005 Q 4c P2
(a) An atom Q can be represented as
52
Q
24
What does the number 52 represent? (1 mark)
(b) Study the information in the table below and answer the equations that
follow (Letters are not the actual symbols of the elements)
Element Electronic Atomic Radius Ionic Radius

Arrangement of (nm) (nm)
stable ion
N 2.8.8 0.197 0.099
P 2.8.8 0.099 0.181
R 2.8 0.160 0.065
S 2.8 0.186 0.095
T 2 0.152 0.068
U 2.8 0.072 0.136
(i) Write the formula of the compound formed when N reacts with P. (atomic
numbers are N = 20; P = 17) (1 mark)
(ii) Identify the elements which belong to the third period of the periodic
table. Explain (2 marks)
(iii) Which of the element identified in b (ii) above comes first in the
third period? Explain (2 marks)
(iv) Select two elements which are non- metals (1 mark)
(c)The table below gives some properties of substances I, II, III, and IV.
Study it and answer the questions that follow
Substance Electrical conductivity M.P (0C) B.P (0C)

Solid Molten
I Does not conduct Conducts 801 1420
II Conducts Conducts 650 1107
35
III Does not conduct Does not conduct 1700 2200
IV Does not conduct Does not conduct 113 440
(i) What type of bonding exists in substances I and II (2 marks)

(ii) Which substance is likely to be sulphur? Explain (2 marks)
34. 2006 Q 5
The atomic numbers of elements C and D are 19 and 9 respectively. State
and explain the electrical conductivity of the compound CD in:
(a) Solid state (1 ½ marks)
(b) aqueous state. (1 ½ marks)
35. 2006 Q 20
a) Distinguish between a covalent bond and a co-ordinate bond (2 marks)
b) Draw a diagram to show bonding in an ammonium ion. (1 mark)
36. 2006 Q 3a,b P2

a) Distinguish between isotopes and allotropes. (2 marks)
b) The chart below is part of the periodic table. Study it and answer the
questions that follow.(The letters are not the actual symbols of the elements).
A B
C D E
i) Select the element in period three which has the shortest atomic
radius. Givea reason for you answer. (2 marks)
ii) Element F has the electronic structure, 2.8.18.4 on the chart above;
indicate the position of element F. (1 mark)
iii) State one use of the elements of which E is a member. (1 mark)
37. 2007 Q 3b
Both chlorine and iodine are halogens.
a) What are halogens? (1mark)
b) In terms of structure and bonding, explain why the boiling point of
chlorine is lower than that of iodine. (2 marks)
38. 2007 Q 29
The diagram below is a section of a model of the structure of element T.
36
a) State the type of bonding that exists in T. (1 mark)
b) In which group of the period table does element T belong?
Give a reason. (2 marks)
39. 2007 Q 5a-c P2

(a) The diagram below represents part of the structure of a sodium
chloride crystal.
The position of one of the sodium ions in the crystal is shown as 
(i) On the diagram, mark the position of the other three sodium ions (2 marks)
(ii) The melting and boiling points of sodium chloride are 8010C and 14130C
respectively. Explain why sodium chloride does not conduct electricity
at 250C,but does so at temperatures between 8010 C and 14130C (2 marks)
(b) Give a reason why ammonia gas is highly soluble in water (2 marks)
(c) The structure of an ammonia ion is shown below:
Name the type of bond represented in the diagram by N → H (1 mark)
40. 2008 Q 11 P1
The table below gives atomic numbers of elements represented b
the letters A, B, C and D.
Element A B C D
37
Use the information to answer the questions that follow.
a) Name the type of bonding that exists in the compound formed when
A and D react (1 mark)
b) Select the letter which represents the best oxidizing agent. Give a reason
for your answer. (2 marks)
41. 2009 Q 3 P1
The atomic number of sulphur in the following: (2 marks)
(a) H2S ………………………………………………………
(b) SO23 …………………………………………………………
42. 2008 Q 2b P2
The table below gives information about elements A1A2A3, and A4
Element Atomic Atomic Ionic radius (nm)

Number Radius (nm)
A1 3 0.134 0.074
A2 5 0.090 0.012
A3 13 0.143 0.050
A4 17 0.099 0.181
(i) In which period of the periodic table is element A2? Give a reason (2 marks)
(ii) Explain why the atomic radius of:

I A1 is greater than that of A2;
II A4 is smaller than its ionic radius (2 marks)
(iii) Select the element which is in the same group as A3 (1 mark)
(iv) Using dots (.) and crosses(x) to represent outermost electrons.
Draw a diagram to show the bonding in the compound formed when
A1 reacts with A4 (1 mark)
43. 2009 Q 5
In terms of structure and bonding, explain why the melting point of
oxygen is much lower than that of sodium. (3 marks)
44. 2009 Q 6
An isotope of element E has 34 neutrons and its mass number is 64.E
forms a cation with 28 electrons. Write the formula of the cation indicating
the mass and atomic numbers. …………………………………..
(1 mark)
45. 2009 Q 8
Using dots (.) and crosses (X) ,show bonding in:
(a) The compound formed when nitrogen reacts with fluorine.

(Atomic numbers F= 9, N=7)
(b) Sodium oxide (Atomic numbers Na = 11,O= 8)
38
46. 2009 Q17 P1
The structure of methonoic acid is
O
H C
O H
What is the total number of electrons used for bonding in a molecule

of methanoic acid? Give reasons. (2 marks)
47. 2009 Q 24 P1
The boiling points of some compounds of hydrogen with some elements in
groups 4 and 6 of the periodic table are given below.
Compound Boiling point(C) Compound Boiling point(C)

CH4 -164.0 H2O 100.0
SiH4 -112.0 H2S -61.0
(a) Which of the compounds CH2 and S1H4 has the stronger intermolecular
forces?
(b) Explain why the boiling point of H2O and H2S show different trends from that
of CH4 and S1H4
48. 2009 Q 6a, c P2

(a) Study the table below and complete it.
(W- and X4+ are not the actual symbols of the icons)
Ion Number of Number of Mass Number Electron

Protons neutrons Arrangement
W- 20 2.8.8
X4+ 14 28
(b) The atomic numbers of Na and Mg are 11 and 12 respectively. Which

of the element has higher ionization energy? Explain (2 marks)
49. 2010 Q 14
Using electrons in the outermost energy level, draw the dot (.) and cross
(x) diagram for the molecules H2O and C2H4. (H = 1, C = 6, O = 8)
(2 marks)
i) H2O
ii) C2H4
b) The formula of a complex ion is Zn(NH3)42+. Name the type of bond

that is likely to exist between zinc and ammonia in the complex ion.
39
50. 2010 Q 27
The atomic numbers of phosphorus, sulphur and potassium are 15, 16
and 19 respectively. The formulae of their ions are P 3-, S2- and K+. These
ions have the same number of electrons.
(a)Write the electron arrangement for the ions. (1 mark)

(b) Arrange the ions in the order of increasing ionic radius starting with
the smallest. Give a reason for the order. (2 marks)
51. 2010 Q 3 P2
Use the information in the table below to answer the questions that follow.
The letters do not represent the actual symbols of the elements.
Element Atomic number Melting point (0C)
R 11 97.8
S 12 650.0
T 15 44.0
U 17 -102
V 18 -189
W 19 64.0
a) Give the reasons why the melting point of:

i) S is higher than that of R (1 mark)
ii) V is lower than that of U (2 marks)
b) How does the reactivity of W with chlorine compare with that of R

with chlorine? Explain (2 marks)
c) Write an equation for the reaction between T and excess oxygen (1 mark)
d) When 1.15g of R was reacted with water, 600cm3 of gas was produced.
Determine the relative atomic mass of R. (Molar gas volume = 24000cm 3)
(3 marks)
e) Give one use of element V (1 mark)
52. 2011 Q 5b(iii-vii) P2

a) The table below gives the number of electrons, protons and neutrons
in particles A, B, C, D, E, F and G.
Particle Protons Electrons Neutrons

A 6 6 6
B 10 10 12
C 12 10 12
D 6 6 8
E 13 10 14
F 17 17 18
40
G 8 10 8
i) Write the formula of the compound formed when E combines with G. (1 mark)
ii) Name the type of bond formed in (iii) above (1 mark)
iii)How does the radii of C and E compare? Give a reason. (2 marks)
iv) Draw a dot (.) and cross (x) diagram for the compound formed
between A and F. (1 mark)
vii) Why would particle B not react with particle D? (1 mark)
53. 2011 Q 28
The diagram below shows the bonding between aluminum chloride
and ammonia.
H Cl
H N Al Al
H Cl
a) Name the types of bonds that exist in the molecule. (1 mark)

b) How many electrons are used for bonding in the molecule? (1 mark)
54. 2012 Q7 P1
Ammonium ion has the following structure:
Label on the structure

(a) Covalent bond; (1 mark)
(b) Coordinate (dative) bond, (1 mark)
55. 2012 Q 16 P1
Use the following information on substances S, T and hydrogen to
answer the questions that follow:
(i) T displaces V from a solution containing V ions

41
(ii) hydrogen reacts with the heated oxide of S but has no effects on heated
oxide of V.
(a) Arrange substances S, t, V and hydrogen in the order of increasing reactivity.

(2 marks)
(b) If T and V are divalent metals, write an ionic equation for the reaction
in (i) above.
56. 2012 Q 2 P2
that follow. (the letters are not the actual symbols of the elements).
(a)Which is the most reactive non-metallic element shown in the table?

Explain (2 marks)
(b) (i) Write the formula of the compound formed when element A reacts
with element B (1 mark)
(ii) Name the bond type in the compound formed in b(i) above (1 mark)
(c) (i)What is the name given to the group of elements where, CG and H
belong?
(ii) Write an equation for the reaction that occurs when C in gaseous
form is passed through a solution containing ions of element H (1 mark)
(d) The melting points of elements F and G are 1410 oC and -101
respectively. In terms of structure and bonding, explain why there is a
large difference in the melting points of F and G. (2 marks)
(e) D forms two oxides. Write the formula of each of the two oxides. (1 mark)
(f) J is an element that belongs to the 3rd period of the periodic table
and a member of the alkaline earth elements. Show the position of j
in the grid (1 mark)
57. 2013 Q 4 P1
In terms of structure and bonding, explain the following observations:
(a) The melting point of aluminum is higher than that of sodium (11/2 mark)
(b) Melting point of chlorine is lower than that of sulphur (11/2 mark)
42
58. 2014 Q21 P1
Given that the atomic number of Y is 13 and that of Z is 9:
a)Write the electronic arrangement of Y and Z; (1 mark)
b) Draw the dot (.) and cross(x) diagram for the compound formed
by Y and Z (1 mark)
59. 2016 Q6 P1
Ammonium ion has the following structure
Label on the structure the

a) Covalent bond (1 mark)
b) Coordinate(dative) bond (1 mark)
60. 2016 Q16 P1
The atomic number of sulphur is 16. Write the electron arrangement of
sulphur in the following ? (2 marks)
a) H2S
b) SO32-
61. 2016 Q16 P1
In terms of structure and bonding, explain why graphite is used as a lubricant
in machines (3marks)
62. 2018 Q11 P1

a) Element U has atomic number 12 while element V has atomic number 16. How
do the melting points of their oxides compare? Explain (3 marks)
63. 2018 Q25 P1
Explain why a solution of sodium chloride conducts electricity while that of sugar
does not (2 marks)
PROPERTIES AND TRENDS ACROSS A PERIOD

1. 1997 Q 11 P1
Explain why anhydrous magnesium chloride is fairly soluble in organic
43
solvents while anhydrous magnesium chloride is insoluble. (2 marks)
2. 2001 Q 5 P1
Give a reason why phosphorus is stored under water. (1 mark)
3. 2003 Q 11 P1
Yellow phosphorous reacts with chlorine gas to form a yellow liquid.
The liquid fumes when exposed to air. Explain these observations (2 marks)
4. 2007 Q 8 P1
Explain why there is general increase in the first ionization energies
of the elements in period 3 of the periodic table from left to right. (2 marks)
5. 2012 Q 2 P1
Iron (III) oxide was found to be contaminated with copper (II) sulphate.
Describe how a pure sample of iron (III) oxide can be obtained. (3 marks)
6. 2015 Q 7b P2
When magnesium burns in air, it forms a white solid and a grey-green
solid. When a few drops of water are added to the mixture, a gas that
turns red litmus paper blue isevolved.
Identify the
(i) white solid. (1 mark)
(ii) gas evolved and state its use.
(I) Name of gas (1 mark)
(II) Use of the gas. (1 mark)
SALTS
1. 1989 Q 34b,c
(a) Explain how sodium carbonate can be used to soften hard water.
(Use ionic equations where necessary). (3 marks)
44
(b) Give one other commercial use of sodium carbonate, besides softening
of hard water. (1 mark)
2. 1989 PP1A Q 7
What would be observed when aqueous sodium hydroxide is added to
aqueous lead (II) nitrate?
3. 1989 PP1A Q 18
P. Q and R are solutions of lead nitrate, sodium chloride and magnesium
Sulphate (not in that order) Use the following information to identify
P and Q
(i) When drops of barium chloride solutions are added to separate portions
of P, Q and R, a white P is formed
(ii) When dilute hydrochloric acid is added to separate portions of Q
and R, a white precipitate is observed in R but Q remains clear. (1 mark)
4.1991 PP1A Q 27
The following is a procedure that was used to obtain the solubility of a salt
Q in water at 250C. Study it and answer the questions that follow.
Salt Q was dissolved in warm distilled water until no more could

dissolve. The mixture was then cooled to 250C and allowed to settle.
A dry evaporating dish and dry watch glass were weighted. Some of
the solution was decanted into the dish, covered with the watch glass, and
then weighed.
The solution was evaporated to dryness over a mall flame. This residue,
the dish and the watch glass were weighted. The residue was then
heated repeatedly until a constant mass was obtained. The results below
were obtained.
Mass of dish + Watch glass = 50.60g

Mass of solution + dish + watch glass = 80.6g
Mass of residue + dish + watch glass = 62.60g
(i) What is the purpose of a watch glass in such an experiment? (1 mark)

(ii) Why should the heating be continued until a constant mass is
obtained (1 mark)
(iii)Calculate the mass of the solution (1 mark)

(iv)Calculate the mass of the residue (1 mark)
(v) Calculate the mass of the water (1 mark)
(vi)Calculate the solubility of salt Q in g per 100g of water at 25 0C (2 marks)
5. 1992 PP1A Q 15
Explain how you would distinguish between a carbonate and a sulphite
using a dilute acid and red litmus paper.
45
6. 1994 PP1A Q 30
Study the solubility curves below and answer the questions that follow.
100
80
60 Potassium Nitrate
40
20 Calcium carbonate
0 20 40 60 80 100
Temperature (0C)
(a) At what temperature would equal amounts of potassium nitrate and

calcium ethanoatedissolve in 100g of water? (1 mark)
(b) Explain how you would prepare a saturated solution containing 80g of
potassium nitrate in distilled water. (1 mark)
(c) A student added 30g of Calcium ethanoate to 100g of boiling water and
noticed that not all of it dissolved. Explain what would happen if the
student cools the mixture with stirring up to a temperature of 10 0c (1 mark)
7. 1995 PP1A Q 21
The table below shows how solubility of some substances in water
varies with temperature.
Substanc Change of solubility with temperature (g/100cm3 of water)

e 00C 200C 400C 600C
W 0.334 0.16 0.097 0.0058
X 27.60 34.0 40.0 45.5
Y 35.70 36.0 36.6 37.3
Which of the above substances is likely to be a gas? Explain. (2 marks)
8. 1995 PP1A Q 25
Describe how the following reagents can be used to prepare
lead Sulphate, Solid potassium sulphate, solid lead carbonate,
dilute nitric acid, and distilled water (2 marks)
9. 1995 PP1B Q 5
The flow charts below show an analysis of a mixture R that contains
two salts. Study the analysis and answer the questions that follow.
46
(a)(i) What condition is necessary for the process in step I to take place?
(1 mark)
(ii) Draw a labelled diagram for the set-up that could be used to
separate the mixture formed in step II (2 marks)
(iii) Write ionic equation for the reaction between the cation in
filtrate X and aqueous ammonia. (1 mark)
(iv) What observation would indicate the presence of NO 2 (g) in step I

(v) State how water vapour, in step I could be identified. (1
mark)
(b)
(i) What conclusion can be drawn from step iv only? Explain? (2 marks)
(ii) Write the formula of an anion present in the residue U. Explain (2 marks)
(iii) Suggest the identity of the cation present in solution z. (1 mark)
(c) Name the two salts present in the mixture R. (2 marks)

10. 1996 PP1 Q 5
a) Using dots(.) and crosses (x) to represent electrons draw diagram
to represent the bonding in:
47
(i) NH3 (ii) NH4+ (1mark)
b) State why an ammonia molecule (NH3) can combine with H+ to

form NH4+ Atomic numbers: N=7 and H=1) (1mark)
11. 1996 PP1 Q 16

On strong heating, sodium nitrate oxygen gas. In the spaces provided
below, draw a labeled diagram of a set-up that could be used for heating
sodium nitrate and collecting the oxygen gas liberated. (3marks)
12. 1996 PP1 Q 23

Explain how you would obtain solid carbonate from a mixture of lead
carbonate and sodium carbonate powders. (3marks)
13. 1996 PP2 Q 6

a) Give the name of each of the processes described below which takes place
when salts are exposed to air for some time.
i) Anhydrous copper sulphate becomes wet (1 mark)
ii) Magnesium chloride forms an aqueous solution (1 mark)
iii) Fresh crystals of sodium carbonate, Na2CO3. 10H2O (1 mark)
b) Write the formula of the complex ion formed in each of the reactions
described below.
(i) Zinc metal dissolves in hot alkaline solution (1 mark)
(ii) Copper hydroxide dissolves in excess ammonia solution. (1 mark)
(c) A hydrated salt has the following composition by mass. Iron 20.2%
Oxygen 23.0%, sulphur 11.5%, water 45.3 %. Its relative formula
mass is 278.
(i) Determine the formula of the hydrated salt.. (3 marks)

