Building Technology 2: Arch - Carmela C. Quizana - MSCM, Uap

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 2
ARCH.CARMELA C. QUIZANA_MSCM,UAP
STAIRS
6. WOOD STAIRS
6.1 LAYING OUT THE STAIRS
1. Choose the preferred riser height. The riser height is proportional to the tread width in the order of the
formula T + R = 45 cm (18 in); where T is tread width and R is riser height. Preferred riser height is between 15
cm (6”) to 18 cm (7”).
2. Determine the total rise of the stairwell in meters. Divide this number by the preferred height of the riser. If
the result is a fraction, convert to a whole number to give you the exact number of steps.
3. Divide the total stair rise with the number of steps. This will give you the actual dimension of the step rise, in
whole number or in fraction.
4. Determine the tread width by subtracting the step rise from 45 cm. If a fraction, convert to a whole number.
5. Multiply the number of steps with the tread width in order to get the total stairway run. Check whether this
will fit the dimensions in plan.
Riser – The vertical face of a stair step.

Tread –The horizontal surface of a stair step; often has a rounded edge that extends beyond the upright face of the riser below it.
Rise - The height of a flight of stairs from landing to landing.
Run -In stairways , the horizontal distance covered by a flight of steps.
6.2 PARTS OF THE STAIRS
1. Header – a short transverse joist that support the end of the cut-off joist at
a stairwell hole.
2. Trimmer – is a supporting joist which carries an end portion of a header.
3. String, Stringer – In a stair, and inclined board which supports the end of the steps.
TYPES OF STRINGER ACCORDING TO
CONSTRUCTION
1.Cut
2.Rabbeted
3.Cleated
4.Built-up
TYPES OF STRINGER ACCORDING TO

DESIGN
• Closed Stringer
• Face
4. Baluster, Banister – 1. One of a number

of short vertical members, often
circular in section, used to support a
stair handrail or a coping. 2. (Plural)
balustrade
5.Balustrade – an entire railing system (as

along the edge of a balcony) including a
top rail and its baluster, and
sometimes a bottom rail. BALLUSTRADE
6. Newel-post – a tall and more or less ornamental post at the
head or foot of a stair, supporting the handrail. RAIL
7. Rail – a bar of wood or other material passing from one post

or other support to another; a hand support along a
stairway. NEWEL POST
8. Bull-nosed step – a step, usually lowest in a flight, having

one or both end rounded to a semicircle and projecting
beyond the face of the stair string or strings. The
semicircular projection extends beyond and around the
newel post.
9. Nosing, Nose – the prominent, usually rounded, horizontal

edge which extends beyond an upright face below; as the
projection of a tread beyond a riser.
10. Nosing Strip – In stair construction, a molding which has

the same profile as the nosing on the stair treads.
DOORS
6.3 DOORS AND ACCESSORIES
6.3.1 DOOR OPERATION
Swinging Doors - For exterior and interior use. Normally turns on hinges about
a side jamb when pushed or pulled, but may also be pivoted from head jamb
and threshold
Bypass Sliding Doors - For exterior and interior use. Slides on overhead track and
long guides or a track on the floor.
Surface Sliding Doors - For exterior and interior use. Surface-hung on an
exposed overhead track that provides access through full width of
doorway
Pocket Sliding Doors - For interior use only. Slides on an overhead track
into and out of a recess within the width of a wall
Folding Doors - For interior use
only. Hinged door panels fold flat
against one another when
opened, used to subdivide
interior spaces
6. 3.2 WOOD FLUSH DOORS
1. Wood Flush Door Designs – Wood Flush Doors are

doors with no visible seams on both faces. The
available designs are:
• Flush door
• Flush door with glass inserts
• Flush door with louvered inserts
2. Wood Flush Door Construction
• Hollow Core Flush Doors – have a framework of stiles

and rails encasing an expanded honeycomb core of
corrugated fiberboard or a grid of interlocking horizontal
and vertical wood strips. They are lightweight, intended
generally for interiors, and have little inherent thermal or
acoustic insulation value.
• Solid Core Flush Doors – have a core of bonded lumber

blocks, particleboard, or a mineral composition. The
bonded lumber core is the most economical and widely
used. The mineral composition core is lightest but has low-
screw-holding strength and cutouts are difficult. Solid core
doors are used primarily as exterior doors, but they may
also be used wherever increased fire resistance, sound
insulation, or dimensional stability is desired.
• Wood Framed Flush
Doors – have a frame of
rail and stile lumber
covered with veneer of
manufactured boards.
6.3.3 WOOD PANEL (Rail &

