TUNNEL WATERPROOFING METHODS

Tunnel Waterproofing Practices in China

Y. Yuan, X. Jiang and C. F. Lee

A b s t r a c t --Water ingre~s in transportation tunnels not only will shorten the durability of concrete lining
and reduce the function of establishments in the tunnel, but also will worsen the tunnel surrounding so much
that the traffic will be greatly affected. In this situation, therefore, high maintenance costs are compulsory.
In many cases, a perfect appearance is strongly recommended to take measures in order to prevent leakage.
However, in China, tunnel waterproof requirements and standards for various special uses are considerably
different, such that the basis which engineers apply to design in water-control is insufficient. Especially in
montanic region, unpleasant geological condition confines engineers in working out more reasonable
methods to stop water seepage, even leakage. In this paper, the current waterproofing requirements and
measures in different spec,ial tunnels adopted in China are reviewed. The limitations of the popular methods
in several practical cases applied to prevent water leakage, such as watertight lining, drainage system, as
well as grouting, are analyzed at length. Then, some available measures, regarding concrete lining,
watertight layer, drainage establishments as well as casting watertight concrete, are proposed, which we
think indispensable for tunnel engineering to efficiently control water seepage and even completely prevent
water leakage. In the end to analyze the seepage field in montanic tunnels, the finite element and boundary
element coupling analysis method is presented. As an example, the seepage field in Zhenwushan tunnel of
Chongqing is simulated. The calculation results coincide with the in-situ data well, and provide credible
evidence for the waterproof measures which will be taken in that tunnel project. The method presented in this
paper will save expenditures for surveying measures and will enable more reasonable and reliable
waterproofing measures ~.o be taken. © 2000 Published by Elsevier ScienceLtd. All rights reserved.

Introduction To treat underground water seepage reasonably and

ater ingress :in underground works remains quite comprehensively by means of drainage and prevention, it is

W difficult to assess. In many tunnels built long ago,

seepage is unavoidable. Especially for tunnels in
frozen zones, the tunnel ground may be icy and the top of the
crucial for designers to understand the distribution of un-
derground seepage field and the potential permeable vol-
ume at places excavated. During construction, the most
critical zone is located at the tunnel face, where the decom-
tunnel so covered with hanging icicles that traffic is inter-
rupted. Given this situation, high maintenance costs are pression owing to excavation and water seepage forces
compulsory. For watA,~r supply tunnels through sewage generated by the water flow toward the face can lead to
layers and those furnished with wiring, a perfect appear- collapse of the face.
ance is usually strongly recommended to take measures in Up to now, only a few papers have dealt with methods of
order to prevent leakage. assessing the supporting pressure and seepage volume at
However, in China, tunnel waterproofing requirements the tunnel face. Several of these methods have been based
and standards for various special uses are considerably on the plasticity principle. Davis et al. (1980) established an
different, and the basiis on which engineers apply water- analytical expression for cohesive and frictional soil in
control design is insvfficient. Especially in mountainous undrained conditions. Leca and Panet (1988) have studied
regions, poor geological conditions compel engineers to devise the more complex case of cohesive and frictional soil in
more reasonable methods to step water seepage, and even drained conditions. Descoeudres and Rybisaial have re-
leakage. As a result, many topics related to waterproofing-- viewed tunnel methods adopted in China.
In this paper, the limitations of the popular methods in
including the theoretical basis for water-control design, opti-
mization of waterproof measures, and rationality of tunnel several practical cases applied to prevent water leakage,
waterproof system--require further investigation. such as watertight lining, drainage systems, and grouting,
are analyzed at length. Then some available measures
relating to concrete lining, watertight layer, drainage es-
tablishment, and casting watertight concrete, are proposed.
Present addresses: Yuan Y. Ryan, Professor and Deputy Dean of The authors consider these measures indispensable for
the Department of Buildi:ag Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 tunnel engineering in order to efficiently control water
Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China; X. Jiang, Ph.D. candidate, seepage or even completely prevent water leakage.
Department of Building Engineering, Ton~i University, 1239 In addition, based on Darcy's law and the Finite Element
Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China; C. F. Lee, Professor and Method along with Boundary Element Method, the three-
Dean of the Department of Civil Engineering, The University of dimensional numerical simulation is employed to model the
Hong Kong, Pokfulam l~bad, Hong Kong, China. disturbance of the initial hydraulic conditions. That is, the

