Name Juan, Jeus Elijah L.

Date October 21, 2021

Schedule & Section T/TH 8:00 - 12:30 CBA4 Score Complete
Facilitator Mr. Karlos Aedryck Nañasca Incomplete

Module 3.5
ABDOMEN: Posterior Abdominal Region

I. Overview

This module presents the posterior abdominal region. It is the region posterior to the abdominal part
of the gastrointestinal tract, the spleen, and the pancreas. This area, bounded by bones and muscles
making up the posterior abdominal wall, contains numerous structures that not only are directly
involved in the activities of the abdominal contents but also use this area as a conduit between body
regions.

You are expected to go over the adapted resource material to be able to answer the given tasks. This
is also to prepare you for the summative assessment.

Adapted Resource Material

Drake, R.L., Volg, A.W., & Mitchell, A.W.M. (2020). Gray’s anatomy for students. 4th Edition.
Elsevier Inc.

II. Learning Outcomes

Having successfully completed this module you will be able to:

1. review the basic anatomy of the posterior abdominal region
2. engage in understanding normal topographic and functional relationships
3. practice safety for common injuries, pain, motor deficits, and congenital defects
4. apply the theories learned to objective, authentic and performance-based assessments.

REMINDER:
It is easy to just copy and paste or just tick what is required. But remember, you
are fooling YOURSELF for you will never achieve the goal of education.
Moreover, you are the one who is going to take the board examination.
Therefore, it is so important that you do what is right, not what is easy. Be
proud of your hard-earned profession.

The day you plant the seed is not the day you eat the fruit. So,
… be patient,
… be humble, and
… don’t give up.

***Do not get irritated when you will encounter repeated question because REPETITION is the key to
MASTERY.

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III. General instruction: Type your answers within the box and adjustment will be observed depending on
the content.
Engage

The task accesses your prior knowledge and helps you become engaged in this new concept to promote
curiosity and elicit prior knowledge. The activity should make connections between your past and present
learning experiences, expose prior conceptions, and organize your thinking toward the learning outcomes
of these current activities.

1. What is secondary curvature?

A secondary curvature brings the center of gravity into a vertical line, which allows the body’s weight
to be balanced on the vertebral column in a way that expends the least amount of muscular energy to
maintain an upright bipedal stance.

2. Describe the lumbar vertebrae compared to other vertebrae.

Size much larger than any other vertebrae in any other region

Vertebral body massive and progressively increase in size from vertebra LI to LV

Pedicles short and stocky

Transverse processes long and slender

Spinous processes large and stubby
Articular processes Large

3. Describe an intervertebral disc?

It is a structure between each lumbar vertebra, which completes part of the midline boundary of the posterior
abdominal wall.

4. Describe the sacrum?

The sacrum is formed by the fusion of the five sacral vertebrae into a single, wedge-shaped bony structure that is
broad superiorly and narrows inferiorly.

5. Describe the diaphragm.

Superiorly, the diaphragm forms the boundary of the posterior abdominal region. Structurally, the diaphragm
consists of a central tendinous part into which the circumferentially arranged muscle fibers attach.

6. Describe the kidney.

It is bean-shaped kidneys and are retroperitoneal in the posterior abdominal region. They lie in the
extraperitoneal connective tissue immediately lateral to the vertebral column.

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7. Name the coverings of the kidneys from superficial to deep.
perinephric fat (perirenal fat)

extraperitoneal fascia (the renal fascia)

paranephric fat (pararenal fat)

6. Describe the ureters.

The ureters are muscular tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

7. Describe the suprarenal glands.

The suprarenal glands are associated with the superior pole of each kidney. They consist of an outer
cortex and an inner medulla.

Explore

Exploration experiences provide you with a common base of activities within which current concepts
(i.e., misconceptions), processes, and skills are identified and conceptual change is facilitated. When you
answer the questions herewith it will help you use your prior knowledge to generate new ideas, explore
questions and possibilities, and design and conduct a preliminary search. Moreover, when you will finish
answering this portion you are also able to read the whole topic. However, if you are just simply copying
and pasting without internalizing, then you are defeating the purpose of exploration.

