Basic Aerodynamic Principles - AERODYN1 Part 4

HOLY ANGEL UNIVERSITY
School of Engineering & Architecture

Aeronautical Engineering Program
Instructional Material in AERODYNAMICS 1
Prepared by: Engr. Roberto R. Renigen | robertrenigen@gmail.com
The Kutta-Joukowski Theorem

LIFT DUE TO CIRCULATION
Vortex - the circulation of particles of fluid having the same energy content and center of
rotation.
V = 2V∞sinθ
Prepared by: Engr. Roberto R. Renigen | robertrenigen@gmail.com 42


Where:
dF = force acting normal to the element of area, rdθ
rdθ = area of element
sin θ = − dL
dF
dL =-sinθdF
dL =-Prsinθdθ
By Incompressible Bernoulli Equation:

P V2 P∞ V∞ 2
+ = +
ρ∞ 2 ρ∞ 2
ρ
(
2 − V2
P = P∞ + ∞ V∞
2
)
ρ∞  2  Γ  
2
P = P∞ + V∞ −  2V∞ sin θ +  
2   2πr  
 
π  ρ∞  2  Γ   
2
L 
0
dL = 
−π
 ∞
P +
2


V∞  ∞
−

2 V sin θ +
2 πr
   r sin θdθ
 
   
L =ρ∞V∞Γ
Where:
L = lift per unit span in lb/ft or N/m
ρ ∞ =freestream density in slug/ft3 or kg/m3
V∞ = freestream velocity in fps or mps
Γ = strength of circulation in ft2/s or m2/s (= 2пrV)
V = tangential velocity in fps or mps (= 2пrN)
r = radius of cylinder in ft or m
N = rotational speed in rps
For total lift

LT = L x l
Where:
LT = total lift in lb or N
l = length of the cylinder in ft or m


Example:
1. A cylinder 30 in. in diameter rotates in an airstream of 70 mph. If develops 40 lb of lift
per foot of length, what is the rotational speed?
Given:
d = 30 / 12 ft
V∞ = 70 x 22 / 15 ft / sec
L = 40 lb / ft
Required:
N
Solution:
L = ρ∞V∞Γ = ρ∞V∞ (2π r V ) = ρ∞ V (2π r )(2π r N )
2
d 
L = 4 π 2 r 2 ρ∞V∞ N = (4)(π )  ( ρ∞ )(V∞ )( N )
2
L 40
N= 2 2 = 2 2
= 2.66 rev / sec
π d ρ∞V∞ (π ) (30 / 12) (0.002377)(70 X 22 / 15)

VISCOUS EFFECTS, THE BOUNDARY LAYER AND FLOW

SEPARATION
SKIN FRICTION - skin friction is air resistance, and it is the tangential component of force on
the surface of a body due to the friction between the two particles.
STREAMLINE AND TURBULENT FLOW - a streamline flow may be defined as smooth non-
turbulent flow. A turbulent flow is defined as a flow characterized by turbulence that is a flow
in which the velocity varies erratically in both magnitude and direction with time.
LAMINAR FLOW – the word laminar is derived from the Latin word lamina meaning a thin
plate of metal or some other material. Laminar flow employs the concept that air is flowing in
thin sheets or layers close to the surface of a wing with no disturbance between the layers of
air.
BOUNDARY LAYER– the boundary layer is that layer of air adjacent to the airfoil surface.
The cause of the boundary layer is the friction between the surface of the wing and the air.


LAMINAR BOUNDARY LAYER
In the laminar boundary layers the flow is steady and smooth. As a result, the layer is
very thin, and so the form drag is very small. Also, the velocity gradient at the walls, though
large enough to give significant viscous stress, is yet only moderate, so that the skin friction,
though not negligible, is also very small.
5 .2 X
δ=
R Nx
Where:
δ = laminar boundary layer thickness
X = transition point
R N = transition Reynolds number
x
The “rubbing” of the boundary layer on the flat plate gives rise to friction forces Df:
friction drag. The skin-friction drag coefficient for a plate in laminar flow is given by:
Df 2.656
Cf = =
1 ρV 2 S RN
2
Where:
RN = Reynolds number based on the total plate length


TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER
In turbulent boundary layers the flow is unsteady and not smooth, but eddying.
When the flow is transitioned to turbulent flow, the boundary layer thickness will be
increased. In fact, this phenomenon is often used to determine the location of the transition
region. The boundary layer thickness can be determined by:
0.37X
δ=
(R Nx )1 / 5
The skin-friction drag coefficient for a flat plate can be calculated with Schlichting’s
formula:
Df 0.910
Cf = =
1 ρV 2S (log R )2.58
2 10 N
Where:
ρVL ρVc
RN = =
µ µ
ρ = air density in slug /ft3 or kg/m3
V = air velocity in ft/s or m/s
L = characteristic length of the body in the flow direction and is equal to the
chord length for an airfoil in feet or meters.
slug kg
µ = coefficient of dynamic viscosity in or
ft − sec m − sec
For air, µ increases with temperature and can be calculated by the following approximate
formula for the standard atmosphere:
3
2.329 x10−8 T 2 slug
µ= , , T in °R
T + 216 ft − sec
or
3
1.458 x10− 6 T 2 kg
µ= , , T in K
T + 110.4 m − sec
At low Reynolds numbers, the flow in the boundary layer is laminar (laminar boundary
layer). Above certain “transition Reynolds numbers”, the flow becomes turbulent (turbulent
boundary layer).
Transition takes place on a flat plate at point x determined by:
 ρVx 
(R N x )crit. =   = 3.5 x105 to 106
 µ  crit.


Example:
1. Two plates, one having 6 ft. span and 3 ft. chord, the other having 9 ft. span and 6 ft.
chord, are placed in different airstreams. The freestream velocity for the smaller plate
is 100 ft/sec. It is found that the total skin-friction drag for the two plates is the same.
Find the airspeed for the larger plate. Assume laminar flow at standard sea level
conditions.
Given:
Small Plate
bS = 6'
cS = 3'
VS = 100 ft / sec
Large Plate
bL = 9'
c L = 6'
Skin-friction drag is the same
Standard sea level conditions
Required:
VL
Solution:
D f S = D fL
1 1
cf S ρVS2 S S = c f L ρVL2 S L
2 2
2.656 2 2.656
VS bS cS = ρVL2bL cL
RN s RN L
VS2bS cS V 2b c
= L L L
ρVS cS ρVL c L
µ µ
VS3 / 2 bS c1S/ 2 = VL3 / 2 bL c1L/ 2
2/3 1/ 3 2/3 1/ 3
b   cs  6 3
VL = VS  S    = (100)    = 60.57 ft / sec
 bL   cL  9 6

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HOLY ANGEL UNIVERSITY

School of Engineering & Architecture

Prepared by: Engr. Roberto R. Renigen | robertrenigen@gmail.com

The Kutta-Joukowski Theorem

Prepared by: Engr. Roberto R. Renigen | robertrenigen@gmail.com 42

Prepared by: Engr. Roberto R. Renigen | robertrenigen@gmail.com

By Incompressible Bernoulli Equation:

For total lift

Prepared by: Engr. Roberto R. Renigen | robertrenigen@gmail.com 43

Prepared by: Engr. Roberto R. Renigen | robertrenigen@gmail.com

Prepared by: Engr. Roberto R. Renigen | robertrenigen@gmail.com 44

Prepared by: Engr. Roberto R. Renigen | robertrenigen@gmail.com

VISCOUS EFFECTS, THE BOUNDARY LAYER AND FLOW

Prepared by: Engr. Roberto R. Renigen | robertrenigen@gmail.com 45

Prepared by: Engr. Roberto R. Renigen | robertrenigen@gmail.com

Prepared by: Engr. Roberto R. Renigen | robertrenigen@gmail.com 46

Prepared by: Engr. Roberto R. Renigen | robertrenigen@gmail.com

Prepared by: Engr. Roberto R. Renigen | robertrenigen@gmail.com 47

Prepared by: Engr. Roberto R. Renigen | robertrenigen@gmail.com

Prepared by: Engr. Roberto R. Renigen | robertrenigen@gmail.com 48

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