Group B3 - Report

A.B.C.M.
Report
LONG SPAN STRUCTURE

Group-B3 Shubham kambli|Amey deshmukh |Vivek patil
Pillai Hoc Coa, Rasayani
Long Span Structures
Long Span Structures
• Structures with span larger than 15-20

meters are regarded to as Long Span
Structures.
• For Such structures span is unable to
be achieved with ordinary R.C.C.
construction.
• Generally long spans result in flexible,
column-free internal spaces, reduces
substructure costs and time to erect
the structure.
Source:https://www.steelconstruction.info/Long-span_beams
Structural systems for long span structures
• Long Span Beams

• Long Span Trusses
Long Span Beams
• The use of long span beams results in a range of

benefits, including flexible, column-free internal
spaces, reduced foundation costs, and reduced
steel erection times.
• Many long span solutions are also well adapted
to facilitate the integration of services without
increasing the overall floor depth.
• Many long span solutions are also well adapted
to facilitate the integration of services without
increasing the overall floor depth.
• The design of long span steel and (steel -
concrete) composite beams is generally carried
out in accordance with the IS.
Types of Long Beams
• Parallel Beam Approach

• Composite Beams with Web Openings
• Tapered Girders
• Haunched composite beams
• Cellular Composite Beams
Parallel Beam Approach
• The parallel beam approach is effective for

spans up to around 14 m. Floor grids
comprise two layers of fully continuous
beams running in orthogonal directions.
• Services running in either direction can be
integrated within these two layers, so that
services passing in any direction can be
accommodated within the structural floor
depth.
• A further benefit is that, being fully
continuous, the depth of the beams
themselves is reduced without incurring
the expense and complexity of rigid, full-
strength connections.
Composite Beams with
Web Openings
• Web openings are typically formed in beams to allow
services to pass through the beam. This enables the
structural and service zones to occupy the same space,
thereby reducing the effective overall depth of floor
construction for a given spanning capability.
• Openings may also be formed for aesthetic reasons, for
instance with cambered beams used to support a
roof. Composite beams with web openings have been
shown to be a cost-effective solution for spans in the
range 10 to 16 m.
• A particular type of composite beam with web openings
is the so-called cellular beam, which is formed in a
specific way and therefore described separately below .
• The alternative way of forming the web openings is
simply to cut them into the plate used to form the web
of a plate girder, or into the web of a rolled section.
• The most appropriate solution to adopt depends on the
size, shape and regularity of the openings, or more
commercial drivers such as the method used by a
preferred supplier.
Tapered Girders
• Tapered girders can be a cost-effective

solution in the span range 15 m to 25 m.
They are another solution that allows
services to be accommodated within the
structural floor zone.
• The depth of the girder increases towards
mid-span, where applied moments are
greatest, and thereby facilitating hanging
services under the shallower regions near
the beam supports.
• It is also possible to form web openings in
tapered girders in regions of low shear,
towards mid-span. These provide more
options for service integration.
Haunched composite
Beams
• Haunches may be added at the ends of a

composite beam to provide moment continuity.
• The stiffness and strength of the connections
mean that the rest of the span can be shallower
(the bending moment diagram is 'lifted' and the
effective stiffness of the beam substantially
increased), and services passed under it.
• In buildings where the services are likely to need
frequent replacement (for example in hospitals),
hanging the services under the beams rather
than passing them through holes in the webs, or
through a truss, can be advantageous.
• Spans in excess of 20-30 m can readily be
achieved.
Cellular Composite
Beams
• Cellular beams are a form of beam with multiple
regular web openings , formed by splitting two rolled
sections longitudinally, to form two Tee sections.
• The two Tees, which may not come from the same
donor section (as discussed below) are then welded
together to form an I-section with web openings which
have a characteristic shape (normally, but not
necessarily, circular).
• The process used to form cellular beams enables the
bottom half of the final beam to be formed from a
heavier donor section than the top half - in other words
the bottom flange can be significantly bigger than the
top flange.
• This makes sense when, as is often the case, the beams
are to act compositely and therefore a concrete flange
effectively replaces the upper steel flange in the final
state (the upper steel flange only needs to be big (b) Cellular Composite Beams
enough to meet construction needs and serve as a (a) Cellular Composite Beams
with expansion plate
platform for the shear studs).
Long Span Truss
• A truss is essentially a triangulated system of
straight interconnected structural elements.
• Trusses are frame works in which the members
are subjected to essentially axial forces due to
externally applied load.
• Bending leads to compression in the top chords
(or horizontal members), tension in the bottom
chords, and either tension or compression in the
vertical and diagonal members, depending on
their orientation.
• The most common use of trusses is in buildings,
where support to roofs, the floors and internal
loading such as services and suspended
ceilings, are readily provided.
• The main reasons for using trusses are: Long
span Lightweight, Reduced deflection
(compared to plain members), Opportunity to
support considerable loads.
Source:https://www.steelconstruction.info/Long-span_trusses
Types of Long Trusses
• Pratt truss (Gravity Loads & Uplift Loads)

• Warren Truss
• North Light Truss
• Fink Truss
Pratt Truss
• Pratt trusses are commonly used in long span
buildings ranging from 20 to 100 m in span.
(a) Gravity Loads
• In a conventional Pratt truss, diagonal
members are in tension for gravity loads. This
type of truss is used where gravity loads are
predominant.
• An alternative Pratt truss is shown where the
diagonal members are in tension for uplift
loads. This type of truss is used where uplift
loads are predominant, which may be the case
(b)Uplift Loads
in open buildings such.
• It is possible to add secondary members to:
Create intermediate support points for applied
loads Limit the buckling length of members in
compression. as Aircraft hangers.
Warren Truss
• In this type of truss, diagonal members are

alternatively in tension and in compression.
• The Warren truss has equal length
compression and tension web members, and
fewer members than a Pratt truss.
• A modified Warren truss may be adopted
where additional members are introduced to
provide a node at (for example) purlin
locations.
• Warren trusses are commonly used in long
span buildings ranging from 20 to 100 m in
span.
• This type of truss is also used for the
horizontal truss of gantry/crane girders.
Warren Truss
North Light Truss
• North light trusses are traditionally used for short
spans in industrial workshop-type buildings. They
allow maximum benefit to be gained from natural
lighting by the use of glazing on the steeper pitch
which generally faces north or north-east to reduce
solar gain.
• On the steeper sloping portion of the truss, it is
typical to have a truss running perpendicular to the
plane of the North Light truss, to provide large
column-free spaces.
• The use of north lights to increase natural daylighting
can reduce the operational carbon emissions of
buildings although their impact should be explored
using dynamic thermal modelling.
• Although north lights reduce the requirement for
artificial lighting and can reduce the risk of
overheating, by increasing the volume of the building
they can also increase the demand for space heating.
Fink Truss
• The Fink truss offers economy in terms of

steel weight for short-span high-pitched roofs
as the members are subdivided into shorter
elements.
• There are many ways of arranging and
subdividing the chords and internal
members. This type of truss is commonly
used to construct roofs in houses.

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A.B.C.M.

LONG SPAN STRUCTURE

• Structures with span larger than 15-20

• Long Span Beams

• The use of long span beams results in a range of

• Parallel Beam Approach

• The parallel beam approach is effective for

• Tapered girders can be a cost-effective

• Haunches may be added at the ends of a

• Pratt truss (Gravity Loads & Uplift Loads)

• In this type of truss, diagonal members are

• The Fink truss offers economy in terms of

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