Stile) DOORS
1.Wood Panel (Rail and Stile) Door
Designs – Wood rail-and-stile Doors
consist of a framework of vertical
stiles and horizontal rails that hold
solid wood or plywood panels, glass
lights, or louvers in place. The stiles
and rails may be solid softwood or
veneered hardwood. The available
designs are:
•Panel door
•Panel door with sash
•Louvered panel door
•French door
•French door with divided lights
2. Wood Panel Door Construction
3. Batten Doors – consist of vertical board
sheathing nailed at right angles to cross strips or
ledgers. Diagonal bracing is nailed between and
notched into the ledgers.
6.4 SLIDING DOORS –

may be bypass, surface or pocket
sliding doors. Panels may be of
wood, metal or polystyrene and
have flush, panel or louver
designs.
6.4.1 HOLLOW STEEL DOORS AND STEEL DOOR
FRAMES
1.Steel Door Designs –
• Flush door
• Glass door
• Flush door
• Vision door
• Narrow light door
• Full-louvered door
• Vision/louvered door
2. Steel Door Finishes
• Primed or galvanized for painting

• Baked enamel paint
• Vinyl clad
• Stainless steel or aluminum skinned are available in polished or textured finish
3. Steel Door Construction – Hollow metal doors have face sheets of 16 to 22 gauge steel
bonded to a steel channel frame and reinforced with channels, a kraft honeycomb
structure, or a rigid plastic-foam core.
4. Steel Fire Doors – Fire door assemblies, consisting of a fire-resistant door, doorframe,
and hardware, re required to protect openings in fire-rated walls.
• Maximum door size – 4’ x 10’ (1220 mm x 3050 mm)

• Door frame and hardware must have a fire-resistance rating similar to that of the door.
• Door must be self-latching and be equipped with closers.
Kraft Paper – A heavy, high-strength paper, sized with resin, usually brown in color;
used as a building paper. ARCH.CARMELA C. QUIZANA_MSCM,UAP
UL Label Rating Glazing Permitted 6mm (1/4”)
wired glass
A 3 hours No glass permitted
B 1-1/2 100 sq. in. (0.06 sqm.) per leaf
hour
C ¾ hour 1,296 sq. in. (0.84 sqm.) per
leaf:
54” (1,370 mm) max. dimension
D 1-1/2 No glass permitted
hour
E ¾ hour 720 sq. in. (0.46 sqm.) per light:
54” (1,370 mm) max. dimension
4. Steel Louver Door Details
5. Steel Door Frames
KINDS OF STEEL FRAMES
Standard Double Rabbet Frame
Single Rabbet Frame
TYPES OF STEEL FRAME INSTALLATION
Wrap-Around Installation
Butt-Frame Installation
6.5 ALUMINUM GLASS DOORS –
1. Glass Entrance Doors
2. Storefronts – are coordinated systems of extruded aluminum frames, glass panels, glass entrance doors, and
hardware fittings. The size and spacing of the mullions are determined by the glass strength and thickness and the wind
load on the wall plane. The deflection normal to the wall plane should be limited to 1/200 of each component’s clear span;
the deflection of glass supports should be limited to 1/300of the support distance.
Mullion – A vertical member separating (and often supporting) windows, doors, or panels set in series. A door mullion is the
center vertical member of a double-door opening set between
ARCH.CARMELA two single active leaves; usually forms the strike side of
C. QUIZANA_MSCM,UAP
each leaf; may be removable.
3. Revolving Doors – consist of three or four leaves that rotate about a central, vertical pivot within a cylindrically
shaped vestibule. Used typically as entrance doors in large commercial and institutional buildings, revolving
doors provide a continuous weather seal, eliminate drafts, and hold cooling losses to a minimum while
accommodating traffic up to 2,000 persons per hour.
6.6 OVERHEAD AND COILING DOORS
1. Overhead Doors – are constructed of one or several leaves of wood, steel,

