CHEM 101

Module 2 Chemical Bonding

THE BASIC CONCEPTS IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

 MODULE 2

THE BASIC CONCEPTS IN CHEMICAL

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY BONDING

SIT DOLOR AMET

Module 2: The Basic Concepts and Principles in
Inorganic Chemistry
 Module 2: Review of the Basic Concept
& Principles of Inorganic Chemistry

Module 1
 Atoms that constitute matters
– conceptual map of matters

matter

Pure
Mixtures
Substance

Elements Compound Homogeneous Heterogeneous

Module 2
CHEMICAL BOND 

o is a lasting attraction between atoms, ions or

molecules -----to form chemical compounds.

o result from the electrostatic force of attraction

between oppositely charged ions as in ionic
bonds or through the sharing of electrons as WHAT IS A
in covalent bonds.
CHEMICAL
o strength of chemical bonds varies
considerably; BOND?
o there are "strong bonds" or "primary bonds"
such as covalent, ionic and metallic bonds,

o "weak bonds" or "secondary bonds" such

as dipole–dipole interactions, the London
dispersion force and hydrogen bondn
bonding.
SIT DOLOR AMET
Module 2: Review of the Basic Concepts
and Principles of Inorganic Chemistry

Introduction: Forces of Attraction

 MODULE 2
EMICAL BONDING

Forces of Attraction

Strong Forces of Weak Forces of

Attraction Attraction
VS

Intramolecular Intermolecular
Forces of Forces of
Attraction Attraction
(within ions/atoms) (within molecules with
another molecule
 MODULE 2
EMICAL BONDING
Matters bond forming new
substances and new properties

 Intramolecular Forces of Attraction

 within a compound/molecule

 Intermolecular Forces of Attraction

 within molecules of a
compound and a molecule of
another compoun
 MODULE 2
EMICAL BONDINGIntramolecular Forces of Attraction

1. Ionic Bonding
o
 MODULE 2
EMICAL BONDINGIntramolecular Forces of Attraction

2. Metallic Bonding (sea of electrons

along the lattices of atoms)
o
3. Polar and non-polar covalent bonds
a) EQUAL SHARING OF ELECTRONS

 Electron are shared in covalent bonds by

similar or identical atoms (such as N2, O2,
H2), the electron charge is shared equally
across the bond
 It is called non-polar bond

Some do not share equally BECAUSE

DIFFERENT TYPES OF ATOMS EXERT
DIFFERENT LEVEL OF ATTRACTION
FOR THE ELECTRONS IN A COVALENT
BOND SIT DOLOR AMET
B) UNEQUAL SHARING OF ELECTRONS

o molecules, electrons are not shared equally,

electron charges concentrates on one end of
the molecule than the other

o The strength of the attraction of each atom

to its electrons is related to the size of the
atom, the charge of the nucleus and the total
number of electrons the atoms contains

More positive charge in a nucleus attracts

electrons more strongly
SIT DOLOR AMET
 MODULE 2
EMICAL BONDING

3. Covalent Bonding
o Polar

o Non-Polar
In Summary,
o These are the intramolecular forces that hold atoms
together in molecules.

 formed from the transfer or sharing of WHAT ARE

electrons between atomic centers and relies on
the electrostatic attraction between the protons in
THESE
nuclei and the electrons in the orbitals. STRONG
o The types of strong bond differ due to the difference CHEMICAL
in electronegativity of the constituent elements. BONDS?
o A large difference in electronegativity leads to more
polar (ionic) character in the bond.
Electronegativity Difference ( E)
0 – 0.4 (Non Polar Covalent Compound)
0.5 – 1.7 (Polar Covalent Compound) SIT DOLOR AMET
> 1.7 – Ionic Compound)
Covalent and Ionic Compounds

In covalent compounds, atoms are bound together by

WHAT ARE
covalent bonds and form molecules. THESE
• molecule are identical / behaves independently
• The chemical formula represents the number of STRONG
atoms of each element in the molecule CHEMICAL
In ionic compound, there are no individual molecules
BONDS?
• (+) and (–) ions usually forms ionic crystal – a 3-
dimensional array of ions arranged in a regular
repeating patterns
• the chemical formula represents the ratio of the
different elements in the crystal SIT DOLOR AMET
Topic 2: Intermolecular Forces of
Attraction
 INTERMOLECULAR
FORCES of ATTRACTION

Module 1 & 2 Basic Concepts & Principles of Inorg

\Mod 1 Topic 2 Intermolecular Forces Video.mp4

Group assignment and discussion per Intermolecular Force

of Attraction. Groups 1 and 2 will discuss Ion-Ion Forces of
Attraction, Group ¾ Ion-Dipole Forces of Attraction, etc.

