ABSTRACT

This project is to design and analyze the structural members of a double storey timber residential house

entitled as “A Structural Analysis and Design of a Proposed Two-Storey Timber Residential House” and is

presented by King Thiodore C. Asilo, John Steven O. Espelimbergo, and Angelica A. Villania, as partial

fulfillment for the requirements for CE 412 (Timber Design).

Design of this building follows the NSCP 2015 specifications. The parts analyze and designed includes:

joist, beams, truss, columns and connections. Most importantly, the section was not merely chosen, but it

satisfies certain important criteria. The design obtained was verified by hand-calculation to prove that it is an

effective design for the building.

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1: PROJECT BACKGROUND

1.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………………………1
1.2 The Project ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….4
1.3 Project Objectives ……………………………………………………………………………………………….5
1.4 Project Scope and Limitation …………………………………………………………………………………...5
1.5 Project Development Process ………………………………………………………………………………….6
CHAPTER 2: DESIGN INPUTS
2.1 Architectural Plans ………………………………………………………………………………………………...7
2.2 Structural Plans …………………………………………………………………………………………………...14
2.3 Truss Details ……………………………………………………………………………………………………...18
2.4 List of Loading per Area …………………………………………………………………………………………20
CHAPTER 3: STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
3.1 Design Process for Joist, Beams, and Girders ……………………………………………………………...21
I. SECOND FLOOR
I.A Design of Floor Sheathing ………………………………………………………………………………….22
I.B Design of Floor Joist ………………………………………………………………………………………...23
II. GROUND FLOOR
II.A Design of Floor Sheathing ………………………………………………………………………………… 34
II.B Design of Floor Joist ………………………………………………………………………………………...35
3.2 Design of Truss ……………………………………………………………………………………………………39
APPENDIX …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….40
 CHAPTER 1: PROJECT BACKGROUND

1.1 Introduction

Timber is one of the oldest and most prized materials used

in construction throughout the decades and for good reason.
Timber has been used as a building material for thousands of
years, being second only to stone in terms of its rich and storied
history in the world of construction. Basically, timber is any
wood that is capable of yielding a minimum dimensional size
that can be adapted for building purposes. With a number of
different types of timber, including the finishes, the strength of
the wood and the suitability of the timber to be used in a number
Figure 1 – Timber as Structural Material
of construction techniques, there is simply nothing like timber
to make a shed, home or furniture an amazing finished product that shows all the characteristics of nature and the crafts-
person who created it. It holds and innate attraction for designers and users alike that is why it is used in appearance
applications. Timber is a type of wood which has been processed into beams and planks. The word “Timber” refers to
standing trees or relatively unprocessed felled trees or logs. It is used to make wood pulp, charcoal and burnt for furl
including it is also used for piles, platforms of wooden bridges, doors and windows, panels etc. Timbers can be used for
structural purpose of a building. The use of timber in construction is not new, in fact in construction, the use of timber dates
back to 500 to 100 B.C. Wood, our only basic renewable resource, has been an important part of man’s-built environment.
For this to continue in the future, developments in timber engineering and related technologies should meet the needs and
challenges demanded by building occupants and by society, in general.

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 There are various bases to be considered for the classification of timbers. The following are the important basis: mode
of growth, modulus of elasticity, durability, grading, availability and mode of growth. Timber can also be classified as
hardwood and softwood. As the term implies, hardwood does not mean a harder material (more dense) and a softwood not
necessary to be a softer material (less dense).

Since timber is a natural and renewable building material, it has lesser environmental impact compared to concrete,
steel, and any other building material. Also, because of its versatility and many advantages, timber is still widely used as a
building resource with excellent load bearing and thermal insulation properties. But it also has disadvantages as a building
material.

Advantages of Timber as Building Material

Versatility – Timber is a very versatile construction material. It can be bent into various shapes, bolted to another
material, nailed together and many more host of other important things. It is also extremely easy to store and move because
of its ability to be cut into shape.

Insulation Properties – Since timber is a heat and electrical insulator, this means it has a high resistance to electricity
and high temperatures. Because of this property, it is also a good natural material to use for ceiling and wall covers.

Environmental Sourcing and Renewability – Making timber as a construction material is a renewable construction
material as long as we continue to re-plant the trees that we use.

