CPCCBC4011B Task 1

Q1: Explain what the structure of a building is?

A building's structure is an enclosed form or structure with a roof or above closure. The foundation,
floors, walls, beams, columns, roof, stair, and other basic components of a building structure are listed
below. The goal of these elements is to support, enclose, and protect the building structure.

Q2: What are low-rise buildings defined as?

A low-rise structure is one that has four or less levels. A low-rise building is one that is only a few storey
tall or any structure that is shorter than a high-rise, however the term "mid-rise" is also used.

Q3: List and briefly explain the main structural principles that apply to the erection or demolition of low-
rise commercial structures.

A. The loads and loading

B. performance or stability of the columns
C. behavior of the structural materials or components
D. performance or stability of the beams
E. performance or stability of the trusses
F. section property
G. wind bracing
H. wind bracing
I. solution of force system

Q4: Explain what section properties are and the effect it has on structural performance.

"Section properties refer to the mathematical properties of a building's structural shapes. It explains
why some forms are more efficient than others at supporting loads. Following is a more in-depth
examination of these features. Second moment of area or moment of inertia" centre of area (or
centroid)

"The bending behaviour and performance of loaded support beams of various types, forms, spans, and
loads are investigated and compared.The effects of connections on the structural performance of beams
are discovered and performance comparisons are made."

Q5: Explain what section properties are and the effect it has on structural performance.

• Cavity brick construction

• Earth-wall construction
• Lightweight concrete construction
• Pole frame construction
• Portal frame construction
• Post and beam construction
• Post and truss construction
• Single-leaf (reinforced) masonry construction
• Tilt slab construction

Cavity brick construction- Simply stated, a cavity wall is two withes of masonry, separated by a cavity
of varying dimension. The masonry withes may consist of solid brick, structural clay tile, or concrete
masonry units and are bonded together with

Earth-wall construction- mixture of earth consisting of the right amount of sand, gravel and clay is
poured into a mould or formwork. This earth mixture is rammed until it becomes rock solid. When
properly constructed, rammed earth walls can resist the various onslaughts of nature for a very long
time.

Lightweight concrete construction- Lightweight concrete can be defined as a type of concrete which
includes an expanding agent in that it increases the volume of the mixture while giving additional
qualities such as lessened the dead weight. It is lighter than the conventional concrete.

Pole frame construction- Post-frame construction refers to a highly engineered wood-framed

building that can be built with a variety of exteriors. A post-frame building blends superior
efficiency, flexibility and strength and has paved the path for it to become a trusted method
throughout the construction industry

Portal frame construction- In a portal frame, the header extends past the opening and is tied to its
wall with overlapping plywood or OSB to stiffen the joint. The panels are attached to the wall studs
and to the header with closely spaced nails, and the sill are bolted to the foundation.

Post and beam construction- Post and beam construction is a building method that relies on heavy
timbers rather than dimensional lumber. The use of large timbers in post and beam construction
means fewer support beams are needed, thus creating dramatically open interior spaces.

Post and truss construction- A truss is an assembly of beams or other elements that creates a rigid
structure. In engineering, a truss is a structure that "consists of two-force members only, where the
members are organized so that the assemblage as a whole behaves as a single object.

Single-leaf (reinforced) masonry construction- Masonry construction is defined as small masonry

units jointed together with mortar. The masonry unit could be of: Natural stone (either completely
or partially dressed for squareness), Solid or cellular brick or blocK, Clay, concrete or calcium silicate.

Tilt slab construction- Tilt-Up construction features series of concrete panels tilted up into place to
form a building's exterior wall. These panels are created at the work site using wood forms, rebar
and concrete. Each panel is temporarily braced until the roof ties the structure together.

Q6: What are structural members?

Columns, girders, beams, floor decking, and roof decking are the primary structural members. The
structural members include walls. They are sometimes structurally load bearing, but for the most
part, the laws of columns apply to walls in the same way that the rules of girders and beams apply to
floors and roofs.

Q7: Explain the structural performance characteristics of slabs, beams, columns and retaining walls
explained and applied to planning of the construction work.

Slabs- Slab is an important structural element which is constructed to create flat and useful surfaces
such as floors, roofs, and ceilings. It is a horizontal structural component, with top and bottom
surfaces parallel or near so. Commonly, slabs are supported by beams, columns (concrete or steel),
walls, or the ground

Beams- beam is a horizontal structural element that withstands vertical loads, shear forces and
bending moments. The loads applied to the beam result in reaction forces at the support points of
the beam. The total effect of all the forces acting on the beam is to produce shear forces and
bending moment within the beam, that in turn induce internal stresses, strains and deflections of
the beam.