1. Group ½ - Ion-Ion IMF

2. Group ¾ - Ion-Dipole
3. Group 5/6 – Hydrogen Bond
4. Group 7/8 – Dipole-Dipole
5. Group 9/10 – London Dispersion

Requirements:
6. Prepare a maximum of 3 slides Powerpoint
presentation (with examples) for each group.
7. Present on Tuesday, Sept 13
Individual Activity – WS
No. 1(30min)
• Using the conceptual map of Matters,
give 1 representative example for
each category
• Give 1 examples of bonded substance
due to each type Intramolecular
Force. Draw the bonding mechanism.
• Give 1 examples of bonded substance
due to 4 type Intermolecular Force.
Draw the bonding mechanism
MODULE 2 NOMENCLATURE

WRITING CHEMICAL FORMULA AND WRITING THE

TOPIC 3 CHEMICAL NAME OR VICE VERSA
 MODULE 2
EMICAL BONDING
Rules in Bonding

• The Atomic Theory

• PNE - Calculation of the number of

Protons, Neutrons and Electrons and the
net charge

• The bonding rules

• Monoatomic and polyatomic ions
• Diatomic Compounds/molecules
• Polyatomic Compounds/molecules
 Structure of an Atom

Ground state atom

Net charge = 0

Ionic Structure
𝐴 𝑋 +/− , 12 +4 16 −2 1 +1 23 +1
Net Charge =/>+1 𝑧 6𝐶, 8𝑂 , 1 𝐻 , 11 𝑁𝑎
=/</> -1

C+4 O-2 -- C2O4 ---

CO2
N+3 O-2 -- N2O5
Na+1 Cl-1 -- NaCl
H+1 O-2 - H2O
 ATOMS (BUILDING BLOCKS)
 smallest elemental unit in a sample of matter
Ex: Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N) , Carbon (C ), Iron (Fe), Sodium (Na),
Chlorine (Cl)
CONCEPT OF
Combining any of the atoms together loses their original property
as element or an atom AN ATOM &
 MOLECULES MOLECULE
 Larger unit in which 2 or more atoms are joined together
Ex:H+ O H 2O
C+ O CO2
C+ O CO
O+O O2 DON’T EXIST AS ATOM BY ITSELF
H +H H2 BUT AS A MOLECULE BONDED
TOGETHER
SIT DOLOR AMET
 Matter undergoes a change in composition CONCEPT OF
and/or structure of its molecules REACTION
 2 or more elements bonded together,
 where elements begin to share its electrons to
form a new substance

SIT DOLOR AMET

 Compound – a type of molecule of 2
different elements

COMPOUND VS MOLECULE
CONCEPT OF
• CO2 – REACTION
• H2O – Compound, molecule
• O2
bonded by itself but not a
• H2 compound, it is a molecule
• N2
SIT DOLOR AMET
 Mixtures – 2 substances mixed together, no
CONCEPT OF
chemical reaction involved REACTION
 Ex: sand and water

SIT DOLOR AMET

Think critically – you can do this activity at home
because this will only involve common household
substances

Purpose: Interaction between liquids with polar and non-polar bonds

MIXING
Materials: 100 ml graduated cylinder, water, vegetable oil, rubbing alcohol, food
coloring, dropper
LIQUIDS
Procedure:
(ACTIVITY)
1. Pour 20 ml of water into a graduated cylinder
2. Pour 20 ml of vegetable oil into same cylinder. Swirl vigorously the 2
liquids together, and observe for several minutes.
3. Add 2 drops of food coloring and observe
4. After several minutes, slowly pour 30 ml of rubbing alcohol into the
cylinder
5. Add 2 more drops of coloring and observe.

