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    Gases Tutorial 2

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    Idil Warsame
    The document discusses: 1) Calculating the partial pressures of H2, Cl2, and Kr gases contained in a 20 L container at 50°C. 2) Using the ideal gas law to determine the molecular weight of an unlabelled gas with a density of 5.38 g/L at 15°C and 736 Torr. 3) Explaining that the van der Waals equation accounts for molecular size and interactions between gas molecules.

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    Gases Tutorial 2

    Uploaded by

    Idil Warsame
    42 views4 pages
    The document discusses: 1) Calculating the partial pressures of H2, Cl2, and Kr gases contained in a 20 L container at 50°C. 2) Using the ideal gas law to determine the molecular weight of an unlabelled gas with a density of 5.38 g/L at 15°C and 736 Torr. 3) Explaining that the van der Waals equation accounts for molecular size and interactions between gas molecules.

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    The document discusses: 1) Calculating the partial pressures of H2, Cl2, and Kr gases contained in a 20 L container at 50°C. 2) Using the ideal gas law to determine the molecular weight of an unlabelled gas with a density of 5.38 g/L at 15°C and 736 Torr. 3) Explaining that the van der Waals equation accounts for molecular size and interactions between gas molecules.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    42 views4 pages

    Gases Tutorial 2

    Uploaded by

    Idil Warsame
    The document discusses: 1) Calculating the partial pressures of H2, Cl2, and Kr gases contained in a 20 L container at 50°C. 2) Using the ideal gas law to determine the molecular weight of an unlabelled gas with a density of 5.38 g/L at 15°C and 736 Torr. 3) Explaining that the van der Waals equation accounts for molecular size and interactions between gas molecules.

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    Gases Tutorial 2

    Partial Pressures

    A gas sample contains the following amounts of three gases:

    H2(g) : 3.00 g
    Cl2(g) : 20.0 g
    Kr(g) : 30.0 g

    The sample is contained in a 20.0 L container at 50o C. Find the partial pressures of each gas.

    n(H2(g)) = 3.00 g / 2.01 g/mol = 1.49 mol


    n(Cl2(g)) = 20.0 g / 71.1 g/mol = 0.28 mol
    n(Kr(g)) = 30.0 g / 83.80 g/mol = 0.358 mol

    ntotal = 1.49 + 0.28 + 0.358 = 2.13 mol

    XH2 = nH2 / ntotal = 1.49 / 2.13 = 0.70


    XCl2 = nCl2 / ntotal = 0.28 / 2.13 = 0.13
    XKr = nKr / ntotal = 0.358 / 2.13 = 0.17 (note that the mole fractions sum to 1.00)

    ptotal = ntotalRT/V = 2.13 mol (8.314 Pa m3 K-1 mol-1 x 323 K) / 0.020 m3 = 285997 Pa

    pH2 = ptotal XH2 = 286000 Pa (0.70) = 200,200 Pa


    pCl2 = ptotal XCl2 = 286000 Pa (0.13) = 37,200 Pa
    pKr = ptotal XKr = 286000 Pa (0.17) = 48,600 Pa

    note that pH2 + pCl2 + pKr = 200,200 + 37,200 + 48,600 = 286,000 Pa = ptotal

    Gas Density

    e.g. To identify the contents of an unlabelled cylinder of gas, a sample was weighed and found to
    have a density of 5.380 g/L at 15o C and 736 Torr. What is the molecular weight of the gas?

    Here, p = 736/760 = 0.968 atm (x 101325 Pa/atm = 98125 Pa); T = 15o C = 288 K; assume V = 1
    L = 0.001 m3

    n = pV/RT = 98125 Pa (0.001 m3)/(8.314 Pa m3 K-1 mol-1 x 288 K) = 0.0410 mol

    MW = 5.380 g / 0.0410 mol = 131 g/mol (probably Xe gas!)

    e.g. What is the density of ammonia (NH3) at 100o C and 2 bar pressure?
    density = pM/RT = 2 x 105 Pa (0.017 kg/mol)/((8.314 Pa m3 K-1 mol-1 x 373 K) = 1.10 kg m-3 =
    1.10 g L-1

    Kinetic Molecular Theory, Effusion, Diffusion

    e.g. Calculate the average velocity of gaseous Hg atoms at at 500oC.

    v = [3RT/MW]1/2

    At 500oC (773 K), the average velocity will be v = [3(8.314 J K-1 mol-1 x (273+500)K / 0.2006
    kg mol-1]1/2 = 310.0 m/s

    Repeat for He atoms at 500oC.