aluminum, or fiberglass and open by swinging or rolling up to a position above the
door opening. The door may be operated manually, or by a chain hoist or electric
motor.
2. Coiling Doors – Coiling or rolling doors consist of horizontal, interlocking
metal slats guided by a track on either side and open by coiling about an
overhead drum at the head of the door opening. The door may be operated by
a chain hoist or electric motor.
Both overhead and coiling doors are available with vision panels, thermal
insulation, and other options.
ALUMINUM ROLL-UP DOOR
3. Overhead and Coiling Door Designs

•Wood or aluminum panel doors
•Wood or steel flush doors
•Steel or fiberglass ribbed doors
•Steel of aluminum slatted sections
6.7 DOOR HARDWARE
Finish Door Hardware – include the following items:
• Locksets incorporating locks, latches, and bolts, a cylinder and stop works, and operating
trim
• Hinges
• Closers
• Panic hardware
• Push and pull bars, and plates
• Kick plates
• Door stops, holders and bumpers
• Thresholds
• Weather stripping
• Door tracks and guides
Hardware is selected according to the following factors:
• Function and ease of operation

• Recessed or surface-mounted installation
• Material, finish, texture and color
• Durability in terms of anticipated frequency of use and possible exposure to weather or
corrosive conditions.
Door Hardware Locations
Hardware Finishes
BHMA Code US No. Finish
600 USP Steel primed for painting
603 US2G Zinc plated steel
605 US3 Bright brass, steel coated
606 US4 Satin brass, clear coated
611 US9 Bright bronze, clear coated
612 US10 Satin bronze, clear coated
613 US10B Oxidized satin bronze, oil rubbed
618 US14 Bright nickel plated, clear coated brass
619 US15 Satin nickel plated, clear coated brass
622 US19 Flat black coated brass or bronze
623 US20 Light oxidized bright bronze
624 US20A Dark oxidized statuary bronze
625 US26 Bright chromium plated brass or bronze
626 US26D Satin chromium plated brass or bronze
628 US28 Satin aluminum, clear anodized
629 US32 Bright stainless steel
630 US32D Satin stainless steel
684 --- Black chrome, bright brass or bronze
685 --- Black chrome, satin brass or bronze
Door Hand Conventions – are used in specifying door hardware such as locksets
and closers. The terms right and left assume a view from the exterior of the
building or room to which the doorway leads.
Left hand (LH) – Door

opens inwards to the left;
hinges on left.
Right hand (RH) – Door

opens inwards to the
right; hinges on right.
Left hand reverse (LHR) –

Door opens outward to
the left; hinges on left.
Right hand reverse (RHR)

– Door opens outward to
the right; hinges on right.
WINDOWS
6.8 WINDOWS AND ACCESSORIES
6.8.1 WINDOW ELEMENTS

Window Frame
• Window Frame – the fixed, non-operable border of a window designed to receive

and hold the sash or casement and all necessary hardware.
• Head – the uppermost horizontal member of a window frame.
• Jamb – is either of the two side members of a window frame.
• Sill – is the horizontal member beneath a door or window opening, having an

upper surface sloped to shed rainwater.
• Sub sill – is an additional sill fitted to a window frame to cause rainwater to drip
farther away from a wall surface.
Sash – Any framework of a window; may be movable or fixed; may slide in a vertical plane (as in a
double-hung window) or may be pivoted (as
ARCH.CARMELA in a casement window); a pivoted sash also is called a
C. QUIZANA_MSCM,UAP
ventilator.
WINDOW FRAME ROUGH OPENING
CASING TRIM
HEAD
JAMB
SILL
SUBSILL
SASH AND GLAZING