(Fe=56, S=32; O = 16, H =1)
(ii) 6.95gm of the hydrates salt were dissolved in distilled water and
the total volume made to 250 cm3 of solution. Calculate the
concentration of the salt.solution in moles per litre
14. 1997 PP1 Q 4

When dilute nitric acid was added to a sample of solid C, a colourless
gas that formed a white a white precipitate with limewater was produced.
When another sample of solid C was heated strongly in a dry test – tube,
there was no observable change.
15. 1998 PP1A Q2

Study the information in the table and answer the question below the table
Substance Solubility g/100g water

A 1.26 x102 48
B 1.09 x 10-2
Describe how a solid sample of substance A could be obtained from a
solid mixture of A and B. (2 marks).
16. 1998 PP1A Q19

Describe how a solid sample of lead (ii) chloride can be prepared using
the following reagents. Dilute nitric acid, and lead carbonate (2 marks)
17. 1998 PP1A Q4

The set – up below was used to prepare anhydrous chlorides of a number
of elements in a laboratory where no fine cupboard was available. The
chlorides were to be collected in flask
Dry
chlorine
Element
gas
Soda-lime
I II III
The following table shows the melting and boiling points of the chlorides that
were prepared.
Chloride Nacl AlCl SiCl PCl3

Melting point (0C) 801 Sublimes (178) -70 -91
Boiling point (0C) 1413 58 76
(a)Explain why it is necessary to pass dry chlorine through the apparatus before
heating each element (2 marks)
(b) Give tow reasons why tubes II and III were filled with Soda lime (solid
mixture of sodium hydrogen and calcium hydrogen) (2 marks)
(c)Explain why it would not be possible to collect any sodium chloride in

flask 1 (2 marks)
(d) Name one other substance that can be used in tubes II and III (1 mark)
(e)Write an equation for the reaction that forms phosphorous (III) chloride (1 mark)
(f) Describe how you would separate a mixture of sodium chloride and
aluminium chloride (2 marks)
18. 1999 PP1A Q 2

Study the flow chart below and answer the questions that follow
49
(1) Na2SO4 (aq)
(a) Name:
(i) The reagent used in step I
(ii) Compound A
(b) Write an ionic equation for the reaction is step IV
19. 1999 PP1B Q 4

a) The flow chart below shows a sequence of reactions starting with. Study
and answer the questions that follow.
i) Name the reagent and state the condition for the reaction in step.
50
ii) Give the names of the following
i) Solid S
ii) Solid V
iii) Solid T
iii) Give reasons for the colour change in step 2

iv)Write an ionic equation for the reaction which takes place in step 3.
v) Name one other substance that could be used instead of sodium hydroxide
in step III.
b) In an experiment 3.36g of iron fillings were added to excess aqueous

copper (II) sulphate.
Calculate the mass of copper that was deposited. Cu = 63.5, Fe = 56.0
20. 1999 PP1A QUESTION 3

State and explain the observations that would be made when a few
drops of concentrated Sulphuric acid are added to a small sample of
hydrated copper (II) sulphate. (2 Marks)
21. 1999 PP1A QUESTION 8

The table below shows the solubility of a salt at various temperatures.
Temperature (0C) Solubility g/100g water

0 36
40 30
80 25
110 20
What would happen if a sample of a saturated solution of the salt at

400C is heated to 800C? (2 Marks)
22. 2000 Q 6 PP1

Starting with copper metal, describe how a solid samples of
copper (II) carbonate can be prepared. (3 marks)
23. 2000 Q 8 PP1

51
Study the solubility curves below and answer the questions that follow
What happens when a solution containing 40gm of potassium chlorate and

40gm of potassium nitrate in 100gm of water at 900C is cooled to 400C? Explain
26. 2000 Q 10 PP1

Use the scheme below to answer the questions that follow
Carbon Dioxide
Solid H
H2O
Heat Solid J Ca (OH)2(aq)
(a) Identify the solid (2 marks)

H
J
(b) State one commercial use of solid J (1 mark)
25. 2001 Q 7 PP1

How would you obtain a sample of pure iodine from a mixture of iodine
and lead sulphate?
26. 2001 Q 6c P2
Neutralization is one of the methods of preparing salts.
i) What is meant by neutralization?
ii) Describe how you would prepare crystals of sodium nitrate starting
52
with 200cm3 of 2M sodium hydroxide.
iii) Write an equation for the reaction that takes place when a solid sample of
sodium nitrate is heated.
27. 2001 Q 6 PP1

When potassium nitrate is heated, it produces potassium nitrate and gas C
(a) Identify gas C
(b) Name the type of reaction undergone by the potassium nitrate
28. 2001 Q 18 PP1

Describe how a solid sample of Zin (II) carbonate can be prepared starting
with zinc oxide
29. 2003 Q 1 P1
Some sodium chloride was found to be contaminated with copper (ll) oxide.
Describe how a sample of sodium chloride can be separated from the mixture
(3 mark)
30. 2003 Q 1c P2
Starting with aqueous magnesium sulphate, describe how you would
obtain a sample of magnesium oxide. (3 marks)
31. 2004 Q 24 P1
Carbon dioxide can be dissolved in water under pressure to make an
acidic solution.
a) What is meant by an acidic solutions? (1mark)
b) aqueous lead (II) nitrate reacts with the acidic solution to form a
precipitate.Write anionic equation for the reaction. (1mark)
32. 2004 Q 2b P2
The scheme below shows some reactions starting with calcium oxide.
Study it and answer the questions that follow.
(i) Name the reagents used in steps 2 and 4 (2 marks)

(ii) Write an equation for the reaction in step 3. (1 mark)
(iii) Describe how a solid sample of anhydrous calcium sulphate is
obtained in Step 5
53
33. 2005 Q2a P2
Name one raw material which sodium hydroxide is manufactured (1 mark)
34. 2005 Q 1
State one use of sodium hydrogen carbonate. (1 mark)
35. 2006 Q 27
Study the flow chart below and answer the questions that follow.
Gas
Step 1
Copper Blue
(1) Heat solution
(2) Reagent Z
Step 2
Blue
crystals
Heat Step 3
While
solid
a) Name reagent z.
b) Describe the process which takes place in step 2. (1 mark)
c) Identify the white solid. (1 mark)
36. 2007 Q 6
In an experiment, a few drops of concentrated nitric acid were added to
aqueous iron(II) sulphate in a test – tube. Excess sodium hydroxide solution
was then added to the mixture.
a) State the observations that were made when:

i) Concentrated nitric acid was added to aqueous iron (II) sulphate (1 mark)
ii) Excess sodium hydroxide was added to the mixture. (1 mark)
b) Write an ionic equation for the reaction which occurred in (a) (ii) above. (1 mark)
54
37. 2007 Q 9
Study the flow chart below and answer the question that follows.
Solid
Excess L
Ag2O
1. Warm Heat strongly
2. Filter White
3. Cool Filtrate Solid
Solution
K
Brown gas
+ Gas M
Identify: (3 marks)
a) Solution K
b) Solid L
c) Gas M
38. 2007 Q 13a(i)

Name the process that takes place when:
(i) Crystals of zinc nitrate change into solution when exposed to air (1 mark)
39. 2007 Q 18
Starting with sodium metal, describe how a sample of crystals of sodium
hydrogen carbonate may be prepared. (3 marks)
40. 2007 Q 3 P2
The flow chart below shows a sequence of chemical reactions starting
with copper study it and answer the questions that follow.
(a) In step 1, excess 3M nitric acid was added to 0.5g of copper powder
(i) State two observations which were made when the reactions was
in progress (2 marks)
(ii) Explain why dilute hydrochloric acid cannot be used in step 1 (1 mark)
(iii) IWrite the equation for the reaction that took place in step 1 (1 mark)
55
IICalculate the volume of 3M nitric that was needed to react
completely with 0.5g of copper powder. (Cu = 63.5) (3 marks)
(b Give the names of the types of reactions that took place in
steps 4 and 5 (1 mark)
c) Apart from the good conductivity of electricity, state two other

properties that make it possible for copper to be extensively used
in the electrical industry. (2 marks)
41. 2007 Q 6b P2
The table below shows the solubility of ammonium phosphate in water
at different temperatures.
Temperature Solubility of ammonium phosphate

(C0) in g/100g water
10 63.0
20 69.0
30 75.0
40 82.0
50 89.0
60 97.0
(i) On the grid provided, draw the solubility curve of ammonium phosphate
(Temperature on x – axis) (3 marks)
(ii) Using the graph, determine the solubility of ammonium phosphate

at 250C (1 mark)
(iii) 100g of a saturated solution of ammonium phosphate was prepared

at 250C
I what is meant by a saturated solution? (1 mark)
II Calculate the mass of ammonium phosphate which was used to
prepare the saturated solution (2 marks)
42. 2008 Q 15
The table below gives the solubilities of substances J, K and L at
different temperatures
Substance Solubility in grammes per 100 g water at

00C 200C 400C 600C
J 0.334 0.16 0.097 0.0058
K 27.60 34.0 40.0 45.5
L 35.70 36.0 40.0 37.3
Select the substance which, when dissolved in water, heat is given out.
Give a reason (2 marks)
43. 2008 Q 16
Starting with copper metal, describe how a sample of crystals of
56
copper (II) chloride may be prepared in the laboratory. (3 marks)
44. 2008 Q 17
A compound whose general formula is M (OH) 3 reacts as shown by the
equation below.
M (OH) 3(s) + OH- (aq) M (OH) 4-(aq)
M (OH) 3(s) + 3H+(aq) M3+ (aq) + 3H2O (i)
(a)What name is given to compounds which behave like M (OH) 3 in the

two reactions (1 mark)
(b) Name two elements whose hydroxides behave like that of M (2 marks)
45. 2008 Q 17 P1
When solid B1 was heated, a gas which formed a white precipitate when
passed through lime water was produced. The residue was dissolved in
dilute nitric (V) acid to form a colourless solution B2. when dilute hydrochloric
acid was added to solution B2 a white precipitate which dissolved on warning
was formed.
a) Write the formula of the;

I Cation in solid B1 (1 mark)
II anion in solid B1 (1 mark)
b) Write an ionic equation for the reaction between the resdue and dilute
nitric (V) acid. (1 mark)
46. 2008 Q 2 P2
a) Write an equation to show the effect of heat on the nitrate of:
(i) Potassium (2 marks)
(ii) silver
b) The table below gives information about elements A1 , A2 , A3, and A4
Element Atomic Atomic Ionic radius (nm)

Number Radius (nm)
A1 3 0.134 0.074
A2 5 0.090 0.012
A3 13 0.143 0.050
A4 17 0.099 0.181
(i) In which period of the periodic table is element A2? Give a reason (2 marks)

I A1 is greater than that of A2;
II A4 is smaller than its ionic radius (2 marks)
(iii) Select the element which s in the same group as A3 (1 mark)
(iv) Using dots (.) and crosses(x) to represent outermost electrons. Draw a
57
diagram to show the bonding in the compound formed when A1 reacts
with A4 (1 mark)
47. 2009 Q 2
Hardness of water may be removed by either boiling or addition of chemicals.
(a) Write an equation to show how boiling removes hardness of water. (1 mark)
b) Name two chemicals that are used to remove hardness of water (2 marks)
48. 2009 Q 11
Starting with 50 cm3 of 2.8M sodium hydroxide, describe how a sample
of pure sodium sulphate crystals can be prepared. (3 marks)
49. 2009 Q 18
Bottle of sodium carbonate, sodium chloride and sugar have lost their
labels. A Student prepares and tests an aqueous solution of a sample from
each bottle. The results obtained are as shown in the table below.
Bottle PH Electrical conductivity Correct label
1 7 conducts
2 7 Does not conducts
3 10 conducts
Complete the table by filling the correct label for each bottle.
50. 2009 Q 23
Use the flow chart below to answer the questions that follow.
(a) What observation would be made in step I (1 mark)

(b) Name another substance that could be used in step 2 (1 mark)
(c) Give the name of substance H.
58
51. 2009 Q 25
For each of the following reactions, state the observation and write
the formula of the compound responsible for the observation
(a) Bromide water is added to aqueous potassium iodine (1 ½ mark)

(b) Excess aqueous ammonia is added to copper (II) hydroxide (precipitate)
52. 2010 Q 1 P1
(a) Distinguish between a deliquescent and a hygroscopic substances. (2 marks)
(b) Give one use of hygroscopic substances in the laboratory. (1 mark)
53. 2010 Q 5 P1
Hydrate cobalt(II) chloride exists as pink crystals and anhydrous
cobalt(II) chloride is a blue powder. Describe a laboratory experiment
that can be used to show that the action of heat on hydrated cobalt(II)
chloride is a reversible reaction. (3 marks)
54. 2010 Q 24
Describe how a solid sample of the double salt, ammonium iron(II) sulphate,
can be prepared using the following reagents; Aqueous ammonia,
sulphuric(VI) acid and iron metal.
(3 marks)
55. 2011 Q 3
A mixture contains ammonium chloride, copper (II) oxide and sodium
chloride. Describe how each of the substances can be obtained from
the mixture (3 marks)
56. 2011 Q 13
Distinguish between the terms deliquescent and efflorescent as
used in chemistry. (2 marks)
57. 2011 Q 30
A sample of river water is suspected to contain zinc ions. Describe how the
presence of zinc ions and sulphate ions can be established. (3 marks)
58. 2011 Q 4 P2
a) When excess calcium metal was added to 50 cm3 of 2 M aqueous
copper (II) nitrate in a beaker, a brown solid and bubbles of gas were observed.
i) Write two equations for the reactions which occurred in the beaker.
(2 marks)
ii) Explain why it is not advisable to use sodium metal for this reaction.
(2 marks)
b) Calculate the mass of calcium metal which reacted with copper
(II) nitrate solution.(relative atomic mass of Ca=40) (2 marks)
c) The resulting mixture in (a) above was filtered and aqueous sodium
hydroxide added to the filtrate drop wise until in excess. What
observations were made? (1 mark)
59
d) i) Starting with calcium oxide, describe how a sample of calcium
carbonate can be prepared. (3 marks)
ii) Name one use of calcium carbonate. (1 mark)
59. 2012 Q6 P1
Study the information in the table below and answer the questions that follow:
Salt Solubility (g/100g water)

At 40°C At 60°C
CuSo4 28 38
Pb(NO3)2 79 98
A mixture containing 35g of CuSO4 and 78g of Pb(NO3)2 in 100g of

water at 60°C was cooled to 400C.
(a) Which salt crystallised out? Give a reason (2 marks)

(b) Calculate the mass of the salt that crystallised out (1 mark)
60. 2012 Q16 P1

Use the following information on substances S, T, V and hydrogen to answer
the questions that follow:
(i) T displaces V from a solution containing V ions

(ii) Hydrogen reacts with the heated oxide of S but has no effects on
heated oxide of V.
(a) Arrange substances S, T, V and hydrogen in the order of increasing
reactivity. (2 marks)
(b) If T and V are divalent metals, write an ionic equation for the reaction
in (i) above. (2 marks)
60
61. 2012 Q6 P2
The flow chart below shows a sequence of reaction involving a mixture
of two salts, mixture M. study it and answer the questions that follow.
(a) Write the formula of the following

(i) Anion in solid Q (1 mark)
(ii) The two salts present in mixture M (2 marks)
(b) Write an ionic equation for the reaction in step (VI) (1 mark)
(c) State and explain the observations made in step (V) (3 marks)
(d)(i) Starting with Lead (II) oxide, describe how a pure solid sample
of lead sulphate can be prepared in the laboratory (2 marks)
(ii) How can one determine whether the led sulphate prepared is pure
(2 marks)
62. 2013 Q2 P1
61
Write equations to show the effect of heat on each of the following:
(a) Sodium hydrogen carbonate (1 mark)
(b) Silver nitrate (1 mark)
(c) Anhydrous iron (II) sulphate (1 mark)
63. 2013 Q5 P1
The diagram below illustrates a method of preparing salts by direct synthesis
To fume chamber
Anhydrous calcium chloride
Metal
Dry
chlorine
Heat Combustion tube
(a) This method can be used to prepare either aluminum chloride or iron
(III) chloride. Explain why it cannot be used to prepare sodium chloride.
(2 marks)
(b) Describe how a sample of sodium chloride can be prepared in the
laboratory by direct synthesis. (2 marks)
64. 2013 Q26 P1

By using aqueous sodium chloride, describe how a student can
distinguish calcium ions from lead ions. (2 marks)
65. 2013 Q5a-b P2

(a) describes one method that can be used to distinguish between sodium
sulphate and sodium hydrogen sulphate. (2 marks)
b) Describe how a pure sample of lead (II) sulphate can be prepared in

the laboratory starting with lead metal (3 marks)
66. 2014 Q 2 P1
When dilute hydrochloric acid was reacted with solid B, a colourless gas
which extinguished a burning splint was produced. When an aqueous
solution of solid B was tested with a blue litmus paper, the paper turned
red / pink.
(a) Identify the anion present in solid B. (1 mark)
(b) Write an ionic equation for the reaction between solid B and dilute
hydrochloric acid. (1 mark)
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67. 2014 Q5 P2
(a) The scheme below shows some of the reaction of solution D. Study it and
answer the questions that follow
(i) Give a possible caution present in solution D (1 mark)