1. What causes the classic appearance of the right and left domes of the diaphragm?
The classic appearance of the right and left domes of the diaphragm is caused by the underlying
abdominal contents pushing these lateral areas upward, and by the fibrous pericardium, which is
attached centrally, causing a flattening of the diaphragm in this area.

2. What produces the dome of the diaphragm?

Right The liver
Left The fundus of the stomach and the spleen

3. What happens to the diaphragm during inspiration?

The muscular part of the diaphragm contracts, causing the central tendon of the diaphragm to be drawn
inferiorly. This results in some flattening of domes, enlargement of the thoracic cavity, and a reduction
in intrathoracic pressure.

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4. Why is the right kidney somewhat lower than the left?
The right kidney is somewhat lower than the left because of its relationship with the liver. Although
they are similar in size and shape, the left kidney is a longer and more slender organ than the right
kidney, and nearer to the midline.

5. Give the clinical significance of the renal veins.

Formation of thrombus in the renal veins can result in Renal Vein Thrombosis, resulting in acute
kidney injury or chronic kidney disease.

6. Describe the ureteropelvic junction.

The ureteropelvic junction is located where the pelvis of the kidney meets the ureter.

7. What is the clinical significance of the constrictions along the course of the ureter.
Constrictions along the course of the ureter may indicate presence of urinary tract stones, which can
produce marked irritation, causing pain and discomfort.

8. Describe the ureteric innervation.

Ureteric innervation is from the renal, aortic, superior hypogastric, and inferior hypogastric plexuses
through nerves that follow the blood vessels.

9. Describe the venous drainage of the suprarenal gland.

The venous drainage of the suprarenal gland is usually consists of a single vein leaving
the hilum of each gland. On the right side, the right suprarenal vein is short and almost immediately
enters the inferior vena cava, while on the left side, the left supra
renal vein passes inferiorly to enter the left renal vein.

10. Describe the innervation of the suprarenal gland.

The suprarenal gland is mainly innervated by preganglionic sympathetic fibers from spinal levels T8-
L1 that pass through both the sympathetic trunk and the prevertebral plexus without synapsing.

11. What is the clinical significance of the ascending lumbar veins?

If the inferior vena cava becomes blocked, the ascending lumbar veins become important collateral
channels between the lower and upper parts of the body.

12. Of the venous tributaries mentioned above, explain why the lumbar veins are unique in their
connections and deserve special attention.
The fifth lumbar vein generally drains into the iliolumbar vein, a tributary of the common iliac vein.

The third and fourth lumbar veins usually drain into the inferior vena cava.

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 The first and second lumbar veins may empty into the ascending lumbar veins.

13. Complete the table on the major lymphatic channels that drain different regions of the body.
Lymphatic vessel Area drained
Right jugular trunk Right side of the head and neck
Left jugular trunk Left side of the head and neck
Right subclavian trunk Right upper limb, superficial regions of thoracict and upper abdominal
walls
Left subclavian trunk Left upper limb, superficial regions of thoracict and upper abdominal
walls
Right bronchomediastinal Right lung and bronchi, mediastinal structures, thoracic wall
trunk
Left bronchomediastinal Left lung and bronchi, mediastinal structures, thoracic wall
trunk
Thoracict duct Lower limbs, abdominal walls and viscera, pelvic walls and viscera,
thoracic wall

14. Complete the table on referred pain pathways (visceral afferents).

Organ Afferent pathway Spinal cord level Referral area
Heart Thoracic splanchnic T1 to T4 Upper thorax and
nerves medial arm

Foregut (organs Greater splanchnic T5 to T9 (or T10) Lower thorax and

supplied by celiac nerve epigastric region
trunk)

