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    CHAPTER 2: The Chemical Level of Organization: Anatomy & Physiology

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    DUQUE, GEORGETTE FLOREANNE L.
    This chapter discusses the chemical level of organization in the human body. It introduces basic chemistry concepts such as elements, atoms, molecules, and chemical bonds. The main elements that make up the human body are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus. Water is also emphasized as it is critical for life and makes up over 60% of the human body. Key macromolecules that are covered include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Their structure and functions in the body are summarized.

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    CHAPTER 2: The Chemical Level of Organization: Anatomy & Physiology

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    DUQUE, GEORGETTE FLOREANNE L.
    74 views11 pages
    This chapter discusses the chemical level of organization in the human body. It introduces basic chemistry concepts such as elements, atoms, molecules, and chemical bonds. The main elements that make up the human body are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus. Water is also emphasized as it is critical for life and makes up over 60% of the human body. Key macromolecules that are covered include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Their structure and functions in the body are summarized.

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    This chapter discusses the chemical level of organization in the human body. It introduces basic chemistry concepts such as elements, atoms, molecules, and chemical bonds. The main elements that make up the human body are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus. Water is also emphasized as it is critical for life and makes up over 60% of the human body. Key macromolecules that are covered include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Their structure and functions in the body are summarized.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    74 views11 pages

    CHAPTER 2: The Chemical Level of Organization: Anatomy & Physiology

    Uploaded by

    DUQUE, GEORGETTE FLOREANNE L.
    This chapter discusses the chemical level of organization in the human body. It introduces basic chemistry concepts such as elements, atoms, molecules, and chemical bonds. The main elements that make up the human body are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus. Water is also emphasized as it is critical for life and makes up over 60% of the human body. Key macromolecules that are covered include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Their structure and functions in the body are summarized.

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    ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

    CHAPTER 2: The Chemical Level of Organization

    BASIC PRINCIPLES OF CHEMISTRY


    1. Chemistry is the science of structure and
    interactions of matter
    2. Matter is anything that has mass and
    takes up space
    3. Mass is the amount of matter a
    substance contains, whereas weight is the
    force of gravity acting on a mass
    MATTER EXISTS IN 3 FORMS: ATOMS
    1. Solid - Chemical elements are composed of units
    2. Liquid of matter of the same type called atoms
    3. Gas - Atoms are the smallest units of matter
    All forms of matter are composed of that retain the properties and
    chemical elements. characteristics of an element
    ELEMENTS ARE GIVEN CHEMICAL SYMBOLS
    SUCH AS:
    ❑ O = oxygen
    ❑ C = carbon
    ❑ H = hydrogen
    ❑ N = nitrogen
    These elements make up the majority of
    our bodies.

    MAIN CHEMICAL ELEMENTS IN THE BODY

    ATOMIC NUMBER AND MASS NUMBER


    ◼ Atomic number is the number of
    protons in the nucleus of an atom
    ◼ Mass number is the number of
    protons and neutrons in an atom
    ❑ Isotopes
    ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
    CHAPTER 2: The Chemical Level of Organization

    ◼ Compound – a substance that can be


    broken down into 2 or more different
    elements
    CHEMICAL BOND
    -A chemical bond occurs when atoms are
    held together by forces of attraction

    - The number of electrons in the valence


    shell determines the likelihood that an
    atom will form a chemical bond with
    another atom
    Atomic mass assumes the mass of a:
    ❑ Neutron = 1.008 daltons
    ❑ Proton = 1.007 daltons
    ❑ Electron = 0.0005 daltons
    The atomic mass/weight of an element is
    the average mass of all its naturally
    occurring isotopes.

    ATOMIC STRUCTURES

    -
    COMMON IONS IN THE BODY

    ◼ Ion – an atom that has lost or gained


    an electron
    ◼ Molecule – 2 or more atoms sharing
    electrons
    ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
    CHAPTER 2: The Chemical Level of Organization

    CATIONS VS. ANIONS

    HYDROGEN BONDS
    - result from attraction of oppositely
    charged parts of molecules

    HYDROGEN BONDS AND WATER

    Hydrogen bonds between water molecules


    COVALENT BONDS give water cohesion
    Single, Double & Triple Bonds - Cohesion is the tendency of like
    particles to stay together
    Hydrogen bonds create surface tension
    - Surface tension is a measure of the
    difficulty of stretching or breaking
    the surface of a liquid
    ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
    CHAPTER 2: The Chemical Level of Organization