HEAD AND JAMB CASING
WINDOWSILL
1. Casing Trim – refers to the
finishing trim work around a
window opening, consisting of head
and jamb casings, window sills and
APRON
aprons.
Head and Jamb Casing – conceals and finishes the joint or

gap between door and window frames and the surrounding
wall surface.
Windowsill – refers to the horizontal ledge formed by the

stool at the base of the window opening. The sill may be cut to
fit between the jambs of a window or door opening or extend
beyond the jamb casings.
Apron – is a flat piece of trim immediately beneath the stool

of a window sill.
Stool – 1. The flat piece upon which a window shuts down, corresponding to the sill of a door. 2. A narrow shelf fitted across the lower part
ARCH.CARMELA
of the inside of a window opening; butts against the sill. C. QUIZANA_MSCM,UAP
Architrave – refers to the casing that surrounds a window or doorway,
especially when it is continuous with the same profile.
Plinth Block – is used to terminate a jamb casing above the floor.
PLINTH
BLOCK
2. Sash and Glazing
Sash – refers to the fixed or movable

framework of a window in which
panes of glass are set.
Pane – is one of the divisions of a

window, consisting of a single
unit of glass set in a frame.
Glazing – refers to the panes or

sheets of glass set in the
sashes of a window.
Rails – are the horizontal members TOP RAILS

framing a window sash.
MUNTINS
Muntins – are the vertical members

holding the edges of
windowpanes within a sash.
BOTTOM RAIL
Stiles – are the upright members MULLIONS

framing a window sash or
paneled door.
Mullion – is a vertical member

separating a series of windows
or doorways. ARCH.CARMELA C. QUIZANA_MSCM,UAP
6.8.2 WINDOW OPERATION
1. Fixed Window - 0% ventilating; consists of a frame and
stationary sash.
2. Casement Window - 100% ventilating; has operating sashes

that are hinged, swinging outward.
3. Awning and Hopper Window - 100% ventilating; has operating

sashes that swing outward on hinges attached to the top of the
frame.
4. Sliding Windows - 50% ventilating; Has 2 or more sashes, of

which at least 1 slides along a track.
5. Double-Hung Window - 50% ventilating; has 2 vertically sliding

sashes, each in separate tracks, closing different parts of the
window.
6. Jalousie Windows - 100% ventilating; has
horizontal glass or wood louvers that pivot
simultaneously in a common frame.
7. Pivoting Windows - 100% ventilating; has

sashes that rotate 90° or 180° about a vertical
or horizontal axis at or near the centers
6.8.3 STEEL WINDOWS

Steel window frame and sash sections (Zee bars) are manufactured from
hot-rolled or cold-rolled steel. Because steel is stronger than aluminum,
steel sections are more rigid and thinner in profile than aluminum sections,
offer narrower sightlines, and allow larger lights to be installed in a given
rough or masonry opening.
Steel Casement Window
6.8.4 ALUMINUM WINDOWS
Aluminum window frames are relatively low in cost, lightweight, and corrosion
resistant.
Aluminum frames may have anodized, baked enamel, or fluoropolymer resin
finishes.
Aluminum Framed Window
6.9 WOOD WINDOWS
Wood frames are thicker than aluminum or steel frames; kiln-dried, straight-grain wood, factory-
treated with a water-repellant preservative. The wood may be stained, painted, or primed for
painting on site.
6.10 GLAZING SYSTEMS
1. Face Glazing – the setting of small glass panes set in a rabetted frame, held in
place with glazier’s points, and sealed with a beveled bead of putty or glazing
compound.
Glazier’s point – are metal points that hold a glass pane in a sash until the face
putty has hardened.
Putty – is a compound of whiting and linseed oil, of dough like consistency
when fresh, used in securing windowpanes or patching woodwork defects.
Face putty – is the putty or glazing compound formed on the exterior side of a
glass pane.
Glazing compound – is an adhesive compound used as putty, formulated so as
not to become brittle with age.
FACE PUTTY
METAL GLAZIER’S POINT
BEDDING OF PUTTY or GLAZING

COMPOUND
Glazing – 1. Setting glass in an opening.