Midgut (organs Lesser splanchnic nerve T9, T10 (or T10, T11) Umbilical region
supplied by superior
mesenteric artery)

Kidneys and upper Least splanchnic nerve T12 Flanks (lateral regions)
ureter

Hindgut (organs Lumbar splanchnic L1, L2 Pubic region, lateral

supplied by inferior nerves and anterior thighs, and
mesenteric artery) and groin

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 lower ureter

Explain

Read. Read. Read…

The posterior abdominal region in the Regional Anatomy from pages 366 to 401. The purpose of this
explanation phase is to focus your attention on the posterior abdominal region. In this aspect, your
engagement and exploration experiences will provide opportunities to demonstrate your conceptual
understanding, process skills, or behaviors.

This phase also provides opportunities for me to directly introduce the concept, process, or skill. You are
also expected to explain your understanding of the concept to your classmates or peers. My explanation or
the curriculum may guide you toward a deeper understanding, which is a critical part of this phase.

Elaborate

After your exploration and the explanation phase. I am giving you the challenge to extend your
conceptual understanding and skills. Through new experiences, you must develop deeper and broader
understanding, more information, and adequate skills. You must apply your understanding of the concept
by conducting additional activities such as watching Youtube as your tutor or consulting other
educational resources like answering quizzes or activities online. Moreover, you will be encountering
some repetitions from the explore portion of this module for the purpose of mastery.

A. Answer the following as guided by directional terms. Name what is asked. Tick the column if you
have located the structure on the figure. Then give the descriptions.
Reminder: There is no shortcut in learning. Literal copy and paste will not help you at all.

Refer to figure 4.140

1. Name the organs seen.
Parts Tick Description/ Function
Inferior vena cava The IVC is a large blood vessel responsible for transporting
deoxygenated blood from the lower extremities and abdomen
back to the right atrium of the heart.
Right suprarenal gland The adrenal gland on the right side is located on top of the
right kidney and is very close to the inferior vena cava
(IVC). 
Right kidney The right kidney is slightly lower than the left
because the liver occupies considerable space on the right
side superior to the kidney.

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 Ureter The ureters are muscular tubes that transport urine from the
kidneys to the bladder.

Esophagus The esophagus is the muscular tube that carries food and
liquids from your mouth to the stomach.
Diaphragm The musculotendinous diaphragm seals the inferior thoracic
aperture

Left suprarenal gland The left adrenal gland is located on top of the left kidney. It
is very close to the splenic artery, which is the major artery
that goes to the spleen, and the tail of the pancreas.
Left kidney The left kidney sits slightly higher than the right.
Abdominal aorta The abdominal aorta begins at the aortic hiatus of the
diaphragm, anterior to the lower border of vertebra TXII.

Gonadal vessels The gonadal veins are paired structures that drain the gonads
in males and females.
Bladder The urinary bladder is a temporary storage reservoir for
urine.

Refer to figure 4.141

2. What projects into the midline of the posterior abdominal area?
The bodies of the five lumbar vertebrae.

3. What consists of the midline boundary of the posterior abdominal wall, inferior to the lumbar
vertebrae?
The midline boundary of the posterior abdominal wall, inferior to the lumbar vertebrae, consists of the
upper margin of the sacrum.

4. Pelvic bones
Parts Tick Description/ Function
Iliac bone the upper crest or "wings" on the pelvic girdle
sacro-iliac joints the joint connection between the spine and the pelvis
iliac fossa a large, smooth, concave surface on the internal surface of
the ilium

5. What ribs complete the bony framework of the posterior abdominal wall?
Parts Tick Description/ Function
Rib XI posterior to the superior part of the left kidney
Rib XII posterior to the superior part of both kidneys; serves as a
point of attachment for numerous muscles and ligaments