(ii) Write an ionic equation for the reaction in Step II (1 mark)
(iii) What observations would be made in Step V? Give a reason (2 marks)
(iv) Explain why the total volume of hydrogen gas produced in step 1
was found to be very low although calcium and solution D were
in excess. (2 marks)
(v) State one use of substance E. (1 mark)
(b)Starting with solid sodium chloride, describe how a pure sample of

lead (II) Chloride can be prepared in the laboratory (3 marks)
(c) (i) State a property of anhydrous calcium chloride which makes it

suitable for use as a drying agent for chlorine gas. (1 mark)
(ii) Name another substance that can be used to dry chlorine gas (1 mark)
68. 2015 Q8 P1
When solid A was heated strongly, it gave off water and a solid residue.
When water was added to the solid residue, the original solid A, was formed
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(a) What name is given to the process described? (1 mark)
(b) Give one example of solid A (1 mark)
69. 2015 Q21 P1

Describe how samples of lead (II) sulphate, ammonium chloride and
sodium chloride can be obtained from a mixture of the three. (3 marks)
70. 2015 Q25 P1
Starting with barium nitrate solution, describe how a pure sample of
barium carbonate can be prepared in the laboratory. (3 marks)
71. 2016 Q5 P1
Starting with sodium metal, describe how a sample of crystals of sodium
hydrogen carbonate may be prepared (3 marks)
72. 2016 Q7 P2
a) Write an equation to show the effects of heat on the nitrates of
i)Potassium (1mark)
ii) Silver (1 mark)
b) The table below gives information about elements A 1, A2 , A3 and A4 .
Element Atomic Atomic Atomic

s Number (nm)
radius (nm)
radius
Al 3 0.134 0.074
A2 5 0.090 0.012
A3 13 0.143 0.050
A4 17 0.099 0,181
(i) In which period of the periodic table is element A ? Give a reason. (2marks)
I Al is greater than that of A2 (2 marks)
II Al is smaller than its ionic radius. (2marks)
(iii) Select the element which is in the same group as A3. (1 mark).
(iv) Using. Dots (.) and crosses (x) to outermost electrons, draw a diagram
to show the bonding in the compound formed when Al reacts with A4.
(2 marks)
73. 2017 Q7 P1
A sample of water is used to contain sulphate ions. Describe an experiment
thatcan be carried out to determine the presence of sulphate ions (3marks)
74. 2017 Q12 P1

Potassium nitrate liberates oxygen gas when heated. Draw a diagram os a
set- up that shows heating of potassium nitrate and collection of oxygen gas.
64
75. 2017 Q15 P1
Starting with copper, describe how a pure sample of copper(II) carbonate
can be prepared (3marks)
76. 2018 Q15 P1

You are provided with solid potassium hydrogen carbonate. Describe how a
solid sample of potassium nitrate can be prepared (3 marks)
EFFECT OF AN ELECTRIC CURRENT ON SUBSTANCES

1. 1995 Q 9 P1
Study the set – up below and answer the question that follows.
Bulb
Switch
Carbon
electrodes
Molten lead (III) bromide
Heat
State and explain the observations that would be made when the circuit
is completed.
(2 marks)
2. 2005 Q 18 P1
In an experiment to investigate the conductivity of substances, a student
used the set – up shown below.
Battery
Lamp
Platinum electrodes
Pb Br2(s) crubicle
The Student noted that the bulb did not light (1mark)
(a) What had been omitted in the set- up?
(b) Explain why the bulb lights when the omission is corrected (2 marks)
65
3. 2009 Q 18 P1
Bottle of sodium carbonate, sodium chloride and sugar have lost their
labels. A student prepares and tests an aqueous solution of a sample from
each bottle. The results obtained are as shown in the table below.
Bottle Pk Electrical conductivity Correct label

1 7 conducts
2 7 Does not conducts
3 10 conducts
Complete the table by filling the correct label for each bottle. (3 marks)
4. 2011 Q 29 P1
Explain why the following substances conduct an electric current.
(a) Magnesium metal
(b) Molten magnesium chloride (2 marks)
5. 2012 Q 1 P1
Charcoal is a fuel that is commonly used for cooking. When it burns it
forms two oxides.
(a) Name the two oxides (2 marks)
(b) State one use of the two oxides (1 mark)
6. 2013 Q 28 P1
A student investigated the effect of an electric current by passing it through
some substances. The student used inert electrodes, and connected a bulb
to the circuit. The table below shows the substances used and their states.
Experiment Substance State

1 Potassium Carbonate Solid
2 Copper II Sulphate Solution
3 Sugar Solution
4 Lead II iodide Molten
a) In which experiments did the bulb not light? (1 mark)

b) Explain your answer in (a) above. (2 marks)
7. 2014 Q5 P1
Explain how condition of electricity takes place in the following.
(a) Iron metal (1 mark)
(b) Molten lead (II) iodide (1 mark)
8. 2015 Q29 P1
An electric current was passed through several substances and the results
obtained recorded in the table below.
Substance Physical state at room Conductivity Products

temperature Anode Cathode
A Liquid Does not conduct - -
B Solid Conducts - -
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C Liquid Conducts Green gas Grey solid
D Liquid Conducts Brown gas Grey solid
E Liquid Conducts - -
Which of these substance is likely to be

a) Magnesium (1 mark)
b) Hexane (1 mark)
c) lead (II) bromide ? (1 mark)
9. 2016 Q1 P1
A student investigated the effect o f an electric current by passing it through
some substances. The student used inert electrode and connected a bulb to
the circuit.
The table below shows the substances used and their states.
experimen substances states

t
1 potassium carbonate Solid
2 copper (II) Sulphte Solution
3 sugar Solution
4 Lead (II) Iodide Molten
a)In which experiment did the bulb not light? (1mark)

b) Explain your answer in (a) above (2 marks)
10. 2017 Q22 P1

a) What is an inert electrode? (1mark)
b) State the compounds formed when brine is electrolyzed using
inert electrodes
Anode ; ………………………………………………….. (1mark)
Cathode ; ……………………………………………….. (1mark)
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CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS
1. 1989 Q 12
On strong heating a substance R gives a gas which turns limewater cloudy
and a black residue S remains S dissolves in dilute nitric acid to give a solution
T. When aqueous ammonia is added to T a light blue precipitate is formed. The
precipitate dissolves in dilute nitric acid to give a deep blue solution
Name:
(i) Substance R
(ii) Ions in S
2. 1991 PPI Que 10.

Both graphite and molten lead (II) chloride conduct electricity. State how
each of the substances conducts electricity.
(i) Graphite. (1 mark)
(ii)Molten lead (II) chloride (1 mark)
3. 1991 Q 22
When a salt T is heated, a black solid is left and a colourless gas which
turns calcium hydroxide solution cloudy is evolved. Identify T and write
an equation for the decomposition. (2 marks)
4. 1994 PPIA Que 17.

Give two properties of carbon dioxide which makes it suitable for use
in fire extinguishers? (2 marks)
5. 1994 PPIA Que 27.

What is meant by the term allotropy? Give an example of an element
that exhibits allotropy. (1 mark)
6. 1996 Q 8
A sample of air contaminated with carbon monoxide and sulphur dioxide
was passed through the apparatus shown in the diagram below.
Air contaminated with

CO2(g) and SO2(g)
68
Concentrated
Lime water sulphuric acid
Which contaminant was removed by passing the contaminated air through

The apparatus Explain . (2 marks)
7. 1996 Q 23 P1
Explain how you would obtain solid carbonate from a mixture of lead
carbonate and sodium carbonate powders. (3 marks)
8. 1995 PPIA Que 27.

Give a reason why calcium hydroxide solution is used to detect the
presence of carbon dioxide gas while sodium hydroxide solution is NOT. (1 mark)
9. 1996 Q 29 P1
Write an equation for the reaction that takes place when carbon monoxide
gas is passed over heated lead (II) oxide. (1mark)
10. 1997 Q 2
When extinguishing a fire caused by burning kerosene, carbon dioxide is
used in preference to water .Explain
11. 1997 Q 4
When dilute nitric acid was added to a sample of solid C, a colourless gas
that formed a white a white precipitate with limewater was produced. When
another sample of solid C was heated strongly in a dry test – tube, there was no
observable change.
12. 1998 Q 20
The diagram below represents a charcoal burner. Study it and answer
the questions that follow
Blue flame II
White hot charcoal
Air
69
Write equations for the reactions taking place at I and II
13. 1999 Q 23
When excess carbon monoxide gas was passed over heated lead (II) oxide in
combustion tube, lead (II) oxide was reduced
(a) Write an equation for the reaction, which took place

(b) What observation was made in the combustion tube when the reaction
was complete?
(c) Name another gas, which could be used to reduce lead (II) oxide
14. 2000 Q 3
The simplified flow chart shows some of the steps in the manufacture
of sodium carbonate by the Solvay process
Carbon dioxide
L Ammonium chloride
Ammonium
Step 1 Chloride and sodium hydrogen carbonate
Step II
Brine
Sodium hydrogen carbonate
Step III
Sodium carbonate
(a) Identify substance L

(b) Name the process – taking place in step II
(c) Write an equation for the reaction, which takes place in step III
15. 2000 Q 10
Use the scheme below to answer the questions that follow
Carbon Dioxide
Solid H
H2O
Heat Solid J Ca (OH)2(aq)
(a) Identify the solid

H
J
(b) State one commercial use of solid J
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16. 2000 Q 22 P1
Study the information in the table below and answer the questions that follow.
The letters do not represent the actual symbols of the elements)
Element Electrical conductivity Ductility Action of water

A Good Good No reaction
B Good Poor No reaction
C Good Good Reacts
Select an element which

(a) Is likely to be sued in group II of the periodic table (1 mark)
(b) Could be used to make electric cables (1 mark)
(c) Likely to be graphite (1 mark)
17. 2000 Q 25 P1
State and explain the function of tartaric acid in baking powder (2 marks)
18. 2000 Q 27 P1
Explain why it is not advisable to leave a Jiko with burning charcoal
in a closed room where one is sleeping. (2 marks)
19. 2000 Q 6b PP2

(a) The following diagrams show the structures of two allotropes of carbon.
Study them and answer the questions that follow
Allotrope N
Allotrope M
(i) Name allotrope M and N (2 marks)
(ii) Give one use of N (1 mark)
(iii) Which allotrope conducts electricity? Explain (2 marks)
(b) In an experiment, carbon dioxide gas as passed over heated charcoal and
the gas produced collected as shown in the diagram below
71
Charcoal Combustion tube
Carbon (iv)
oxide
Carbon
monoxide
Heat
Sodium Water
hydroxide
(i) Write an equation for the reaction that took place in the combustion tube (1 mark)
(ii) Name another substance that can be used instead of sodium hydroxide (1 mark)
(iii) Describe a sample chemical test that can be used to distinguish between
carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide (1 mark)
(iv) Give one use of carbon monoxide (1 mark)
20. 2001 Q 14
When the oxide of element H was heated with powdered carbon the mixture
glowed and carbon dioxide was formed. When the experiment was repeated
using the oxide of element J, there was no apparent reaction.
a) Suggest one method that can be used to extract element J from its oxide
b) Arrange the elements H, J and carbon in the order of their decreasing creativity.
21. 2001 Q 19 P1
The curves below were obtained when two equal volumes of hydrogen
peroxide of the same concentration were allowed to decompose separately.
In one case, manganese (IV) oxide was added to the hydrogen peroxide
Time
Which curve represents the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide with

72
manganese (IV) oxide? Explain (3 marks)
22. 2001 Q 20 P1
Pentane and ethanol are miscible. Describe how water could be used
to separate a mixture of pentane and ethanol (1 mark)
23. 2001 Q 21
The apparatus shown below shown below was used to investigate the
effect of carbon monoxide on copper (II) oxide.
Copper (II) oxide
Flame
Dry Co(g)
Tube k
Combustion
tube heat
Lime water
a) State the observation that was made in the combustion tube at the
end of the experiment. (1 mark)
b) Write an equation for the reaction that took place in the combustion tube (1 mark)
c) Why is it necessary to burn the gas coming out of tube K? (1 mark)
24. 2002 Q 15
When carbon dioxide gas was passed through aqueous calcium hydroxide
a white suspension was formed
(a) Write an equation for the reaction that took place (1 mark)
(b) State and explain the changes that would occur when carbon dioxide
gas is bubbled through the white suspension (2 marks)
25. 2002 Q 5 PP2

(a) Candle wax is mainly a compound consisting of two elements. Name the
two elements (2 marks)
73
(b) The set- up below was used to investigate the burning of a candle study
it and answers the questions that follow
Gases to
sunction pump
(i) What would happen to the burning candle if the pump was turned off?
Give reasons
(ii) State and explain the changes in mass that are likely to occur in tube N
by the end of the experiment (3 marks)
(iii) Name two gases that come out through tube M (2 marks)
(iv) Name another substance that could be used in the place of calcium oxide
in tube N
26. 2003 Q 12
When steam was passed over heated charcoal as shown in the diagram
below, hydrogen and carbon monoxide gases were formed
Steam
Heat
(a) Write the equation for the reaction which takes place (1 mark)
(b) Name two uses of carbon monoxide gas, which are also uses of
hydrogen gas (2 marks)
27. 2004 Q 1 P1
When a candle was brunt completely. The total mass product was found to
Be greater than the original mass of the candle. Explain
28. 2004 Q 1 P1
Both diamond and graphite have giant atomic structures. Explain why
diamond is hard while graphite is soft. (3marks)
74
29. 2004 Q 18 P1
Carbon monoxide gas passed over heated Iron (III) as shown in the
diagram below.
Flame
Tube P
Carbon
monoxide gas
Iron (III) oxide
Heat
a) Give the observation made in tube P. (1 mark)

b) Write the equation for the reaction which takes place in tube P. (1 mark)
30. 2004 Q 2 P2
a) The set-up below was used to collect gas F, produced by the reaction
between water and calcium metal.
Test Tube
Gas F
Beaker
Water
Calcium metal
(i) Name gas f

(ii)At the end of the experiment, the solution in the beaker was found
to be a weak base. Explain why the solution is a weak base. (2 marks)
(iii) Give one laboratory use of the solution formed in a beaker. (1 mark)
(b)The scheme below shows some reactions starting with calcium oxide. Study
it and answer the questions that follow.
Water Aqueous Aqueous calcium hydrogen Boil

Calcium oxide calcium carbonate Products
hydroxide Step 2 Step 3
Step 1
Step 4
Aqueous Calcium sulphate (solid)

calcium
Step 3
chloride
75
(i) Name the reagents used in steps 2 and 4 (2marks)
Step 2 ……….
Step 4 ……….
(ii)write an equation for the reaction in step 3. (1 mark)
(iii) Describe how a solid sample of anhydrous calcium sulphate is

obtained in Step 5
31. 2004 Q 7a PP2

Brine usually contains soluble calcium and magnesium salts. Explain
Howsodium carbonate is used to purify brine. (2 marks)
32. 2005 Q 15 P1
In terms of structure and bonding, explain why graphite is used as
a lubricant. (2marks)
33. 2005 Q 23 P1
The set – up below was used to obtain a sample of iron
Excess iron (III)
Carbon oxide
Oxygen
Gas
Heat Heat
Write two equations for the reactions which occur in the combustion tube (2marks)
34. 2005 Q 27
Dry carbon monoxide gas reacts with heated lead (II) oxide as shown in the
equation below
PbO(s) + CO(g) →Pb (s) + CO2 (g)
(a) Name the process undergone by the lead (II) oxide (1 mark)
(b) Give a reason for your answer in (a) above (1 mark)
(c) Name another gas that can be used to perform the same function as
carbon monoxide gas in the above reaction. (1 mark)
35. 2005 Q 28
When a hydrocarbon was completely burnt in oxygen, 4.2g of carbon dioxide
and 1.71 g of water were formed. Determine the empirical formula of the
hydrocarbon
(H= 1.0;C=12.0; 0 = 16.0) (3 marks)
36. 2006 Q 22
The diagram below represents part of a set – up used to prepare and collect gas T.
76
Carbon (IV) Gas T
Oxide + carbon
(II) oxide
Concentrate
d potassium
hydroxide
a) Name two reagents that are reacted to produce both carbon (IV) oxide
and carbon (II) oxide. (1 mark)
b) Write the equation for the reaction which takes place in the wash
bottles. (1 mark)
c) Give a reason why carbon (II) oxide is not easily detected. (1 mark)
37. 2007 Q 1
The diagram below shows a “Jiko” when in use. Study it and answer the
questions that follow.
a) Identify the gas formed at region A. (1 mark)

b) State and explain the observation made at region B. (2 marks)
38. 2007 Q 10
The set-up below was used to collect a dry sample of a gas.
CaO
Give two reasons why the set-up cannot be used to collect carbon (IV) oxide gas.
(2 marks)
39. 2007 Q 5 P2
77
(a) The diagram below represents part of the structure of a sodium
chloride crystal. The position of one of the sodium ions in the crystal
is shown as 
(i) On the diagram, mark the position of the other three sodium ions ( 2 marks)
(ii) The melting and boiling points of sodium chloride are 8010C and
14130C respectively.
Explain why sodium chloride does not conduct electricity at 25 0C,
but does so at temperatures between 8010 C and 14130C (2 marks)
(b) Give a reason why ammonia gas is highly soluble in water (2marks)
(c) The structure of an ammonia ion is shown below:
Name the type of bond represented in the diagram by N → H (1 mark)
(d) Carbon exists in different crystalline forms. Some of these forms were
recently discovered in soot and are called fullerenes
(i) What name is given to different crystalline forms of the

same element? (1 mark)
(ii) Fullerenes dissolve in methylbenzene while the other forms

of carbon do not. Given that soot is a mixture of fullerenes and
solid forms of carbon, describe how crystals of fullerenes
can be obtained from soot. (3 marks)
(iii) The relative molecular mass of one of the fullerenes is 720. What
is the molecular formula of this fullerene? (C=12.00) (1 mark)
40. 2008 Q 13
In a laboratory experiment hydrogen gas was passed over heated
copper (II) oxide as shown the diagram below.
Copper (ii) oxide
78
Hydrogen Product E
gas
Heat
Describe a chemical test that can be used to identify the product E. (2 marks)
41. 2008 Q 26
When solid B1 was heated, a gas which formed a white precipitate when
passed through lime water was produced. The residue was dissolved in
dilute nitric (V) acid to form a colourless solution B2. When dilute hydrochloric
acid was added to solution B2 a white precipitate which dissolved on warning
was formed.
a) Write the formula of the;

I Cation in solid B1 (1 mark)
II anion in solid B1 (1 mark)
b)Write an ionic equation for the reaction between the residue and dilute
nitric (V) acid. (1 mark)
42. 2008 Q 31
Study the flow chart below and answer the questions that follow.
Calcium Step 1 Colourless solution Step 2 Substance

oxide Dilute Heat to dryness F1
Hydrochloric acid
Step 3 Excess Carbon (IV) oxide
Substance
G1
a) Give the name of the process that takes place in step 1. (1 mark)
b) Give;
(i) The name of substance G1
(ii) One use of substance F1
43. 2009 Q 15
A student used the set up shown in the diagram below in order to study
the reactions of some metals with steam. The experiment was carried out
for ten minutes.
79
Cotton wool soaked Magnesium
Gas F
in water ribbon
Heat
(a) What observation would be made if gas F is ignited?
(b) When the experiment was repeated using iron powder instead
of magnesium ribbon,very little gas F was obtained.
(i) Give a reason for this observation (1 mark)
(ii) What change in the conditions of the experiment should the student
have made in order to increase the volume of gas F produces. (1 mark)
44. 2009 Q 4 PP2

(a) The Schematic diagram shows part of the solvay process used for the
manufacture of sodium carbonate
Carbon dioxide
Ammonium chloride
Saturated sodium chloride

Ammonia Process I
UNIT I Sodium hydrogen carbonate Sodium chloride

Process II
UNIT II
(i) Explain how the sodium chloride required for this process is
obtained from sea water (2 marks)
(ii) Two main reactions take place in UNIT 1.The first one is the
formation of ammonium hydrogen carbonate
1. Write an equation for the reaction. (1 mark)

2. Write an equation for the second reaction (1mark)
80
(iii) State how the following are carried out (2 marks)
1. Process 1
2. Process II
(iv) In an experiment to determine the percentage purity of the sample

of sodium carbonate produced in the Solvay process, 2.15 g of the
sample reacted completely with 40.0cm of 0.5 m sulphuric acid
I. Calculate the number of moles of sodium carbonate that reacted (2 marks)
II. Determine the percentage of sodium carbonate in the sample.

