Introduction to Wireless

Coding and Modulation

Raj Jain
Professor of Computer Science and Engineering
Washington University in Saint Louis
Saint Louis, MO 63130
Jain@cse.wustl.edu
Audio/Video recordings of this class lecture are available at:
http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-18/
Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-18/ ©2018 Raj Jain
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 Overview

1. Frequency, Wavelength, and Phase

2. Electromagnetic Spectrum
3. Coding and modulation
4. Shannon's Theorem
5. Hamming Distance
6. Multiple Access Methods: CDMA
7. Doppler Shift
Note: This is the 1st in a series of 2 lectures on wireless physical
layer. Signal Propagation, OFDM, and MIMO are covered in
the next lecture.
Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-18/ ©2018 Raj Jain
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Frequency, Period, and Phase
 A Sin(2ft + ), A = Amplitude, f=Frequency,
 = Phase, Period T = 1/f,
Frequency is measured in Cycles/sec or Hertz

Amplitude = 0.5

Cycle

Phase = 45°

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-18/ ©2018 Raj Jain

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 Phase
 Sine wave with a phase of 45°

In-phase component I + Quadrature component Q

Q=Cos(2ft)
Sin(2ft+/4)
Phase
Sin(2ft) I=Sin(2ft)

Cos(2ft)

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-18/ ©2018 Raj Jain

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 Wavelength


Amplitude
Distance

 Distance occupied by one cycle

 Distance between two points of corresponding phase in two
consecutive cycles
 Wavelength = 
 Assuming signal velocity v
  = vT
 f = v
 c = 3×108 m/s (speed of light in free space) = 300 m/s

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-18/ ©2018 Raj Jain

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 Example
 Frequency = 2.5 GHz

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-18/ ©2018 Raj Jain

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Time and Frequency Domains
Amplitude A

f Frequency
Amplitude
A/3
3f
Frequency
Amplitude A
A/3
f 3f
Frequency
Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-18/ ©2018 Raj Jain
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 Electromagnetic Spectrum

Wireless

 Wireless communication uses 100 kHz to 60 GHz

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-18/ ©2018 Raj Jain
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 Decibels
 Attenuation = Log10 Pin Bel
Pout

Pin
 Attenuation = 10 Log10 decibel
Pout
Vin
 Attenuation = 20 Log10 decibel
Vout
 Example 1: Pin = 10 mW, Pout=5 mW
Attenuation = 10 log 10 (10/5) = 10 log 10 2 = 3 dB

 Example 2: Pin = 100mW, Pout=1 mW

Attenuation = 10 log 10 (100/1) = 10 log 10 100 = 20 dB
Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-18/ ©2018 Raj Jain
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 Coding Terminology
Pulse
+5V +5V
0 0
Bit -5V -5V
1 0

 Signal element: Pulse (of constant amplitude,

frequency, phase) = Symbol
 Modulation Rate: 1/Duration of the smallest element
=Baud rate
 Data Rate: Bits per second

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-18/ ©2018 Raj Jain

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 Modulation
 Digital version of modulation is called keying
 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK):
0 1 1 0

 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK):

 Phase Shift Keying (PSK): Binary PSK (BPSK)

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-18/ ©2018 Raj Jain

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 Modulation (Cont)
 Differential BPSK: Does not require original carrier
0 1 1 0

1 0
 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK):
11=45° 10=135° 00=225° 01=315°
10 11

00 01
 In-phase (I) and Quadrature (Q) or 90 ° components are added
Ref: Electronic Design, “Understanding Modern Digital Modulation Techniques,”
https://www.electronicdesign.com/communications/understanding-modern-digital-modulation-techniques
Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-18/ ©2018 Raj Jain
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 QAM
 Quadrature Amplitude and Phase Modulation
 4-QAM, 16-QAM, 64-QAM, 256-QAM
 Used in DSL and wireless networks

Q Q Amplitude Q
01 11

I I I
0 1 00 10

Binary 4-QAM 16-QAM

 4-QAM 2 bits/symbol, 16-QAM 4 bits/symbol, …

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-18/ ©2018 Raj Jain

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 Channel Capacity
 Capacity = Maximum data rate for a channel
 Nyquist Theorem: Bandwidth = B
Data rate < 2 B
 Bi-level Encoding: Data rate = 2  Bandwidth