Refer to figure 4.142

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Complete the table on the posterior abdominal wall muscles.
Muscle Tick Origin Insertion Innervation Function
Psoas major Lateral surface Lesser trochanter Anterior rami of Flexion of thigh
of bodies of of the femur L1 to L3 at hip joint
TXII and LI to
LV vertebrae,
transverse
processes of the
lumbar
vertebrae, and
the intervertebral
discs between
TXII and LI to
LV vertebrae

Psoas minor Lateral surface Pectineal line of Anterior rami of Weak flexion of
of bodies of the pelvic brim L1 lumbar vertebral
TXII and LI and iliopubic column
vertebrae and eminence
intervening
intervertebral
disc

Quadratus Transverse Transverse Anterior rami of Depress and

process of LV processes of LI T12 and L1 to stabilize rib XII
lumborum
vertebra, to LIV vertebrae L4 and some lateral
iliolumbar and inferior bending of trunk
ligament, and border of rib XII
iliac crest

Iliacus Upper two-thirds Lesser trochanter Femoral nerve Flexion of thigh

of iliac fossa, of femur (L2 to L4) at hip joint
anterior sacro-
iliac and
iliolumbar
ligaments, and
upper lateral
surface of
sacrum

Refer to figure 4.143

Complete the table
Muscle Tick Origin Insertion Innervation Function
Diaphragm Xiphoid process Central tendon. phrenic nerves Contraction of
diaphragm

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 of sternum, causes it to
costal flatten and
cartilages and increases vertical
adjacent dimension of
thoracic cavity,
portions of ribs
7–12, resulting in
inhalation;
lumbar vertebrae
relaxation of
and
diaphragm
their
causes it to move
intervertebral
superiorly and
discs.
decreases
vertical
dimension of
thoracic cavity,
resulting in
exhalation.

Name the structures passing through or around the diaphragm.

Parts Tick Description/ Function
aorta  passes posterior to the diaphragm and anterior to the vertebral
bodies at the lower level of vertebra TXII
 thoracic duct  Accompany the aorta through the aortic hiatus
 azygos vein

esophagus  passes through the musculature of the right crus of the

diaphragm at the level of vertebra TX, just to the left of the
aortic hiatus.

 vagal trunks  Pass through the esophageal hiatus with the esophagus
 esophageal branches of the
left gastric artery and vein
 few lymphatic vessels

caval opening  The third large opening in the diaphragm through which the
inferior vena cava passes from the abdominal cavity to the

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 thoracic cavity
right phrenic nerve  Accompan the inferior vena cava through the caval opening
left phrenic nerve  passes through the muscular part of the diaphragm just
anterior to the central tendon on the left side

Name the additional structures that pass through small openings either in or just outside the diaphragm as
they pass from the thoracic cavity to the abdominal cavity.
Parts Tick Description/ Function
greater, lesser, and least (when  pass through the crura, on either side
present) splanchnic nerves

hemi-azygos vein  passes through the left crus

sympathetic trunks  Passing posterior to the medial arcuate ligament

superior epigastric vessels  Passing anterior to the diaphragm, just deep to the ribs
Other vessels and nerves (i.e.,  pass through the diaphragm at various points.
the musculophrenic
vessels and intercostal nerves)

Name and describe the blood supply to the diaphragm.

Locatio Parts Tick Description/ Function
n
Superior the musculophrenic and  both branches of the internal thoracic artery,
pericardiacophrenic arteries and the superior phrenic artery, a branch of
the thoracic aorta, supply the diaphragm

Inferior the inferior phrenic arteries  branches of the abdominal aorta, supply the
diaphragm

Name and describe the innervation to the diaphragm.

Parts Tick Description/ Function
phrenic nerves  These nerves, from the C3 to C5 spinal cord levels,
provide all motor innervation to the diaphragm and
sensory fibers to the central part.

