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    BIO 103 Lecture 2

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    Samiul Hasan Pranto
    Life is organized hierarchically from atoms to biosphere. At the lowest level, atoms consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Atoms bond together via ionic or covalent bonds to form molecules, which are the basic units of matter and chemical compounds. Molecules further organize into larger structures like organelles, cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. Multiple organisms interacting in an environment compose an ecosystem, and all ecosystems on Earth make up the biosphere.

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    BIO 103 Lecture 2

    Uploaded by

    Samiul Hasan Pranto
    58 views25 pages
    Life is organized hierarchically from atoms to biosphere. At the lowest level, atoms consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Atoms bond together via ionic or covalent bonds to form molecules, which are the basic units of matter and chemical compounds. Molecules further organize into larger structures like organelles, cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. Multiple organisms interacting in an environment compose an ecosystem, and all ecosystems on Earth make up the biosphere.

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    BIO 103 Lecture 2

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    Life is organized hierarchically from atoms to biosphere. At the lowest level, atoms consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Atoms bond together via ionic or covalent bonds to form molecules, which are the basic units of matter and chemical compounds. Molecules further organize into larger structures like organelles, cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. Multiple organisms interacting in an environment compose an ecosystem, and all ecosystems on Earth make up the biosphere.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    58 views25 pages

    BIO 103 Lecture 2

    Uploaded by

    Samiul Hasan Pranto
    Life is organized hierarchically from atoms to biosphere. At the lowest level, atoms consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Atoms bond together via ionic or covalent bonds to form molecules, which are the basic units of matter and chemical compounds. Molecules further organize into larger structures like organelles, cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. Multiple organisms interacting in an environment compose an ecosystem, and all ecosystems on Earth make up the biosphere.

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    of 25

    Chemistry of Life

    1
    Hierarchy of Organization of Life
    Life is Organized on Several Levels.
    Working from smallest to largest:
    ❑ Atoms : the simplest particle of an element
    ❑ Molecules : a chemical structure consisting of
    atoms
    ❑ Organelle : a structural component of a cell
    ❑ Cell : life’s fundamental unit of structure
    and function
    ❑ Tissue : a group of similar cells
    ❑ Organ : specialized body parts made up of
    tissues
    ❑ Organ system : several organs performing same
    function
    ❑ Organism : an individual living thing

    2
    Hierarchical organization of life
    ❑ Population : all individuals of a species in a particular
    area
    ❑ Community : all organisms in an ecosystem
    ❑ Ecosystem : all living and nonliving things in a particular
    area
    ❑ Biosphere : all environments on Earth

    3
    Hierarchical organization of life
    The biosphere
    Organelles
    Ecosystems Cell Molecules

    Atoms

    Tissues
    Communities Organism

    Organs and organ systems


    Populations

    Example: Earth → Deciduous Forest → Living Things in Forest → All Maple


    Trees → Individual Maple Tree → Leaves → Leaf Surface → Leaf Cell →
    Chloroplast → Chlorophyll → Phosphorous

    4
    Hierarchical organization of life

    5
    Hierarchical organization of life

    6
    CHEMISTRY
    Composition of Matter
    ■ Matter - Everything in universe
    is composed of matter
    ■ Matter is anything that
    occupies space or has mass
    ■ Mass – quantity of matter
    an object has
    ■ Weight – pull of gravity
    on an object
    Elements
    ■ Pure substances that cannot be broken down
    chemically into simpler kinds of matter
    ■ consists only of atoms with the same number of
    protons
    ■ More than 100 elements (92 naturally occurring)
    Four most common chemicals in living
    organisms
    ■ 90% of the mass of an organism is
    composed of 4 elements (oxygen, carbon,
    hydrogen and nitrogen)
    ■ Each element unique chemical symbol
    ■ Consists of 1-2 letters
    ■ First letter is always capitalized
    Atoms