5V
0
 Multilevel: Data rate = 2  Bandwidth  log 2 M
M = Number of levels

Worst Case
Example: M=4, Capacity = 4  Bandwidth
Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-18/ ©2018 Raj Jain
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 Shannon's Theorem
 Bandwidth = B Hz
Signal-to-noise ratio = S/N
 Maximum number of bits/sec = B log2 (1+S/N)
 Example: Phone wire bandwidth = 3100 Hz
S/N = 30 dB
10 Log 10 S/N = 30
Log 10 S/N = 3
S/N = 103 = 1000
Capacity = 3100 log 2 (1+1000)
= 30,894 bps

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-18/ ©2018 Raj Jain

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 Hamming Distance
 Hamming Distance between two sequences
= Number of bits in which they disagree
 Example: 011011
110001
---------
Difference 101010  Distance =3

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-18/ ©2018 Raj Jain

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 Error Correction Example
 2-bit words transmitted as 5-bit/word
Data Codeword
00 00000
01 00111
10 11001
11 11110
Received = 00100  Not one of the code words  Error
Distance (00100,00000) = 1 Distance (00100,00111) = 2
Distance (00100,11001) = 4 Distance (00100,11110) = 3
 Most likely 00000 was sent. Corrected data = 00
b. Received = 01010 Distance(…,00000) = 2 = Distance(…,11110)
Error detected but cannot be corrected
c. Three bit errors will not be detected. Sent 00000, Received 00111.
Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-18/ ©2018 Raj Jain
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 Multiple Access Methods

Time Division Multiple Access

Code Division Multiple Access

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-18/ ©2018 Raj Jain
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Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum

Frequency

50 ms Time
 Pseudo-random frequency hopping
 Spreads the power over a wide spectrum
 Spread Spectrum
 Developed initially for military
 Patented by actress Hedy Lamarr
 Narrowband interference can't jam

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-18/ ©2018 Raj Jain

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 Spectrum

Signal

Noise Noise
Signal

(a) Normal (b) Frequency Hopping

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-18/ ©2018 Raj Jain

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Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum
0 1
Data

01001011011011010010
Frequency

5s Time
 Spreading factor = Code bits/data bit, 10-100 commercial (Min
10 by FCC), 10,000 for military
 Signal bandwidth >10 × data bandwidth
 Code sequence synchronization
 Correlation between codes Interference Orthogonal
Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-18/ ©2018 Raj Jain
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 DS Spectrum

Time Domain Frequency Domain

Time Frequency
(a) Data

(b) Code Frequency

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-18/ ©2018 Raj Jain
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 Doppler Shift

 If the transmitter or receiver or both are mobile the frequency

of received signal changes
 Moving towards each other  Frequency increases
 Moving away from each other  Frequency decreases
Frequency difference = velocity/Wavelength = vf/c
Example: 2.4 GHz  l= 3x108/2.4x109 = .125m
120km/hr = 120x1000/3600 = 33.3 m/s
Freq diff = 33.3/.125 = 267 Hz

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-18/ ©2018 Raj Jain

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Doppler Spread and Coherence Time

f-vf/c f+vf/c

 Two rays will be received

 Doppler Spread = 2vf/c = 2 × Doppler shift
 They will add or cancel-out each other as the receiver
moves
 Coherence time: Time during which the channel
response is constant = 1/Doppler spread

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-18/ ©2018 Raj Jain

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 Duplexing
 Duplex = Bi-Directional Communication
 Frequency division duplexing (FDD) (Full-Duplex)
Frequency 1
Base Subscriber
Frequency 2
 Time division duplex (TDD): Half-duplex
Base Subscriber
 Many LTE deployments will use TDD.
 Allows more flexible sharing of DL/UL data rate
 Does not require paired spectrum
 Easy channel estimation  Simpler transceiver design
 Con: All neighboring BS should time synchronize