(Na=23.0, C=12, O=16.0) (2 marks)
(b) Name two industrial uses of sodium carbonate. (2 marks)
45. 2010 Q 15
Carbon (II) oxide is described as a “silent killer”
a) State one physical property of carbon (II) oxide that makes it
a “silent killer” (1 mark)
b) State and explain one chemical property that makes carbon (II)
oxide poisonous to human beings (2 marks)
46. 2010 Q 26
A water trough, aqueous sodium hydroxide, burning candle, watch
class and a graduated gas jar were used in an experimental set up to
determine the percentage of active part of air. Draw a labeled diagram
of the set up at the end of the experiment. (3 marks)
47. 2011 Q 11
Exhaust fumes of some cars contain carbon II oxide and other gases
a) Explain how carbon (II) oxide is formed in the internal combustion
engines (1 mark)
b) Name two gases other than carbon (II) oxide that are contained
in exhaust fumes and are pollutants. (2 marks)
48. 2011 Q 21
Graphite is one of the allotropes of carbon.
a) Name one other element which exhibits allotropy (1 mark)
b) Explain why graphite is used in the making of pencil leads. (2 marks)
49. 2012 Q23 P1

Describe how the percentage by mass of copper in copper carbonate
can be determined. (3 marks)
50. 2013 Q19 P1

(a) Diamond and graphite are allotropes of carbon. What is meant by
an allotrope? (1 mark)
(b) Explain why graphite can be used as a lubricant while
81
diamond cannot. (1 mark)
51. 2015 Q27 P1

(a) Describe how carbon (IV) oxide can be distinguished from
Carbon II Oxide using calcium hydroxide solution. (2 marks)
(b) What is the role of carbon (IV) oxide in fire extinguishing? (1 mark)
52. 2015 Q2a P1

(i) Carbon (IV) oxide is present in soft drinks. State two roles of carbon
(IV) oxide in soft drinks. (1 mark)
(ii) Explain the observation made when a bottle containing a soft

drink is opened. (2 marks)
(iii) Carbon (IV) oxide dissolves slightly in water to give an acidic

solution.Give the formula of the acid. (1 mark)
52. 2015 Q2a P1

Charcoal is a fuel that is commonly used for cooking. when it burns it forms
two oxides
a) Name the two oxides (2 marks)
b)State one use of the two oxides (1 mark)
53. 2018 Q2 P1
a.)Explain why it is not advisable to prepare a sample of carbon (IV) oxide
using barium carbonate and dilute sulphuric (VI) acid (2 marks)
(b)State a method that can be used to collect dry carbon (IV) oxide gas. Give a
reason (1 mark)
54. 2018 Q6 P2
a) In kenya, sodium carbonate is extracted from trona at Lake Magadi
i)Give the formula of trona (1 mark)
ii)Name the process of extracting sodium carbonate from trona (1 mark)
b)The flow chart in figure 5 summarizes the steps involved in the production
of sodium carbonate. Use it to answer the questions that follow
82
i)Name the process illustrated in figure 5. (1 mark)
Identify the starting raw materials required in the production of sodium carbonate
(2 marks)
iii)Write equations for the two reactions that occur in the carbonator (2 marks)
iv)Name two substances that are recycled (1 mark)
v)Identify
Solid X (1 mark)
Process W (1 mark)
vi)Write an equation for the reaction that produces solution Z (1 mark)
vii)A part from softening hard water, state two other uses of sodium carbonate(2 marks)
STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM AND PERIODIC TABLES

MARKING SCHEME
1. 1989 Q1a P1
 7 the relative atomic mass is closer to 7
 Neutrons-4, electrons =3
2. 1989 Q13 P1
 2.8.8
 Discharge Tube
83
3. 1989 Q33 P1
(a) (i) No reaction, no more NaOH
(ii) 33+/-0.5cm3
(iii) 670C
(iv) (50+33) × 67 × 4.2J =23356.2 Joules
Moles of NaOH = 50 × 1 = 0.05moles
1000
Neutralization = 23356.2 × 10 = 467.1kj/mole
0.05
(b) (i) WCL2
(ii)NaCL and MgCL2 –have the highest boiling points
(iii)No, reason, Group VIII elements are inert.
4. 1990 Q1 P1
(a) P is more reactive than Q Reasons
(I)Metallic atoms loose electrons more readily down the group
(b) Electron arrangement Q = 2.8.2; P = 2.8.8.2. or differ by one energy
level Atomic mass of P = 2+8+8+2 = 20
5. 1990 Q11 P1
 2.8.5
 E forms covalent chloride/ molecular chloride burning Kerosene
6. 1991 Q2 P1
(i) S group, explanation: atomic radius increase downwards
(ii) They are metal
7. 1991 Q8 P1
(a) Neutrons = 69-31 = 38
(b) 69 × 60.4 + 71 × 39.6
100 100
= 41.676 = 28.116
= 69.8(69.792)
8. 1991 Q30 P1
(a) (i) B-2.8.2
F-2/8.6
(ii)B-basic
F-Acidic
(b) Allotropy/Allotropic
(i)A C Number of outermost electrons increases / atomic radii
decreases hence metallic bond strengthen/ strength increase
(ii)D exhibits a giant atomic (covalent) structure each C atom is bounded by

four covalent/strong bonds between atoms
9. 1992 Q1 P1
(i) Y2+ = 2.8.8
(ii) W2 = 2.8.8
10. 1993 Q1 P1
(a) X = 2.8.8.2
Y = 2.6
(b) Ionic or electrovalent
11. 1993 Q23 P1

84
(a) (i) v
(ii) S
(iii)Q because it needs to either loose or gain for electrons, thus its
tendency to share electrons is high.
(iv)Alkali metals
(v)Rand S are in some period, across the period nuclear attraction
increase, nuclear charge increases / greater attraction by nuclear
hence atomic radius decreases.
12. 1994 Q1 P1
Protons = 27, Neutrons = 32, Electrons = 27
= 3.78×105kg
13. 1995 Q1 P1
a) X -2, 8, 3 , √
Y- 2, 8 6 √
b)X2Y3 √ OR Al2 S3
14. 1995 Q12 P1

Hydrogen forms compounds by losing one electron like group I elements
or by gaining one electron like group VII element /Hydrogen has one electron
in outermost shell.
15. 1996 Q6 P1
a) G
b) E
16. 1997 Q10 P1

16N
15P
17. 1997 Q3 P2
i) G, H, L (1/2 Mark if 2)
Reason = Have a 1, 2, 2 e’s respectively in outer orbit / their
Chlorides have a high M.P easily looses e’s / outer orbital have less than 4 e’s.
ii) HK or Mgs (not KH or smg)
iii) J has strong covalent bonds / has a giant covalent / atomic structure / weak van
der waals between molecules.
iv) +4 /4+
v) I – M.P of fluoride of G is higher because fluorine is more reactive than
chlorine/forms stronger ionic bonds G than chlorine/Fluorine is more
electronegative
II – reactivity of L is higher. Reactivity within metallic group increases down

the group and L is below H. L looses e’s easily // L is more electropositive.
18. 1998 Q7 P2
(a)(i) S and W
(ii) T, U, V
(b) (i) V(I) it is the only element whose boiling point is below 298K
(ii) V
(c) (i) T(NO3)3
(ii) 2S + U S2U
(d) Ionic (I) T. Is a metal while U is a non- metal (½). Therefore T loses
electrons to U. T is electropositive while U electronegative. (½)
(e) (i) Cathode
Hydrogen (I)
85
(ii) Anode
Oxygen (I)
19. 1999 Q3a-d P2

(a) M = 2.8, Q = 2.8.8
(b) (i) Q
(ii) Q or N
(c) 4, Four
(d) R has a large atomic radius than L (water) in its outermost electron is
not tightly held in its nucleus (I)
(e)
(f) M has stronger metallic bonds than L due to the fact that it has high
number of delocalised electrons.
(g) 2L(s) + 2H2O(1) 2LOH(aq) + H2 (g)
(h) Add water to the mixture: R2S04 dissolves while PbSO4 does not. Filter to
obtain PbSO4 as the residue. Evaporate the filtrate to saturation and allow to
cool for R2SO4 crystals to form.
20. 2001 Q3 P1
(a) (i) B ║Magnesium ║2.8.2
(ii) C ║Sodium ║2.8.1
(b) D║ Argon ║2.8.8.2

(a) calcium 2.8.8.2
Beryllium 2.2
(b)(i) Both elements are in the same group but the two valence electrons of
calcium are further away (1) They are not strongly held by the nucleus,
hence are readily released. (1)
21. 2001 Q6a P2
(a) (i) Alkali metals
(ii) - Enthalpy change when 1 mole of e-5 is removed from 1 mole of gases
atom or
- Energy required to remove radius therefore the outermost electron
is MOST STRONGLY attracted to the nucleus, hence more energy is
required to removed it.(most strongly or very strongly in the attraction
must be mentioned for a candidate to score 1 mark)
22. 2002 Q2 P1
Oxygen exists as discrete molecules (O2) with only weak van der waal
forces between them. While sulphur exists as S8 rings and chains which are bulky
86
23. 2002 Q3 P1
A sulphur, carbon, nitrogen
B Sodium potassium, lithium
24. 2002 Q5 P1
(a) calcium 2.8.8.2
Beryllium 2.2
(b) Both elements are in the same group but the two valence electrons of
calcium are further away (1) They are not strongly held by the nucleus,
hence are readily released.
25. 2003 Q1a, b (i) P2

a) Non-metals
b) i) KB/KF/KI/KA
c) Add an alkali solution to precipitate Mg (OH) 2, Filter; heat the residue to obtain MgO
OR
Add Na or K carbonate or hydrogen carbonate to form MgCO 3ppt filter, heat the
residue to obtain MGO
d) Both must be present and correct, do not accept one
Al(OH)3(s) + 3H-(aq) [Al(OH4)]3+ (aq)

Al(OH)3(s) + OH+(aq) AlO2 (aq) + 2H2O (l)
26. 2004 Q20 P1

Neutron – proton ratio
Amount of energy released during isotope decay
27. 2004 Q1a P2
(a) (i) Green/ yellow gas
(ii) Slightly soluble/ soluble ( Rej highly soluble
(iii) Violet/ purple/ grey/ black solid
28. 2005 Q6 P1
(a) B and F
They are isotopes i.e. atoms of the same element with same mass number
but different atomic number
(b) Mass number = Atomic number + No. of neutrons
7 =3+n
7 = 3n
N =4
Cl H
29. 2005 Q4a, b P1
a) The number 52 represents mass number i.e.: the sum of the number of
protons and neutrons in an atom of an element.
N = 20 = 2: 8: 8: 2 p = 17 = 2:8:7
87
b) i) N + p2 → Np2
ii) P,R and S
P is a non – metal while R and S are metals, arranged in the order of S,R and P
from left to right form metals (S and R) but increases from left to right
for non – metal (p)
iii) S, it is a metal and is the one having the largest atomic radius
which decreases from left to right for metal of the same period.
iv) p and u
30. 2006 Q5 P1
a) In solid state - Does not conduct
Ions are fixed
b) Aqueous solution - Conducts
Ions are mobile
31. 2006 Q12 P1
62.93 x 69.09 +64.93 x 30.91
100
= 43.4783 + 20.0698
= 63.548
32. 2007 Q26 P1

(a) They are both metals and need to lose electrons to be stable
(b) RCO3(s) →RO(s) + CO2 (g)
(c) Q-3
33. 2007 Q3a

3a) Group (VIII) elements
34. 2007 Q 8
Across the period there is a gradual increase in number of proteins in the
nucleus. This increases the force as attracted between the nucleus and
the electrons.
35. 2007 Q25b P1

It is less dense and does not burn like hydrogen
36. 2008 Q7 P1
(a) Atoms of the same element having different masses or atoms of the
Same element having different number of neutrons.
(b) 18- 8 = 10 neutrons
37. 2008 Q11 P1

(a) Ionic/ electrovalent
(b) Has 7 electrons in its outermost energy level and hence easily gains an
electron to complete the octet or it is most electronegative.
38. 2009 Q3 P1
(i) 2.8.8
(ii) 2.8.2
39. 2009 Q6 P1
60
30E + 21 wrong/ correct change ( - ½ )
88
40. 2010 Q2 P1
a) i) element
- substance that cannot be split into simple substance by chemical means OR
- substance that consists of one type of atoms.
- A pure form of a substance with a unique atomic number.
ii) Atomic number
- Number of protons in an atom (Rej: number of electrons
b) Ti2(SO4)3 OR T2(SO4)3
41. 2010 Q27 P1

 2,8,8 / 2.8.8
 K+< 52-< P3-
Potassium has 19 protons attracting 18e’s, sulphur has 16 protons attracting 18e’s
and phosphorus has 15 protons attracting 18e’s. Therefore the electrons in
potassium ions are attracted more strongly making it the smallest ion.
42. 2010 Q4a P2

i) C, copper A,B
B is the most reactive because it has highest ∆T
C is the least reactive because it cannot displace ions of copper
from solution. A is more reactive than copper because it displaces
Cu2+ from solution.
ii)
Blue colour of the solution fades/ disappeared.
Black deposit is formed.
43. 2011 Q24 P1

(a)Y
Y and Z the 2 must be mentioned
(b) They have the same number of protons (8) but different atomic masses/
Mass numbers / number of neutrons
44. 2011 Q31 P1

Alkaline earth metals
45. 2011 Q5a, b (i-iii) P2

(a)
 Electron is negatively charged while proton is positively charged
 Electron has a mass of 1/1840 units while proton has a mass of 1 unit
 Mass of proton is bigger than that of electron.
(b)
(i) F
(ii) 27
(iii) E2G3 / A2O3
46. 2012 Q2 P2
(a) C, √ it has small size/ hence readily attracts electrons to itself. / highest
electrons highest tendency to gain electrons. affinity/ smallest to radius
/ most electronegative electrons
(accept)
89
(b) (i) AB2 / CO2 / AB / CO
(ii) Covalent bond
(c) (i) Halogens √ 1

(ii) C2 (g) 2H¯ aq H2 (s) + 2C¯(aq)
OR
Cl2 (g) + Br2 2Cl3¯ (aq) + √ Br2(aq)
Accept state of H2 as aq or g.
(d) F - has very strong covalent√ ½ bonds between the atoms with
giant atomic√ ½ structure.
G – is made up of atoms √ ½ bonded, covalently. The molecules have weak

Vander waals√ ½ forces. Simple molecular structure
(e) D2O √ ½ OR D2O2 √ ½ OR Na2O OR Na2O2
(f)
- Giant atomic structure - Covalent bond
- Simple molecular - Van der waals between molecules
47. 2012 Q14 P1

Ionisation energy – is the energy required to remove an electron from an atom an
atom in gaseous
Electron affinity – is the energy change that results in the formation of an ion when
an atom gains electron.
48. 2013 Q4 P1
 16 + 1 = 17
 16 + 2 = 18
49. 2014 Q18 P1