Column- Column is a vertical structural member that carries loads mainly in compression. It is
assumed to be the most crucial structural member of a building because the safety of a building rest
on the column strength

Retaining walls are relatively rigid walls used for supporting soil laterally so that it can be retained at
different levels on the two sides.

Q8: What is the definition of demolition work?

Demolition is the dismantling, razing, destroying, or wrecking of any building or structure or any part
thereof. Demolition work entails many of the dangers that come with construction labour.
Demolition, on the other hand, entails additional risks due to unknown circumstances, making
demolition work particularly hazardous.

Q9: What information must be included in an application for a demolition permit?

The application must include a description of the building, a site plan showing the location of the
building in relation to the site boundaries and other site details, a structural computation showing
the building's adequacy, a description of protection and hoardings, a report or written report of the
demolition procedure, proof or verification that the demolisher has enough knowledge, experience,
or experiences to conduct the demolition.

Q10: List the main consideration when planning the demolition process relating to structures,
services and site requirements.
Legislative requirements, as well as details about any hazardous items and notification of them to
relevant authorities, must be kept in mind.

Toilets, first aid, and fire service are all available on site. Dust, noise, and vibration control measures
Rat and mouse vermin control, On-site and off-site traffic control Wash bays for trucks, Recycling is
an example of an environmental consideration.

Q11: Explain what the legislative requirements are relating to demolition.

We will need to be aware of the legislative regulations for at least one of the following:

ACT: Work Health and Safety Act 2011” “NSW: Work Health and Safety Act 2011

NT: Work Health and Safety (National Uniform Legislation) Act 2011

QNSLD: Work Health and Safety Act 2011

SA: Work Health and Safety Act 2012

TAS: Work Health and Safety Act 2012

VIC: Occupational Health and Safety Act 2004

WA: Occupational Safety and Health Act 1984

demolition operations are conducted in accordance with Australian standards and the following
codes of practices:

AS 2601: The demolition of structures

Code of practice - Demolition 1991 Code of practice for the safe removal of asbestos, second edition
2005.

Q12: What safety documents may be required for demolition work and other high-risk activities?

Job Safety Analysis may be required. A job safety analysis (JSA) is a procedure which helps integrate
accepted safety and health principles and practices into a particular task or job operation

2. Safe Work Method Statements

3. Safety Data Sheets

Q13: List the relevant professionals in the construction industry and explain what their roles involve.

The relevant professionals in the construction industry are Architects, Draftspersons, Engineers,
Quantity surveyors Architects- Architects in construction plays an important role and they are
responsible for visual appearance of the buildings and structures before final structural design
 Draftspersons- Civil Drafters perform calculations for layouts and designs. They also assist in design
computations and cost estimates, and they prepare layouts that are drawn to scale. In order to
design and plan projects, civil drafters help prepare reports, maps, drawings, and plans.

Engineers – They are responsible for structures' foundations. Work includes assessing data from the
field, finding ways to ensure foundations or slopes are stable, designing foundations, and overseeing
work on a construction site

Quantity surveyors- Conducting feasibility studies to estimate materials, time and labour costs,
Preparing, negotiating and analysing costs for tenders and contracts, Coordination of work effort,
Advising on a range of legal and contractual issues and Valuing completed work and arranging for
payments.

Surveyors- The surveyor is the person who is supposed to make precise measurement that will
identify the boundary. Surveyors help in providing unique contours on the surface of the earth
which will let the engineers to make maps and construction projects.

Q14: What effective communication skills would you need to demonstrate when consulting with
industry professionals?

Effective communication skills include: Using clear and direct communication

• Using questioning techniques to identify and confirm

• requirements Sharing information
• Listening and understanding
• Reading and interpreting documents
• Using language and concepts appropriate to cultural differences
• Using and interpreting non-verbal communication.

Q15: What documentation may be required in order to complete a building or construction project?

The completion of a project necessitates the creation of project documentation. The process of
capturing critical project details and providing the documents needed to successfully implement it is
known as project documentation. Simply put, it's an umbrella phrase that refers to all of the documents
produced during the project.

Project documentation may include:

• Building approval and contract plan

• Building and planning permits
• Title document
• Design and specifications
• Original contour survey plans
• Drainage plans
• Site plans
 • Soils investigation reports
• The condition report

Q16: Explain the NCC’s requirements for bushfire, high wind, earthquake and alpine environments.