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7hnneUing and Underground Spa~:eTechnology,VoI. 15, No. 2, pp. 227-233, 2000
0886-7798/00/$ - see front matter © 2000 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
All rights reserved.
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PII: S0866-7798(00)00048-1
 safe transportation and a practicable
drainage fixture in tunnels. "Design
Specification for Highway Tunnel"
(JTJ026-90) sets forth special require-
ments for A-road tunnels. This specifi-
cation stipulates no water drops on the
top arch and lateral walls, no accumula-
tion of water on the tunnel ground, and
no seepage surrounding the equipment
holes. In addition, in frozen zones and
during the frozen period, there must be
no accumulation water behind the tun-
nel lining and no freezing water in the
drainage ditch.
In the "Code for the Design of Metros"
(GB50157-92), it is demanded that (1)
no seepage occur in the sections that are
full of stations and equipment, and (2)
no moisture appears on the surface.
Further, no line-flow and no slurry-sand
leakage should appear in other sections
as well as in average tunnel works. Oth-
erwise, if a small quantity seepage ap-
pears, its leaking capacity should be not
Figure 1. Construction of the Zhenwu Mountain Tunnel. more than 0.5L/m 2per day and night. In
addition, some reinforcement should be
employed at such special parts as move-
underground water level and hydraulic heads under or mentjoints, construction joints, and pre-
above the potential tunnel are adopted to determine bound- established pipes. If only waterproof concrete is employed in
ary conditions; then a three-dimensional finite element a corrosive medium, its anti-corrosion coefficient should not
analysis model of stratum seepage is established. be less than 0.8; otherwise, other reliable measures should
In the last step of the research, a two-dimensional finite be taken.
element equilibrium analysis for the Chongqing Zhenwushan
Tunnels is performed to find the largest permeable volume 2.2 Limitations of Chinese Tunnel Waterproof Criteria
and seepage forces around tunnel. Two kinds of cases are
In most tunnel engineering, waterproofing methods
simulated: namely, seepage water is (1) drained out or (2)
should follow relative technical codes. Unfortunately, in
stopped.
China these criteria have limitations.
The results of these analyses results have become the
First, waterproofing categories are ambiguous. Com-
important theoretical basis for waterproofing measures
pared with those in other countries, waterproofing require-
employed in Zhenwushan Tunnel (Fig. 1). The longest
ments and ranking methods are unclear. Since there is no
portion of this tunnel is 2040 m long, and its elevation in the
specific approach, it is very difficult for engineers to deal
roadway surface is +352.4 m. The tunnel lies in the hilly
with water ingress in design and construction practice
region in southeast of Chongqing, which belongs to the
based on vague concepts such as 'allowable seepage' or
subtropical zone and has a moist climate and abundant
'seepage prohibited'.
rainfall. The area is full of underground rivers and pipes
Second, the definition of the waterproofing standard is
with water for the whole year; the highest water level is
relatively vague for different tunnel criteria. For example,
+457 m high. A section profile is shown in Figure 2.
except for a general waterproofing specification, no detailed
requirements are established in the regime of railway
2. Waterproof Criteria and Their Limitations in tunnels. Furthermore, an A-class waterproofing design in a
Chinese Tunnel Engineering railway tunnel is by far different from that in a highway
2.1 Waterproof Criteria in Chinese Tunnel Engineering tunnel.
A general waterproof requirement is stipulated in '%Va-
terproofCriterions in Underground Engineering" (GBJ108-
87). This requirement stipulates that prevention, drainage,
interception and caulking should be integrated in syntheti-
cally controlling of water ingress in underground engineer-
ing. For various tunnel engineering works such as railway,
highway and metro, a specific waterproof requirement and
rank should be constituted according to the requirements
on function and construction cost, as well as appearance.
The general waterproof requirement is also set forth in
"Design Criterions of Railway Tunnel" (TBJ3-85), "Con-
struction Criterions of Railway Tunnel" (TBJ204-86) and
"NATM Directory of Railway Tunnels". In addition, a com-
plete preventive and drainage system is required to achieve
a reliable and economical waterproof system.
On the basis of general waterproofing requirements,
surface water and underground water are controlled in the ,F-
"Technical Standard of Highway Engineering" (JTJ01-88). 155,'.0cm
Reliable prevention and drainage measurements are re-
quired for highways and A-class roads, in order to insure
Figure 2. Section of the Zhengwushan Tunnel.