Refer to figure 4.144

Locate and describe the following structures.
Parts Tick Description/ Function
right crus  the longest and broadest of the crura and is attached to the
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 bodies of vertebrae LI to LIII and the intervening
intervertebral discs

left crus  attached to vertebrae LI and LII and the associated

intervertebral disc

median arcuate ligament  The tendinous arch that connects the crura across the
midline

lateral arcuate ligament  attached medially to the sides of vertebrae LI and LII
and laterally to the transverse process of vertebra LI

Refer to figure 4.150

Give the relationships of the right kidney to other structures.
Descriptions Tick
A small part of the superior pole is covered by the right suprarenal gland. 

Moving inferiorly, a large part of the rest of the upper part of the anterior surface is against the 
liver and is separated from it by a layer of peritoneum.

Medially, the descending part of the duodenum is retroperitoneal and contacts the kidney. 

The inferior pole of the kidney, on its lateral side, is directly associated with the right colic 
flexure and, on its medial side, is covered by a segment of the intraperitoneal small intestine.

Give the relationships of the left kidney to other structures.

Descriptions Tick
A small part of the superior pole, on its medial side, is covered by the left suprarenal gland. 

The rest of the superior pole is covered by the intraperitoneal stomach and spleen. 
Moving inferiorly, the retroperitoneal pancreas covers the middle part of the kidney. 
On its lateral side, the lower half of the kidney is covered by the left colic flexure and the 
beginning of the descending colon, and, on its medial side, by the parts
of the intraperitoneal jejunum.

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Refer to figure 4.151
Give descriptions showing the right and left kidneys are related to similar structures posteriorly.
Location Relationship Tick
Superior the diaphragm 

Inferior psoas major, quadratus lumborum, and transversus 

abdominis muscles.

Medial to Lateral psoas major, quadratus lumborum, and transversus 

abdominis muscles

Describe the relationship of the kidneys to the ribs on the superior pole.
Location Relationship Tick
Right anterior to rib XII 

Left anterior to ribs XI and XII 

Refer to figure 4.152

Name the arrangement of fascia and fat enclosing the kidneys.
Parts Tick Description/ Function
perinephric fat (perirenal fat)  completely surrounds the kidney

the renal fascia  a membranous condensation of the extraperitoneal fascia that

encloses the perinephric fat
pararenal fat  a final layer of paranephric fat that completes the fat and
fascias associated with the kidney

Describe the margins of the renal fat and fascia of the kidneys
Location Relationship Tick
Lateral margins The anterior and posterior layers of the renal fascia fuse. 
This fused layer may connect with the transversalis fascia on
the lateral abdominal wall.

Above each suprarenal gland The anterior and posterior layers of the renal fascia fuse and 
blend with the fascia that covers the diaphragm.

Medial The anterior layer of the renal fascia continues 

over the vessels in the hilum and fuses with the connective
tissue associated with the abdominal aorta and the inferior
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 vena cava

Posterior The posterior layer of the renal fascia passes medially 

between the kidney and the fascia covering the quadratus
lumborum muscle to fuse with the fascia covering the psoas
major muscle.

Inferior Inferiorly, the anterior and posterior layers of the renal 

fascia enclose the ureters.

Refer to figure 4.153

Name and describe the kidney structures
Parts Tick Description/ Function
hilum of the kidney  It is a deep vertical slit through which renal vessels,
lymphatics, and nerves enter and leave the substance of the
kidney. It is located on the medial margin of each kidney.
renal cortex  The renal cortex is a continuous band
of pale tissue that completely surrounds the renal medulla

renal columns  Extensions of the renal cortex into the inner aspect of the
kidney, dividing the renal medulla into the renal pyramids.

renal pyramids  A discontinuous aggregations of triangular shaped tissue

where the renal medulla divides.
renal sinus  It is where the apex of each renal pyramid projects

renal papilla  The apical projection is the renal papilla. It contains the
openings of the papillary ducts draining the renal tubules.
minor calyx  It surrounds the renal papilla
major calyx  The result of formation of the several minor calices in the
renal sinus.
renal pelvis  The funnel-shaped superior end of the ureters. Two or three
major calices unite to form this part.