Disadvantages of Timber as a Building Material

Moisture – Generally, wood will not be attacked by the common fungi at moisture contents below the fiber saturation
point. The fiber saturation point (FSP) for different wood lies between 20 to 35% but 30% is accepted generally.

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 Nutrients - Wood is an organic compound and consists of 50% carbon. That means that wood is a very suitable
nutrient for fungi because fungi derive their energy from oxidation of organic compounds. Decay fungi wood rotters can use
polysaccharides while stain fungi evidently require simple forms such as soluble carbohydrates, proteins and other
substances present in the parenchyma cell of sapwood. Additionally, the presence of nitrogen in wood is necessary for the
growth of fungi in wood.

Insects - Insects are only second to decay fungi in the economic loss they cause to lumber and wood in service.
Insects can be separated into four categories: Termites, powder post beetles, carpenter ants and marine borers.

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1.2 The Project

The project is a two-storey timber residential house located at Bulacan with a total lot area of 50 square meters with
dimensions 10 m x 5 m. The total floor area of the structure is 36 square meters with a dimension of 8 m x 4.5 m. Each
storey has a height of 3.1 meters from the natural grade line.

Figure 2 – Perspective View

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1.3 Project Objectives

The main objective of this project is to design and analyze the structural members of a two-storey timber structure in
accordance with the principles written in NSCP 2015. Other objectives of the project are as follows:

a. To design a two-storey timber residential house that performs satisfactorily during its life span.
b. To design structural members for the structure and have effective design for the building.
c. To provide all the necessary architectural plans, structural plans, and manual computations for the structural analysis
and design of the structure.

1.4 Project Scope and Limitation

The following were the scope covered by the design project:

1. The project was designed in accordance to the National Building Code of the Philippines 2015.
2. All architectural plans (floor plans, elevation plans, and doors and windows schedule) and structural plans (column
layout, and framing plans) were all provided.
3. Manual computations were used to analyze the structural members and truss.

The following were the limitations of the design project:

1. The interior design of the structure was not considered.

2. Only joist, beams, columns, truss and connections were considered in the design.
3. The cost estimate for the whole structure is not provided.

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1.5 Project Development Process

The first phase of the project development process was the planning the residential house that will be constructed.
This phase includes thinking of the objectives, location of the project, and size and aesthetics design of the structure.

In the second phase, architectural plans and structural plans were created. After creating the plans, the next step
was identification of material properties such as the type of wood, its density, cross sectional dimension and other properties
that are necessary for the computations.

The next phase was identification of the loads on the structure. These loads include: dead load, live load and wind
load. Using the identified loads, the designer was able to proceed to last phase of the process which is the manual
computation for the structural analysis of the structure.

ARCHITECTURAL IDENTIFICATION
IDENTIFICATION
PLANNING AND STRUCTURAL OF MATERIAL COMPUTATIONS
OF LOADS
PLANS PROPERTIES

FIGURE 3 – Project Development Process

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 CHAPTER 2: DESIGN INPUTS

2.1 Architectural Plans

FIGURE 4 – Ground Floor Plan

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FIGURE 5 – Second Floor Plan

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FIGURE 6 – Roof Plan

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FIGURE 7 – Front Elevation

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FIGURE 8 – Left Side Elevation

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FIGURE 8 – Rear Elevation

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FIGURE 9 – Right Side Elevation

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2.2 Structural Plans

FIGURE 10 – Column Layout

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FIGURE 11 – Second Floor Framing Plan

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FIGURE 12 – Stair Details

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FIGURE 13 – Roof Framing Plan

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2.3 Truss Details

FIGURE 14 – Truss Details

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 In this structure, the main wood used was Apitong, which is from the Group I (High Strength), with 80% Stress
Grade. For some minimal parts (walls), Almaciga was used, which is from Group IV (Moderately Low Strength) with 50%
Stress Grade.