The standards are necessary to ensure that a few portions of the BCA are applied into the building and
design in these four fundamental classifications: high wind, bushfire, earthquake, and alpine
environment. While building structures, we must ensure that the project documentation is thoroughly
examined to ensure that the planning and designs meet BCA criteria.

Q17: What are the requirements for new and emerging building technologies under the NCC?

The Australian Building Code (BCA) also includes provisions for new and emerging building technology.
According to the requirements, any new technology must meet certain performance criteria, which can
be determined using the following assessment methods: Documentary proof, Methods of verification,
Expert judgement, Comparison to deemed to satisfy provisions

Q18: Explain what building technologies are.

Building technologies include: Site investigations and surveying- A site investigation simply is the process
of the collection of information, the appraisal of data, assessment, and reporting without which the
hazards in the ground beneath the site cannot be known

Construction materials, components, systems and techniques- construction material is material used for
construction. Building construction is the process of adding structure to real property. The vast majority
of building construction projects are small renovations, such as addition of a room, or renovation of a
bathroom

Building services- Building Services are the electrical, plumbing, and mechanical systems in a building”
“Operation and maintenance- Operations and maintenance typically includes the day-to-day activities
necessary for the building/built structure, its systems and equipment, and occupants/users to perform
their intended function

Energy supply and efficiency- Energy-efficient buildings reduce indoor air pollution because they offer
cleaner combustion and better air circulation.

Structural systems- Structural systems are those elements of construction that are designed to form part
of a building's structure either to support the entire building

Communications- Communication is a form of transferring information or message from one person to

another, from one place to another place” “Smart technology- a smart building is one that is using
technology to share information about what goes on in the building between systems so as to optimise
the building's performance
Q19: List ten Site investigations and surveying- A site investigation simply is the process of the collection
of information, the appraisal of data, assessment, and reporting without which the hazards in the
ground beneath the site cannot be known.

Construction materials, components, systems and techniques- construction material is material used for
construction. Building construction is the process of adding structure to real property. The vast majority
of building construction projects are small renovations, such as addition of a room, or renovation of a
bathroom

Building services- Building Services are the electrical, plumbing, and mechanical systems in a building

Operation and maintenance- Operations and maintenance typically includes the day-to-day activities
necessary for the building/built structure, its systems and equipment, and occupants/users to perform
their intended function

Energy supply and efficiency- Energy-efficient buildings reduce indoor air pollution because they offer
cleaner combustion and better air circulation

Structural systems- Structural systems are those elements of construction that are designed to form part
of a building's structure either to support the entire building

Communications- Communication is a form of transferring information or message from one person to

another, from one place to another place

Smart technology- a smart building is one that is using technology to share information about what goes
on in the building between systems so as to optimise the building's performance

Q20: What factors should you consider when selecting building materials?

The properties and behaviour of building materials

The initial and long-term costs

The effects on the environment

How the materials interact with each other

Q21: What is the purpose of a pre-commencement site inspection?

Site inspections are a set of routine actions that check and verify on-field compliance, such as Safety
Standards, working environment, and other key aspects of the job.

Q22: What will you need to check when conducting a precommencement site inspection?

Check to see that the job site is safe and ready to go. Using a checklist will also make it easier to check
the health and safety on new building sites where workers are working throughout the inspection.
Q23: What are footing systems and what should you consider when choosing one for a construction
project?

The structure that distributes the load from the building to the foundation is known as the footings.
There are other factors to consider, including the type of foundation soil and the right footing system.
Adequate depth, bearing capacity failure, settlement, quality, and cost are all factors to consider while
planning a construction project. Seismic forces, insufficient strength, adverse soil changes

Q24: List seven different footing systems.

“Concrete slab floors- A concrete floor is typically one in which a flat slab is formed of concrete, which is
either poured in-situ or precast in a factory.

Drilled or driven piles- Driven piles, also known as displacement piles, are a commonly-used form of
building foundation that provide support for structures, transfering their load to layers of soil or rock
that have sufficient bearing capacity and suitable settlement characteristics.

Mass concrete piers

Bulk pier and beam systems

Reinforced concrete piers and beams

Screw piles

Waffle pod slabs

Q25: List and briefly explain the four basic types of soil.

Rock sites- have no ground movement

Sand sites –has little movement sometimes

Clay sites – slight movement because of the moisture changes

Problem sites.- sites including soft, loose soils, collapsing soils and abnormal moisture conditions.

