ELEMENTARY SURVEYING FIELD MANUAL

 2006

FIELD WORK NO. 1 PACING ON LEVEL GROUN

COURSE AND SECTION: CE120-02F_A7

SUBMITTED BY:

SN. 47 NAME: SUMANDE, CEDRIX V. STUDENT NO.: 2019152006

GROUP NO. 5 CHIEF OF PARTY: SUMANDE, CEDRIX V.

DATE OF FIELD WORK: 28/08/2020 DATE OF SUBMISSION: 2 9 / 0 8 / 2 0 2 0

SUBMITTED TO:

PROFESSOR: C I R I L O J R . M O R I L L O GRADE

ELEMENTARY SURVEYING 1
GROUP NO. 5 CHIEF OF PARTY: SUMANDE, CEDRIX V.

MEMBERS:

1. 4.
2. 5.
3. 6.

FIELD WORK NO. 1

PACING ON LEVEL GROUND

OBJECTIVES:

1. To obtain individual pace factor.

2. To determine an unknown distance by individual pacing.

Instruments:

1. 2 range poles or equivalent

2. chalk (for pavements)/ 2 marking pins (for soft ground) or any marker
3. Meter tape or any measuring tool

PROCEDURE:

A) Determination of Individual Pace Factor (P.F.)

1. The student measures and designates10m to 20m or whichever is applicable inside

the house or in own backyard but the longest straight path on a level. (Remember to
remove the tape while the students will be pacing on the course to prevent them
from using the tape as a basis for a straight course.)
2. The ends of the assigned course are marked with either hubs or marking pins or,
by chalk marks if on pavements or any marker. Designate the points as A and B.
3. Set or hold range poles or equivalent behind points A and B or outside the course
AB. These poles will aid the students to travel in a straight path.
4. Each student should take pacing the course from A to B starting with heel or toe over
A, keeping their eyes focus on the range pole or equivalent behind point B to keep
themselves on a straight path. One has to walk in their natural unaffected manner and
has to keep counting their number of paces for the entire course being covered. A
partial pace at the end of the course should be figured out to the nearest one fourth of
a pace. Record this as the number of paces for Trial No.1
5. For Trial No.2, the student should walk from B to A in the same manner as in the
first trial.
6. Repeat steps 4 and 5 for the subsequent trials to comply with the number of
trials required by the professor.
7. Data should be entered in the preliminary data sheet.
B) Determination of an unknown distance of the assigned course by pacing.

1. The student marks the ends of a level course to be paced (e.g. from main door to
exit door of the house or from sofa to dining table, among others while making sure
that it is in a straight course).
2. Range poles or equivalent are to be set up outside the level course to straighten
the path of the student.
3. Each student paces the course with the minimum number of trials as
required, recording the number of paces for each trial.
4. The professor, after all field notes shall have been submitted, will instruct the
students to make an actual taping of the course to determine its actual taped
distance.

COMPUTATIONS:

The computation of sample field notes is done in accordance with the steps listed
hereunder:

A) Computation of P.F.

1. Get the sum of the five trials and divide this sum by number of trials to get the mean.
N  mean  number of  paces sum of  the  number of  paces
Number  of  trials
2. Divide the length of the course by the mean no of paces to get the individual Pace
Factor P.F.
length  of  course
P.F.   m/pace
mean  number  of paces

B) Computation of an unknown distance and percent error.

1. Get the sum of the number of paces in each trial and divide this sum by the number
of trials performed to get the mean.
N  mean number of  paces  sum of  the number of  paces
number of  trials
2. Multiply the mean number of paces of the unknown distance by the pace factor (P.F.)
to obtain the paced distance.
P.D.  N * P.F.
3. Divide the difference between the taped distance and the paced distance by the
taped distance and multiply the quotient by 100 to get the percentage of error.
Taped Distance  Paced Distance
Percentage of  error  Taped Distance x100%
THE PRINCIPLE:

A pace maybe measured from heel to heel or from toe to toe. While half a pace is from the
toe of one foot to the heel of the other foot. To keep one on the line while pacing, it is good
practice to fix his eyes on a distant object at the range behind the pole on the farther end of
the line being paced. Since the accepted precision of measuring distance by pacing is
1/300, it should be used only for estimating distances such as those used for sketching and
making reconnaissance surveys.

ONE PACE
ONE PACE

Heel to Heel Toe to Toe

1/2 PACE

1/2 PACE

Heel to Toe Individual’s Foot Length

PRECISION OF PACING A DISTANCE:

The precision of measuring a distance by pacing is only 1/300.

1
Pr ecision of  pacing a  distance 
300
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS:

1. Why is it important to know the individual’s pace factor?

Because knowing your own face factor, you can predict the distance you are taking from one
point to another. Like to know the exact measure of a point you can just walk from those point
then count your number faces get the mean and multiply by your own pace factor as our
professor tells us to be accurate in one pace factor you need to walk long distance to be
accurate and knowing your own pace factor will help you calculate the distance from one point
to another without using a meter.