??? Would your final result be different if you added the liquids in a SIT DOLOR AMET
different order? Explain.
 NOMENCLATURE

WRITING CHEMICAL FORMULA AND WRITING THE CHEMICAL NAME OR

VICE VERSA

• Writing a chemical formula you need to

 know the elements involved
 number of electrons they gain or lose or share to
become stable (oxidation number)

An oxidation number is a positive or a negative

number that indicates how many electrons have been
gained or lose or shared.
Rules in Naming Compounds
BINARY COMPOUNDS TERNARY COMPOUNDS

• Contains only 2 elements in a • Containes 3 or more elements in

chemical combination combination
• Combination of a monoatomic • Combination of a monoatomic
cation and a monoatomic anion cation + a polyatomic anion
• Combination of a polyatomic cation
+ a monoatomic anion
• Combination of both polyatomic
cation and anion

First Rule in Naming

1. Metals (Cation) and Nonmetals (Anion)

The first atom (cation) bears the name Just like a binary compound, the first
of the element and the 2nd atom bears monoatomic or the polyatomic ion
the IDE ending of the 2nd element bears the name of the ion while the
(anion) anion bears the name of the anion
• BaCl2 - Barium Chloride • CaSO4 - Calcium Sulfate
• Mg(PO3)2 - Magnesium Phosphite
Rules in Naming Compounds
BINARY COMPOUNDS TERNARY COMPOUNDS
2. Between a Nonmetal and another Non-
metal – right side of the stair-step
• The 1st atom takes the name of that
atom but the 2nd atom takes the IDE
ending of that atom.
• However, the names are preceded by
the number of atoms in the molecule
using the Greek prefixes
• 1 – mono 5 - penta
• 2 – di 6 - hexa
• 3 – tri 7 – hepta ….
• 4 – tetra
a. SO2 - Sulfur Dioxide
b. CCl4 – Carbon Tertachloride
c. P2O5 – Diphosphorous Pentoxide
For 1st atom in the molecule contain 1
atom only, no need to write mono. But for
the 2nd atom it should be indicated
Rules in Naming Compounds

BINARY COMPOUNDS TERNARY COMPOUNDS

3. Between a cation of variable oxidation numbers and an anion
• Stock Method - The cation having • Stock Method - The cation
the least/most oxidation takes having the least/most oxidation
the English name followed by the takes the English name followed
oxidation number in roman by the oxidation number in
numeral enclosed in parentheses roman numeral enclosed in
followed by the IDE ending of the parentheses followed by the
anion. ATE or ITE ending of the anion
having the least/most number of
Ex: FeS – Iron (II) Sulfide oxygen.
CuCl – Copper (I) Chloride
PbO2 – Lead (IV) Oxide Ex: FeSO4 – Iron (II) Sulfate
Fe2(SO3)3 – Iron (III) Sulfite
Rules in Naming Compounds
BINARY COMPOUNDS TERNARY COMPOUNDS
3. Between a cation of variable oxidation numbers and an anion
• Classical Method – the cation • Classical Method – the cation
having the least/most oxidation having the least/most oxidation
number takes the latin name of number takes the latin name of
the element with an OUS/IC the element with an OUS ending
ending followed by the IDE followed by the ATE/ITE ending
ending of the 2nd element/atom of the 2nd element/ atom

Ex. FeO – Ferrous oxide Ex.