Refer to figure 4.154

Name and describe the renal vasculature and lymphatics.
Parts Tick Description/ Function
renal artery  It is a lateral branch of the abdominal aorta that supplies each
kidney.
left renal artery  usually arises a little higher than the right

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 right renal artery  longer and passes posterior to the inferior vena cava.
extrahilar arteries  These are accessory renal arteries. They originate from the
lateral aspect of the abdominal aorta

left and right renal veins  are anterior to the renal arteries

lateral aortic (lumbar) nodes  The lymphatic drainage of each kidney

Refer to figure 4.155

Give the three points of constriction along the course of the ureters.
Parts Tick Description
1st point  The first point is at the ureteropelvic junction.

2nd point  The second point is where the ureters cross the common iliac
vessels at the pelvic brim.

3rd point  The third point is where the ureters enter the wall of the
bladder.

Name and describe the ureteric vasculature and lymphatics

Parts Tick Description/ Function
Upper end  Supplied by the renal arteries

middle part  may receive branches from the abdominal aorta, the
testicular or ovarian arteries, and the common iliac arteries.

pelvic cavity  the ureters are supplied by one or more arteries from
branches of the internal iliac arteries.

Name and describe the lymphatic drainage of the ureters.

Parts Tick Description/ Function
upper part  drains to the lateral aortic (lumbar) nodes
middle part  drains to lymph nodes associated with the common iliac
vessels
inferior part  drains to lymph nodes associated with the external and
internal iliac vessels

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Refer to figure 4.163
Name the boundaries of the suprarenal glands.
Location Relationship Tick
Anterior to the right suprarenal gland part of the right lobe of the liver and the inferior vena 
cava

Anterior to the left suprarenal gland part of the stomach, pancreas, and, on occasion, the 
spleen

Posterior to both glands parts of the diaphragm 

Identify and describe the arterial supply to the suprarenal glands.

Parts Tick Description/ Function
bilateral inferior phrenic arteries  They pass upward from the abdominal aorta to the
diaphragm to give off multiple branches (superior suprarenal
arteries) to the suprarenal glands.
middle branch (middle  usually arises directly from the abdominal aorta
suprarenal artery)
nferior branches (inferior  pass upward to the suprarenal glands
suprarenal arteries)

Refer to figure 4.164

Locate and describe the branches of the abdominal aorta.
Artery Tick Branch Origin Parts supplied
Celiac trunk  Anterior Immediately inferior to the Abdominal
aortic hiatus of the diaphragm foregut

Superior  Anterior Immediately inferior to the Abdominal

mesenteric artery celiac trunk midgut

Inferior  Anterior Inferior to the renal arteries Abdominal

mesenteric artery hindgut

Middle suprarenal  Lateral Immediately superior to the Suprarenal glands

arteries renal arteries

Renal arteries  Lateral Immediately inferior to the Kidneys

superior mesenteric artery

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 Testicular or  Paired anterior Inferior to the renal arteries Testes in male and
ovarian arteries ovaries in female

Inferior phrenic  Lateral Immediately inferior to the Diaphragm

arteries aortic hiatus

Lumbar arteries  Posterior Usually four pairs Posterior

abdominal wall
and spinal cord

Median sacral  Posterior Just superior to the aortic

artery bifurcation, passes inferiorly
across lumbar vertebrae,
sacrum, and coccyx

Common iliac  Terminal Bifurcation usually occurs at

arteries the level of LIV vertebra

Refer to figure 4.166

Identify and describe the vessel that returns blood from all structures below the diaphragm to the right
atrium of the heart.
Parts Tick Description/ Function
inferior vena cava  It is formed when the two common iliac veins come together
at the level of vertebra LV, just to the right of midline.

