Arguments and Validity Problems

Mathematics Work Sheet On Propositional Logic And Set Theory
Prepared By Somali Student Academic Committee

1. Which of the following sentences are propositions? For those that

are, indicate the truth value.
a. 123 is a prime number.
b. 0 is an even number.
c. 𝑥2−4=0.
d. Multiply 5𝑥+2 by 3.
e. What an impossible question!
(ANS: a,b are PROPOSITIONS and others are not)
2.For statements 𝑝,𝑞 and 𝑟, use a truth table to verify that each of
the following pairs of statements is logically equivalent.
a. 𝑝⟹(𝑞∨𝑟) and (⌝𝑟)⟹(𝑝⟹𝑞). C) (c) ((Ꞁq) Vp) and ((Ꞁr) ⋁p)

(d) ( ‫(ך‬r⇔q)) and (p⇔ (‫ך‬q))
(e) (r V (p⇔q)) and ((q Vr)⇔(p⋀q))
(f) p⇒ (q ⇔r)) and ((p⇒r)⇔ (q⇒p))
(g) (q⋁(q⋀r)) and ((q /\p)⇔(p⋀r))
b. 𝑝⟹(𝑞∨𝑟) and ((‫))𝑞⟹)𝑝∧)𝑟ך‬.
3. Let F = ¬(¬p∧¬q ∧¬r)∧(¬p∨q ∨r) and G = q ∨r. Say which one of

the following properties hold: F |= G, G |= F, F ≡ G, F ∧ ¬G is a
tautology, F ∧ ¬G is a contradiction, ¬F ∨ G is a tautology, ¬F ∨ G is
a contradiction.
4. Is the following statement true? (provide a justification for your
answer). If F → G is satisfiable and F is satisfiable, then G is
satisfiable.
3.what are the truth values of the following compound statements
given thar P ≡ 2 devides 3 with out reminder,Q≡ 4≤-2, R≡ a non
positive intiger is negative.
a) P⋁(┐q⇒r) b) (p⋀‫ך‬r)⋁(p⋁q) c) Ꞁ[p⋀(Ꞁq⇒Ꞁr)] d)

(p⇒q)⇔(q⇒r)
e) [(r⋁ Ꞁq)⋀(Ꞁp⇔q)]⇒(Ꞁr⇒p).
e. (p⟹(q∧r))∨(‫ך‬p∧q).
f. (𝑝∧𝑞)⟹((𝑞∧‫))𝑞∧𝑟(⟹)𝑞ך‬.
f) ((((p ⇒q) ⇒(r ⇒q)) ⋀(‫ך‬p)) ⋁r) g) (Ꞁ(((Ꞁ(q V r)))⇔ (q ⋁p)))
4) Identify for the following compound statements as
tautology,contradiction or neither.
a) [(Ꞁp⋀(q⋁Ꞁr)]⇒(Ꞁq⇔p) b)
[(p⇒q)⋀(q⇒p)⇒(p⇒r)]
c) (𝑝∧‫ )𝑞∧𝑝(∧)𝑞ך‬d) ((A ⇔ ( ( ‫ך‬p) V r))⇒ ( (┐q) ⇔p))
e) ((pV (Ꞁ(r ⋀ C)))⇒ ((p⇔q) ⋁r))
5. Suppose the value of 𝑝⟹𝑞 is 𝑇; what can be said about the value
of ‫?𝑞∨𝑝⟺𝑞∧𝑝ך‬
6. a. Suppose the value of 𝑝⟺𝑞 is 𝑇; what can be said about the