Fe2O3 - Ferric oxide PbCO3 – Plumbous Carbonate
Pb(CO3)2 - Plumbic Carbonate
Cr(OH)2 - Chromous Hydroxide
Cr(OH)3 - Chromic Hydroxide
Sn(SO4)2 - Stannic Sulfate
SnSO3 - Stannous Sulfite
 Rules in Naming Compounds
BINARY COMPOUNDS (BINARY TERNARY COMPOUNDS (TERNARY OR
ACIDS) OXY ACIDS)
4. Containing Hydrogen 4. Containing Hydrogen
• With H as the first element and a w/ polyatomic anion
gas
• SO4 -2 is 1 unit, the charge from H will be
Ex: H+1 + S-2 -- H2S(g) supplied as subscript to the entire SO4 ion,
thus becomes (SO4)1
Hydrogen Sulfide • polyatomic anion ending in ATE is change
to IC
• Polyatomic anion ending in ITE change to
• With H as the first element and a OUS
liquid
Ex: H+1 + SO4-2 --- H2SO4
Ex: H+1 + Cl-1 -- HCl(l)
(Hydrogen) + Sulfate -Sulfuric Acid
Hydro(gen) Chloric Acid (Hydrogen) + Phosphite - Phosphorous
Acid
(Hydrogen) + Nitrate -- Nitric Acid
Hydrogen) + Nitrite -- Nitrous Acid
 Rules in Naming Compounds
TERNARY COMPOUNDS
5. Compounds that take ide ending just like the Binary Compounds

a. Ammonium (NH41+) compounds - the b. Cyanides (CN1-) - the cyanide ion acts
ammonium ion acts like a simple like a simple nonmetal anion
metal ion.
Ex: Fe(CN)2 - Ferrous Cyanide or
Ex: (NH4)2S - ammonium sulfide Iron(II) Cyanide
NH4Br - ammonium bromide
Fe(CN)3 - Ferric Cyanide
Iron (III) Cyanide
c. Hydroxide (OH1-) – the hydroxide ion
acts like a simple non-metal anion.
This type of compound is also
referred to as BASE

Ex: Fe(OH)2 - Ferrous Hydroxide

Iron(II) Hydroxide
Fe(OH)3 - Ferric Hydroxide
Iron (III) Hydroxide
Summary: Essential Questions
• How does a compound differ from its component
elements?
• What does a chemical formula represents?
• How do electron dot diagrams help predict chemical
bonding?
• Why does chemical bonding occur?
• What are ionic bonds and covalent bonds?
• Which particles are produced by different types of
bonding?
• How do nonpolar and polar covalent bonds compare?
• How are oxidation numbers determined?
• How are formulas for ionic and covalent compounds
written?
• How are ionic and covalent compounds named?
 Summary
• Covalent compounds are bound together by covalent
CH4 bonds and form molecules.
• Each molecule is identical in a covalent bond and
behaves as an independent unit.
• The chemical formula represents the number of atoms
CH4 of each element in the molecule

• In IONIC compound, no individual molecules, instead (+)

and (-) ions forms ionic crystals, a 3-dimensional array of
CH4 ions arranged in a regularly repeating patterns
• The chemical formula represents the ratio of the
different elements in the crystal.

NaCl Analogy: Ball and stick of H2O molecule

vs beams in a building construction
Skills Check No. 1: Writing and Naming Compounds

Writing from Ionic Formula  Chemical Formula  Compound Name

Cation Anion Symbol Chemical Formula Compound
Symbol
Hg+2 O-2
Al+3 SO4-2
Ca+2 O-2
Ag+1 S-2
Bi+3 OH-1
Na+1 S2O3-2
Fe+3 CN-1
Cu+2 NO3-1
H+ SO4-2
P+5 O-2
K+ MnO4-
Sn+4 SO4-2
H+ ClO3-
H+ OBr-1
Exercises

Compound
+ - Name
HF (aq)
CuCl2
Pb(OH)4
HgO
(NH4)3PO4
HBr (aq)
N2O3
HClO
Na2C2O4
Sn(IO)4
How do electron dot diagrams help
predict chemical bonding?

ℓ→
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
n ↓
Capacit
Orbital s p d f g h i y of
shell
1 1s 2
2 2s 2p 8
3 3s 3p 3d 18
4 4s 4p 4d 4f 32
5 5s 5p 5d 5f 5g 50
6 6s 6p 6d 6f 6g 6h 72
7 7s 7p 7d 7f 7g 7h 7i 98

Capacit
y of 2 6 10 14 18 22 26
subshell
How do electron dot diagrams help
predict chemical bonding? PNE
11
(Z) ; atomic number = p

Na (X) ; the atom

23 (A); atomic mass = p + n

Na+1
Na, z = 11
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 Na
 Topic 3: Nomenclature of Inorganic
Compounds

Module 2
SIT DOLOR AMET