228 TUNNELLINGANDUNDERGROUNDSPACETECHNOLOGY Volume 15, Number 2, 2000

 K\,
,
\
\\,
,,\+
%
\ /
//
/
,
,,
/ ,/,,/. ;,;4
///#", '/'
/ \\ X,,.//. f,.//t
,.,.q ..,,,°,. ,°.4 ,/,

I I
Waterproofing system Waterproofing system
with~l, second protection layer with second protect/on layer

Figure 3. Composite liining waterproofing method.

Third, waterproof operation is unsatisfactory. Neither a With a smooth and glossy surface, the waterproof layer
general waterproofing provision nor systematic research in a composite lining, which is mostly composed of PVC,
on waterproof operations with respect to economy and ECB, EVA, LDPE and HDPE, should be fixed between the
efficiency has been realized in China. The standard on timbering and the moulding concrete. To prevent the water-
waterproofing operation and measurements is poorly con- tight membrane from damage and assure a reliable water-
stituted. Because no uniform assessment system is estab- proof layer, a 4-5-mm-thick foam plastic lining or 2.6~3.2-
lished, various waterproofing operations can be carried m m waterproofing geo-textiles should be placed behind the
mainly on the basis o:Fpractical experience which, to some watertight membrane, the joints of which should be fixed
extent, has been proven unscientific by the water leakage with plastic pipes, plastic washers, steel washers, wooden
that has occurred on finished tunnels. screw, etc. Two popular types of waterproof operations with
Practically, data provided to tunnel waterproofing de- composite lining are shown in Figure 3.
signers is insufficienlL Because of the complex geological The composite lining solution has been applied in many
conditions and the high costs of engineering investigation, tunnel engineering projects, such as the Tokyo Gulf Under-
it is difficult to completely master information about under- water Highway Tunnel, Beijing-Xidan subway line, and
ground water around tunnels. Consequently, the authors Beijing-Jiujiang Wuzhishan Railway Tunnel. Because of
suggest testing along with reliable estimation as the evi- problems with the previous waterproofing measures in the
dence on which to bm,te waterproofing steps. Fujian Gangtuo Mountain Tunnel work, which was com-
posed of 2-cm sand-plasm smooth face, geotextiles and PE
3. Current Application Status of Tunnel plastic waterproof layer, the waterproofing design was
Waterproof in Chin~a modified to a representative composite lining waterproof-
ing method efficient enough to fulfill the waterproofing
There are three main construction methods generally requirements.
used in tunnel engineering in China: However, there are some inevitable disadvantages in
• the Deep Buried Method, which is mainly adopted for this method. It is relatively difficult to protect timbering
underwater tunnels; forms in the initial stages, and it requires a long construc-
• the New Austrian Tunnel Method (NATM), which is tion period and is a rather complex operation to perform.
mostly used for tunnels in mountainous geology; and Moreover, the means of its joint connection between water-
• the Shield Tunnel Method, which is often employed proof planks cannot be guaranteed, and furthermore re-
for such metropolitan soft-soft underground engineer- quires high-class welding craft. In addition, the waterproof
ing as metro. plank is quite difficult to fix on the lateral tunnel, and thus
is prone to damage during the operation process of the
In many tunnel waterproofing technologies, a combina- second lining. To achieve a complete watertight tunnel, as
tion of watertight lining, drainage system, concrete grout- a consequence, a composite lining waterproofing should
ing are the most popular methods of waterproofing in tunnel usually be combined with such other waterproof methods,
engineering. such as drainage and grouting concrete.

