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    Edited Revised Lesson 1 - (Purposive Communication)

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    JELICEL ATE
    The document provides an overview of communication principles, processes, and ethics. It defines communication in several ways and lists key elements such as the sender, message, channel, receiver, noise, and feedback. It also outlines general principles of effective communication, purposes of communication, types of communication, and models of communication including linear models and interactive models.

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    Edited Revised Lesson 1 - (Purposive Communication)

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    JELICEL ATE
    94 views43 pages
    The document provides an overview of communication principles, processes, and ethics. It defines communication in several ways and lists key elements such as the sender, message, channel, receiver, noise, and feedback. It also outlines general principles of effective communication, purposes of communication, types of communication, and models of communication including linear models and interactive models.

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    Edited Revised Lesson 1 - (Purposive Communication)

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    The document provides an overview of communication principles, processes, and ethics. It defines communication in several ways and lists key elements such as the sender, message, channel, receiver, noise, and feedback. It also outlines general principles of effective communication, purposes of communication, types of communication, and models of communication including linear models and interactive models.

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    94 views43 pages

    Edited Revised Lesson 1 - (Purposive Communication)

    Uploaded by

    JELICEL ATE
    The document provides an overview of communication principles, processes, and ethics. It defines communication in several ways and lists key elements such as the sender, message, channel, receiver, noise, and feedback. It also outlines general principles of effective communication, purposes of communication, types of communication, and models of communication including linear models and interactive models.

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    Communication Principles,

    Processes, and Ethics


    Learning Objectives

    • Identify the principles, processes, and


    ethics of communication;
    • Describe the elements of communication in
    various and multicultural contexts;
    • Practice effective communication skills;
    • Evaluate communication skills;
    • Reflect on a learning experience.
    Warm-up Activity

    • Close your eyes.


    • Come up with words or phrases that can be associated with
    “communication.”
    • Use a semantic web to clearly show the relationships of ideas
    on communication.
    • Answer briefly the following questions on a sheet of paper:
    What does communication mean?
    How important is communication to your personal and
    professional success?
    • Post your paper on the board and be ready to share your
    answers with the class once you are called.
    Defining Communication

    Communication is a systemic process in which


    people interact with and through symbols to
    create and interpret meanings. (Wood, 2004)
    Defining Communication
    • In its simplest form, communication is the
    transmission of a message from a source
    to a receiver (Baran, 2006)

    • The sending or exchanging of thoughts,


    opinions or information by speech, writing
    or signs (Webster 1997)
    Defining
    Communication

    Communication is the transfer of information and


    understanding from one person to another.
    (Newstrom, 2011)

    Communication is the transfer of information from one


    person to another, whether or not it elicits confidence.
    But the information transferred must be
    understandable to the receiver. (G.G. Brown)
    Defining
    Communication
    • “Communication” is the interaction of a person
    with other people, exchange of their ideas and
    feelings, and transmission of information from one
    person to another. (Hybel & Weaver)

    •Communication is giving, receiving and exchanging


    of ideas, facts, opinions, information, signals or
    messages through an appropriate medium,
    enabling individuals or group to persuade, to seek
    information, to give information and to express
    emotions.
    (Fred G. Meyer)
    Defining
    Communication
    • Communication is the exchange of facts, ideas,
    opinions or emotions by two or more persons.
    (William Newman)

    • Communication is a sum of all things one person


    does when he wants to create understanding in
    the minds of another. It involves systematic and
    continuous process of telling, listening, and
    understanding. (Louis Allen)
    General Principles of Effective
    Communication
    • Know your purpose in communicating.
    • Know your audience.
    • Know your topic.
    • Adjust your speech or writing to the
    context of the situation.
    • Work on the feedback given you.
    Principles of Effective Oral
    Communication

    • Be clear with your purpose.


