Earth AND Life Sciences: Daryll T. Cagoyong Teacher

MODULE 2
E A R T H A N D L I F E S C I E N C E S
DARYLL T. CAGOYONG
Teacher
Movements of
2.1 the Earth’s
Crust
1 Continental Drift Theory
Contents
2 Seafloor Spreading
3 P l a t e Te c t o n i c s
4 D i a s t r o p h i s m
Continental Drift Theory
ALFRED WEGENER
In 1912, the German Meteorologist put forth the CDT.
There was a “SUPERCONTINENT”, or the PANGAEA, which means

that “all land” that existed. And was surrounded by a giant sea
known as PANTHALASSA, a Greek word for “all seas”.
LAURASIA
Northern continent
PANGAEA GONDWANALAND
Southern continent
DIVERGENT
3 KINDS OF CONTINENTAL Plates pull apart from each other.
DRIFT
CONVERGENT TRANSFORM/LATERAL
Plates crush into each other. Plates move alongside each other
in different directions.
SEAFLOOR SPREADING
HARRY HESS
American geologist, presented the hypothesis and he proposed that
the seafloor is not permanent but is continuously being renewed.
The theory of Seafloor Spreading provided the mechanism for

continental drift.
TRIGENOUS
Seafloor Sediments Consist of mineral grains that were
weathered from continental rocks
and transported to the ocean.
BIOGENOUS HYDROGENOUS
Consists of minerals that crystallize
Consists of shells and skeletons of
directly from seawater through
marine animals and algae.
various chemical reactions.
Theory of PLATE TECTONICS
Describes the forces w/in the Earth that gives rise to continents,
ocean basins, mountain ranges, earthquake belts, and other large
scale features of the Earth’s surface.
8 MAJOR PLATES: Pacific Plate, African Plate, Eurasia Plate, North

American Plate, Antarctic Plate, South American Plate, Indo-
Australian Plate, Nazca Plate
Theory of PLATE TECTONICS
FOLDS – rocks subjected to stress begin to deform into intricate

and broad folds, and if enough stress is applied, rocks break and
then move along faults.
Reverse Fault
3 Common Types of Faults Fault involves vertical movement
along an inclined fault plane.
Normal Fault Strike-slip Fault

Characterized by horizontal
Fault involves vertical movement
movement. Devastating earthquakes
along an inclined fault plane.
can occur with horizontal faults.
DIASTROPHISM
Diastrophism, also called

tectonism, large-scale deformation
of Earth's crust by natural
processes, which leads to the
formation of continents and ocean
basins, mountain systems, plateaus,
rift valleys, and other features
Earth’s Air and
2.2 Water
Environment
WEATHER and CLIMATE
the state of the atmosphere at a place

and time as regards heat, dryness,
sunshine, wind, rain, etc.
the weather conditions prevailing in

an area in general or over a long
period.
Weather
 Temporary behavior of atmosphere (what’s going on at
any certain time)
 Small geographic area
 Can change rapidly

 Effect of six interacting variables: temperature, pressure,
relative humidity, clouds, winds, and precipitation.
Weather
• --The study of weather is meteorology
• --Someone who studies weather is called a

meteorologist
TYPES OF WEATHER
1. FINE WEATHER 2. FAIR WEATHER

is a weather condition with clouds and means clouds are present and may
no rain. produce rain but the greater portion of
the day is sunny.
3. RAINY WEATHER 4. STORMY WEATHER

Rain occurs during a greater portion of Characterized by rains and strong
the day. winds.
WATER DISTURBANCES IN THE PHILIPPINES
1. TROPICAL CYCLONES
a. Tropical Depression
b. Storm
c. Typhoon
2. EASTERLY WAVES
3. INTERTOPICAL CONVERGENCE ZONE (ITCZ)
4. MOONSOONS
5. COLD FRONTS
6. LOCAL DISTURBANCES (Thunderstorms, Orographic lift)
Climate
 Long-term behavior of atmosphere (100+
years)
 Large geographic area
 Very slow to change
POLAR
90o -60o latitude
Cool summers, cold year-round
Dry
TEMPERATE
60o-30o latitude
True Seasons
Variety of climate patterns
Moderate precipitation (rain/snow)
TROPICAL
30o - equator
No winter, warm year-round
High temp, rainfall, humidity
CLIMATES OF THE PHILIPPINES
1. FIRST TYPE 2. SECOND TYPE

Dry – November to April No dry seasons with maximum rain
Wet – May to October period from November to January.
3. THIRD TYPE 4. FOURTH TYPE

Seasons not very pronounced, dry from Rainfall evenly distributed throughout
November to April and wet during the the year.
rest of the year.
PREVAILING WIND SYSTEMS IN THE PHILIPPINES
NORTEAST MOONSOON
Amihan, prevails from November to February.
SOUTHWEST MOONSOON
Habagat, prevails during July, August, and September.

Rainfall – 168.3 mm
Annual averages
Temp. – 27℃
Materials of the
2.3
Earth
MINERALS
MINERALOGY
Study of minerals.
Minerals are the building blocks of rocks, and is defined as a naturally

formed, generally organic, crystalline solid composed of an ordered
array of atoms having a specific chemical composition.
MINERALS
• Inorganic – formed by natural geologic processes.