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2.4 List of Loading per Area

Ground Floor
Dimension Minimum Design Load
Area
Short Side (m) Long Side (m) Area (m2) Occupancy Live Load (kPa)
S-1 4.0 4.5 18.0 Basic Floor Area 1.9
S-2 4.0 4.5 18.0 Basic Floor Area 1.9
Total Ground Floor Area 36

Second Floor
Dimension Minimum Design Load
Area
Short Side (m) Long Side (m) Area (m2) Occupancy Live Load (kPa)
S-3 4.0 4.5 18.0 Basic Floor Area 1.9
S-4 4.0 4.5 18.0 Basic Floor Area 1.9
Total Second Floor Area 36
Total Floor Area 72

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 CHAPTER 3: STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

3.1 Design Process for Joists, Beams, and Girders

FLOOR SHEATHING

WEIGHT (DL+LL) FLOOR JOISTS

DISTRIBUTION OF THE
COMPONENTS

YES WITH
WALLS?
NO

ADD WALLS AND STUDS BEAMS

YES BEAMS NO

ADD WALLS AND STUDS

YES WITH
WALLS?
NO

GIRDER DESIGN AND

INVESTIGATION

FIGURE 15 – Design Process for Joists, Beams, and Girders

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I. SECOND FLOOR
I.A. Design of Floor Sheathing

Procedure:
1. Assume the spacing of the joists that will carry the load from the panels
2. Choose the panel span thickness and width (Table 6.10 NSCP) according to the panel span rating (joist spacing).
3. Calculate the quantity of the panels that can be placed within the beam.

𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ (𝑠)
𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑥2
𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙 (𝑤)

Sheathing Dimensions (m)

Slab
Length (s) Length (l) Spacing (s) Panel (t) Panel (w) Quantity
S-1 4 4.5 0.4 0.016 0.6 14
S-2 4 4.5 0.4 0.016 0.6 14

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I.B Design of Floor Joists

Procedure

Part 1. Solving for Total Weight to be carried by Joists

a. Get the Total Weight due to Floor Sheathing

b. Calculate the Area of Openings of Walls within the Floor Joists
c. Choose the Stud Dimensions from NSCP Table 6.23.
d. Get the Total Weight due to Wall Studs within the Floor Joists considering Area of Openings
e. Get the Total Weight due to Walls within the Floor Joists considering Area of Openings
f. Sum up all the Weights.

Part 2. Design the Dimensions of the Floor Joists

a. Assume the width (b) of the floor joist.

b. Get the maximum shear and maximum moment due to the total weight.
c. Solve for the depth (d) using the allowable bending stress, shearing stress, and deflection.
d. Get the maximum d among the three.

Part 3

a. Solve for stress adjustments.

b. Solve for the new Weight of the building (include the self-weight of the joist already).
c. Investigate whether the dimensions will be safe due to the allowable bending stress, shearing

stress, and deflection.

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 Weight due to panels
SLAB ϒ (kN/m3) E Mpa WDL kPa WLL kPa W kN/m
S-1 8.142 8220 0.9119 1.9 1.1248
S-2 8.142 8220 0.9119 1.9 1.1248

Weight due to Studs

L (wall) h s b d ϒ quantity W
4 3.1 0.6 0.075 0.15 8.142 7 1.98767
4 3.1 0.6 0.075 0.15 8.142 7 0.49692

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 Weight due to walls (Almaciga)
Slabs h t ρ ϒ W
S-1 3.1 0.02 0.41 4.0221 0.24937
S-2 3.1 0.02 0.41 4.0221 0.24937
s
W = Yth
Where t is assumed (0.1 x 2 = 0.2)

Design Parameters
Slab WT V kN M kNm b mm
S-1 3.3618 6.7236 6.7236 100
S-2 1.8710 3.7421 3.7421 100

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 Bending Shearing Deflection
Slab
Fb Mpa d (mm) Fv (Mpa) d (mm) δ(a) (mm) d d'
S-1 24.5 128.3197 2.49 31.5646 11.1111 170.1494 190
S-2 24.5 95.7304 2.49 23.5482 11.1111 170.1494 190

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 Adjustment due to Slenderness
Span le Cs Ck F'b
S-1 7.68 12.0797 14.855 20.929084
S-2 7.68 12.0797 14.855 20.929084

*If Cs <10: *If 10<Cs<Ck: *If Cs>Ck:

Slabs Bending Shearing Deflection

Wnew M fb Remarks V fv Remarks δ Remarks
S-1 3.5165 7.0330 11.6892 ok 7.0330 0.5552 ok 24.9481 ok
S-2 2.0257 4.0515 6.7338 ok 4.0515 0.3199 ok 14.3718 ok

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 I.A. Design of Floor Sheathing

Procedure:
4. Assume the spacing of the joists that will carry the load from the panels
5. Choose the panel span thickness and width (Table 6.10 NSCP) according to the panel span rating (joist spacing).
6. Calculate the quantity of the panels that can be placed within the beam.

𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ (𝑠)
𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑥2
𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙 (𝑤)

Sheathing Dimensions (m)

Slab
Length (s) Length (l) Spacing (s) Panel (t) Panel (w) Quantity
S-1 4 4.5 0.4 0.016 0.6 14
S-2 4 4.5 0.4 0.016 0.6 14

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I.B Design of Floor Joists

Procedure

Part 1. Solving for Total Weight to be carried by Joists

g. Get the Total Weight due to Floor Sheathing

h. Calculate the Area of Openings of Walls within the Floor Joists
i. Choose the Stud Dimensions from NSCP Table 6.23.
j. Get the Total Weight due to Wall Studs within the Floor Joists considering Area of Openings
k. Get the Total Weight due to Walls within the Floor Joists considering Area of Openings
l. Sum up all the Weights.

Part 2. Design the Dimensions of the Floor Joists

e. Assume the width (b) of the floor joist.

f. Get the maximum shear and maximum moment due to the total weight.
g. Solve for the depth (d) using the allowable bending stress, shearing stress, and deflection.
h. Get the maximum d among the three.

Part 3

d. Solve for stress adjustments.

e. Solve for the new Weight of the building (include the self-weight of the joist already).
f. Investigate whether the dimensions will be safe due to the allowable bending stress, shearing

stress, and deflection.

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 Weight due to panels
SLAB ϒ (kN/m3) E Mpa WDL kPa WLL kPa W kN/m
S-1 8.142 8220 0.9119 1.9 1.1248
S-2 8.142 8220 0.9119 1.9 1.1248

Weight due to Studs

L (wall) h s b d ϒ quantity W
4 3.1 0.6 0.075 0.15 8.142 7 1.98767
4 3.1 0.6 0.075 0.15 8.142 7 0.49692

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 Weight due to walls (Almaciga)
Slabs h t ρ ϒ W
S-1 3.1 0.02 0.41 4.0221 0.24937
S-2 3.1 0.02 0.41 4.0221 0.24937
s
W = Yth
Where t is assumed (0.1 x 2 = 0.2)

Design Parameters
Slab WT V kN M kNm b mm
S-1 3.3618 6.7236 6.7236 100
S-2 1.8710 3.7421 3.7421 100

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 Bending Shearing Deflection
Slab
Fb Mpa d (mm) Fv (Mpa) d (mm) δ(a) (mm) d d'
S-1 24.5 128.3197 2.49 31.5646 11.1111 170.1494 190
S-2 24.5 95.7304 2.49 23.5482 11.1111 170.1494 190

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 Adjustment due to Slenderness
Span le Cs Ck F'b
S-1 7.68 12.0797 14.855 20.929084
S-2 7.68 12.0797 14.855 20.929084

*If Cs <10: *If 10<Cs<Ck: *If Cs>Ck:

Slabs Bending Shearing Deflection

Wnew M fb Remarks V fv Remarks δ Remarks
S-1 3.5165 7.0330 11.6892 ok 7.0330 0.5552 ok 24.9481 ok
S-2 2.0257 4.0515 6.7338 ok 4.0515 0.3199 ok 14.3718 ok

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II. GROUND FLOOR
II.A. Design of Floor Sheathing

Procedure:
7. Assume the spacing of the joists that will carry the load from the panels
8. Choose the panel span thickness and width (Table 6.10 NSCP) according to the panel span rating (joist spacing).
9. Calculate the quantity of the panels that can be placed within the beam.

𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ (𝑠)
𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑥2
𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙 (𝑤)

Sheathing Dimensions (m)

Slab
Length (s) Length (l) Spacing (s) Panel (t) Panel (w) Quantity
S-3 4 4.5 0.4 0.016 0.6 14
S-4 4 4.5 0.4 0.016 0.6 14

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II.B Design of Floor Joists

Procedure

Part 1. Solving for Total Weight to be carried by Joists

m. Get the Total Weight due to Floor Sheathing

n. Calculate the Area of Openings of Walls within the Floor Joists
o. Choose the Stud Dimensions from NSCP Table 6.23.
p. Get the Total Weight due to Wall Studs within the Floor Joists considering Area of Openings
q. Get the Total Weight due to Walls within the Floor Joists considering Area of Openings
r. Sum up all the Weights.