    • Be complete with your message.
    • Be concise.
    • Be natural with your delivery.
    • Be specific and timely with your feedback.
    Principles of Effective Written
    Communication (The 7 Cs)
    • Be clear.
    • Be concise.
    • Be concrete.
    • Be correct.
    • Be coherent.
    • Be complete.
    • Be courteous
    Purposes of Communication

    • To inform
    • To persuade
    • To entertain
    • To evoke
    • To argue
    Types of Communication
    According to Mode

    1)Verbal – the use of words


    2)Non-Verbal – the use of symbols,
    pictures and body actions
    3)Visual – pictures and images
    Types of
    Communication
    According to Context

    1)Intrapersonal – talking to oneself


    2)Interpersonal – communication between and
    among people
    3)Extended – through the use of electronic media
    4)Organizational – communication in
    organizational contexts
    5)Intercultural – communication between or among
    people having different linguistic, ethnic, social
    and professional backgrounds
    Elements of Communication

    • Sender
    • Source of a message (West, 2009)
    • encodes a message intended to produce the
    desired response
    • The person who initiates the communication
    process
    • The sender may be the writer of a letter, the
    first speaker in a conversation or the person
    who initiates the process though a gesture
    (Pathak, 2005)
    Elements Communication
    • Message
    • the physical product of the source
    • spoken, written, or unspoken information sent
    from a sender to a receiver (West, 2009)
    • Thoughts, ideas, and concepts that the sender
    wishes to communicate to the reader; since
    thoughts or ideas do not have physical form, they
    cannot be directly transmitted to the receiver.
    • The sender therefore “encodes” the message
    using an appropriate code. (Language is also a
    type of code.)
    Elements of
    Communication
    • Channel
    • message vehicle and message carrier
    • Pathway to communication (West, 2009)
    • It represents our senses (visual/ sight,
    tactile/touch, olfactory/smell, and is
    dependent on who your receiver is.
    Elements of Communication
    • Noise (Interference)
    • Also referred to as communication barriers
    • Anything that interferes with the message
    • According to West, there are four types of noise:
    1. Physical noise (external noise) – involves any
    stimuli outside of the receiver that makes the
    message difficult to hear
    2. Physiological noise – biological influences on a
    sender or receiver that interfere with the
    transmission or reception of a message.
    Elements of Communication
    • Noise (Interference)
    • According to West, there are four types of noise:
    3. Psychological noise (internal noise) – biases,
    prejudices, and feelings that interfere with the
    accurate transmission or reception of a message.
    4. Semantic noise – occurs when senders and
    receivers apply different meanings to the same
    message; it may take the form of jargon,
    technical language, and other words and phrases
    that are familiar to the sender but that are not
    understood by the receiver.
    Elements of Communication
    • Receiver
    • recipient of the message; if the receiver fails to
    respond right to the message then,
    communication is not effective (Manalo, 2006)
    • The intended target of a message (West, 2009)
    • He or she might be the listener, the reader, or
    observer
    • He or she usually responds to the sender by:
    • Listening or reading or observing carefully
    • Interpreting the message
    • Responding to the message
    Elements of Communication
    • Feedback
    • A verbal (respond in words) or non-verbal
    (facial expressions, body posture, and so
    forth) response to a message.
    • Two types of feedback:
    • Internal feedback occurs when you assess
    your own communication
    • External feedback is the response you
    receive from other people
    Process of Communication
    Example
    The speaker generates an idea
    Daphne loves Rico, her suitor,
    as a friend
    Then speaker encodes an idea
    or converts the idea into words She thinks of how to tell him
    or actions. using their native language.

    The speaker transmits or sends


    out a message. She tells him, “Rico, mahal kita
    bilang kaibigan.”

    The receiver gets the message.


    Rico hears what Daphne says.

    He tries to analyze what she


    The receiver decodes or means based on the content and
    interprets the message based their relationship, and he is
    on the context. heartbroken.
    The receiver sends or provides He frowns and does not say
    feedback. something because he is in pain.
    Types of Communication Model
    Linear Models of
    Communication
    A characterization of communication
    as a one-way process that transmit a
    message from a sender to a receiver.
    (West, 2009)
    Aristotle’s Model

    SPEAKER SPEECH AUDIENCE


    Lasswell’s Model

    WITH
    TO WHICH
    WHO? SAYS WHAT? TO WHOM? WHAT
    CHANNEL?
    Communicator Message Receiver EFFECT?
    Medium
    Feedback
    • David K. Berlo 
    • Ph.D. in Communications,
    University of Illinois, Charles
    Osgood was his faculty advisor
    • A “disciple” of Wilbur
    Schramm
    • Previously served as Director
    of Department of
    Communications, Michigan
    State University
    • Joined Illinois State as
    President of the university
    (1970-1973)
    Berlo’s Communication Model