    ■ The simplest particle of an element that retains


    all the properties of that element
    ■ Properties of atoms determine the structure and
    properties of the matter they compose
    ■ Building block of matter.
    ■ Consist of smaller subatomic particles:
    ■ positively charged protons (p+)
    ■ uncharged neutrons and
    ■ negatively charged electrons (e-).
    The Nucleus

    ■ Central core, consisting of positive


    charged protons and neutral neutrons
    ■ Positively charged
    ■ Contains most of the mass of the atom

    Mass number = Total number of protons and neutrons


    in the nucleus of an element's atoms.
    The Protons
    ■ Positively charged subatomic particle that occurs in
    the nucleus of all atoms.
    ■ All atoms of a given element have the same number
    of protons
    ■ Number of protons called the atomic number
    ■ Number of protons balanced by an equal number of
    negatively charged electrons
    The Neutrons
    ■ Uncharged subatomic particle in the atomic nucleus.
    ■ The number varies slightly among atoms of the same
    element
    ■ Different number of neutrons produces isotopes of
    the same element
    The Electrons
    ■ Negatively charged high energy particles with
    little or no mass
    ■ Travel at very high speeds at various distances
    (energy levels) from the nucleus
    ■ Electrons in the same energy level are approximately
    the same distance from the nucleus
    ■ Outer energy levels have more energy than inner
    levels
    ■ Each level holds only a certain number of electrons
    Why Electrons Matters IONS

    Atoms with vacancies tend to interact with other atoms: They give up, acquire, or
    share electrons until they have no vacancies in their outermost shell. Any atom
    is in its most stable state when it has no vacancies.
    From Atoms to Molecules
    ■ A molecule is a group of atoms that are bound tightly together
    by chemical bonds
    ■ Compound = combination of two or more different elements
    (e.g. H2O)
    ■ Molecules are held together by chemical bonds
    ■ Chemical Bond: A molecule is a particle composed of two or
    more atoms. The force that holds the atoms together in a
    molecule is called a chemical bond.
    ■ ionic bonds
    ■ covalent bonds
    ■ Molecules that consist of two or more different elements are
    called compounds
    Chemical Bonds
    ▪ Covalent
    ▪ Ionic
    ▪ Hydrogen

    Chemical bonds involve atoms sharing, donating or accepting electrons


    Ionic Bonds

    A bond that is formed by the transfer of electrons is called an ionic bond.


    Covalent Bonding

    Sharing of pairs of electrons is called covalent bonding.


    Two Types of Covalent Bonds
    ■ Nonpolar Covalent Bond
    ■ The atoms participating in the bond are sharing electrons equally.
    There is no difference in charge between the two ends of such
    bonds.

    ■ Polar Covalent Bond


    ■ Atoms participating in the bonds do not share electrons equally.
    ■ One atom pulls the electrons a little more toward its "end" of the
    bond, so that atom bears a slightly negative charge. The atom at the
    other end of the bond bears a slightly positive charge.
    Polar Covalent Bond
    ▪ Polarity occurs when atoms
    share electrons unequally
    due to
    differences in
    electronegativities.
    This is seen in water
    (H2O).

    ▪ More electronegative atoms


    tend to pull electrons
    toward them creating a
    polar molecule.
    The oxygen atom in a water molecule carries a slight negative
    charge, and each of the hydrogen atoms carries a slight positive
    charge. Any separation of charge into distinct positive and negative
    regions is called polarity.
    Ionization
    ▪ Molecules formed by ionic
    bonding breakup
    (ionization)
    when dissolved in water
    (solvent), producing
    separate positive (cation)
    and negative (anion) ions.

    ▪These ions conduct


    electricity and thus called
    electrolytes.
    Hydrogen Bonds
    ■ A hydrogen bond is a weak attraction between a hydrogen atom
    and another atom taking part in a separate polar covalent bond
    ■ Like ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds form by the mutual attraction
    of opposite charges.
    ■ Hydrogen bonds form and break much more easily
    ▪ Hydrogen bonding is
    formed between the
    partially positive
    (hydrogen) end of a
    polar molecule and the
    negative end of
    another
    (e.g. O2 or N2).

    ▪ Example : Water molecules

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