Orifices, Nozzle jets

Presenter: CSMantawil
 Orifice meter
●
is a device used for measuring the rate of flow of a fluid flowing through a pipe.
●
It is a cheaper device as compared to venturimeter. This also work on the same principle
as that of venturimeter.
●
It consists of flat circular plate which has a circular hole, in concentric with the pipe, called
as orifice.
●
The diameter of orifice is generally 0.5 times the diameter of the pipe (D), although it may
vary from 0.4 to 0.8 times the pipe diameter.

orifice plates
 coefficient of velocity, Cv

V actual velocity
Neglecting unequal velocity distribution in the x-section, C v= =
as well as head loss, V t theroretical velocity

p A v 2A pB v 2t VA = velocity of approach then

γ + 2 g +h= γ + 2 g Vt = theoretical velocity at jet
V =C v V t =C v √ 2 gh
if chambers A and B are both atmospheric,

√
2
VA
V t = (2 g [h+ ])
2g
if the area of chamber is large, compared with the orifice
area,we may neglect the velocity of approach, leading to
V t=√2 g h
 Coefficient of Contraction, Cc
Due to the inertia of the inertia of the particales lying close to the inner wall, they cannot
make abrupt changes in their directions as they reach the opening. This causes them to
follow curvilinear paths effecting a contraction of the jet up to a section at which the
stream paths are assumed to be parallel. That section where contraction of the jet
ceases is called the “vena contracta”. It occurs at about 0.5 to 0.6Do from the plane of
the orifice

The coefficient of contraction is the ratio of the cross-sectional area of

the jet at the vena contracta and the cross-sectional area of the orifice
Aj
C c= or A j=C c A o
Ao
if V is the actual mean velocity in the vena contracta, the discharge
through the orifice is
we can also let CcxCv = C to represent the
Q=C c A o x C v √ 2 gH coefficient of discharge or Q=C A o x √ 2 gH
 A) Orifice with rounded edges. (B) Orifice with sharp
edges results in vena contracta, jet diameter less than
orifice diameter.

Streamline patterns and contraction coefficients

for four orifice shapes: (A) sharp edge, (B) well
rounded, (C) square, and (D) reentrant.

Values shown are typical. A more detailed values of Cc may be found in table from textbooks.
Loss of Head
The loss of head HL between a section upstream of
the orifice and the vena contracta is with V = velocity at the vena contracta
(actual velocity)

HL V2 2
} H L =H − =H (1−C v ) or
2g

(1
H L = 2 −1
Cv
V2
2g )
Submerged orifice
Neglecting head loss,

or letting z1-z2 = H, and both reservoir to be

atmospheric,

Q=C A o x √ 2 gH
Coordinate method of determining the velocity of the jet
from kinematics with jet stream subject for gravity force,

V = velocity at the vena contracta

x=V⋅t =C v⋅√ 2 gH⋅t

1
y= g t 2 (free-falling)
2
combining the above equations will give

x
C v=
√ 4 yH
 Sample problems
1. Compressed air is used to force water through a 25-mm-diameter orifice in a large tank as
shown in Figure 1. The water level in the tank is kept stable by adding water at the same
rate at which it is being discharged through the orifice. The orifice has rounded corners, and the
manufacturer’s literature indicates that the discharge coefficient is approximately equal to 0.94.
Under a particular operating condition, the gauge pressure of the air above the water surface
is 300 kPa, the water surface is 1.2 m above the centroid of the orifice, and the temperature of
the water is 20◦C. At what rate must water be supplied to the tank to maintain a steady-state
condition?
 Soln: Soln: @ 20oC, γwater = 9.79 kN/m3
Applying Bernoulli’s equation from chamber (A) to jet (B), (zA-zB) = h

p A v 2A p B v 2t
γ + 2 g +z A = γ + 2 g + z B
p A p B v 2A v 2t
( γ − γ )+ +( z A −z B )=
2g 2g
300 V 2t
( −0)+1.2=
9.79 2g
V t =24.995 m/ s

Q=C d V t (Note: I used Cd instead of C)

π 2 Hence, water must be added to the tank at a rate

Q=(0.94) (0.025) (24.995)Q=11.53 m /s of 11.5 L/s to maintain a steady-state condition.
4
Ex 2. The horizontal orifice shown is 7.5 cm in dia. with C c = 0.63, Cv =0.98. When H = 2.30
m, compute the height to which the jet will rise above the orifice. What is the diameter of
the jet 1 m above the orifice? Neglect air friction.

soln:
Due to headloss, the water level will only rise
to a distance z
z=H − H L but
H L =H (1−C 2v )
z =2.3−2.3(1−0.982 )=2.21 m
The actual velocity of the jet (pt 1) is
V 1 =C v √ 2 g H

V 1 =0.98 √ 2(9.81)(2.3)=6.58 m/ s
 Between pts 1 and 2, the energy equation,
with air friction neglected would be:
p1 v 21 p2 v 22
γ + 2 g + z1 = γ + 2 g +z 2
2
6.58 2
v
0+ +0=0+ 2 +1
2g 2g
V 2 =4.87 m/ s
Aj
Since Cc=0.63 by which C c= or A j=C c A o
Ao
( π ) d 2j =0.63( π )(7.5)2
4 4
d j=5.95 cm
By continuity equation, at points 1 and 2,
A1 V 1 = A 2 V 2
π (5.95)2 (6.58)= π ( D )2 (4.87)
2
4 4
D 2 =6.92 cm
Discharge under falling/rising head (Unsteady Flow)
The time that will elapse while the head is
being reduced (or increased) from h1 to h2
is usually required
When Q 1 ≠Q 2 unsteady flow

At the instance when the head is h, the discharge is

Q=C A √ 2 gh

in the infinitesimal time dt, the corresponding volume which flow out is:
dV =C A √ 2 gh⋅dt
in the same infinitesimal time dt, the drop dh and the volume discharged will be:
dV = A s dh where As = area of the liquid surface when the head is h
 Equating the values of dV,
A s dh=CA √ 2 gh⋅dt or

A s dh
dt =
CA √ 2 gh
By expressing As in terms of h and integrating between h 1 and
h2, the time required to draw the reservoir down the desired
amount can be determined.

A hemispherical shell, with base horizontal and uppermost, is filled with

Sample Problem: water. If the radius is 2.5 m, determine the time required to empty the
container through a sharp-edged 15 cm diameter orifice (C=0.60) located
at the lowest point.
 A s dh
Solution: from dt =
CA √ 2 gh
h1
1 A s dh
t=
CA o √ 2 g
∫ h
1 /2
let (head h =y)
h2

A s dh= π x 2 dy or π (5 y− y 2 )dy
2.5 2
π (5 y− y ) dy
t= ∫
CA o √ 2 g 0 y 1/ 2
The equation of the semi-circular 2.5
section is: π
t= π ∫
0.60( )(0.15) √ 2 g 0
2
( 5 y 1/2
− y 3 /2
) dy
( x−0)2 +( y−2.5)2 =2.52 or 4
x 2=5 y− y 2 t =620 s
Thank you
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