(a) N
(b) NONE/R (assuming the missing is 7)
(c) M3N2
50. 2014 Q29 P2
A group of atoms that react as a unit and has a net charge
S2O32- as in Na2S2O3
S2O72- As in H2OS2O7 (Oleum)
51. 2015 Q10 P1

a) 2.8.8 b) T2O3
52. 2015 Q14 P1

a) X, R, Z and Y
b) i) X – Sodium
ii) Y - Copper
53. 2015 Q23 P1

90
a) G
b) The ionic radius of I is bigger than that of E since E has more
energy levels tha E
54. 2015 Q3c-d P2

(c)(i) W has a smaller atomic radius than X making it more electronegative
than X.W Therefore gains an electron readily
(ii) R has a higher melting point than

T. This is because the atoms of R are held
by strong metallic bonds while molecules of T are held by weak Vander
Waal's forces.
(d)(i) (I)Q (II) N
ELEMENTS COMPOUNDS
iodine Water
Diamond Candle wax
(ii) - use to make jewellery

– used to make glass cutters
55. 2015 Q7a P2
( 78.6 ) + ( 10× 25 ) + ( 11.4 × 26 )

RAM =
100
188.6+250+296.4
=
100
= 24.3
55. 2015 Q24 P2
a) 4M (s) + K2K(s) 2M2k(s)

b) L
c)
H K
L √
M N P
56. 2015 Q17 P1

Figure 5 represents a grid that is part of the periodic table study it and answer the
questions that follow. The letters are not the actual symbols of the elements
91
a)Write the electron arrangement of element C (1 Mark)
2.8.4 // 2,8,4 // 284
b) On the grid provided, show with a tick (√ ) the position of element D whose
atomic number is 18. (1 mark)
U//T
c)Element E is more reactive than A. Explain 1 mark

E has a bigger atomic radius than A//the volume electrons of element E are further
from the nucleus, hence loosely need by the positive nucleus // require U energy to be
removed during Reaxtion
A has a smaller atomic reduction
E // there. elections of a hence strongly had by the nucleus and require more energy
to be removed during a reaction
57. 2018 Q2 P2
Figure 2 is a section of the periodic table. Study it and answer the questions that
follow. The letters do not represent the actual symbols of element
G
I V
K L M
J
Ai)Select elements which belong to the same chemical family 1 mark

K and J accept Na & K
ii)Write the formulae of ions for elements in the same period 1 mark
K+, L 2+, M3+
Na+, mg 2+, Al 3+
b)The first ionasition energies of two elements K and M at random are 577kj
/mol and 494kj/mol
i)Write equation for the 1st ionization energies for elements K and M and
92
indicate their allergies
K(s) K+(g) + Ie-∆ H IE = 494 / KJ/mol
M(s) M+ (g) + Ie-∆ H IE = 577 / KJ/mol
ii)Explain the answer in(b) (i) 1 mark

across a period, nuclear charge increase
no of protons increases
attraction force increases
iii)Write the formula of the compound formed when L and I react 1 mark
L3I2
Accept Mg3N2.
iv)Give one use of element V

 used in lamps
 used in bulbs
 used in light bulbs
 in advertisement signs
 In arc welding
 In lightening arrestors
 In high voltage indicators
ci)State another group that G can be placed in figure 2. Explain 2 marks

Group 7: It can gain an electron to form G.
ii)How do the reactivity of elements J and K compare? Explain 2 marks
J is more reactive than K
S we go down the group, AR increases
J has larger AR / J has more no of energy levels
K has smaller AT / K has fewer no of energy levels
Effective nuclear charge decreases down the group
di)Element L and M form chlorides. Complete the following table by writing

the formulae of each chloride and state the nature of the solution 2 marks
Element Formula of chloride Nature of chloride
solution
L LCl2 MgCl2 Neutral
M MCl3/N2Cl6 ALCl3 AL2Cl6 acidic
ii)The chloride of element M vaporizes easily while its oxide has a high melting
point. Explain 2 marks
MCl2. Has simple molecular structure with weak van der walls forces
M2O3; Strong ionic bonds
Grant ionic structure
CHEMICAL FAMILIES
MARKING SCHEME
93
1. 1996 Q6 P1
a) K and N because they are in the same group OR loses 2 electrons/same
number or electrons sins the outer energy level
b) L 2O2 OR L2O
(1mark)
c) L, because it has 7 electrons in its outermost energy level
d) M, Because its ionic radius is bigger than atomic radius so its tendency to
donate its electrons is high
(e) M and N arc in the same period. Across the period ionic radius decrease due
to increase in nuclear charge OR nuclear charge of N is greater than M. L gains
electrons to form L. There’s increase in repulsion of electrons
2. 1996 Q15 P1
a) X, both energy levels are full i.e 2:8 outer energy level full/has octane
structure/inert gas structure.
b) (i) W and Y
(ii) YW
3. 1996 Q4 P2
a) C=6, H=1, Na= 11, Ne = 20.
b) Ca+ 2, 8, 8
p3- 2, 8, 8
c) -259 + 273 = 14k.
d) Red phosphorus this is because it has a higher melting point.
e) The one of atomic number 24 because it is closer to the R.A.M (24.3) that means
it contributes to R.A.M more than the other two
f) Al4C3
g) The melting point of a magnesium is higher than of sodium because its effective
nuclear chare is higher/ it contributes more electrons to the metallic bonding as
compared to Na which contributes/magnesium has 2 outer electron(+2) where as
sodium has only one(+1) which can be delocalized.
4. 1997 Q23 P1
 period 3 / Third period
 Y3- / p3
 Ionic radius is large – Atomic radius smaller
 Incoming electron repelled by electron in shell / energy level.
5. 1998 Q15a P1
 -F
 -I
6. 1998 Q26P1
IV, II, I,III
7. 1999 Q7 P1
C = 2.3; Valency 3
C2S3 OR C2S5
8. 2000 Q5 P1
a) T(s)+ X 2+ (aq) T2+(aq) + X(s)
94
b) SXTU
9. 2000 Q7 P1
It is light/less dense
Its inert/noble/unreactive/rare gas/not flammable
10. 2000 Q1 P2
a) i) Alkaline earth metals
ii) A
iii) Covalent
They form bond by sharing of electrons:
iv) D2O3 or Al2O3
v) Tick or G is in the right place
b) i) H Their boiling points are quite close

ii) K
iii) I L its boiling point is lower than room temperature and is
slightly soluble in water.
II J
11. 2001 Q13 P1
G3, because it has the smallest atomic radius. Its outer most electron is
tightly held by the nucleus or it requires a lot of energy to remove it.
12. 2001 Q22 P1

It has one electron in its outermost energy level, which it can loose to form H +
showing oxidation sate of +1 or gain an electron to form H- showing and oxidation
state-1
13. 2002 Q1 P1
It is uncreative
14. 2002 Q9 P1
(a) Displacement (1)
(b) DGEF (1)
(c) G(s) + 2F+ (aq)
15. 2003 Q2 P1
K+ has three energy levels while Na+ has only two (1)
Mg2+ nucleus has 12 protons attracting 10 e-(1) Na+ has 11 protons attracting
10e- hence Mg2+ radius shrinks more (1) Or Mg2+ has higher nucleus charge
(1) shrinking the ions(1)
16. 2003 Q5 P1
H H+ + e (1/2 ) H is +ve (1/2)
H+e H- (1/2)  H is –ve (1/2)
17. 2003 Q10 P1

a) +5 / 5
b) 5 / V
18. 2003 Q24 P1

Group 7 elements react by gaining electrons. A small atom has a high e- affinity.
This trend decreases down the group.
19. 2004 Q3 P1
95
The energy required to remove the outermost electron is lower for B than
for (1) therefore B is more reactive than (i)
20. 2004 Q16 P1

a) F and J
b) HFJG
21. 2005 Q16 P1

Increases atomic radius results in decrease of 1 st ionization energy
Increasing the radius, decreases the force of attraction from to the outermost
electron.
Hence decreasing in the 1st ionization energy down the group.
22. 2008 Q18 P1

(a) Position for silicon
(b) U
23. 2009 Q1 P1
(a) Energy required to remove 1 mole of electrons from 1 mole of gaseous atoms
(b) element B It loses electrons most readily (l)
24. 2009 Q1 P1
Magnesium phosphide
25. 2011 Q22 P1

(a) 2.8
(b) 3V(s) + Q2(g) V3Q2(s)
(c) M has a higher ionization energy than T since the outer electron in M is closer
to the nucleus hence held strongly
26. 2011 Q22 P1

(a)Bromine
(b) -At room temp (250c) bromine is solid since its MP and BP is between –
70c and 50c
-Atomic mass of iodine is higher than that of Cl 2
-Molecular mass
27. 2012 Q4 P1
(a) BDAC - across the period the number of protons / or nuclear charge increases
Or across the period atomic radius decrease
NB: CADB - from right to left atomic radius increases
(b) D. Across the period conductivity increases due to increase to delocalised/ free
Electrons
28. 2012 Q27 P1

(a) group 5 (or v) (or five)
Period 3 /III/ or three
(b) (i) noble gases / inert gases / rave gases
(ii) in balloons (Helium)
- fluorescence lamps / light bulb
- disco lights
- are welding
- x-ray tubes
- in diluting O2 gas cylinder, deep sea diving, mountain climbing
96
29. 2013 Q20 P1
(a) The atomic radius increases form Li to K to increase in the number of energy
levels down the group
(b) The atomic radii of group II elements is smaller than that of group I. This is
because of great nuclear charge in group II elements which results in strong
attraction of electrons.
30. 2014 Q2 P2
i) H/ It has largest atomic radius / its outcome electron is loosely held / it has
highest tendency to loose electron
ii) B/Nitrogen accept actual element
iii) D
iv) A- It has the smallest / smaller atomic radius therefore its outermost
electron is more strongly held by nucleus
v) Ph = 7
Neutral therefore the pH is likely to be 7. It is neutral salt form a neutral solution
b)i Molten CaCl2 or Mgcl2 have free and mobile ions while CC14 and SiCl4 exist
as molecules with no free ions
ii) Neon is mono atomic gas with M.M of 20 while fluorine is diatomic with
molar mass of 38.
The lower the m.m the faster the rate of diffusion
31. 2015 Q20 P1

a) I2 (g) b) Van der waal’s forces
c) solution of iodine in alcohol (tincture of iodine) is used as a disinfectant.
32. 2017 Q11 P1

a) 2x + (-2 x 5) = 0 x=+5
b) group V
97
STRUCTURE AND BONDING
MARKING SCHEME
1. 1989 Q6
(i) 105KJ
(ii) As the bond length increases, bond energy decreases
2. 1989 Q8
Does not conduct, because ions are not mobile (immobile)
4. 1991 Q21
H PH
H
5. 1993 Q13
Graphite has free electrons unlike diamond which has no free electorns
6. 1993 Q23c
(i) SCl2PCl3 and SiCl4
The boiling points are at room temeperature and melting points at room
temperature
(ii) AlCl3 is molecular/covalent but MgCl2 is ionic (smaller)
(iii) MgCl2 has the highest temperature range or calculations on temperature
ranges of all for MgCl2
7. 1994 Q14
M- Metallic bonding N- Ionic bonding
8. 1994 Q1 P2
(a) T -2.8.2 U- 2.8.3 V- 2.8.4 W-2.8.5 X-2.8.6 Y-2.8.7
(b) Period 3,all elements have three energy levels
(c) Atomic radius of X is smaller than that of V. X has more protons so nuclear
charge is higher hence attracts outermost electrons more
(d) UW
(e) Ionic or electrovalent. Because T would react with Y by donating its
outermost electrons to the atoms of Y
(g) X2- because it has a stable electronic arrangement 2.8.8 or X 2+ has
unstable electronic arrangement (2.8.4)
(h) (i) XO3,W2O5,VO2 or XO2,W2O5
(ii) TO
9. 1996 Q5 P1
It has a lone pair of electrons which it uses to form a dative bond with H ions
98
10. 1996 Q6 P1
a) G
b) E
11. 1996 Q11
Number of neutrons =1
Number of electrons=1
12. 1996 Q4 P2
a) C=6, H=1, Na= 11, Ne = 20.
b) Ca+ 2, 8, 8
P3- 2, 8, 8
c) -259 + 273 = 14k.
d) Red phosphorus this is because it has a higher melting point.
e) The one of atomic number 24 because it is closer to the R.A.M (24.3) that
means it contributes to R.A.M more than the other two
f) Al4C3
g) The melting point of a magnesium is higher than of sodium because its
effective nuclear chare is higher/ it contributes more electrons to the
metallic bonding as compared to Na which contributes/magnesium has 2 outer
electron(+2) where as sodium has only one(+1) which can be delocalized.
13. 1997 Q27 P1

a) CO2 • • • •
X X
X X
•• • •
b) H3O+ • • +
•
H • H
•
X x
14. 1997 Q3 P2
i) G, H, L (1/2Mark if 2)
Reason = Have a 1, 2,2 e’d respectively in outer orbit / their
Chlorides have a high M.P easily loosese,s / outer orbital have less than 4 e’s.
ii) HK or Mgs (not KH or smg)
iii) J has strong covalent bonds / has a giant covalent / atomic structure / weak
van der waals between molecules.
iv)+4 /4-
v) I – M.p of fluoride of G is higher because fluorine is more reactive than chlorine
/ forms stronger ionic bonds G than chlorine/Flourone is more electronegative
II – reactivity of L is higher. Reactivity within metallic group increases down
the group and L is below H. L looses e’s easily // L is more electropositive.
15. 1998 Q5
(a) -D (b) -E
99
16. 1998 Q10
16N
15P
17. 1998 Q11
(a) In Diamond all the C- atoms are joined together by covalent in a three
dimension (3 – D) structure/ Tetrahedral structure thus very hard
(b)The C- atoms in graphite are bonded in layers/ hexagonal strata’s, those

thus slide over one another easily.
18. 1998 Q7d P2

(a) (i) S and W
(ii) T,U,V
(b) (i) V(I) it is the only element whose boiling point is below 298K
(ii) V
(c) (i) T(NO3)3
(ii) 2S + U S2U
(d) Ionic (I) T. Is a metal while U is a non- metal (½). Therefore T loses
electrons to U. T is electropositive while U electronegative. (½)
(e) (i) Cathode
Hydrogen (I)
(ii) Anode
Oxygen (I)
19. 1999 Q6 P1
Li= 2:1 F=2:7
Ionic bond
Bond is formed between a metal and a non-metal or Lithium loses
electrons while fluorine gains
20. 1999 Q18 P1

Molar heat of vapourization increases from fluorine to iodine. This is because
the strength of van der waal’s forces increase with increase molecular size
from florine to iodine
21. 1999 Q25 P1

HCL is covalent and dissolves in methylbenzene but does not ionize/dissociate.
Addition of water causes HCL to ionize/dissociate + ions react with the
22. 1999 Q3e P2

(a) M: 2.8 , Q: 2.8.8
(b) (i) Q (ii) N
(c) Period 4.
(d) R has a larger atomic radius than L hence its outermost electron is not held
strongly by the protons.
(e)
100
(f) M has stronger metallic bonds than L due to the fact that it has high number of
delocalised electrons.
(g)2L(s) + 2H2O(1) 2LOH(aq) + H2 (g)
(f) Add water to the mixture: R2S04 dissolves while PbSO4 does not. Filter to obtain
PbSO4 as the residue. Evaporate the filtrate to saturation and allow to cool for R 2SO4
crystals to form.
23. 2000 Q16 P1

When dissolves in water or fused / molten state
24. 2000 Q6a P2

(a) (i) M. Graphite
N diamond
(ii) 1. Tips of drills/drilling devices
2. Jewellery
3. Glass cutters/Cutting glass
4. Making bearings
5. Padlocks
6. Ornaments
(iii) M/Graphite: The fourth electron of each carbon is unbounded
/free /delocalized
25. 2001 Q23 P1

(a) Copper metal M
(b) Magnesium chloride K
26. 2001 Q21 P1

(a) Reddish brown // Brown solid formed
(b) CuO(s) + CO(g) → Cu(s) + CO2 (g)
(c) it is poisonus // harmful // dangerous// toxic // pollutant
27. 2002 Q16 P1

Covalent bonds exist between two iodine atoms (½ ) in an iodine molecule (1 white
Van der waals forces exists between two or more molecules of iodine (1) covalent
bonds are strong than Van der walls forces
28. 2002 Q20 P1

I Conducts (1)
II Ionic (I)
III Covalent (i)
29. 2002 Q2 P2
(a) (i) Sodium hydroxide
(ii) ethne/C2H2 //H – C = C-H
(b) Polymerization // Addition polymerization
101
(c) - making artificial leather/ rain coats/ manufacture of cromophone
- making plastic water pipes
- Making electrical insulators
(d) 2Cl-(aq) →Cl2(g) + 2e

2Cl(aq) – 2e →bCl2 (g)
(e) Deep brown solution // dark black brown solid is formed. Chlorine is more
reactive than iodine, it displaces if formed.
(f) (i) 2NaOH(aq) + Cl2(aq) →NaCl(aq) + NaOCl(aq) + NaOCl(aq) + H2O(l)//

2OH-(aq) + Cl2(aq) → OCl-(aq) + Cl-(aq) + H2O(l)
(ii) Moles 2 x 15000 = 30 or 2 x 15 =30
1000
R.F.M NaOCl = 23 + 16 + 35.5 = 74.5
Molar mass = 3 + 16 + 35.5 = 74.5
Moles of NaOCl = 30 x 1 = 15
2
Mass of NaOCl = 15 x 74.5 = 1.1175
1000
Mass in kilograms of the sodium hypochlorite produced = 1.1175
30. 2003 Q1b P2

a) Non-metals
i) KB/KF/KI/KA
ii) - Ionic /electrovalent bonding
- K loses an electron to form K- ions
- A gains electrons to form A- ions
-The ions combine to form KA
b) starting with aqueous magnesium sulphate, describe how you would obtain a
sample of magnesium oxide.
Add an alkali solution to precipitate Mg (OH) 2, Filter; heat the residue to obtain
MgO OR
Add Na or K carbonate or hydrogen carbonate to form MgCO 3ppt filter, heat the
residue to obtain MGO
c) Both must be present and correct, do not accept one

Al(OH)3(s) + OH (aq) AlO2 (aq) + 2H2O (l)
iii) Average rate in b (i) is higher than in b (ii). There are more particles between
0 and 2 mins than 6-8 mins hence the frequency of collision is higher.
d CaCO3(s) + 2HCL(aq) CaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
e) - Heating/ warming/increasing the temperature.