2. Name three most important pointers that an individual must remember to follow to
make his/her approximation of the distance of an unknown course to be as accurate as
possible.
In order to make your approximation in accurate state you must know your pace factor first
but we need to take cautious in taking our own face factor because we need to walk a very
far distance to make sure our own pace factor to be accurate. I must say that if your pace
factor is in accurate state whenever you will determine an unknown distance it should be
accurate because you have an accurate pace factor. Also, when you are on the field keep
your eye on the line while pacing to fix on a distant object. A pace measured from heel to
heel or from toe to toe. Precision of a pacing distance = 1/300, so it should be only used
for estimating distance

3. A student tries to measure the perimeter of a small park of his community by pacing
around the area for three consecutive times. The no of paces was tallied at 535,543
and 539 respectively, for each trial. If the student’s pace factor is 0.74m/pace,
determine the actual perimeter of the land.
GIVEN: Length of the line (L1) =?
Set of Paces (P) = 535,543,539
Pace Factor (PF) = 0.74m/pace
SOLUTION:
L
PF=
meanof no . of paces
No . of paces
L=PF ( )
mean
m 535+543+539
L=(0.74 )( )
pace 3
L=398.86 m
 4. Every morning Joy walks to school from her boarding house and takes only a single
route. For five consecutive days, she tries to count the number of paces she makes.
Monday morning’s number of paces made by Joy is listed as 345 paces. On Tuesday,
353 paces; Wednesday, 358 paces; Thursday, 348 paces and, lastly, on Friday 355
paces. That Friday afternoon, a surveyor from City Engineer’s Office who is tasked to
lay out a new drainage piping system, measured the exact route she took and found
out that the taped distance is 275m. What is Joy’s pace factor?

GIVEN:
DAYS NO. OF PACES

MONDAY 345

TUESDAY 353

WEDENESDAY 358

THURSDAY 348

FRIDAY 355

Taped distance = 275m

Solution:

N = mean number of paces =

∑ of the number of paces
number of trials
345+353+358+348+355
N = mean number of paces =
5
N = 351.8 paces
leneght of the course
PF = m/ pace
meannumber of paces
275
PF = m/ pace
351.8
PF = 0.782 m/pace
 5. The table shown below was taken from Jack’s notes when he tried to determine the
perimeter of his newly acquired agricultural piece of land. Knowing that his pace factor
is 0.81, determine the perimeter of his lot. Complete the table:

NO. OF PACED PACED

TRIAL LINE PERIMETER
PACES FACTOR DISTANCE
1 AB 125.25 101.4524 m
2 BC 85 68.85 m
3 CD 79.5 0.81 64.395 m 528.9974
4 DE 133 107.73 m m
4 EF 185 149.85 m
6 FA 112 90.72 m

SOLUTION:
Pace Factor = 0.81 m/pace
P.D. = (number of paces) x (pace factor)
P.D. ab = 125.25 paces x 0.81 m/pace = 101.4524 m
P.D. bc = 85 paces x 0.81 m/pace = 68.85 m
P.D. cd = 79.5 paces x 0.81 m/pace = 64.395 m
P.D. de = 133 paces x 0.81 m/pace = 107.73 m
P.D. ef = 185 paces x 0.81 m/pace = 149.85 m
P.D. cd = 112 paces x 0.81 m/pace = 90.72 m
Perimeter = summation of paced distance
Perimeter = 101.4524 m + 68.85 m + 64.395 m + 107.73 m + 149.85 m + 90.72 m
Perimeter = 582.9974 m or approximate to 583 m

6. The length of the basketball court from MIT’s Gym was paced by a CE student whose
pace factor is 0.78. How many paces accurate to ¼ of a pace do you think did the student
make?
GIVEN:
Length of basketball court = 28 m

P.F. = 0.78m/pace

Solution:

lenght of course
PF = m/ pace
number of paces

28
0.78=
n
N=143.59 paces
 FINAL DATA SHEET

FIELD WORK 1 PACING ON LEVEL GROUND

DATE: 28/08/2020 GROUP NO. 5

TIME: 4:30pm LOCATION: Camella N.E
WEATHER: Sunny PROFESSOR: Cirilo Morillo

A. PACE FACTOR (P.F.) DETERMINATION

TAPED
NO. OF PACE
TRIAL LINE DISTANCE MEAN
PACES FACTOR
(M)
1 AB 66.5
2 BA 66
3 AB 18 M 66 66.2 0.2719
4 BA 66 paces m/pace
5 AB 66.5

COMPUTATIONS:
1 st trial¿ ( AB )=No . of paces=66.5
2 nd trial ¿ ( BA )=No . of paces=66
3 rd trial ¿ ( AB ) =No . of paces=66
4 thtrial ¿ ( BA )=No. of paces=66
5 thtrial ¿ ( AB ) =No . of paces=66.5

No. of paces 66.5+ 66+66+ 66+66.5

Mean= = Mean= Mean=66.2 paces
∑ of all trial 5
Lenght of the course 18 m
PF= = PF= PF =0.2719
mean of no . of paces 66.2 pace