• Formed in nature
• Solids – crystalline substance that are solid at temperature on the
Earth’s surface.
• Atoms have the same crystalline pattern, and with specific
chemical composition.
• Crystalline atoms are arranged in an orderly repetitive manner.
• Can be presented by a chemical formula.
MINERALS
• Physical Properties: luster, hardness, streak

cleavage, fracture, color, specific gravity, and crystal
form.
• Chemical Properties: taste test and fizz taste.

ROCKS
PETROLOGY
Study of rocks.
Rocks are aggregates of minerals. It helps us decipher the Earth’s

past and understand the processes that have shaped our planet.
PROPERTIES OF ROCKS
• Rocks exhibit different properties. As to color, rocks may

be dark, light, reddish, gray, brown, yellow or even black.
• Rocks differ in texture: some are fine, others are rough.
• Some are glossy in appearance and smooth to touch.
• Most rocks are hard, others are brittle.
THREE TYPES OF ROCKS
• IGNEOUS
• SEDIMENTARY
• METAMORPHIC
IGNEOUS ROCKS
• Igneous means “formed by fire”.

• It is formed by the cooling and crystallization of hot molten rock
material called magma.
• It makes up about 95% of the earth’s crust.
• Common igneous rocks are Granite and Basalts.
• Extrusive rocks is classified when lava solidifies; intrusive rocks is
classified when magma does not reach the surface and crystallizes
at great depths.
IGNEOUS ROCKS
• Plutons: large intrusive igneous rock bodies.

• Bacoliths are the largest of plutons.
• Common igneous rocks are: granite, rhyolite, diorite, andesite, basalt,
gabbro.
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
• Sedimentary was derived from the word sedimentation which means

“settling” as in settling of a material from a fluid.
• These are the most common in the uppermost portion of the crust.
• Accounts for about 75% of the rocks in the surface.
• These are formed when weathered products are transported by
running water and deposited in the ocean where it is lithified.
• It is about 5% of the Earth’s 16-kilometer crust.
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
• 2 major groups: CLASTIC and NONCLASTIC.

• Clastic: conglomerate, breccis, sandstone, shale, halite (chief
component of rock salt).
• Nonclastic: calcite (calcium carbonate).
• Coal: organic sediment.
• Limestones and sandstones are common examples of sedimentary
rock.
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Importance:
• Contains fossils that are evidences of geologic past.
• Coal, petroleum, and natural gas are major energy source.
• Iron, aluminum, and manganese are used in construction industry.
METAMORPHIC ROCKS
• Metamorphic is derived from the Greek “change of form”.

• Formed under the conditions of heat and pressure similar to the
environment in which igneous rocks are formed.
• Temperatures are lower and change may occur at depths 12-16 km
beneath the surface.
• Rearrangement of mineral grains is the first metamorphic change.
Minerals align in bands or layers, as the temperature rises, crystals
become bigger and chemical reactions occur.
METAMORPHIC ROCKS
• Classified as FOLIATED or BANDED.

• Foliated: slates, phyllites, and gneiss.
• Banded; marble, quartzite, and serpentine.
• Marble is changed from pure limestone.
• Quartzite forms from sandstones.
• Serpentine is metamorphosed from basalt.
• Marbles and slates are well-known examples of metamorphic rocks.
RECAP
We must accept finite disappointment, but we must never
lose infinite hope.

Earth AND Life Sciences: Daryll T. Cagoyong Teacher

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Earth AND Life Sciences: Daryll T. Cagoyong Teacher

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Earth AND Life Sciences: Daryll T. Cagoyong Teacher

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

MODULE 2

In 1912, the German Meteorologist put forth the CDT.

There was a “SUPERCONTINENT”, or the PANGAEA, which means

The theory of Seafloor Spreading provided the mechanism for

8 MAJOR PLATES: Pacific Plate, African Plate, Eurasia Plate, North

FOLDS – rocks subjected to stress begin to deform into intricate

Normal Fault Strike-slip Fault

Diastrophism, also called

the state of the atmosphere at a place

the weather conditions prevailing in

 Small geographic area

 Can change rapidly

• --Someone who studies weather is called a

1. FINE WEATHER 2. FAIR WEATHER

3. RAINY WEATHER 4. STORMY WEATHER

1. FIRST TYPE 2. SECOND TYPE

3. THIRD TYPE 4. FOURTH TYPE

Habagat, prevails during July, August, and September.

Minerals are the building blocks of rocks, and is defined as a naturally

• Inorganic – formed by natural geologic processes.

• Physical Properties: luster, hardness, streak

• Chemical Properties: taste test and fizz taste.

Rocks are aggregates of minerals. It helps us decipher the Earth’s

• Rocks exhibit different properties. As to color, rocks may

• Igneous means “formed by fire”.

• Plutons: large intrusive igneous rock bodies.

• Sedimentary was derived from the word sedimentation which means

• 2 major groups: CLASTIC and NONCLASTIC.

• Metamorphic is derived from the Greek “change of form”.

• Classified as FOLIATED or BANDED.

You might also like