3.1 Composite Lining 3.2 Double Lining

Composite lining is made up of timbering, moulding Double lining, where a second lining separates moisture
concrete and waterproof membrane. Because of its rational- and oxygen in tunnels from the initial lining, is mainly used
ity and reliability, it is the most popular method of NATM in shielding tunnelling. Because of the difficulties of ensur-
in the world. It is apt to be erected in a dry or wet environ- ing a watertight pipe joint, when a higher waterproof rank
ment at lower cost, mid its operation process can be easily is required, waterproof planks must be inserted between
inspected. In a sufficiently reasonable tunnel operation, a pipes and the second lining (see Fig. 4).
watertight tunnel can be guaranteed. The gasket, if in- A double lining can enhance the anti-permeability qual-
stalled between lining layers, should be strong enough to ity of the lining owing to its substantiality and concrete
bear hydraulic pressure. rigidity; waterproof concrete with high anti-permeability

Volume 15, Number '2, 2000 TUNNELLINGANDUNDERGROUNDSPACE TECHNOLOGY229

 tween the inner and outer layer and should be absorbed by
the whole lining system.
1 If concrete grouting is mixed with particle quartz, its
density and anti-causticity will be improved and the strength
to resist compression will be also enhanced, but its rebound
value will be lowered. The spacing ratio in those mixtures
with particle quartz are largely reduced due to its high
water-absorbing quality, while its ability to resist sulphate
and chloride is to some event strengthened.
In addition, a single lining has no expansion joints.
During the dangerous period of strength rising of the grout-
ing concrete, stress resulting from subsidence should be
lower than the tension strength of concrete by way of
decreasing hydration heat, slightly grouting, and curing. As
a consequence, the longitudinal reinforcement will prevent
the tunnel structure from subsiding so that those specific
expansion joints are unnecessary.
Finally, a single lining does not require joints. Because
of its favorable viscidity, concrete grouting can completely
eliminate operation joints, which enables the single jet
5
tunnel far from joints. However, drainage waterproofing is
-kl//i,/i/i,/i/I/i
tl I I I I I i ~ i I -I e l i It 4 II II II il I I •i I I* I I I I I I I I I t i l ~ 2
usually used in cooperation with other waterproofing
methods.
• ~ ~ ' ' .
3.4 Drainage Waterproofing
Predicting the likely amount of water seepage into an
1.RC pipes 2.Waterproofplank(t:2mm) 3.Second lining Concrete
underground structure is first employedto decideon drain-
4.Transerve section of stopping water construction 5.geotextiles age measures. Drainage waterproof measures can be ex-
6.Concrete joints ecuted according to the following steps.
• S t e p 1. D r a i n i n g prior to lining. To enable the
wall rock to drain easily, a large amount of under-
Figure 4. Double lining waterproofing method. ground water should be gathered into a longitudinal
ditch before the lining is carried out. This method can
be used as a lasting waterproofing measure to cure
(>$8) therefore, is required. However, the tiny water seep- ungrouted tunnels.
age carries impurities that will leave an unsightly stain. • S t e p 2 . S e t t i n g the w a l l r o c k d r a i n a g e groove.
More seriously, concrete cracks in the curing process, and A wall rock drainage groove can be set up prior to or
water will find its way through even the finest of cracks after the lining is installed in order to complement
resulting from the rigidification of concrete, despite the beforehand drainage, especially for seepage through
provision of adequate drainage systems in the invert. It is diffusing, or to divert underground seepage water into
the capillary effect which draws water into these fine voids. the soffit of the lining so as to decrease the permeable
Consequently, extra care must be taken with both the lining pressure on the lining.
junctures and construction joints in deep-buried tunnels. • Step 3. P l a c i n g a l i n i n g d r a i n a g e trench. A
To assure a long service period and reliable waterproof- trench with varying sections can be set up along or
ing action on the entire lining, emphasis should be paid to perpendicular to the lining joints. In "Technical Stan-
the water-cement ration of the concrete, and construction dard of Highway Engineering" (JTJ01-88), the least
joints should be decreased to the greatest extent possible in drainage slope is stipulated for drainage measures in
order to control shrinkage cracks in moulding concrete. tunnel engineering. To avoid too deep a wall footing or
Furthermore, careful attention should be paid to water- too low an excavation elevation in the bottom of the
proofing of construction joints when phase casting is done, inverted arch, a central drainpipe should be provided
and to treatment of junctures when precast brickwork
lining is used.
As a result, to create a watertight shield tunnel it is
necessary to decrease cracks in the lining concrete; assure
excellent waterproofing design and construction of joints; Inner Waterproofing Outer Waterproofinz
and insert a high-quality waterproof layer between the
linings. rock~?hoicret. ,hoicrete~rock
For example, with a comprehensive waterproofing de-
sign ofjoints, lining and waterproofing coat, the waterproof-
ing requirements for the East Yan'an Road cross-river
Tunnel in Shanghai have been completely achieved.