Q26: How are soils classified, and what class are rock and sand sites?

Rock sites- have no ground movement Sand sites –has little movement sometimes Clay sites – slight
movement because of the moisture changes Problem sites.- sites including soft, loose soils, collapsing
soils and abnormal moisture conditions.

Q27: Explain what damp proof coursing is and how it works.

A damp-proof course (DPC) is a barrier built into a structure to prevent moisture from rising through
capillary action, as in the case of rising damp."
"It prevents moisture by acting as a barrier of impervious material put into a wall or pier."

Q28: What are termites and how can you protect against them?

Termites are eusocial insects that belong to the infraorder Isoptera, or the epifamily Termitoidae, which
is part of the Blattodea order (together with cockroaches). a little, light soft-bodied insect that lives in
vast colonies with multiple castes, usually within a mound of cemented soil Many species feed on wood
and can be extremely damaging to trees.

Before starting any new construction project, the builder should verify with the local municipality to see
if the house is in a declared termite zone. To be protected from termites, buildings must include
structural elements made of termite-resistant materials.

Q29: List six termite-resistant materials.

 Steel, aluminium or other metals

 Concrete
 Masonry
 Fibre-reinforced cement
 Naturally termite resistant timbers
 Treated termite resistant timbers.

Q30: What will you need to consider when constructing a floor system?

When building a house, it's important to pay attention to the type of flooring utilised, as well as the
placement of pipes and reinforcements. The structural floor system should comprise brick bases,
engineered timber products, concrete and AAC panel systems, suspended and slabon-ground concrete
slab floors, and timber and steel floor construction.

Q31: List five structural floor systems.

 Brick bases Engineered timber products

 Panel systems of concrete and AAC
 Suspended and slab-on-ground concrete slab floors
 Timber and steel floor construction

Q32: What are the different types of concrete slab construction? Briefly, describe each one.

Slab on ground –Ground slabs are those slabs that are poured directly into excavated trenches in the
ground. They rely entirely on the existing ground for support. The ground (more correctly known in the
industry as the foundation) must be strong enough to support the concrete slab.

Stiffened raft slab –“ A stiffened raft consists of a concrete slab on ground stiffened by integral edge
beams and a grid of internal beams. It is also referred to as a slab-on-ground footing
Footing slab- Footing slabs are supported by strip footings. They require two separate concrete pours
and can only be used on Class A and Class S sites.

Waffle raft slab – The waffle raft slab ribs are formed on top of the ground using a grid of polystyrene
void forms which are laid out on a levelled area.

Infill slab- Infill slabs are simply poured between existing walls, so no formwork is required. They require
no external or internal stiffening beams

Q33: Explain what structural wall systems and wall cladding systems are.

In structural engineering, the load-bearing subsystem of a building or item is referred to as the structural
wall system or structural frame. Loads are transferred through the structural system's interconnected
parts or members. The term "wall cladding" refers to the covering of a building's façade with panels
made of a different material. These systems are also known as cladding systems, and they are a part of
the building's composite. For different structures or projects, different cladding systems will be used.

Q34: List four structural wall systems.

Composite walls featuring tilt-slab, post and beam, pole and truss and portal frame

Earth walls, including rammed earth and mud brick

Framed walls incorporating timber, engineered timber products and lightweight section steel

Masonry walls incorporating cavity brick, single-leaf masonry and lightweight concrete (AAC).

Q35: List five wall cladding systems.

 Boarding Coatings over base materials

 Sheeting
 Tilt-slab
 Unfired, fired and autoclaved masonry

Q36: Explain the performance characteristics and structural capability of cladding.

"The term 'cladding' refers to components that are bonded to a building's core structure to create
nonstructural external surfaces." The majorities of cladding material performance attributes varies
significantly, and are discussed in the broad, specific materials groupings in 'Cladding choices.'
Appearance, Environmental Impacts, Embodied Energy, Structural Capability, Insulation, Thermal Mass,
Sound Insulation, and Vermin Resistance are the factors to consider.

Structural capability of cladding is that it has High-quality, well-designed, properly-installed cladding

which can help maximise thermal performance and minimise air leakage.

Q37: List six relevant services that will need to be installed in a building or construction project.
  Ducting for heating and cooling Electrical and communication systems
 Extractive vacuum and exhaust systems
 Passive and active fire detection and prevention
 systems Plumbing and drainage
 Powered systems for operating doors and windows
 Smoke control and containment systems.

Q38: Explain what procedures should be followed when having plumbing and electrical services installed
in a building.