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-18/ ©2018 Raj Jain

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 Summary

1. Electric, Radio, Light, X-Rays, are all electromagnetic waves

2. Wireless radio waves travel at the speed of light 300 m/s
Wavelength = c/f
3. 16-QAM uses 16 combinations of amplitude and phase using
4 bits per symbol.
4. Hertz and Bit rate are related by Nyquist and Shannon’s
Theorems
5. Frequency hopping and Direct Sequence are two methods of
code division multiple access (CDMA).
Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-18/ ©2018 Raj Jain
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 Homework 3
A. What is wavelength of a signal at 60 GHz?
B. How many Watts of power is 30dBm?
C. A telephone line is known to have a loss of 20 dB. The input
signal power is measured at 1 Watt, and the output signal
noise level is measured at 1 mW. Using this information,
calculate the output signal to noise ratio in dB.
D. What is the maximum data rate that can be supported on a 10
MHz noise-less channel if the channel uses eight-level digital
signals?
E. What signal to noise ratio (in dB) is required to achieve 10
Mbps through a 5 MHz channel?
F. Compute the average Doppler frequency shift at 36 km/hr
using 3 GHz band? Doppler spread is twice the Doppler shift.
What is the channelhttp://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-18/
Washington University in St. Louis
coherence time? ©2018 Raj Jain
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 Reading List
 Electronic Design, “Understanding Modern Digital Modulation
Techniques,”
https://www.electronicdesign.com/communications/understanding-modern-digital-modulation-techniques
 Jim Geier, "Designing and Deploying 802.11 Wireless Networks: A
Practical Guide to Implementing 802.11n and 802.11ac Wireless Networks,
Second Edition," Cisco Press, May 2015, 600 pp., ISBN:1-58714-430-1
(Safari Book), Chapter 2.
 Jim Geier, "Wireless Networks first-step," Cisco Press, August 2004, 264
pp., ISBN:1-58720-111-9 (Safari Book), Chapter 3.
 Steve Rackley, “Wireless Networking Technology," Newnes, March 2007,
416 pp., ISBN:0-7506-6788-5 (Safari Book), Chapter 4.

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-18/ ©2018 Raj Jain

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 Wikipedia Links
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelength
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_(waves)
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrature_phase
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_domain
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_domain
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier_transform
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decibel
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBm
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulation
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplitude-shift_keying
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-shift_keying
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency-shift_keying
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrature_phase-shift_keying

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-18/ ©2018 Raj Jain

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 Wikipedia Links (Cont)
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_coding
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrature_amplitude_modulation
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon%E2%80%93Hartley_theorem
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_capacity
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamming_distance
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_access_method
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_division_multiple_access
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency-division_multiple_access
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMA
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spread_spectrum
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct-sequence_spread_spectrum
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency-hopping_spread_spectrum
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_effect
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duplex_(telecommunications)
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-division_duplex
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_division_duplex
Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-18/ ©2018 Raj Jain
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Optional Listening Material
Those not familiar with modulation, coding,
CRC, etc may want to listen to the following lectures
from CSE473S:
 Transmission Media,
http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse473-11/i_1cni.htm
 Signal Encoding Techniques,
http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse473-05/i_5cod.htm
 Digital Communications Techniques,
http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse473-05/i_6com.htm

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-18/ ©2018 Raj Jain

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 Acronyms
 ASK Amplitude Shift Keying
 BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying
 BS Base Station
 CDMA Code division multiple access
 CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check
 dB Decibel
 dBm Decibel milliWatt
 DL Downlink
 DS Direct Sequence
 DSL Digital Subscriber Line
 FCC Federal Communications Commission
 FDD Frequency Division Duplexing
 FSK Frequency Shift Keying
 GHz Giga Hertz
 LAN Local Area Network
 MHz Mega Hertz
Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-18/ ©2018 Raj Jain
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 Acronyms (Cont)
 mW milli Watt
 OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
 PSK Phase Shift Keying
 QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
 QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
 SS Subscriber Station
 TDD Time Division Duplexing
 UL Uplink

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-18/ ©2018 Raj Jain

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Scan This to Download These Slides

Raj Jain
http://rajjain.com

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-18/ ©2018 Raj Jain

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 Related Modules
CSE567M: Computer Systems Analysis (Spring 2013),
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLjGG94etKypJEKjNAa1n_1X0bWWNyZcof

CSE473S: Introduction to Computer Networks (Fall 2011),

https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLjGG94etKypJWOSPMh8Azcgy5e_10TiDw

Recent Advances in Networking (Spring 2013),

https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLjGG94etKypLHyBN8mOgwJLHD2FFIMGq5

CSE571S: Network Security (Fall 2011),

https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLjGG94etKypKvzfVtutHcPFJXumyyg93u

Video Podcasts of Prof. Raj Jain's Lectures,

https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCN4-5wzNP9-ruOzQMs-8NUw

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-18/ ©2018 Raj Jain

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