- Increase in concentration of HCL
102
- Crushing the marble chips into small pieces using powdered CaCO3/ Stirring
f) - It becomes wet/ damp/ mas in increased
-The substance absorbs water from the atmosphere
g) i) Calcium sulphate
ii) I Making plaster for building
II Preparation of CO2
III Manufacturer of ammonium sulphate (fertilizer)
IV Manufacture of cement
V Manufacture of plaster (with oil)
VI filter material for paper (with oil)
31. 2004 Q6 P1
In diamond each carbon atom is covalently bonded to four other carbon
atoms in a rigid giant atomic structure (1)
In graphite each carbon atom is covalently bonded to three other carbon
atoms in layers(i)The layers are held together by weak van der waals forces
which arebroken quite easily (1)
32 2005 Q4 P1
Si = 2:8:4 Na = 2:8:1 and Cl = 2:8:7
a)
b) Silicon (IV) Tetra Chloride
33. 2005 Q4c P2

a) The number 52 represents mass number i.e.: the sum of the number of
protons and neutrons in an atom of an element.
N = 20 = 2: 8: 8 : 2 p = 17 = 2:8:7
b) i) N + p2 → Np2
ii) P,R and S
P is a non – metal while R and S are metals, arranged in the order of S,R
and P from left to right form metals (S and R) but increases from left to
rightfor non – metal (p)
iii) S, it is a metal and is the one having the largest atomic radius
which decreases from left to right for metal of the same period.
iv) p and u
i) I – ionic II – Metallic
ii) IV – sulphur has molecular bond which require less energy to break,
hence low MP and Bp
103
34. 2006 Q5 P1
a) In solid state - Does not conduct
Ions are fixed
b)Aquous solution - Conducts
Ions are mobile
35. 2006 Q20 P1

a) Covalent bond is formed by equal contribution of the shared electrons
by the atoms. Co-ordinate bond is where the shared electrons are
contributed by one
b)
36. 2006 Q3a-b P2

a) Isotopes are atoms with same atomic number (protons) but different mass
numbers while allotropes are different forms/structure of an element in the
same physical state.
b) (i) E Atomic radius decrease across a period/E has the highest nuclear
attraction/ E has the highest no. of protons.
(ii)
A B
C D E
F
(iii)Used in Advertising sign Lamps/ Light /fluorescent lamps
Weather/metrological/arch welding. (1 mark)
(iv) 2CNO3 (s) 2CNO2(s) + O2 (g)

2NaNo3(s) (s) Heat 2NaNo2(s) + O2 (g) (1 mark)
37. 2007 Q3 P1
(a) Group (VIII) elements
(b) Chlorine molecule is smaller and the strength of vanderwaals forces
between molecules of chlorine is weak as compared to iodine.
38. 2007 Q29 P1

(a) Metallic bonding
(b) Group 1 each atom contains one electron in its outer most energy level
104
39. 2007 Q5a-c P2
(ii) The ions are not free at 250C since the salt is in solid state but between
8010C and 14130C the ions are free since electrostatic forces between
the ions is overcomed
(b) Ammonia react with water to form ammonia solution
(c) Dative/ co-ordinate bond
40. 2008 Q11 P1

(a) Ionic/ electrovalent
(b) Has 7 electrons in its outermost energy level and hence easily gains an
electron to complete the octet or it is most electronegative.
41. 2008 Q2b P2

(i) Period 2, two energy levels
(ii) A2 has greater atomic number than A1
A2 has greater nucleus charge than A1
A2 has more protons than A1
Therefore
I Across the period from left to right nuclear charge, exert greater pull on
Electrons hence reduction in size.
II A4 gains electrons, incoming electron is repelled by existing electrons,
electrons cloud increases.
(ii) A2
xx -
+
(iii) · · x A4 x
A1 xx
42. 2009 Q3 P1
(i) 2.8.8
(ii) 2.8.2
43. 2009 Q5 P1
Oxygen exists as diatomic molecules ( ½ ) / Simple Molecular
The forces of attraction between the molecules are very weak ( ½ ) therefore
less energy is required to separate them. (½)
Atoms are sodium are held by strong metallic bonds (l). These require a lot
of energy to break them (½)
44. 2009 Q6 P1
30 E+21 Wrong /correct change (- ½ )
45. 2009 Q8 P1
105
46. 2009 Q17 P1
10 electrons (l)
3 single bonds constitute 6 electrons – There are 5 covalent bonds
Double bond – 4 electrons (l) – 3 single bonds 1 double bond.
47. 2009 Q24 P1

(a) S1H4 it has a higher boiling point (l)
(b) No hydrogen bonding in CH4 and S1H4 while the hydrogen bond in H2O
is stronger than that in H2S1(l)
48. 2009 Q6a, c P2
Ion Number of Number of Mass Number Electron

protons neutrons arrangement
W 17 ½ mark 20 37 ½ mark 2.8.8
X4+ 14 14 ½ mark 28 2.8 ½ mark
(c) Magnesium it has a higher nuclear charge which pulls outer electrons more
strongly
49. 2010 Q14 P1

a) i) H2O
ii) C2H4
b) Dative covalent bond / dative / co-ordinate.
50. 2010 Q27 P1

a) 2,8,8 / 2.8.8
b) K+< 52-< P3-
106
Potassium has 19 protons attracting 18e’s, sulphur has 16 protons attracting
18e’s and phosphorus has 15 protons attracting 18e’s. therefore the electrons
in potassium ions are attracted more strongly making it the smallest ion.
51. 2010 Q3 P2
a) i) Metallic bonds in S are stronger than in R
ii) V is monoatomic while U is diatomic
The Van der Waals forces in v are weaker than in U
b) W reacts more vigorously

It is easier to lose the odur/valence electrons in W than in T
W is more electropositive than R
Reactivating of groups elements. Increases down the group
c) 4T(s) + 5O2(g) 2T2O5(g)
4P(s) + 5O2(g) 2P2O5
d) 2R(s) + 2H2O(l) 2ROH(aq) + H2(g)

Moles of gas = 600 = 0.025 moles
24000
Moles of R = 2 x 0.025
= 0.05moles
RAM = 1.15 = 23
0.09
e) Used in florescent bulbs / lamps

Used in arc welding
Used in fire extinguishers
Used as a preservative in museum
52. 2011 Q5b (iii-vii) P2

(a) Electrons are negatively charged while protons are positively charged.
Electrons have negligible mass while protons have significant mass (1 a.m..u)
(b) (i) F (ii) 13 + 14 = 27
(iii) E2G3 / A2O3
(iv) Ionic bond/ electrovalent bond
(v)
 E has smaller atomic radius than C or vice versa
 E has more protons than C
(vi)
(vii) B is inert/ has stable configuration / has octet electron in the

outermost/ belong to group 8 of periodic table/ has noble gas
107
configuration
53. 2011 Q28 P1

a) Single covalent bonding / covalent
 Dative / co-ordinate bonding
b) 7 bonds x 2 = 14 electrons
54. 2012 Q16 P1

(a) S.H.V.T = 2marks
if TVHS student must show the direction of reactivity

NB if SVHT – award 1mark , if any letter is missing award 0
(b) T(s) + V2+(aq)T2+(aq) + V(s)
55. 2012 Q2 P2
(a) C, √ it has small size/ hence readily attracts electrons to itself. / highest
electrons highest tendency to gain electrons. affinity/ smallest to radius
/ most electronegative electrons
(accept)
(b) (i) AB2 / CO2 / AB / CO
(ii) Covalent bond
(c) (i) Halogens √ 1

(ii) C2 (g) 2H¯ aq H2 (s) + 2C¯(aq)
OR
Cl2 (g) + Br2 2Cl3¯ (aq) + √ Br2(aq)
Accept state of H2 as aq or g.
(d) F - has very strong covalent√ ½ bonds between the atoms with giant
atomic√ ½ structure.
G – is made up of atoms √ ½ bonded, covalently. The molecules have weak
Vander waals√ ½ forces. Simple molecular structure
(e) D2O √ ½ OR D2O2 √ ½ OR Na2O OR Na2O2

(f) √ 1mark
56. 2012 Q7 P1
H Co-ordinate / dative bonds
N covalent bonds
H H
57. 2013 Q4 P1
(a) alluminium has more delocalized electrons than sodium making it have strong
metallic bonds hence high melting point.
(b)Chlorine molecule is smaller compared to that of sulphur. Thus the van

der waal’sforces in chlorine are weaker.
108
58. 2014 Q 21 P1
Y 2:8:3
Z 2:7
b) Draw the dot (.) and cross(x) diagram for the compound formed by Y and Z
(1 mark)
59. 2016 Q6 P1
a) and (b)
H Co-ordinate / dative bonds
N Hcovalent bonds
60. 2016 Q16 P1

(i) 2.8.8
(ii) 2.8.2
61. 2017 Q25 P1

Graphite has a giant atomic structure which consists of hexagonal layers that are
held by weak van der waal’s forces. The layers therefore can easily slide over each
other making graphite slippery. This enables graphite to act as a lubricant to
reduce friction between moving parts of machines.
62. 2018 Q11 P1

a)Element U has atomic number 12 while element V has atomic number 16.
How do the melting points of their oxides compare? Explain (3 marks)
The oxide of U has higher reacting point that the oxide of V. This is because the
oxide of u is a solid with 1… hence require alto of energy to melt
The oxide of V is a gas/ molecule structure hence requires little energy to melt /
breath molecules force of attraction.
109
63. 2018 Q25 P1
Explain why a solution of sodium chloride conducts electricity while that of
sugar does not 2 marks
A soln of Nacl contains free ions / changed ions / mobile ions that are fere to contact
electricity while sugar contains molecules / no changed ions /mobile / free cannot
electricity
PROPERTIES & TRENDS ACROSS A PERIOD

MARKING SCHEME
1. 1997 Q11 P1
Aluminum chloride is covalent while magnesium chloride is ionic
2. 2001 Q5 P1
To keep away air/ oxygen which would react with it
3. 2003 Q11 P1
The yellow phosphorous form liquid PCl3, The PCl3 is hydrolysed in air
to form HCl which fumes.
4. 2007 Q1 P1
Across the period there is a gradual increase in number of proteins in the nucleus.
This increases the force as attracted between the nucleus and the electrons.
5. 2012 Q2 P1
– add water√ to dissolve CuSO4, Fe2O3 doesn’t dissolve
- Filter out Fe2O3 √
- Wash the residue √with plenty of distilled water to remove traces of the filtrate
- Dry the residue√ between filter papers
6. 2015 Q7b P2
(i) Magnesium oxide
(ii) (I) Ammonia gas
(II) Used in manufacture of fertilizers.
110
SALTS
MARKING SCHEME
1. 1989 Q34b, c
(b) Mg2+, Ca2+ are responsible for hardness in water precipitated by carbonate
ions from soluble Na2CO3
Mg2+ + CO32-(aq) MgCO3 (s)
(c) Glass making, Paper making, manufacturer of NaOH, metal refining
2. 1989 Q7 P1
White precipitate is formed which is soluble in excess sodium hydroxide
3. 1989 Q18 P1
P= NaCl Q=MgSO4
4 1991 Q27 P1
(a) (i) Prevent loss of salt/solid during evaporation
(ii) Ensure that all water is removed
(iii) 80.6 -50.6 = 30
(iv) 62.6-50.6 =12
(v) Mass of water = 30-12 =18 , 80.6-62.6 =18
(vi) Solubility = 12.0 18g
100× 12 66.7 g
= of water
18 100 g
6. 1994 Q30 P1
(a) 19.0 to 19. 0C
(b) Place 80g of KNO3 in 100g of water and heat up to 500C /heat to 600C
and cool to 500C
111
(c) All solids would dissolve because solubility of calcium ethanoate increases
with decrease in temperature/cooling
7. 1995 Q5 P1
a) sisal/ Cotton/ wool/ silk /jule/hemp/fur/hair
b) They are stronger than natural fibres/OR are not easily affected by chemicals/lasts
longer /durable/ can be produced easily in a large scale therefore cheaper (Reject.
Strong bonds)
8. 1995 Q21 P1
W because its solubility decreases with increase in temperature
9. 1995 Q25 P1
Dissolve the potassium sulphate (1/2) in water, dissolve (1/2) the lead carbonate
in the nitric acid, mix the two solutions (1/2) and filter (1/2) off the lead sulphate
precipitate//
Dissolve lead carbonate in nitric acid add solid pbSO 4 and filter off (max1 ½)//
Dissolve this in HNO3 and add solid pbCO3 and filter off the precipitate.
10. 1995 Q5 P2
(a) (i) Heating
(ii)
(iii) Zn2+ (aq) + 4NH3 (aq) [Zn (NH3)4]

(iv) Brown coloured gas OR reddish brown
a. Addition of anhydrous or white CuSO4 copper (II) sulphate which turns blue
in presence of water or cobalt chloride paper which turns pink
(b) (i) One of the salts in R is not soluble in water because a residue is formed
on addition of water
(ii) CO32- because CO2 (g) is produced on addition of acid
(iii) Pb2+(aq)
(c) Zinc nitrate

Lead carbonate
11. 1995 Q16 P1
112
12. 1996 Q23 P1
Dissolve in water, filter to remove lead carbonate as a residue, evaporate filter
to saturation and allow to cool. Crystallization to take place. Filter the crystals and
dry. Evaporate to dryness.
13. 1996 Q6 P2
a) i) Hygroscopic / Hygroscopy
ii) Deliquescent / Deliquescence
iii) Efflorescent / efflorescence’s
b) i) Zn(OH) 42+
ii) Cu (OH)42-
c) i) Fe O S H2O
20.2 23.0 11.5 45.3
56 16 32 18
0.36 1.44 0.36 2.52
1 4 1 6
Empirical formula FeSO4.7H2O

Empirical mass = (56+3+64+7(18) = 278
Formula FeSO4 7H2O
ii) 6.95g =6.95 = 0.025 moles

0.05 moles in 50cm3 = 0.025 x 1000 = 0.1
250
Concentration is 0.1 Mol-16.95x1000
278250
14. 1997 Q4 P1
-K+, / Na+ / (Lit) and CO32-
15. 1998 Q2 P1
Add water to the solid mixture A dissolves while B does Not
i. Filter the mixture
ii. Evaporate the filtrate to dryness
16. 1998 Q19 P1

a. Add dilute HNO3 to the carbonate
b. Allow the ran to go to completion
c. Add excess dilute HCI to the mixture
d. Filter
113
17. 1998 Q4 P2
(a) Remove oxygen (I) which could react with the element to form an oxide
(b) absorb excess chloride
- Absorb moisture from the atmosphere
(c) Sodium chloride has a high melting point (I) and the burner flame
Temperature is not able to vaporize sodium chloride
(d) Calcium oxide OR quick lime/ CaO
(e) 2P(s) + 3CI2(g) 2PCI3(g) P4 + 6CI2 (g) 4 PCI3(I)

(f) – Heat the mixture
- Aluminium chloride sublimes
- Cool to obtain aluminium chloride
- Sodium chloride is left in the vessel
18. 1999 Q2 P1
a) i) Dilute nitric acid
ii) Lead II Sulphate or Lead Sulphate.
b) Pb (OH)2 (s) + 2OH- [ Pb(OH)]2-4(aq)

Pb (OH)2 (s) + 2OH- PbO2-2(aq) +2H2O
19. 1999 Q4 P2
a) i) Chlorine
Condition- Heat
ii) I –Iron (III) Oxide (Fe2O3)
II – Iron (II) Sulphide(FeS)
III – Coke or Carbon (C)
i) Green Fe2- (aq) is oxidized by hydrogen peroxide to yellow Fe3+(aq)
ii) Fe2+ + 3OH (aq) = Fe(OH)3 (s) (1/2 for states)
iii) Ammonia solution(ammonia hydroxide) (KOH(aq)
b) Fe (s) + Cu2+ (aq) Fe2+ Cu(s)

Moles of Fe (s) = 3.36 = 0.06 (1/2)
56 (I)
Moles of Cu = 0.06
Mass of Cu= 0.06 × 63.5 (I) = 3.81 ( 1/2)
20. 1999 Q3 P1
The blue crystals turn into a white powder, concentrated H 2SO4 removes
water of crystallization or is dehydrating agent.
CuSO4.H2O (s) CuSO4(s) +5H2O
Blue hydrated White powder
21. 1999 Q8 P1
Precipitation occurs because the solubility of the salt decreases with an
increase in Temperature
22. 2000 Q6 P1
Add excess CU to HNO3+ filter the mixture, add excess soluble carbonate, filter
114
to obtain residue. Or add CU to H2SO4 + and warm –(not a must), filter the mixture then
add soluble carbonate, filter the residue. Or Heat CU in Oxygen to get CU, dissolve in an
acid, filter add a soluble carbonate to soluble carbonate to the solution, filter to get the
residue
23. 2000 Q8 P1
Crystals of KClO3 come out because at 830C the solution is saturated with
KClO3. Cooling causes crystallization. All KNO3 OR KClO3 forms solid
(40-9) 31g. KNO3 do not form solid
24. 2000 Q10 P1

a) H Ca CO3/ calcium carbonate / limestone/manila chips J CaO/Calcium
oxide/quick lime
b) As a fertilizer/for liming living furnaces / raising soil pH/ Manufacture of