3.3 Single Lining ~" I "~ w°.e.p.oo..g \

Single lining, which is divided into two types of mea- WALLS
s u r e s - n a m e l y , inner lining waterproofing and outer lining
waterproofing--is an extension of the NATM, as shown in
Figure 5. I
First of all, this type of lining is permeable. A permeable INvKIrr
fast-setting agent must be employed into the outer grout-
ing layer, while the inner grouting layer must be water-
tight. All hydraulic pressure acted the contact face be- Figure 5. Single lining waterproofing method.

230 TUNNELLINGANDUNDERGROUNDSPACETECHNOLOGY Volume 15, Number 2, 2000

 forthose tunnels with an inverted arch or deep-buried
ditch. In order to ensure the concrete lining without
hydraulic pressure, an outer drainpipe should be set
up at the base ofeach side ofthe concrete arch, outside
concrete lining and waterproof membrane so as to
reduce the seepage water out of the tunnels. Usually,
drainage waterproofing is used in combination with
other waterproof measures (see Fig. 6).

3.5 Concrete Grouting Waterproofing

Concrete grouting waterproofing, joints caulking and
leakage jamming are employed for shield tunnels. Concrete
grouting can improve the integrity of the wall rock in l.Wall rocks 2.Grouting 3.Pipes
tunnels and can ameliorate hydraulic pressure on the lin-
ing. Chemical grouting and particle cement grouting are
two kinds of common grouting measures that can be used to
cure the seepage of i~inished tunnels, as well as efficiently
prevent gushing during construction period (see Fig. 7). Figure 7. Grouting in shield tunnels.
When common soil shielding and earth pressure shield-
ing are dredging up, filling is jet-grouted into the outer
space of the tube ~Lng to provide the correct grouting Obviously, since little tunnel waterproofing research has
thickness. This procedure not only protects against tube been carried out in recent years in China, classification of
seepage, but also ena~fles the groutinglayer to bring its own tunnel waterproofing requirements is still unclear in vari-
waterproof qualities into full play. If watertight materials ous underground tunnels, and the design basis for water-
with lasting stability are used, concrete grouting water- proofing is far from sufficient. Therefore, it is essential to
proofing can result in a permanent waterproofing effect. In further investigate the optimization, economics and ratio-
addition, concrete grouting can be employed to treat move- nality of tunnel waterproofing measures.
ment joints of tunnels. For example, satisfactory water- In the following sections, the water seepage volume in
proofing results were achieved with this method in the the mountain tunnel is reasonably estimated by means of a
Beijing Fucheng Road Underground Heating Power tunnel coupling analysis of the finite element method and bound-
and the Shanghai Dapujiang Road cross-river tunnel. ary element method, which presents a reliable theoretical
However, there are some disadvantages to the concrete basis for waterproofing m e a s u r e s in the Chongqing
grouting waterproofing method. First, it is too expensive. Zhengwushan Highway Tunnel.
Second, this method is far harder to control than other
methods; in particular, it is difficult to inspect the installa- 4. Numerical Modeling of Seepage Field
tion procedure. Third, it is almost impossible to realize a 4.1 Darcy's Law
complete watertight tunnel using only concrete grouting. In
addition, the installation process is prone to injure the Darcy's law [1] can be expressed as
operators. Finally, it pollutes the environment. As a result, v,=k~-~--k,,-~-k,z-~--(i =x,y,z) (1)
concrete grouting is taken as an accessory measure to o