    At 500oC (773 K), the average velocity will be v = [3(8.314 J K-1 mol-1 x (273+500)K / 0.004 kg
    mol-1]1/2 = 2,195 m/s

    Now calculate the average kinetic energies of Hg and He atoms at 500oC:

    KE = 1/2 mv2

    m(Hg) = 200.6 g/mol / NAv mol-1 = 3.33 x 10-22 g = 3.33 x 10-25 kg (per atom)
    KE = 1/2 (3.33 x 10-25 kg)(310.0 m/s)2 = 3.20 x 10-20 kg m2 s-2 = 3.20 x 10-20 J (per atom)

    m(He) = 4.00 g/mol / NAv mol-1 = 6.64 x 10-24 g = 6.64 x 10-27 kg (per atom)
    KE = 1/2 (6.64 x 10-27 kg)(2195 m/s)2 = 3.20 x 10-20 kg m2 s-2 = 3.20 x 10-20 J (per atom)

    Note that the speeds are different (because of the different masses), but that the kinetic energies
    are the same (because of the identical temperature in each case.

    e.g. Is it easier to separate the oxygen isotopes 12C and 16C by diffusion using CO2 or CO?

    This is an application of Graham's Law. The easier separation process will have a ratio of
    diffusion rates that is larger than the other. Thus, fewer diffusion stages would be required.

    For the isotopes at the dioxides, we have:

    rate(12CO2) / rate(16CO2) = [MW(16CO2) / MW(12CO2)]1/2 = [48.0 / 44.0]1/2 = 1.044

    rate(12CO) / rate(16CO) = [MW(16CO) / MW(12CO)]1/2 = [32.0 / 28.0]1/2 = 1.069

    Thus, separation of the monoxides would be easier. Still easier to separate would be the
    methanes of the two carbon isotopes:

    rate(12CH4) / rate(16CH4) = [MW(16CH4) / MW(12CH4)]1/2 = [20.0 / 16.0]1/2 = 1.118


    The van der Waals equation

    Remember why this equation is important - it takes into account the actual volumes of the gas
    molecules, and the fact that gas molecules do interact (generally by forces of attraction).

    P = (nRT)/(v-nb) - a(n/V)2

    e.g. given the same number of moles of H2O(g) and CO2(g) both at the same T and V, which will
    have the larger pressure?

    b(H2O) ≈ b(CO2), since both molecules are about the same size.

    However, water is a polar molecule, and so we expect a(H2O) > a(CO2). Thus, p(H2O) < p(CO2).

    e.g. calculate the pressure exerted by 50 mol of He(g) in a 2.0 L vessel at 25oC using the ideal gas
    law and using the van der Waals equation. Compare to the pressure exerted by the same amount
    of Ar under the same conditions.

    For He, p(ideal) = nRT/V = 50 mol (8.314 Pa m3 K-1 mol-1)(25 + 273)K / 0.002 m3 = 6.19 x 107
    Pa = 619 bar

    The van der Waals constants for He(g) are a = 0.0341 L2 mol-2 atm, b = 0.0237 L mol-1.

    p(vdW)(He(g)) = (nRT)/(v-nb) - a(n/V)2


    = (50(0.082 L atm K-1 mol-1)(298 K)/(2.0 L - 50 mol (0.0237 L mol-1)) - 0.0341L2 mol-2 atm(50
    mol/2 L)2
    = 1499 atm - 21 atm
    = 1478 atm
    x1.01325 = 1,498 bar

    For Ar, p(ideal) = nRT/V = 50 mol (8.314 Pa m3 K-1 mol-1)(25 + 273)K / 0.002 m3 = 6.19 x 107
    Pa = 619 bar, i.e. same as for He because both are assumed to be ideal (no interactions among the
    molecules and the molecules have zero volume).

    The van der Waals constants for Ar are a = 1.345 L2 mol-2 atm, b = 0.03219 L mol-1.

    p(vdW)(Ar(g)) = (nRT)/(v-nb) - a(n/V)2

    = (50(0.082)(298)/(2.0 - 50(0.03219)) - 1.345(50/2)2


    = 3128 - 840
    = 2288 atm
    x 1.01325 = 2,318 bar
    Why is the vdW pressure for Ar so much larger than that for He? The a term for Ar is larger,
    which would make the pressure smaller. However, the b term (size of the atom) is also larger for
    Ar, making the pressure larger than that of He. In this case, the effect of molecular size is greater
    than that of intermolecular interactions.

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