    CHEMICAL REACTIONS CATALYSTS


    Chemical reactions occur when new bonds
    are formed or old bonds are broken
    Reactants – starting substances
    Products – ending substances
    Metabolism

    FORMS OF ENERGY & CHEMICAL TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS


    REACTIONS
    Energy is the capacity to do work 1. Synthesis
    ❑ Potential energy 2. Decomposition
    ❑ Kinetic energy 3. Exchange
    ❑ Chemical energy 4. Reversible
    Law of conservation of energy – energy can 5. Oxidation-reduction
    neither be created nor destroyed but it can
    be converted from one form to another OXIDATION-REDUCTION
    ENERGY TRANSFER ◼ These reactions transfer electrons
    ◼ Exergonic reactions between atoms and molecules and
    ◼ Endergonic reactions always occur in parallel (when one
    ◼ Activation energy substance is oxidized another is
    reduced)
    ◼ Oxidation – loss of electrons and
    energy release
    ◼ Reduction – gain of electrons and
    energy gain
    ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
    CHAPTER 2: The Chemical Level of Organization

    INORGANIC COMPOUNDS AND SOLUTIONS WATER IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS


    Water is the ideal medium
    Inorganic compounds usually lack carbon • In a hydrolysis reaction, water is
    and are simple molecules added to break bonds
    • Water is the most important and • In a dehydration synthesis reaction,
    abundant inorganic compound in all water is removed to make bonds
    living things

    WATER AS A POLAR MOLECUL

    THERMAL PROPERTIES OF WATER


    Water has a:
    ❑ High heat capacity
    ❑ High heat of vaporization
    ❑
    Water as a Lubricant
    WATER AS A SOLVENT
    Water is a major component of our
    body fluids and helps reduce friction as
    membranes and organs slide over one
    another.

    MIXTURE
    a combination of elements or compounds
    that are physically blended together but
    not bonded together

    3 types of mixtures:
    1. Solution
    2. Colloid
    3. Suspension
    ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
    CHAPTER 2: The Chemical Level of Organization

    PERCENTAGE & MOLARITY pH

    ACIDS, BASES & SALTS

    BUFFER SYSTEMS
    Maintenance of body fluid homeostasis is
    critical
    • Buffer systems help to regulate pH
    by converting strong acids or bases
    into weak acids or bases
    • H+ + HCO3– ➔ H2CO3
    ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
    CHAPTER 2: The Chemical Level of Organization

    ORGANIC COMPIOOUNDS FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

    Organic compounds always contain H,


    usually contain O, and always have
    covalent bonds
    CARBONS
    ◼ Organic compounds always contain
    carbon
    ◼ Carbons can combine in a variety of
    shapes
    ◼ Carbon compounds do not dissolve
    easily in water
    ◼ Carbon compounds are a good
    source of energy

    CARBOHYDRATES
    Carbohydrates provide most of the energy
    needed for life.
    ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
    CHAPTER 2: The Chemical Level of Organization

    MONOSACCHARIDES

    GLUCOSE

    DISACCHARIDES POLYSACCHARIDES
    ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
    CHAPTER 2: The Chemical Level of Organization

    LIPIDS PHOSPHOLIPIDS
    - are an important component of cell
    membranes

    STEROIDS
    FATTY ACIDS
    can be saturated or unsaturated
    ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
    CHAPTER 2: The Chemical Level of Organization

    PROTEINS PEPTIDE BOND FORMATION


    give structure to the body, regulate
    processes, provide protection, assist in
    muscle contraction, transport substances,
    and serve as enzymes.
    STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION IN PROTEINS

    Amino acids

    Proteins are
    formed by ENZYME
    combining is a catalyst in a living cell
    various amino Enzymes are:
    acids
    -Highly specific
    -Extremely
    efficient
    -Subject to
    cellular controls
    ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
    CHAPTER 2: The Chemical Level of Organization

    ENZYME-SUBSTRATE COMPLEXES ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP)


    - ATP is the principal energy-storing
    molecule in the body

    NUCLEIC ACIDS
    ◼ DNA forms the genetic code in the
    nuclei of body cells and it regulates
    most of the cell’s activities
    ◼ RNA guides protein formation
    DNA

    DNA vs.RNA

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