tunnel waterproofing in China. For instance, both types of where v, is the seepage volume through unit area, and k~,
wall rock grouting--r.Lamely, in the entire section prior to k~y, and k~ are, separately, the seepage vector in the direc-
lining and circularly after l i n i n g ~ a r e employed in the Ba tion ofx, y, andz. Ifx andy are the total plane coordinate and
Pang Lin Tunnel. z is the perpendicular coordinate, the hydraulic function is
h =z +P (2)
in which z is THE position head obtained from a certain
norm height, and p is the underground water pressure at
some research point, and yis the specific weight of water.
2 As for the incompressible fluid, its continuous equation is
v~ - Q0 = 0 (3)
in which Qo is underground water resource.
If we assume that the research region is an ideal homo-
geneous media, then k . k,. k~ is constant and the partial
differential equation o~see~age field can be obtained.

k ~ (~---12+k i, +Qo=O (4)

On the basis of determinate boundary conditions and

deviation theory, the following expression can be obtained
through solving extremum:

l.Sprin8 Drainpipe 2.Jet concrete 3.Waterproof

layer 4.Mouldin8 Concrete 5.Grainage aperture (5)
6.Central draixtpipe7.roadsm'face in which Q is the unit seepage volume on the boundary,
is the solving region on boundary F. If ~/(h) is equal to zero,
then equation (4) can be obtained.
Figure 6. Drainage waterproofing.

Volume 15, Number 2, 2000 TUNNELLINGANDUNDERGROUNDSPACETECHNOLOGY231

4.2 Finite Element Method tions, only half the space of the studied domain was
Based on the Finite Element Method, region ~ is discretized. Eight-node isoparametric elements with Gauss
discretized into n elements and, in term of element displace- points were used. The computational analysis was per-
ment function, certain elements of the hydraulic head formed for a steady state. The result gives the hydraulic
function can be obtained. heads at each node and the flow velocities at each Gauss
point.
h = [N] {h}e (6) The first step is to analyze the seepage distribution of
Then, mountain mass before excavating tunnels. Where the un-
derground water level is the highest, a calculation section
[Kllh ie +{Q}e=O (7) containing the tunnel transverse section is extracted. The
n=l
boundary conditions were fixed after an examination of
where evolution of the hydraulic heads. That is, because of quasi-
{Q}e is the seepage volume through the boundary or the hydrostatic state of the water level above the tunnels
seepage volume of equivalent joints from the before the excavation of tunnel, a constant hydraulic po-
boundary resource, tential was imposed over the entire field. Thus, the bound-
[K]e is the element transmit matrix, and ary hydraulic head h at water level and h under the
tunnels are taken as bo'undary elements, of whlch h is zero,
[K? =~ve[B]t[k][B]dV, in which [k] is the permeability and h; can be determined. The permeability coeffici'ent can
coefficient and [B] is the geometrical matrix. be determined. Thus, the potential was prescribed around
We assume m joints per element; then the tunnels.
The second case assumes that drainpipes will drain all
[~N1 aN= i the seepage water from the mountain mass. In fact, at least
prior to lining, the seepage water in tunnels will nearly be
] /~N: 0N~ drained out. In this case, the hydraulic head h, in inner
(8) boundary of tunnel is zero, meaning that no hydraulic
[B =--~-/0Ni W - pressure was imposed on the lining. The calculated results
obtained from the first case can be considered as other
boundary conditions in this case. Thus, the contour of
Through assembly into a total matrix, the seepage vol- equivalent hydraulic heads at this transverse section
ume governing equation for finite element analysis can be around the tunnels can be obtained (see Fig. 8). The largest
obtained. seepage volume at this studied position amounts to 250.8
[K] {h} = {Q} (9) cndday' m 2.
In the final case, the NATM or other waterproof mea-
sures are employed so as to guarantee that no seepage
4.3 Boundary Element Theory water appears in the inner surface of tunnels, or all the
On the condition that F is the total boundary( F~ is the drainpipes around tunnels are blocked. In this case, the
boundary of a certain tunnel in region ~ with homogeneous tunnel face is impermeable, as is the tunnel lining, and all
permeability medium_(its permeability coeffÉcient is k), and seepage hydraulic pressure from mountain mass will di-
both hydraulic head h in partial boundary F and hydraulic rectly act on the lining of tunnels (see Fig. 9). The result
head h / in partial boundary F, can be determined, then indicates that, in the studied section, the greatest hydrau-
hydraulic head function in region l-I should conform to the lic pressure acting on tunnel surface amounts to a hydrau-
following Laplasian expression. lic head of 81 m.

