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    11th Experiment 1

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    BeAsT HYdrA Gaming
    This document provides instructions for using a vernier caliper to measure the internal diameter and depth of a beaker or calorimeter in order to calculate its volume. It describes the apparatus, theory, procedure, observations including determining the vernier constant and measuring the internal diameter and depth at multiple positions, calculations, results, precautions and potential sources of error. Viva voce questions are also included to test understanding of using and reading a vernier caliper.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    11th Experiment 1

    Uploaded by

    BeAsT HYdrA Gaming
    244 views6 pages
    This document provides instructions for using a vernier caliper to measure the internal diameter and depth of a beaker or calorimeter in order to calculate its volume. It describes the apparatus, theory, procedure, observations including determining the vernier constant and measuring the internal diameter and depth at multiple positions, calculations, results, precautions and potential sources of error. Viva voce questions are also included to test understanding of using and reading a vernier caliper.

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    11th experiment 1

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    This document provides instructions for using a vernier caliper to measure the internal diameter and depth of a beaker or calorimeter in order to calculate its volume. It describes the apparatus, theory, procedure, observations including determining the vernier constant and measuring the internal diameter and depth at multiple positions, calculations, results, precautions and potential sources of error. Viva voce questions are also included to test understanding of using and reading a vernier caliper.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    244 views6 pages

    11th Experiment 1

    Uploaded by

    BeAsT HYdrA Gaming
    This document provides instructions for using a vernier caliper to measure the internal diameter and depth of a beaker or calorimeter in order to calculate its volume. It describes the apparatus, theory, procedure, observations including determining the vernier constant and measuring the internal diameter and depth at multiple positions, calculations, results, precautions and potential sources of error. Viva voce questions are also included to test understanding of using and reading a vernier caliper.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 6

    To Measure Internal Diameter and Depth of a Given

    Beaker/Calorimeter Using Vernier Callipers and Hence Find


    its Volume.

    Aim
    To measure internal diameter and depth of a given beaker/calorimeter using Vernier
    Callipers and hence find its volume.

    Apparatus
    Vernier callipers, a beaker or a calorimeter, magnifying glass.

    Theory
    (i) For measuring internal diameter and depth. Same as in Experiment 1A.
    (ii) For volume:
    Volume of beaker or calorimeter = internal area of cross section x depth

    Diagram
    Procedure

    1. Determine the vernier constant (V.C.) i.e., least count of the vernier callipers and
    record it stepwise.
    2. Bring the movable jaw BD in close contact with the fixed jaw AC and find the zero
    error. Do it three times and record it. If there is no zero error, then record, zero
    error nil.
    Measurement of internal diameter
    3. Put the jaws C and D inside the beaker or calorimeter and open them till each of
    them touches the inner wall of the beaker or calorimeter, , without any undue
    pressure on the walls. Tight the screw attached to the vernier scale gently.
    4. Note the-position of the zero mark of the vernier scale on the main scale. Record
    the main scale reading just before the zero mark of the vernier scale. This reading
    (IV) is called main scale reading (M.S.R.).
    5. Note the number (n) of the vernier scale division which coincides with some
    division of the main scale.
    6. Repeat steps 4 and 5 after rotating the vernier callipers by 90° for measuring
    internal diameter in a perpendicular direction.
    7. Find total reading and apply zero correction.
    Measurement of depth
    8. Keep the edge of the main scale of vernier callipers on its peripheral edge. This
    should be done in such a way that the tip of the strip is able to go freely inside the
    beaker along its depth.
    9. Keep sliding the moving jaw of the vernier callipers until the strip just touches the
    bottom of the beaker. Take care that it is just perpendicular to the bottom surface.
    Now tighten the screw of the vernier callipers.
    10. Repeat steps 4 and 5 for four different positions along the circumference of the
    upper edge of the beaker or calorimeter.
    11. Find total reading and apply zero correction.
    12. Take mean of two different values of internal diameter and four different values of
    the depth.
    13. Calculate the volume by using proper formula and show that in the result with
    proper unit.

    Observations

    1. Determination of Vernier Constant (Least Count) of the vernier callipers


    1 M.S.D. = 1 mm 10 V.S.D. = 9 M.S.D.
    ∴ 1 V.S.D. = 9/10 M.S.D. = 0.9 mm
    Vernier constant, V.C. = 1 M.S.D. – 1 V.S.D. = (1 – 0.9) mm
    = 0.1 mm = 0.01 cm.
    2. Zero error = (i)……..cm, (ii)……..cm, (iii)……..cm.
    Mean zero error (e) =……..cm
    Mean zero correction (c) = – (e) =……..cm.
    3. Table for the Internal Diameter (D)
    4. Table for the depth (d)

    Calculations

    Result
    The volume of the beaker/calorimeter is …………cm3.

    Precautions
    Same as given in Experiment 1A.

    Sourcess of error
    Same as given in Experiment 1A.

    Viva Voce

    Question. 1. Why is a slide callipers called a Vernier Callipers ?


    Answer. Because it was first designed by a French mathematician, Pierre Vernier.
    Question.2. What is the principle of a vernier scale ?
    Answer. The number of vernier scale divisions coinciding with main scale divisions
    should either be one less or one more.

    Question.3. Define vernier constant.


    Answer. It is the difference between value of one main scale division and one vernier
    scale division of a vernier callipers.

    Question.4. Define least count of a measuring instrument.


    Answer. It is the least quantity that the instrument can measure accurately. (For a
    vernier callipers, its. least count is equal to vernier constant.)

    Question.5. Give least counts of a metre scale, vernier callipers, screw gauge and
    a spherometer.
    Answer. Metre scale (1 mm), vernier callipers (0.1 mm),

    Question.6. screw gauge and spherometer (0.01 mm). What is a zero error ?
    Answer. It is the error in the vernier callipers, if the zeros of the main scale and vernier
    scale do not coincide when the lower jaws are in contact.

    Question.7. How does zero error arise in the instrument ?


    Answer. It arises due to wear and tear of the instrument caused by its long use.

    Question.8. When is zero error positive and when is it negative ?


    Answer. Zero error is positive when vernier zero is to the right of main scale zero and
    negative if it is to the left.

    Question.9. How is zero error applied ?


    Answer. Zero error is a algebraically subtracted from the observed reading.

    Question.10. What is zero correction ? How is it applied ?


    Answer. Negative of zero error is zero correction. It is algebraically added to the
    observed reading.

    Question.11. What is the utility of vernier scale over meter scale ?


    Answer. It increases the accuracy of measurement.

    Question.12. What are other measurements that can be made by a vernier


    callipers ?
    Answer. The callipers jaws are used for measuring internal diameter of hollow cylinder
    or calorimeter. The thin metallic strip attached to the back side of the main scale is used
    for measuring depth of a vessel.

    Question.13. Can we measure the thickness of a piece of paper by vernier


    callipers ?
    Answer. No.

    Question.14. What is the least count of your laboratory vernier callipers ?


    Answer. The least count is 0.01 cm.

    Question. 15. What is an angular vernier ?


    Answer. An angular vernier is used for measuring fraction of a degree of an angle. It is
    provided in sextants and spectrometers, which measure angular displacements.

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