Module 2. Genetics

Saint Francis Academy
Mabini, Poblacion
S.Y. 2021- 2022
LEARNING MODULES IN SCIENCE 9
First Quarter
M.2 Living Things and their Environment
Heredity: Inheritance and Variation
Name: _______________________ Section: _____________________

Objectives:
The learners should be able to:
1. Explain the different patterns of non-Mendelian inheritance.
Overview
Non-Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance
In Grade 8, you learned that cells divide to produce new cells and meiosis is one of the processes
producing genetic variations in Mendelian patterns of inheritance. In Grade 9, you will focus on describing
the location of genes in chromosomes, explain the different patterns of non-mendelian inheritance and
describe the molecular structure of the DNA.
Gregor Mendel’s principles from the base for the understanding of heredity and variation. Although
Mendel’s work failed to discuss thoroughly the “factors” or genes he mentioned in his laws of inheritance,
his findings prompted other scientists to probe further into the mystery of heredity. Several researchers
were conducted after the rediscovery of Mendel’s work.
Walter Sutton and Theodore Boveri became popular because they found the best evidence that an
inherited trait is determined by chromosomes. Chromosome Theory of Inheritance explained that genes are
in the chromosomes.
Mendelian laws of inheritance have important exceptions to them. For, example, not all genes show
simple patterns of dominant and recessive alleles.
Activity 1. Phenotypes and Genotypes in Incomplete Dominance

Illustrate by means of Punnett square a cross involving incomplete dominance pattern of inheritance.
1. Read the given problem:
In four o’clock plants, R is the allele for red color and W is allele for white color. Two pink flowered
four o’clock plants were crossed.
Show the possible outcome of the cross between two pink flowered four o’clock plants by using the
Punnett square. Key: RR- red, rr - white, Rr - pink
Punnett square 1
2. Now, another cross was made involving a red flower four o’clock plant and a pink flowered four
o’clock plant.
3. Using the Punnett square again, show the possible outcome.
4. Make a Punnett square for problem 2.
Punnett square 2
Guide Questions
1. How many types of gametes will each parent produce in the problem no. 1? _____________
In problem no. 2? ______________
2. What is the phenotype of a heterozygous four o’clock flower? ______________________
3. What are the possible phenotype of the offspring from the cross of the parental plants in problem
no. 1? ____________________
In problem no. 2? ___________________
4. What are the possible genotypes of the offspring from the cross of the parental plants in problem no.
1? ________________________
In problem no. 2? ____________________
Activity 2. Mystery Bull

Mang Marcelino owns purebred red cows. In his farm he noticed that after a typhoon several
months ago, all of the fences that separate his cattle from his neighbor’s cattle were
destroyed. During the time that the fences were down, three bulls, one from each neighbor,
mingled with his cows. For a while, he thought that none of the bulls found his cows, but
over the months, he noticed that all his cows are pregnant. He suspected that one of the bulls
is the father. Which bull is it? Help Mang Marcelino look for the father by solving the given
problem.
Determine the possible traits of the calves if:
 a red (RR) bull is mated with a re (RR) cow 1
 a red (RR) bull is mated with a white (WW) cow 2
 a roan (RW) is mated with a red (RR) cow 3
2. Illustrate your answers using a Punnett square.
Guide Question:
1. Will you be able to trace the father of the calves? _________________
What are the possible phenotypes of the calves for each cow? __________________________
2. Do you think you will make Mang Marcelino happy about the result of your investigation?
_______________________
3. How are you going to explain it to him?
____________________________________________________________________
Activity 3. What’s your blood type?

A. Given the blood types of the mother and the child, identify the possible blood type of the father.
Mother’s Blood Type Father’s Blood Type Child’s Blood Type
A A
B AB
AB B
O O
B. Show the possible alleles that can be found in each offspring and write the blood type for each
offspring.
Use the table to answer the following questions, and list all possible blood types.
1. What blood types (or types) can be found in an offspring if a mother has a type A blood and the
father has type B blood? _________________
2. What blood type (or types) can be found in an offspring if a mother has a type AB blood and the
father has a type B blood? _______________________
3. What blood type (or types) can be found in an offspring if a mother has type O blood and the father
has type B blood? _________________
Activity 4. Boy or Girl?

1. Draw a Punnett square which shows the inheritance of the sex chromosomes. Represent the female
sex chromosomes with XX and the male sex chromosomes with XY.
Guide Questions:
1. What will be the sex of a child produced when an egg is fertilized by a sperm that has a Y
chromosome?
____________________________________________________________________
2. What type of sperm must fertilize an egg to result in a female child? ___________________
3. Based on this Punnett square, what percent of children would you expect to be male? __________
4. Which sex chromosome is present in both male and female? ___________________________
5. Infer which sex chromosomes determines a person’s sex. _____________________________
6. What are the other factors that may influence the expression of human sexuality?
____________________________________________________________________
Activity 5. When Gender Matters

Solve problems related to sex-linked traits.
Color-blindness is a recessive, sex-linked disorder in humans. A color-blind man has a child
with a woman who is a carrier of the disorder.
Table 1. Genotypes and phenotypes of color blindness in humans
KEY: X =
normal vision Xc = color-blindness
2. Illustrate using Punnett square the probability of having children who will have normal vision and
children who will be color-blind.
Guide Questions:
1. What is the genotype of the male? ______________
2. What is the genotype of the female? ____________
3. What is the chance that the child will be colorblind? __________
4. What is the chance that a daughter will be color-blind? ________
5. What is the chance that a son will be color-blind? _________
“Genetics Play a Huge Part in Who We Are. But we Also Have Free Will.”
PREPARED BY: CHECKED BY:

MRS. ENELYN L. CARINGAL MRS. DIVINIA A. VILLANUEVA
Teacher OIC

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Saint Francis Academy

Name: ___ Section: _

Activity 1. Phenotypes and Genotypes in Incomplete Dominance

Activity 2. Mystery Bull

Activity 3. What’s your blood type?

Mother’s Blood Type Father’s Blood Type Child’s Blood Type

Activity 4. Boy or Girl?

Activity 5. When Gender Matters

Table 1. Genotypes and phenotypes of color blindness in humans

PREPARED BY: CHECKED BY:

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