CaC2/Ca(HSO3)2 /Ca(OH)2/Absolute alcohol.
25. 2001 Q7 P1
Heat the mixture iodine sublimes and can be collected from the cool part of
the test tube.
26. 2001 Q6c P2

2Q (s) + 2H2O(L) → 2QOH (aq) + H2 (g)
2Na(s) + 2H2O(l)→2NaOH(aq) + H2(g)
27. 2002 Q6 P1
(a) Oxygen (1)
(b) Decomposition (1)
28. 2002 Q18 P1

Add excess zinc oxide ( ½ ) to dilute HCL, HCl, H2SO4, HNO3 ( ½ ) Filter
to the filtrate, add aqueous Na2CO3 K2CO3( ½ ) to precipitate ZnCO3( ½ )filter ( ½ )
29. 2003 Q1 P1
Add water to the mixture (1) Sodium chloride dissolves(1/2) while Copper (II)
oxide does not (1/2 ) filter (1/2) and heat the filtrate to dryness to obtain Sodium
chloride(1/2).
30. 2003 Q1c P2

Add an alkali solution to precipitate Mg (OH)2, Filter; heat the residue to
obtain MgO OR Add Na or K carbonate or hydrogen carbonate to form
MgCO3ppt filter, heat the residue to obtain MgO
31. 2004 Q24 P1

a) A solution containing H+ ions a solution that turns paper red all les than
7 solution that neutralizes bases for form salt and water only reacts to
produce H2 proton.
b) pb2+ (aq) + CO3(aq)  pbCO3(s)
c) a)
115
d) Endothermic (1) products are at a higher energy level than the reactants.(1)
32. 2004 Q2b P2

(b) (i) Step 2 Carbon dioxide // CO2
Step 4 Dil. Hydrochloric acid
(ii) Ca(HCO3)2 (aq) → CaCO3 (s) + CO2 (g) + H2 O(g)
(iii) Add an aqueous solution of sulphuric acid. Add aqueous NaSo 4/ K2SO4 H2SO4
/ (NH4)2SO4; Filter to obtain calcium sulphate as residue. Heat the residue to
Dryness
Reject conc. Sulphuric acid // accept all aqueous sulphate // rej solid sulphate.
Accept add sulphuric acid
33. 2005 Q2a P2

Brine(Sodium Chloride)
34. 2005 Q1 P1
Used in the manufacture of glass, treatment of hard water, making of baking
powder preservation of soft drinks etc.
35. 2006 Q27 P1

a) Conc. H2SO4
b) Heat the solution to concentrate it. Allow for crystal for form. Filter.
c) Anhydrous copper(II) Sulphate (1 mark)
36. 2007 Q6 P1
a) Colour change from green to brown.
b) Fe3+ +3OH- → Fe (OH)3
(aq) (aq) (s)
37. 2007 Q9 P1
a) Dilute Nitric acid
b) Silver metal
c) oxygen
38. 2007 Q13a(i) P1

(i) Deliquescence
39. 2007 Q18 P1

React sodium with water to get sodium hydroxide
Bubble into this solution excess carbon (iv) oxide to get sodium
hydrogen carbonate.
40. 2007 Q3 P2
(a) (i)Effervescence and brown gas produced
Blue solution formed
(ii)Dilute HCl is not an oxidizing agent
116
(iii) 1 Cu(s) + 4HNO3(aq) Cu(NO3) 2(aq) + 2NO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
II moles of Cu= 0.5 = 0.007874
63.5
Moles of HNO3 = 0.0067874 x 4 = 0.31496
Volume of HNO3 = 0.031496 x 1000 = 10.49cm3
3
(b) Step 4 - Neutralization
Step 5 – Displacement
(c)Resistant to corrosion
It is tough, 1 strong metal
41. 2007 Q6b P2

(b) (i)
(ii) 71g/100mm of water

(iii) I a solution which has dissolved a lot of solute till it can dissolve
no more
II Mass of solution at 250C = 100 + 71 = 171 g
Mass in (g) = 1000 x 71 = 41.52g
171
42. 2008 Q15 P1
J- the solubility of the substance decreases with increase with temperature it
dissolves more in cold water than in hot water.
43. 2008 Q16 P1

Heat the metal in air to form the oxide CuO
Add excess dilute HCL to the oxide to get CuCl2
Concentrate the filtrate and leave to crystallize Filter and dry the crystals at
room temperature between pieces of filter paper Add excess Cu to nitric acid
(dilute concentrate)
K2CO3/ (NH4) 2 CO3
Filter to remove unreacted copper. Add Na2 CO3 to the filtrate to pp CuCO3 filter
and add dilute HCL to residue to obtain CuCl2
Add nitric to obtain Cu (NO3)2. Filter to remove excess Cu. Add NaOH
44. 2008 Q17 P1
117
(a) Amphoteric
(b) Lead (II), Zinc and Aluminium (any two)
45. 2008 Q26 P1

(a) I Pb2+
II Co32-
(b) PbO(s) + 2H+(aq) → Pb2+(aq) + H2O(l)
46. 2008 Q2 P2
(a) (i) 2 KNO3(l) heat 2KNO2(l) + O2(g)
(ii) 2 AgNO3(s) heat 2 Ag(s) + 2NO2(g) + O2(g)
(b) (i) Period 2, two energy levels

(ii) A2 has greater atomic number than A1
A2 has greater nucleus charge than A1
A2 has more protons than A1
Therefore
I Across the period from left to right nuclear charge, exert greater pull on
Electrons hence reduction in size.
II A4 gains electrons, incoming electron is repelled by existing electrons,

electrons cloud increases.
(ii) A2
xx -
(iii) ∙ ∙ + X A4 x
A1 xx
47. 2009 Q2 P1
(a) Ca (HCO3)2 (aq) →CaCO3(S) + H2O(l) + CO2 (g)
(b) Sodium carbonate (l) Soda ash/ washing soda
Calcium hydroxide (l) / Lime water 2 Ammonia Sol;
Sol; Sodium per mutito/ Sodium Duminium Silicate.
48. 2009 Q11 P1
To 50 cm3 of 2.8 M NaOH, add 25 cm3 of 2.8 M H2SO4 or 50 cm3 of
1.4 M/ 100m3 of 0.7 m
- Heat mixture to concentrate (½)
- Cool it for crystals to form (½)
- Filter and dry the residue (3 marks)
49. 2009 Q18 P1

Bottle Correct label
1 Sodium chloride
2 Sugar
3 Sodium carbonate (3 marks)
50. 2009 Q23 P1
(a) Pale green solution turns yellow (i)
(b) Sodium hydroxide (l) Potassium hydroxide
(c) Water (l)
51. 2009 Q25 P1

(a) Colourless solution becomes brown/ black
L2 (aq)/S
118
(b) Blue ppt dissolving to form a deep blue solution (l) Cu(NH 3)42+ ( 3 marks)
53. 2010 Q5 P1
a) Deliquescent – a substance that absorbs water from the atmosphere
and changes into a solution
Hygroscopic – substance that absorbs water from the atmosphere but just
becomes wet
b) Drying agent used to test for water.
53. 2010 Q5 P1
Heat the hydrate salt in a sealed container. The pink substance changes to blue.
Allow the blue substance to cool. It changes to a pink substance. Heat the
hydrated salt. Pink substance changes to blue content vapour and cool.
Add liquid to blue solid it turns to pink.
54. 2010 Q24 P1

React iron metal with sulphuric acid to form iron (II) sulphate. React aqueous
ammonia with sulphuric acid to form Ammonium Sulphate. Mix the two solutions,
Iron (II) sulphate and ammonium sulphate to form a solution of ammonium iron (II)
sulphate. Heat/evaporate, until crystallization starts then cool, filter. Add excess
H2SO4 to iron metal to form FeSO4. Add aqueous NH3 to form NH4SO4. The two salts in
SO react to form ammonium iron (II) sulphate. Evaporate until crystallization starts.
Cool and filter to obtain ammonium Iron (II) sulphate.
55. 2011 Q3 P1
 Heat the mixture to sublime the NH4Cl
 Add water to dissolve the NaCl or Copper (II) oxide does not dissolve.
Filter and evaporate the filtrate to obtain sodium chloride
 Add water to the mixture to dissolve NaCl or/ Copper (II) Oxide does not
dissolve. Filter and evaporate to dryness.
 Heat to sublime NH4Cl. NaCl remains behind.
56. 2011 Q13 P1

 Deliquescent substance absorbs water from the atmosphere to for forma
solution / dissolve
 Efflorescent substance loses water of crystalisation to the atmosphere
57. 2011 Q30 P1

Add aqueous Ammonia until in excess
A formation of white ppt which dissolve in excess shows presence of Zinc ions
Add acqueous acidified Ba(NO3)2 // BaCl2 //PbNO3)2
Formation of white ppt shows presence of SO42-
58. 2011 Q4 P2
a) (i) Ca(s) + Cu2+(aq) Ca2+(aq) + Cu(s)
Ca(s) + Cu(NO3)2(aq) Ca(NO3)2(aq) + Cu(s)
Ca(s) + 2H2O(l) Ca(OH)2(aq) + H2(s)
(i)
 The reaction is highly explosive / highly exothermic because sodium
is more reactive than calcium
 Na is more electropositive than calcium
b. No. of moles of copper (II) nitrate

50 x 2
1000 = 1moles
119
Ratio 1:1
Moles of calcium = 0.1
Mass of calcium = 0.1 x 40 = 4g
c. A white ppt is formed which is insoluble in excess.
d. (i)Add CaO to dilute HNO3/ HCl/H2O. Add Na2CO3.K2Co3/NH4CO3 /CO2 to a

solution filter out CaCO3 as residue
(ii)
 Preparation of Co2 in the laboratory
 Manufacture cement
 Extraction of metals
 Manufacture of Na2Co3 in survey process
 Manufacture of CaO
59. 2012 Q6 P2
(a) (i) O2- √1
(ii) ZnSo4 √1 and CuCo3√1
(b) Ba2+(aq) + SO42-(aq) BaSO4(s) √1
(c) a brown solid√1 is formed the blue√1 colour of the solution fades /
magnesium Dissolves
This is mg displaces cu2+ √1 from the solution since it is more reactive than
copper. Or apparatus become warm – rxn is exothermic
(d) (i)
– Add excess lead (II) oxide, to dilute √ ½ nitric acid in beakers, until no ore
dissolves
- filter to remove excess lead (II) oxide.
- to the filtrate add a soluble√ ½ sulphate to precipitate lead sulphate.
Filter√ ½ and dry√ ½ the solid between the filter papers
(ii) Determine melting √1point; the solid is heated until it melts, the temp
at which it melts is noted, if it is constant√1 / fixed then it is pure
rej: determine b.p
60. 2012 Q6 P1
(a) CuSO4 // copper sulphate
At 400c only 28g is soluble // or Pb(NO3)2 all dissolves at 400c // Pb(NO3)2
not saturated or CuSO4 is highly saturated.
(b) mass = 35 – 28
= 7g
61. 2012 Q16 P1

(a) S.H.V.T = 2 marks
if TVHS student must show the direction of reactivity
NB if SVHT – award 1 mark, if any letter is missing award 0
(b) T(s) + V2+(aq) T2+(aq) + V(s)
62. 2013Q2 P1
(a) 2NaHC03(s) — Na2C03(s) + C02(g) + H2O0)
(b) 2AgN03(s)-» 2Ag(s) + 2N02(g) + 02(g)
120
(c) 2FeS04(S)-» Fe203(g) + S02(g) + S03(g)
63. 2013 Q5 P1
(a) Sodium chloride does not sublime unlike aluminium chloride or iron (III)
chloride hence cannot form in the flask, (b) It can be prepared by burning
sodium metal in dry chlorine in a gas jar.
64. 2013 Q26 P1

By adding aqueous sodium chloride to separate solution of the ions. In the
case of lead ions white precipitates will be observed while not precipitates
form in case of calcium ions.
65. 2013 Q5(a) & (b) P2

(a) A solution of sodium sulphates in water has no effect on blue litmus paper
While that of sodium hydrogen sulphate turns blue litmus paper red.
(b) • Heat lead metal in air to obtain lead (II) oxide. Add excess of this oxide to
dilute nitric (V) acid and filter to obtain lead (II) nitrate as the filtrate.
66. 2014 Q2 P1
a) HSO3- (l)
b) HSO 3-(aq) + H+ (aq) H20 (l) + SO2(g)
67. 2014 Q5 P2
i) H+
ii) Ba2+aq+ SO42-aq BaSO4(s)
iii)
 Blue colour of solution fades away
 Brown deposit / solid
 Zinc displaces Cu2+ ions form solution since zinc is more reactive than copper
The brown solid is copper
Or t-t becomes warm since reaction is exothermic
iv)Calcium reacts with dil H2SO4 to form CaSO4 which is insoluble , it coats the
Ca preventing further reaction.
v) Manufacture of plaster of paris

Making white wash
68. 2016 Q5 P1
React sodium with water to get sodium hydroxide solution. Bubble into this solution
excess carbon (IV) oxide to get sodium hydroxide carbonate. Heat the solution to
saturation and allow to cool to obtain crystals of sodium hydrogen carbonate.
68. 2016 Q7 P2
a)
(i) 2KNO3(s) 2KNO2(s) + O2(g)
(ii) 2AgNO3(s) 2Ag(s) + 2NO2(g) + O2(g)
b)
(i) Period 2. This is because it has two energy levels.
(ii) I. A2 has greater nucleus charge than A1 which has its electrons attracted has its
electrons attracted strongly to the nucleus
121
II. A4 gains electron. Incoming electron is repelleped by exisiting electrons
making the ionic larger
(iii)A2
(iv)
69. 2017 Q7 P2
Add a few drops of barium nitrate solution to the water sample followed by some
drops of hydrochloric acid. White precipitates are formed which do not dissolve in
hydrochloric acid indicating presence of sulphate ions.
70. 2017 Q12 P2
71. 2017 Q15 P2

Heat copper in air to form copper (II) oxide. React excess copper (II) oxide with dilute
nitric (V) acid to obtain copper (II) nitrate solution. Filter to remove unreacted copper
(II) oxide. React the filr
72. 2018 Q15 P2

You are provided with solid potassium hydrogen carbonate. Describe how a
sample of potassium nitrate can be prepared 3marks
Measure a certain volume of dilute HNO3 and place it in a beaker
Add KHCO3 little by little as the mixture is stirred into effervescence stops
Evaporate the soln to saturation and allow to cool for crystals to form
Dry the crystals in between filter paper
122
EFFECT OF AN ELECTRIC CURRENT ON SUBSTANCES
MARKING SCHEME
1. 1995 Q9 P1
When circuit is completed bulb lights ( ½ ) brown substance ( ½ ) formed grey
( ½ )substance formed on cathode; because PbBr2 acts as an electrolyte ( ½ ) /free
/mobile ( ½ ) ions; lead ions gain electrons to form pb( ½ ) (Lead) and loses electrons
to form ( ½ ) Bromine (Br)
(Equations show ions current flow)
2. 2005 Q18 P1
a) Source of heat
b) The solid pbBr2 melts to form pb2+ and 2Br- that conduct electric current
in the circuit. Hence the bulb lights.
123
3. 2009 Q18 P1
Bottle Correct label
1 sodium chloride
2 sugar
3 sodium carbonate 3 Marks
4. 2011 Q29 P1
(a) Magnesium metal conducts due to presence of delocalized electrons.
(b) Molten magnesium chloride conducts since it contains free ions.
5. 2012 Q1 P1
(a) -carbon (iv) oxide OR - carbon(ii) oxide
Or Carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide

Or CO2 or CO
(b) CO2 – Refrigeration CO - extraction of metals

- Fire extinguisher - manufacture of ethanol
- Fizzy drinks - manufacture of fuels (water gas)
- Food preservative
- Photosynthesis
- Solvay process
- Cloud seedlings
6. 2013 Q28 P1
(a) 1 and 3
(b) In experiment 1, the ions are not mobile to conduct while in experiment
3, sugar is made up of molecules hence cannot conduct.
7. 2014 Q 5 P1
a) By delocalized electrons (in the solid/ molten (liquid) state)
b) By mobile ions (in the molten (liquid) state
8. 2015 Q29 P1
a)B
B) A
c) D/None
9. 2016 Q1 P1
a) Experiment and 3
b) In experiment 1, solid potassium carbonate has no free ions to conduct electricity

while in experiment 3, sugar consists of molecules which do not conduct
electricity.
10. 2017 Q22 P1
a) An electrode which is unreactive hence does not influence

124
the products of electrolysis
b) At the anode is chlorine gas, at the cathode is hydrogen gas.
CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS

MARKING SCHEME
1. 1989 Q12 P1
Copper II carbonate
S = Copper (II) oxide
2. 1991 Q10 P1
(i) Movement of electrons / static electrons
(ii) Movement of ions / mobile ions / free ions
3. 1991 Q22 P1
CuCO3/ NCO3): CUCO3(s) CUO(s) + CO2(g)
125
4. 1994 Q17 P1
It does not support combustion and is denser than air
5. 1994 Q27 P1
An allotropy refers to an element that exist in two or more forms in the same
state e.gSulphur/ carbon/ phosphorous/ oxygen
6. 1995 Q27 P1
Ca (OH) 2(aq) forms white precipitate (1/2) with CO2 Can be observed NaOH (1/2) (aq)
does not form a precipitate.
7. 1996 Q8 P1
Sulphur (IV) oxide, it reacts with limewater being an acid gas
8. 1996 Q23 P1
Dissolve in water, filter to remove lead carbonate as a residue, evaporate filter to
saturation and allow to cool. Crystallization to take place. Filter the crystals and dry.
Evaporate to dryness.
9. 1996 Q29 P1
CO(g) + PbO(s) Pb(s) + CO2(g)
10. 1997 Q2 P1
- Kerosene floats on water therefore it continues to burn
- Carbon dioxide blanket covers the flame OR cuts off the supply of oxygen
11. 1997 Q4 P1
- K+, / Na+ / (Lit) and CO32-
12. 1998 Q20 P1