SKETCH:
18 m

A B
Line 1(near the Line 2 (edge of
garage of our house)
neighbor house
 B. MEASURING DISTANCE BY PACING

NO. OF PACE PACED TAPED %

TRIAL LINE MEAN
PACES FACTOR DISTANCE DISTANCE ERROR
1 CD 18.25
2 DC 18
3 CD 18 18.15 0.2719 4.935 5.14 0.038
4 DC 18.25 paces m/pace m m %
5 CD 18.25

COMPUTATIONS:
No . of pace 18.25+18+18+18.25+18.25
M= = M= Mean=18.15 paces
mean no . of paces 5

PD=number of paces x pace factor

P D 1=18.25 x 0.2719 P D 1 =¿ 4.9622 m
P D2=18 x 0.2719 P D 2=4.8942 m
P D 3=18 x 0.2719 P D 3=4.8942 m
P D4=18.25 x 0.2719 P D4 =4.9621m
P D 5=18.25 x 0.2719 P D 5=4.9621 m
4.9622+4.8942+ 4.8942+ 4.9621+4.9621
∑ of Paced Distance= 5
=4.935 m

Taped Distance−Paced Distance

PE= x 100 %
Taped Distance
P E1=¿ 5.14−4.9622∨ ¿ x 100 , P E 1=0.03 % ¿
5.14
P E2=¿ 5.14−4.8942∨ ¿ x 100 , P E 2=0.05 % ¿
5.14
P E3=¿ 5.14−4.8942∨ ¿ x 100 , P E3=0.05 % ¿
5.14
P E4 =¿ 5.14−4.9622∨ ¿ x 100 , P E1=0.03 % ¿
5.14
P E5=¿ 5.14−4.9622∨ ¿ x 100 , P E1=0.03 % ¿
5.14
0.03+0.05+0.05+ 0.03+ 0.03
∑ of Percent Error= 5
=0.038 %

SKETCH:
5.14 m

SIGNATURE OF STUDENT
C D
SIGNATURE OF PROFESSOR
Line 1 (front of Line 2 (edge of
our house) the pathway)
DISCUSSIONS

Distance is the number of locations or things between them. To weigh a Range, many methods are
available to obtain its metrics. Evidence of this technique is the use of the odometer, the wheel that
holds the number of revolutions translated to a point, an instrument with a horizontal and vertical
angle revolving telescope, the taping of a steel sheet, the speed, and many other point
measurement methods.

Pacing is a relatively simple and fast method for all these methods Field distance estimation. Pacing
is a tool used with a viewing or hand box to calculate the distance. Every individual's natural speed
typically varies between 2 1/2 and 3 ft. Distance can be easily determined by deciding your own
speed.

Distance with a precision of approximately 1:100 by can be calculated using this method Pacing.
Obviously, this approach is not very accurate and only approximations of distance are given by the
technique. Although the pacing only provides rough distance measurement, no equipment is
needed. Should surveyor be able to do that. This is because it requires taking the steps or paces
along the line to be counted, when walking naturally.

A person's length while walking has several influences. Topographical details the length of a rhythm
determines as the rhythm period is shorter when uphill and longer when downhill. The length of one
step is longer when walking in shoes on low hills than when you walk in high hills in shoes. When we
get new in the morning, we seem to go a long way than when we are tired in the afternoon. The
length of the step is shorter when you walk through large greenery than when you walk through
small vegetation. We take longer steps on a hard-dry surface than on a soft or wet surface.

Awareness of the pace factor is particularly useful in civil engineering Survey engineering where you
do not have a long-distance measuring instrument or a line. Different people have their own factor of
speed, so each person varies according to another factor of pace.
CONCLUSION / RECOMMENDATION

A pace is the normal length of a step of an individual, it has many different methods when getting
pace factor. There was a heel-to-heel, toe-to-toe and many more methods to get pace factor. The
length of pace of an individual should be checked with an accurately measured distance to
determine Pace Factor. Where Pace factor is defined as the ratio of the measured distance in the
number of paces made by an individual to cover the measured distance or it can be expressed as
PF = Length of the course/ mean number or paces.

Although different individual has their own pace factor due to the length of their foot and the longer
of their pacing. Based on the field work that we have done individually, this method can only achieve
an accuracy from 0.02 % to 0.06%. Because of certain sources of errors like topography, type of
shoes, instruments that will be used, height vegetation and soil surface.

From the results of the field work, it should be better if walked into farther distance to get Face
Factor in accurate way because the farther you walk the more accurate your pace factor would be.
Also keep practicing because knowing the distance of your pace will help to ensure the accuracy
and precision of pacing distance.

I only recommend when walking to get more accurate in getting pace factor is to remove all your
shoes or slippers and used your own foot to be more accurate. Next time when getting your own
pace factor simply used an instrument to be efficient.
DOCUMENTATION

Point B where my save point was the line in Point A where the it lies in the line in the front
the pathway of our neighbor house

Point A to B I started getting my pace using Point C to D I started to get my pace in

heel-to-heel method unknown distance

After I walk from C to D in my own pace, I

measured the unknown distance from C to D
that needed for calculation