1. Design a wiring diagram which shows the location of the breaker box and the path of the wires to
each outlet.

2. Service pipes need to be installed.

3.Steel reinforcement needs to be done.

Q39: What will you need to consider when installing windows and external doors in a commercial
building?

When installing windows and external doors in a business structure, it's important to follow all
applicable codes, manufacturer requirements, and construction principles. The Australian Window
Association is a co-operative of window manufacturers and suppliers dedicated to improving the
constructed performance of Australian windows and doors. The AWA publishes a handbook for the
installation of windows and doors in the business. It is also necessary to ensure that they are installed in
accordance with the Australian Building Code (BCA)

Q40: What are window frames made of?

timber- “This type of window is used in situations where light alone is needed as no ventilation is
possible

Aluminum-An aluminum window is a window featuring typical glass window panes, plus a window
frame and/or window sash that are made of aluminum

Plastic- plastic windows frames are good because it's strong, durable and weather-resistant. This makes
its an excellent choice for window frames since the plastic can withstand rain, cold, heat and wind.

Q41: List the most common opening methods for windows.

Awning- An awning or overhang is a secondary covering attached to the exterior wall of a building. It is
typically composed of canvas woven of acrylic, cotton or polyester yarn, or vinyl laminated to polyester.

Sliding- a window that open by sliding horizontally.

Double hung- A double-hung window has two stacked, moveable sashes (the part of the window that
holds the pane). This allows the window to slide down from the top and up from the bottom meaning
both sashes can open at the same time.

Side hung - Side-Hung windows have a hinge on one side and open outwards (casement) or inwards, like
a door.

Louvre.- Louver, also spelled Louvre, arrangement of parallel, horizontal blades, slats, laths, slips of
glass, wood, or other material designed to regulate airflow or light penetration. Louvers are often used
in windows or doors in order to allow air or light in while keeping sunshine or moisture out.

Q42: What is a structural roof system and what should you consider when constructing one?

Hydrostatic roofing, commonly known as structural roofing, is watertight. Although decking and
underlayment can be built, structural roofing does not require them.

It is primarily used for commercial, industrial, or educational structures and is put directly onto the
purlins over an open frame."

Because of its small weight, it is employed in construction.

Q43: List and briefly describe five various roof styles.

Gable roof - A gable roof is the classic, most commonly occurring roof shape in those parts of the world
with cold or temperate climates.

Hipped roof- hipped roof, is a type of roof where all sides slope downwards to the walls, usually with a
fairly gentle slope

Hip and valley roof - A hip & valley roof is simply a modified or extended hip roof. The shape and pitch of
the surfaces are basically the same, however the base shape changes from a simple rectangle to a 'T' or
'L' shape

Hipped roof with dutched gables - Dutch gable roof or gablet roof (in Britain) is a roof with a small gable
at the top of a hip roof. The term Dutch gable is also used to mean a gable with parapets. Some sources
refer to this as a gableon-hip roof.

Skillion roof- is a single-sloped roof surface, often not attached to another roof surface. This is in
contrast to a dualpitched roof, also known as a gabled roof.

Q44: Explain what roof cladding is.

The material that makes up the external surface of a roof is called roof cladding. The ideal cladding
material is long-lasting, low-maintenance, waterproof, fireproof, insulating against temperature changes
and noise, and appealing.

Q45: List three different roof-cladding systems

  Concrete, clay and metal tiles
 Shakes and shingles
 Short and long run metal sheeting

Q46: Explain what skylights are and list the three different types. Provide a brief description of each one.

A skylight is a light-transmitting structure that forms all or part of the roof space of a building for
daylighting purposes. There are three main types of skylights, ventilating fixed and tubular.” “A venting
skylight offers fresh air on-demand. During warmer months, when skylights bring in too much sun,
venting skylights can be opened electrically or manually to release that heat or moisture.

A fixed skylight is non-operable, meaning there is no ventilation. Operable skylight. An operable

(venting) unit skylight uses a hinged sash attached to and supported by the frame. When within reach of
the occupants, this type is also called a roof window

tubular are physical structures used for transmitting or distributing natural or artificial light for the
purpose of illumination, and are examples of optical waveguides

Q47: What quality procedures should be put in place when constructing roof systems?

It is necessary to set processes in place and manage them in order to assure the quality of the finished
roof system while constructing roof systems and roof cladding systems. Using a checklist will assist you
in evaluating the quality of your work and ensuring that all of the needed tasks have been performed.