values of ‫ 𝑞ך⟺𝑝ך‬and ‫?𝑞⋁𝑝ך‬
b. Suppose the value of 𝑝⟺𝑞 is 𝐹; what can be said about the values
of ‫ 𝑞⟺𝑝ך‬and 𝑝⟺‫?𝑞ך‬
6.For each of the following determine decide the truth valu for the
given information.
a) (𝑝∧𝑞)⟹(𝑝∨𝑠), where 𝑝=𝑇 and 𝑠=T b) ‫)𝑞ך∧𝑝ך(⟺)𝑞∨𝑝(ך‬, where
𝑝∨𝑞=F
ARGUMENTS AND VALIDITY PROBLEMS
Decide wether the following arguments are valid or not using any appropriate
rule of checking validity.
a) (r⋀‫ך‬s),(‫ך‬s⇒p)⇒r├ ‫ך‬p b) 𝑝⟹𝑞,‫𝑟⟹𝑝ך‬,𝑟⟹𝑠├ ‫𝑠⟹𝑞ך‬.
c) ‫𝑠ך∧𝑟ך‬,(𝑠⟹𝑝)⟹ ‫𝑝ך ├ 𝑟ך‬.
d). 𝑝⟹,⟹𝑟,𝑟⟹𝑠 ├ ‫𝑠⟹𝑞ך‬. e). ‫𝑞∨𝑝ך‬,𝑟⟹𝑝,𝑟 ├ 𝑞. f) ‫𝑞ך∧𝑝ך‬,(𝑞∨𝑟)⟹ 𝑝 ├ ‫𝑟ך‬.
g) 𝑝⟹(𝑞∨𝑟),‫𝑟ך‬,𝑝 ├ 𝑞. h) 𝑞⟹𝑝,⟹𝑝,‫𝑟 ├ 𝑞ך‬. i) (p⇒r),‫ך‬r,‫ך‬q├p
2.Prove the following are valid arguments by formalizing and giving formal
proof.
a) if the temperature and air pressure remained constant, there was no

rain. The temperature did remain constant. Therefore, if there was rain,
then the air pressure did not remain constant.
b) If the number x ends it1 0, it is divisible by 5. x does not end in 0. Hence,

x is not divisible by 5.
c) If the number x ends in 0, it is divisible by 5. x is not divisible by 5.
Hence, x does not end in 0.
d) If a = 0 or b = 0, then ab = 0. But ab f= 0. Hence, a f= 0 and b f= 0.
f) farah cannot both be a running star and Smoking cigarettes. farah is not
a running star. Therefore, Smith smokes cigarettes.
g) If abdullahi drove the car, geelle is innocent. If geeddi fired the gun, then
abdullahi is not innocent. Hence, if geeddi fired the gun, then abdullahi did
not
drive the car.
h) whenever he participate a race he is a winner. Either he participate the
race or he is sick. he is not the winner. therefore he is sick.
i) You will meet a tall, handsome stranger or you will stay home and pick fleas
off of your cat. You didn’t meet and tall, handsome stranger. Therefore, you
stayed home and picked fleas off of your cat.
J) If you aren’t polite, you won’t be treated with respect. You aren’t treated
with respect. Therefore, you aren’t polite.
K) If I don’t pay my income taxes, then I file for an extension or I am a felon.

I’m not a felon and I didn’t file for an extension. Therefore, I paid my income
taxes.
l) If I lose my keys, then I can’t start my car. If I lose my keys, then I can’t get
in my house. Therefore, if I can’t start my car, then I can’t get in my house.
m) “Robbery was the motive for the crime only if the victim had money in his
pockets. But robbery or vengeance was the motive for the crime. Therefore,
vengeance must have been the motive for the crime.”
SET PROBLEMS
1. write the following formal set description by informal English

description(the so called verbal method of set description).
a) {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, …} b) {…, -3, -1, 1, 3,…} c) {n | n = 2m for some y ↋ ℕ }
d) {x | x=2n and x=2k for some n, k ↋ ℕ } e) {b | b ↋ ℤ and b=b+1}
{n | n ↋ ℤ and n < 42 and n > 0}
2. Let 𝐴={2,4,6,7,8,9},
𝐵={1,3,5,6,10} and
𝐶 = { 𝑥:3𝑥+6=0 or 2𝑥+6=0}. Find
a. 𝐴∪𝐵.
b. Is (𝐴∪𝐵)∪𝐶=𝐴∪(𝐵∪𝐶)?
3. If A={1,3,5}, B={3,5,6} and C={1,3,7}

i) verify that A⋃(B⋂C)=(A⋃B)⋂(AUC)
ii) verify A⋂(BUC)=(A⋂B)U(A⋂C)
4. Suppose 𝑈= The set of two digit numbers and
𝐴={𝑥:𝑥 is an odd natural number less than or equal to 50}