I. C(s) + O2 (s)CO2 (g)
II 2CO (g) + O22CO2 (g)
13. 1999 Q23 P1

(a) Pbo(s) + CO Pb(s) + Co 2 (g)
(b) Silver white or gray metal / shiny gray metal (I)
(c) Hydrogen gas / Ammonia gas
14. 2000 Q3 P1
a) Ammonia gas
b) Filtration/precipitation/Crystallization
c) 2NaHCO3 (s) Na2 Na2CO3(s) + CO2 (g) + H2O (g)
15. 2000 Q10 P1

a) H- CaCO3 / calcium carbonate / limestone/manila chips J CaO/Calcium
oxide/quick lime
b) As a fertilizer/for liming living furnaces / raising soil pH/ Manufacture of
CaC2/Ca(HSO3)2 /Ca(OH)2/Absolute alcohol.
16. 2000 Q22 P1

a) C
b) A
c) B
17. 2000 Q27 P1
126
It reacts with NaHCO3 to form CO2 which causes the dough to rise.
18. 2000 Q25 P1

The supply of oxygen in the room will be limited leading to formation of CO
which is poisonous.
19. 2000 Q6b P2

(a) (i) M. Graphite
N diamond
(ii) 1. Tips of drills/drilling devices
2. Jewellery
3. Glass cutters/Cutting glass
4. Making bearings
5. Padlocks
6. Ornaments
(iii) M/Graphite: The fourth electron of each carbon is unbounded/free /delocalized
(b) (i) C(g) + CO2(g) 2CO(g)

(ii) Potassium hydroxide (KOH) or Calcium hydroxide Ca (OH) 2(g)
(iii) Pass the gas through limewater (ca(OH) 2(aq); CO2 forms a white precipitate
but CO does not give a change or CO burns with blue frame while CO 2 does
not burn
(iv) -Fuel in water gas and produces gas/synthetic petrol
-Extraction of metals
-Manufacture of methanol
20. 2001 Q14 P1

(a) Electrolysis of fused or molten oxide
(b) JCH║J, carbon, H
21. 2001 Q19 P1

The burning magnesium produces more heat energy that the burning splint.
The heat energy from magnesium is enough to break the sulphur oxygen bond
setting free oxygen magnesium uses freed oxygen to continue burning.
22. 2001 Q20 P1

(a) A black solid formed
(b) Zn (NO3)2 (aq) + H2S (g) →ZnS + 2HNO3 (aq)
Or Zn2+(aq) + S2-(g) →ZnS(s)

Or Zn2+(aq) + HS(g) →ZnS(s) + H+ (aq)
23. 2001 Q21 P1

(a) Reddish brown // Brown solid formed
(b) CuO(s) + CO(g) → Cu(s) + CO2 (g)
(c) it is poisonus // harmful // dangerous// toxic // pollutant
24. 2002 Q15 P1

(a) Ca (OH)2(aq) + CO2(g) →CaCo3(s) + H2O(l)
(b) White PPt dissolves (l) because the insoluble CaCO 3 (½) is changed into soluble
calcium hydrogen carbonate. (½ )
25. 2002 Q5 P2
127
(a) (i) Hydrogen // H
(ii) carbon //C
(b) (i) Extinguishes // put off // goes off // want out // Die; CO2 and
Water vapour, which do not support combustion, accumulates around the
supply of oxygen
(ii) Mass increases; water vapour reacts with CaO and forms Ca (OH)
Ca (OH) 2 reacts with Co2 to produce CaCO3
CaO(s) + H2O (l) → Ca (OH) 2(s) → CaO reacts with moist CO2
Ca (OH) 2 + CO2 (g) →CaCO3(s) + H2O
(iii) Oxygen and Nitrogen Helium, Neon argon; Accept a name of inert gas
(iv) To absorb excess water vapour // moisture
(v) Sodalime // NaOH- and CaO // KOOH // Caustic potash // caustic soda
26. 2003 Q12 P1

a) H2O (g) + C(s) CO (g) + H2
b) Reducing agents, Fuel / methanol, synthetic petrol.
27. 2004 Q1 P1
Burning involves use of oxygen (1) the products include the mass of candle and
oxygen.Oxidation increase in mass combined with oxygen (2 marks)
28. 2004 Q6 P1
In diamond each carbon atom is covalently bonded to four other carbon atoms in a
rigid giant atomic structure (1)
In graphite each carbon atom is covalently bonded to three other carbon atoms in
layers(i)
The layers are held together by weak van der walls forces which are broken
quite easily (1)
29. 2004 Q18 P1

a) solid changes from brown to grey(l) or Brown solid to black
Original colour must be stated
b) Fe2O3+CO(g) 2FeO(s) + CO2(g)
The colour of the soil disappears and Q disappears/reduces
30. 2004 Q2 P2
(a) (i) hydrogen gas / H2
(ii) Ca (OH)2 is slightly soluble in water // only a few OH- a re produced in solution
(iii) It is used for testing presence of CO2 used in prep. Of ammonia // calcium
Oxide
(b) (i) Step 2 Carbon dioxide // CO2
Step 4 Dil. Hydrochloric acid
(ii) Ca(HCO3 (aq) → CaCO3 (s) + CO2 (g) + H2 O(g)

(iii) Add an aqueous solution of sulphuric acid. Add aqueous NaSo 4/ K2SO4 H2SO4
/ (NH4)2SO4; Filter to obtain calcium sulphate as residue. Heat the residue to
Dryness
Reject conc. Sulphuric acid // accept all aqueous sulphate // rej solid sulphate.
Accept add sulphuric acid
31. 2004 Q7a P2

a) add aqueous sodium carbonate to precipitate calcium carbonate and
magnesium carbonate and filter.
128
32. 2005 Q15 P1
Graphite structure is layered with layers together by weak vanderwaals force.
These forces are easily broken making layers to slide over each other hence good
Lubricant
33. 2005 Q23P1

C(s) + O2(g) → 2CO(g)
Fe2O3 + 3CO(g) → 2Fe(s) + 3CO2(g)
34. 2005 Q27 P1

a) Reduction
b) i) Removal of oxygen from a substance is a reduction
ii) Lead ion has gained electrons to become lead metal gain of
electron(s) is a reduction.
c) Hydrogen sulphide
35. 2005 Q28 P1

Products CO2 H2O
Formula mass 44 18
No. of moles Mass Mass
R.F.M R.F.M
4.2 1.71
44 18
0.095 0.095
Mole ratio = 1 : 1
The masses of carbon and hydrogen in CO2 and H2O formed
Products Carbon (CO2) Hydrogen (H2O)
12 x 4.2 2 x 1.71
44 18
1.145 0.19
No. of moles 1.145 = 0.095 0.19 = 0.19
12 1
Mole ration 0.095 = 1 0.19 = 2
1.95 0.095
Therefore the empirical formula is CH2
36. 2006 Q22 P1

a) Oxalic acid and Conc. H2SO4
b) 2 KOH(aq) + CO2(g) K2CO3(aq) +H2O(l)
c) CO is odourless
CO is colourless
37. 2007 Q1 P1
(a) Carbon (IV) oxide
(b) Blue flame, carbon (II) oxide is burning
38. 2007 Q11 P1
It is denser than air>
It will react calcium oxide since CO2 is acidic and CaO is basic.
39. 2007 Q5P2

(a) (i)
129
(ii) The ions are not free at 250C since the salt is in solid state but between 8010C
and 14130C the ions are free since electrostatic forces between the ions is
overcomed
(b) Ammonia react with water to form ammonia solution
(c) Dative/ co-ordinate bond
(i) Allotropes
(ii) Add salt to methylbenzene, fullerene dissolves. Filter the mixture to remove the
residue. Heat the Filtrate to make it concentrated cool the solution slowly to get
crystals.
(iii) 12n = 720: n = 720 = 60
12 M.f = C60
40. 2008 Q13 P1

Pass product ever anhydrous copper (II) sulphate (I) which turns from white to
blue (I) turns to blue or anhydrous copper (II) sulphate or use Cobalt Chloride
(anhydrous which turns from blue to pink.
41. 2008 Q26 P1

(a) I Pb2+
II Co32-
(b) PbO(s) + 2H (aq) → Pb2+(aq) + H2O(l)
+
42. 2008 Q31 P1

(a) Neutralization
(b) (i) Calcium hydrogen carbonate
(ii) Drying agent
Extraction of sodium metal
43. 2009 Q15 P1
(a) The gas burns with a blue flame (1)
(b) (i) The iron isles reactive than magnesium (1)
(ii) Heat the iron powder (1)
44. 2009 Q24 P2

(a) (i) Channel / pump sea water into shallow ponds. Evaporation of water
occur at the ponds sodium Chloride crystallizes out.
(ii) 1. NH3(g) + CO2 (g) + H2O (w) →NH4HCO3(aq)
2. NH4HCO3(aq) + NaCl (aq) →NaHCO2(s) + NH4Cl(aq)
(iii)
1. Filtration
2. Heating
(iv) I. NaCO3 (s) + H2 SO4 (aq) → NaSO4 (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l)
Moles of H2SO4 = 40 x 0.5
1,000
= 0.02
130
Moles of Na2CO3 = Moles of H2SO4 = 0.02
Mass of Na2CO3 = 0.02 x 106
2.12 (g)
Percentage purity = (2.12 x 100) %
2.15
= 98. 6%
II. Mass of Na2CO3 = 0.02 x 106

= 2.12 g
Percentage purity = (2.12 x 100%)
2 .15 = 98. 6%
b.- Used in textile industries - used in photography

- Manufacture of glass - Making anti acid drugs
- Softening hard water - In paper industries
- Making of detergents - As a food additive
45. 2010 Q15 P1

- Gas has no colour or smell / odourless
- Have high affinity for iron in the haemoglobin in the blood
46. 2010 Q26 P1
47. 2011 Q11 P1

(a) Carbon (II) oxide is formed when, fuel burns under limited oxygen / incomplete
combustion of fuel
(b)
 Carbon (IV) oxide / CO2 – sulphur (VI) oxide / SO3
 Nitrogen (IV)oxide / NO2
 Sulphur (IV) oxide / SO2
48. 2011 Q21 P1

(a) Sulphur/ phosphorus / oxygen
(b)
 Carbon atoms in graphite are arranged in layers of hexagon which are held
by weak vanderwaals forces
 The layer slide over each other when force is applied/ slippery
49. 2012 Q23 P1

1. Weigh CuCO3
2. Heat/decompose CuCO3 to a constant mass / add acid
3. Reduce Cuo using H2/NH3 or cu
4. Reweigh the copper
5. % cu = mass of Cu x 100
Mass of CuCO3
131
50. 2013 Q19 P1
(a) These are two or more forms of the same element existing under standard
conditions.
(b) Graphite atoms are bonded by covalent bonds to form layers which are in tui held by
weak van der waal's forces making the layers slide easily over each other. In diamond
there are only covalent bonds.
51. 2015 Q27 P1

When carbon (IV) is passed through calcium hydroxide solution white precipitates are
formed. However carbon (II) oxide does not form white precipitates with
calcium hydroxide.
b) it forms “a blanket” over the flame cutting off the supply of air
52. 2016 Q22 P1

Carbon (IV) oxide gas: - is denser than air
- will react with calcium oxide since carbon (IV) oxide (CO 2) is
acidic and calcium oxide (CaO) is basic.
53. 2016 Q25 P1

a) Carbon (II) oxide and carbon (IV) oxide
b) Used in extraction of iron from its ore
54. 2018 Q2 P1
Figure 2 is a section of the periodic table. Study it and answer the questions that
follow. The letters do not represent the actual symbols of element
G
I V
K L M
J
Ai)Select elements which belong to the same chemical family 1 mark

K and J accept Na & K
ii)Write the formulae of ions for elements in the same period 1 mark
K+, L 2+, M3+
Na+, mg 2+, Al 3+
b)The first ionasition energies of two elements K and M at random are 577kj
/mol and 494kj/mol
i)Write equation for the 1st ionization energies for elements K and M and
indicate their allergies
K(s) K+(g) + Ie-∆ H IE = 494 / KJ/mol
132
M(s) M+ (g) + Ie-∆ H IE = 577 / KJ/mol
ii)Explain the answer in(b) (i) 1 mark

across a period, nuclear charge increase
no of protons increases
attraction force increases
iii)Write the formula of the compound formed when L and I react 1 mark
L3I2
Accept Mg3N2.
iv)Give one use of element V
 used in lamps
 used in bulbs
 used in light bulbs
 in advertisement signs
 In arc welding
 In lightening arrestors
 In high voltage indicators
ci)State another group that G can be placed in figure 2. Explain 2 marks

Group 7: It can gain an electron to form G.
ii)How do the reactivity of elements J and K compare? Explain 2 marks

J is more reactive than K
S we go down the group, AR increases
J has larger AR / J has more no of energy levels
K has smaller AT / K has fewer no of energy levels
Effective nuclear charge decreases down the group
di)Element L and M form chlorides. Complete the following table by writing

the formulae of each chloride and state the nature of the solution 2 marks
Element Formula of chloride Nature of chloride

solution
L LCl2 MgCl2 Neutral
M MCl3/N2Cl6 ALCl3 AL2Cl6 acidic
ii)The chloride of element M vaporizes easily while its oxide has a high melting
point. Explain 2 marks
MCl2. Has simple molecular structure with weak van der walls forces
M2O3; Strong ionic bonds
Grant ionic structure
55. 2018 Q6 P2
a) In kenya, sodium carbonate is extracted from trona at Lake Magadi
i)Give the formula of trona 1 mark
Na2 CO3.NaHCO3.2H2O
133
Accept; any range of H2O of crystallization from 2-10
ii)Name the process of extracting sodium carbonate from trona 1 mark

thermal decomposition
fractional crystallization.
b)The flow chart in Figure 5 summarizes the steps involved in the production of
sodium carbonate .use it to answer the questions That follow
i)Name the process illustrated in figure 5. 1 mark

solvay
ii)Identify the starting raw materials required in the production of sodium

carbonate 2 marks
Limestone /CaCO3
Brine (concentrated NacL )
Water
Ammonia gas
Reject CO2.
iii)Write equations for the two reaction that occur in the carbonator 2 marks
NH3(g) +CO2(g) + H2O(i) NH4HCO3 (aq)
NH4HCO3(aq) +NaCl (aq) NHH4Cl(aq) +NaHCO3(s)
iv)Name two substances that are recycled
ammonia
134
carbon (iv) oxide
water
v)Identify
Solid X 1 mark
Calcium hydroxide
Process W
Thermal decomposition
vi)Write an equation for the reaction that produces solution Z 1 mark

2NH4Cl(aq) + Ca(OH) 2(s) 2NH3(q) + CaCL2(aq) +2H2O
vii)Apart from softening hard water, state two other uses of sodium carbonate 2
marks
Glass making
Paper industry to soften wood pulp
Used in making sodium silicate in making detergents
Manufacture of detergents
135

Structure of The Atom and Periodic Tables

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STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM AND PERIODIC TABLES

(ii) Complete the following table

(i) Select two elements which belong to:

(ii) Select the element which (1 mark)

Group I II III IV V VI VII

Element Atomic radii (nm) Melting Point 0C

Mass number Relative abundance (%)

Element Atomic No. M.P.0(C) B.P. 0(C) Ionic radius (nm)

(c) Explain the following observations in terms of structure and bonding

(d) Explain the difference in ionic radius between elements represented

(b) Write electronic configuration for of the ions in compound Y, W

(iii) Which of the elements has the greatest tendency of forming

Substance Action with water Melting point Thermal conductivity

Select the substance that would be most suitable

16. 1996 Q11 P1

Species Number of neutrons Electrons

17. 1997 Q 3 PP2

Element Atomic Melting point of Formula of Melting point

(i) Which elements are metals? Give a reason (2 marks)

(v) How does the:

18. 1998 Paper 1B Q 7

Element Atomic number Boiling point (K)

(a) Select the elements, which belong to the same

19. 1999 Q 3a-d PP2

Element(C) Atomic number Melting point

a) Write the electrons arrangement for the atom formed by elements

b) Select an element which is

c) In which period of the periodic table does elements R belong.

e) Using dots(.) and crosses (x) to represent outermost electrons show

g) Describe how a solid mixture of sulphate of R and lead sulphate

A 2.8.6 B. 2.8.2. C.2.8.1. D.2.8.8

(a) Select the element which forms:

(b) Which elements have the shortest atomic radius (1 mark)

21. 2001 Q 6a PP2

Element Electronic Configuration Ionization energy kjmol-

(iv) When a piece of element Q is placed on water, it melts and hissing

Give one example of elements A and B

25. 2003 Q 1a, b (i) PP2

b)i) Element A is the same group of the periodic table as chlorine.

c)Starting with aqueous magnesium sulphate, describe how you would

27. 2004 Q 1a PP2

Chlorine Cl2 i)………………… Soluble

29. 2005 Q 4a, b

What does the number 52 represent? (1 mark)

Relative atomic mass % abundance

Calculate the relative atomic mass of element L. (3 marks)

32. 2007 Q3a

34. 2007 Q 25b

a) Explain why P and R would not be expected to form a compound. (1 mark)

Use the information to answer the questions that follow.

An isotope of element E has 34 neutrons and its mass number is 64.

b) Using the equation in (a) above, calculate the number of moles of

42. 2010 Q 4a PP2

43. 2011 Q 5a, b (i-iii) PP2

Particle Protons Electrons Neutrons

i) Which particle is likely to be a halogen? (1 mark)

Substance Electrons Protons Neutrons

(ii)Write an equation for the reaction that occurs when C in gaseous

49. 2014 Q18 P1