Refer to figure 4.167

Identify and describe the tributaries to the inferior vena cava.
Parts Tick Description/ Function
common iliac veins  drains the inferior epigastric vein, deep circumflex iliac vein
and also the pubic vein
lumbar veins   four pairs of blood vessels that drain the lumbar segments of
the spinal cord, posterolateral abdominal wall and lumbar
structures of the back
right testicular or ovarian vein  The ovarian veins are similar to the testicular veins as
they originate from the plexus in the broad ligament near the
ovary and fallopian tube, then left ovarian vein joins the left
renal vein and right one drains the IVC
renal veins  Drains the kidney
right suprarenal vein  Drains into the inferior vena cava
inferior phrenic veins  bilateral, mixed nerve that originates in the neck and

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 descends through the thorax to reach the diaphragm
hepatic veins  return low-oxygen blood from your liver back to the heart

Refer to figure 4.168

Complete the table on nodes associated with the abdominal aorta.
Parts Tick Description/ Function
Pre-aortic  anterior to the abdominal aorta

Lateral aortic  positioned on either side of the abdominal aorta

Lumbar nodes (para-aortic  positioned on either side of the abdominal aorta

nodes)

Refer to figure 4.171

Complete the table on the associations with abdominal prevertebral plexus
Parts Tick Description/ Function
prevertebral ganglia  collections of postganglionic sympathetic neuronal cell
bodies in recognizable aggregations along the abdominal
prevertebral plexus

celiac  The celiac ganglia with the sympathetic plexuses of the

abdominal viscera radiating from the ganglia.
superior mesenteric  the synapsing point for one of the pre- and post-synaptic
nerves of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous
system
aorticorenal  composed of the superior mesenteric, renal, and inferior
mesenteric ganglia
inferior mesenteric ganglia  ganglion located near where the inferior mesenteric artery
branches from the abdominal aorta

Refer to figure 4.173 and 4.175

Complete the table on the branches of the lumbar plexus
Branch Tick Origin Spinal Function: motor Function: sensory
segments
Iliohypogastric  Anterior L1 Internal oblique and Posterolateral gluteal
ramus L1 transversus abdominis skin and skin in pubic
region

Ilio-inguinal  Anterior L1 Internal oblique and Skin in the upper

ramus L1 transversus abdominis medial thigh, and
either the skin over the
root of the penis and
anterior scrotum or the
mons pubis and
labium majus

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 Genitofemoral  Anterior rami L1, L2 Genital branch—male Genital branch—skin
L1 and L2 of anterior scrotum or
cremasteric muscle
skin of mons pubis
and labium majus;
femoral branch—skin
of upper anterior thigh

Lateral  Anterior rami L2, L3 Skin on anterior and

cutaneous L2 and L3 lateral thigh to the
knee
nerve of thigh

Obturator  Anterior rami L2 to L4 Obturator externus, Skin on medial aspect

L2 to L4 pectineus, and muscles of the thigh
in medial
compartment of thigh

Femoral  Anterior rami L2 to L4 Iliacus, pectineus, and Skin on anterior thigh

L2 to L4 muscles in anterior and medial surface of
compartment of thigh leg

B. Read and understand the clinical correlations through pages 371, 381-385, 389, 391, and 393. This
will stimulate your higher order thinking skills in preparation for analytical and application type of
assessments.

Evaluate

The evaluation phase encourages you to assess your own understanding and abilities. This will also
provide opportunities for me to evaluate your progress toward achieving the learning outcomes.
Therefore, scheduled summative assessments for both lecture and laboratory will be given.

Try Self- Assessment!

This assessment will allow you to assess your own performance. It can be extremely valuable in helping
you develop self-reflection, critique and judgment and ultimately, you learn how to be responsible for
your own learning. This also helps you to be more aware of your weakness and strength.

Try Peer Assessment!

This assessment will allow you to assess each other's performance. It can be extremely valuable in
helping you to learn from each other by listening, analyzing and problem solving. It gives you the
opportunity to encounter diversity in different ways, critique and judge and ultimately, you learn how to
be responsible for your own learning.
JBBonifacio 10/09/2021

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