Part 2. Design the Dimensions of the Floor Joists

i. Assume the width (b) of the floor joist.

j. Get the maximum shear and maximum moment due to the total weight.
k. Solve for the depth (d) using the allowable bending stress, shearing stress, and deflection.
l. Get the maximum d among the three.

Part 3

g. Solve for stress adjustments.

h. Solve for the new Weight of the building (include the self-weight of the joist already).
i. Investigate whether the dimensions will be safe due to the allowable bending stress, shearing

stress, and deflection.

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 Weight due to panels
SLAB ϒ (kN/m3) E Mpa WDL kPa WLL kPa W kN/m
S-3 8.142 8220 0.9119 1.9 1.1248
S-4 8.142 8220 0.9119 1.9 1.1248

Weight due to Studs

L (wall) h s b d ϒ quantity W
4 3.1 0.6 0.075 0.15 8.142 7 1.98767
4 3.1 0.6 0.075 0.15 8.142 7 0.49692

Weight due to walls (Almaciga)

Slabs h t ρ ϒ W
S-3 3.1 0.02 0.41 4.0221 0.24937
S-4 3.1 0.02 0.41 4.0221 0.24937

W = Yth
Where t is assumed (0.1 x 2 = 0.2)

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 Design Parameters
Slab WT V kN M kNm b mm
S-3 3.3618 6.7236 6.7236 100
S-4 1.8710 3.7421 3.7421 100

Bending Shearing Deflection

Slab
Fb Mpa d (mm) Fv (Mpa) d (mm) δ(a) (mm) d d'
S-3 24.5 128.3197 2.49 31.5646 11.1111 170.1494 190
S-4 24.5 95.7304 2.49 23.5482 11.1111 170.1494 190

Adjustment due to Slenderness

Span le Cs Ck F'b
S-3 7.68 12.0797 14.855 20.929084
S-4 7.68 12.0797 14.855 20.929084

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 *If Cs <10: *If 10<Cs<Ck: *If Cs>Ck:

Slabs Bending Shearing Deflection

Wnew M fb Remarks V fv Remarks δ Remarks
S-3 3.5165 7.0330 11.6892 ok 7.0330 0.5552 ok 24.9481 ok
S-4 2.0257 4.0515 6.7338 ok 4.0515 0.3199 ok 14.3718 ok

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3.2 Design of Truss
In this part, only the critical part is subjected to design. The dimension that will be taken
will also be applied to all other trusses.
Procedure:
1) Determine all the loads acting on the truss (consider only the vertical forces).
2) Put all the uniform loads into the joints of the truss.
3) Compute for the reaction and the axial forces in the truss.
4) Check the maximum axial load for the allowable compressive stress (adjusted).

TRUSS PURLINS
Length Wpurlins Quantity
11 0.103005 22 RESULTS
Corner Mid
Load Mid Truss Ceiling
LOADS 4.82328637 9.14299273 1.00716
Roof
W Sheathing LL Wind Load Roof Beam Ceiling
2.26611 0.086328 0.75 1.60996894 0.41202 0.13734

a) To get the quantity of the purlins, we divide the of the sheathing, roof live load, wind load, and weight
length of the truss (sloping) to the sum of the due to the purlins and multiply it by the length.
spacing and width of a purlin. We then multiply it
c) To get the vertical loads on the ceiling, we get the
by 2.
ceiling load and the roof beam then multiply by the
b) To get the vertical loads on the truss, we get the
length of that beam.
pressures (vertical component)

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 APPENDIX – REFERENCES

http://www.fao.org/3/w4095e/w4095e0c.htm
http://www.kultur.gov.tr/EN-98769/wood-as-a-building-material-it39s-benefits-and-disadvan-.html
https://www.georgelines.co.uk/building-materials-2/the-benefits-of-using-timber-in-construction/
http://buildersmerchantsnews.co.uk/news/fullstory.php/aid/13950/10_benefits_of_using_timber_frame_building.html
https://www.osheastimber.com.au/classification-of-timber-and-their-effect-in-our-everyday-life/

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