Describe each of the sets by complete listing method:
a. 𝐴′.
b. 𝐴∩𝐴′.
c. 𝐴∪𝐴′.
d. (𝐴′)′
e. 𝜙−𝑈.
f. 𝜙′
g. 𝑈′
5. Suppose that we take the universal set U to be the integers. Let S be the
even integers, let T be the integers that can be obtained by tripling any one
integer and adding one to it, and let V be the set of numbers that are whole
multiples of both two and three.
(i) Write S, T, and V using symbolic notation.
(ii) Compute S∩T, S∩V and T ∩V and give symbolic representations that do
not use the symbols S, T, or V on the right hand side of the equals sign.
6. in a group of 60 people, 27 like cold drinks and 42 like hot drinks and each
of person likes at least one of two drinks. How many like both hot and cold
drinks.
7.there are 35 students in natural class and 57 students in social class. Finfd
the number of students who are either in natural classs or in social class. a)
when two classe meet at different hours and 12 students enrolled in both. b)
when to classes meet at the same classes.
8. there are group of 100 persons,72 persons can speak Somali and 43 can
speak English. How many can speak English only? How many can speak
Somali and how many can speak both.
9.In competition, a school awarded medals in different categories. 36 medals

in maths,12 in physics and 18 medals in economics. If these went to a totals of
45 persons and only 4 persons got medals in all the three categories, how
many received medals in exactly two of these categories.
10. Each student in a class of 40 plays at least game cricket, football and
volleyball. 18 play cricket, 20 play football and 27 volleyball. 7 play cricket
and volleyball, 12 play volleyball and football and 4 play all the game. Find
the number of students who play a) cricket and football
b)cricket, football but not volleyball.
11.Let the universal set be E = {whole numbers less than 20 }, and let
A = { squares less than 20 }
B = { even numbers less than 20 }
C = { odd squares less than 20 }
a Draw A and C on a Venn diagram, and place the numbers in the correct
regions.
b Draw B and C on a Venn diagram, and place the numbers in the correct
regions.
c Shade A U B on a Venn diagram, and place the numbers in the correct
regions.
d Shade A ⋂B on a Venn diagram, and place the numbers in the correct regions.
12. A travel agent surveyed 100 people to find out how many of them had
visited the cities of JIGJIGA and HARGEYSA. Thirty-one people had visited
JIGJIGA, 26 people had been to HARGEYSA, and 12 people had visited both
cities. Draw a Venn diagram to find the number of people who had visited:
a JIGJIGA or HARGEYSA
b HARGEYSA but not JIGJIGA
c only one of the two cities
d neither city.
13.Twenty-four people go on holidays. If 15 go swimming, 12 go fishing, and 6

do neither, how many go swimming and fishing? Draw a Venn diagram and fill in
the number of people in all four regions.
TALO: hadii aad rabtid su’aalo dheeri ah fadlan isku day inaad ka shaqaysid
dhamaan laylisyada ku yaala dhiganaha(bug yaraha) ay jaamcaddu ku siisay
waan hubaa inaad si fiican u fahmaysid haddiii aad intaasoo dhan isku daydid
inaad ka shaqaysid.

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Mathematics Work Sheet On Propositional Logic And Set Theory

Prepared By Somali Student Academic Committee

1. Which of the following sentences are propositions? For those that

a. 𝑝⟹(𝑞∨𝑟) and (⌝𝑟)⟹(𝑝⟹𝑞). C) (c) ((Ꞁq) Vp) and ((Ꞁr) ⋁p)

3. Let F = ¬(¬p∧¬q ∧¬r)∧(¬p∨q ∨r) and G = q ∨r. Say which one of

a) P⋁(┐q⇒r) b) (p⋀‫ך‬r)⋁(p⋁q) c) Ꞁ[p⋀(Ꞁq⇒Ꞁr)] d)

6. a. Suppose the value of 𝑝⟺𝑞 is 𝑇; what can be said about the

ARGUMENTS AND VALIDITY PROBLEMS

a) if the temperature and air pressure remained constant, there was no

b) If the number x ends it1 0, it is divisible by 5. x does not end in 0. Hence,

K) If I don’t pay my income taxes, then I file for an extension or I am a felon.

1. write the following formal set description by informal English

3. If A={1,3,5}, B={3,5,6} and C={1,3,7}

𝐴={𝑥:𝑥 is an odd natural number less than or equal to 50}

(i) Write S, T, and V using symbolic notation.

9.In competition, a school awarded medals in different categories. 36 medals

the number of students who play a) cricket and football

b)cricket, football but not volleyball.

13.Twenty-four people go on holidays. If 15 go swimming, 12 go fishing, and 6

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