~2h + ~2h ~2h =0 (10) 6. Conclusions and Comments

~x 2 - ~ + ~--~-
It has been proven that it is nearly impossible to achieve
which describes hydraulic head of any a completely watertight tunnel using one waterproofing
point in underground three-dimensional
seepage field. Function h(x,y,z) is its
solution and can lead to an equivalent
hydraulic head figure. 852|. $
In this paper, the boundary region, 13 7517.4
i2 7:313.5
which conforms to the above equation, is
tI 6~'ol. T
diverted into a specific boundary ele-
10 ~los. o
ment. The total matrix is assembled ac- 9 55ol.
cording to the Finite Element Method, 8 4e'se. !
and then the underground water seep- 7 42~4.2
age volume can be conveniently obtained. 6 se,so. s

,71,
The coupling method presented in this

ttii
5 3086.5
paper can be applied to problems regard-
ing non-homogeneous and nonlinear
seepage fields. In the following section,
it i,, ",,i l))l i i l ; z
'
d
3
2482.6
lets. #
2 12T4.,J
the seepage field simulation for the b--..., t I ~ r l . o4
Chongqing Zhenwushan Tunnels is car- I. sT. i t 6

ried out.

5. Seepage Field Simulation In

Zhenwushan Tunnels
The numerical code solves the gov-
erning equation of seepage field in po-
rous media. Because of the symmetry of Figure 8. Seepage equivalent hydraulic heads around tunnels in the case of
the geometry and the boundary condi- drainage (cm).

232 TUNNELLINGANDUNDERGROUNDSPACETECHNOLOGY Volume 15, Number 2, 2000

 seepage takes place in tunnels, anti-
$01T. e permeability ratings in corresponding
tunnel parts should be stipulated, and a
composite waterproof system should be
-- $
encouraged.
6. Although there are some limitations
in practice, the waterproofing appli-
cation in the Zhenwushan Tunnel
shows that it is indeed possible to
-.,~..--..~.~..~.,-~,)..:" " ~ "rlS0. 2
achieve a completely watertight tun-
"r- "t S3~J. 0 nel. The future development of tun-
nel waterproofing should encourage
designers to use numerical methods
for better prediction of seepage vol-
T$O~i. 2
ume, leading to a economical and rea-
sonably watertight tunnel.

7. References
,...-~.................................................................................................................
Construction Ministry of China. 1988.
1,4,,.,
t6~,0. I
Waterproof Criterion in Underground
Engineering (GBJ108-87). Beijing: Con-
struction Press.
Figure 9. Seepage equivalent hydraulic heads around tunnels in the case o f Davis, H.E.; Gunn, M.J.; Mair, R.J.; and
no drainage (cm) . Seneviratne, H.N. 1980. The stability of
shallow tunnels and underground openings
method alone, Consequently, multiple waterproofing mea- in cohesivematerials. C-eotechnique30:397-
416.
sures must be integrated in underground works. Only Descoeudres, F. and Rybisar, J. 1987. Ecoulement d'une nappe
through multiple waterproofing measures and layer upon livre vers un tunnel. Publication de la Socidtd Suisse de Mecaniq ue
layer protection can tunnels without seepage be achieved. des Sols et des Roches, 115:3-7.
The authors recommend that the following principles should Jaby J.F.; Mahuet J.L.; and Reith J.L. 1998. Improving of French
be adhered to: specifications and techniques in waterproofing for underground
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Kondoh, Michio ; Matsuike, Takashi ;Kurano, Akiol and Kisaichi,
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flexible waterproofing. In addition, each waterproof- in tunnels. Proceedings of the World Tunnel Congress' 98 on
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