    SOURCE MESSAGE CHANNELHeari RECEIVERCom


    Comm. Content ng m. Skills/
    SkillsAttitudes Elements Seeing Attitudes
    Knowledge Treatment Touching Knowledge
    Social Structure Smelling Social
    SystemCulture Code Tasting SystemCulture

    A source encodes a message for a channel to a receiver who


    decodes the message
    FEEDBACK AND THE INTERACTIONAL MODEL:
    OSGOOD-SCHRAMM’S MODEL
    "In fact, it is misleading to think of the communication process as starting
    somewhere and ending somewhere. It is really endless. We are little
    switchboard centers handling and rerouting the great endless current of
    information.... " (Schramm W.1954) quoted in McQuail&Windahl (1981)
    • Wilbur Schramm emphasized
    the importance of the study of
    communication as a discipline of
    study. He founded the Institute
    of Communications Research at
    the University of Illinois in 1947.
    • In 1954, with fellow theorist
    Charles E. Osgood, he created a
    circular model of communication
    that focused not only on the
    components of communication,
    but also on the behaviors of
    senders and receivers.
    Interactional Model:
    Osgood-Schramm’s Model

    Message

    Encoder
    Decoder

    Interpreter Interpreter
    Decoder
    Encoder

    Message
    Interactional Model
    • Wilbur Schramm (1954) developed a graphic way to
    represent the reciprocal nature of communication. (Baran,
    2010)
    • This model shows that communication goes in two
    directions: sender to receiver and from receiver to
    sender.
    • This circular process suggests that communication is
    ongoing rather than linear.
    • The interactional approach is characterized primarily by
    feedback, which can be defined as responses to
    people, their messages or both.
    Shared Meaning and
    the Transactional
    Model(West, 2009)
    A characterization of communication as
    the reciprocal sending and receiving of
    messages.
    In a transactional encounter, the sender
    and receiver do not simply send meaning
    from one to the other and then back again;
    rather, they build shared meaning through
    simultaneous sending and receiving.
    Transactional Model (West, 2009)

    NOISE

    (Receiver/ Sender) Message (Receiver/ Sender)


    Field of Experience Field of Experience

    Shared field of
    experience
    Giving and receiving of messages is
    simultaneous and mutual.
    Transactional indicates that the communication
    process is cooperative.

    The transactional process requires ongoing


    negotiation of meaning.
    It is characterized by a common “field of
    experience”.

    Refers to the influence of a person’s culture,


    past experiences, personal history and heredity
    on the communication process. When two
    people’s fields of experience overlap, they can
    communicate effectively.
    In Summary
    Early models showed that
    communication is linear and that
    senders and receivers have separate
    roles and functions.
    The interactional approach expanded
    that thinking and considered
    + communication as a circular process
    where feedback is involved between
    communicators.
    The transactional approach refined
    our understanding by stressing the
    importance of the communicator’s
    field of experience, by showing the
    simultaneous sending and receiving
    of messages and by focusing on the
    mutual involvement of the
    communicators to create meaning.
    Communication Ethics

    • Uphold integrity - Be truthful with your


    opinion and be accurate with your integrity.

    • Respect diversity of perspective and privacy-


    Show compassion and consideration with
    beliefs, affiliations, and privacy of others.
    Communication Ethics
    • Observe freedom of expression effectively – Be
    careful of what and how you say your words
    depending on the type of people you are
    communicating with.

    • Promote access to communication – Give others


    an opportunity to express what they feel and
    think about the message being communicated.
    Communication Ethics

    • Be open-minded – Accept that others have different


    views or opinions, which may conflict with yours.

    • Develop your sense of accountability- Acknowledge


    responsibility for all your actions, good or bad.
    Intelligence plus character, that is
    the goal of true education.
    ~Martin Luther King
    References:
    • Barrot, Jessie S.,Purposive Communication in the 21st Century, C & E
    Publishing Inc.,Quezon City, 2018
    • Manalo, Paterna E. and Fermin, Virginia E., Fundamental Speech
    Communication for Filipinos. Mandaluyong City: National Bookstore, 2006.
    • Madrunio, Marilu R., Purposive Communication Using English in Multilingual
    Contexts,C&E Publishing,IncQuezon City,2018
    • Wood, Julia T., Communication Mosaics An Introduction to the Field of
    Communication. 3rdEdition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/ Thomson Learning,
    2004.
    • West, Richard; Turner, Lynn H., Understanding Interpersonal Communication.
    International 2nd Edition. Boston, MA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2009.

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