2. The glass surface of a glazed opening.
2. Wet Glazing – is the setting of glass in a window frame with glazing
tape or a liquid sealant. Lights more than 6 sqft. (0.56 sq.m.) in area,
must be wet- or dry-glazed.
Glazing tape – is a preformed ribbon of synthetic rubber, such as butyl or
polyisobutylene, having adhesive properties and used in glazing to form a
watertight seal between glass and frame.
Cap bead or sealant – is an adhesive liquid of synthetic rubber injected into the
joint between a glass pane or unit and a window frame, curing to form a watertight
seal.
Glazing bead or stop – is the wood molding or metal section secured against the
edge of a glass pane or unit to hold it in place. CAP BEAD or SEALANT
Heel bead – is an adhesive liquid of

synthetic rubber injected between
a glass pane or unit and a glazing
bead, curing to form an airtight GLAZING BEAD
seal.
GLAZING TAPE
HEEL BEAD
SETTING BLOCK
WEEP HOLE
3.Dry Glazing – is the setting of glass in a window frame with a compression
gasket instead of glazing tape or a liquid sealant.
Compression gasket – a preformed strip of synthetic rubber or plastic

compressed between a glass pane or unit and a window frame to form a
watertight seal and cushion for the glass.
COMPRESSION
GASKETS
WEEP HOLE
4. Structural Gasket Glazing – Structural gaskets are preformed of
synthetic rubber or other elastomeric material to secure a glass
pane or unit in a window frame or opening. The gaskets are held in
compression by forcing a keyed locking strip into a groove in the
gasket. They require smooth contact surfaces and a frame or
opening with exacting dimensional tolerances and true plane
alignment. The glass must be supported on at least two sides by the
frame or a supported gasket.
5. Glass Setting Tolerances – Glazing systems should allow glass units
to float in its opening and be cushioned with a resilient glazing
material. The perimeter frame, however, must support the glass
against wind pressure or suction, and be strong enough that structural
movements and thermal stresses are not transferred to the glass.
Glass size – is the size of a glass pane or unit required for glazing an opening, allowing
for adequate edge clearances.
United inches – is the sum of one length and one width of a rectangular glass pane or unit
measured in inches.
Edge blocks – of synthetic rubber; they are placed between the side edges of a glass pane
or unit and a frame to center it, maintain a uniform width of sealant, and limit lateral
movement caused by building vibrations or thermal expansion or contraction: 4” (100 mm)
minimum length.
Setting blocks – of lead or synthetic EDGE BLOCKS
rubber; they are placed under the lower

edge of a glass pane or unit to support
it within a frame; two per panel at GLASS SIZE
quarter points. Setting blocks should be SETTING BLOCKS
as wide as glass thickness and 0.1” per
square foot (25 mm per 0.09 sqm) of
glass area in length; 4” (100 mm)
minimum.
Face clearance (A) – is the distance
between the face of a glass pane or unit FACE CLEARANCE
and the nearest face of its frame or

stop, measured normal to the plane of
the glass.
Bite (B) – is the amount of overlap

between the edge of a glass pane or BITE
unit and a window frame, stop, or lock-

strip gasket.
EDGE CLEARANCE
Edge clearance (C) – is the distance

between the edge of a glass pane or
unit and a window frame, measured in
the plane of the
Glass Type A B C
Sheet Glass SS 1/16” (2) ¼” (6) 1/8” (3)
DS 1/8” (3) ¼” (6) 1/8” (3)
Plate Glass ¼” (6) 1/8” (3) 3/8” (10) ¼” (6)
3/8” (10) 3/16” (5) 7/16” (11) 5/16” (8)
½” (13) ¼” (6) 7/16” (11) 3/8” (10)
Insulating Glass ½” (13) 1/8” (3) ½” (13) 1/8” (3)
5/8” (16) 1/8” (3) ½” (13) 1/8” (3)
¾” (20) 3/16” (5) ½” (13) ¼” (6)
1” (25) 3/16” (5) ½” (13) ¼” (6)
SKYLIGHTS
6.11 SKYLIGHTS
Skylights are horizontal glazed openings in a roof to allow daylight to enter

an interior space from above. Glazing may be of acrylic or polycarbonate
plastic or of wired, laminated, heat-strengthened, or fully tempered glass.
Skylight Requirements:
•Maximum area is limited by Building Code requirements.

•The minimum slope for flat or corrugated plastic skylights is 4:12. Plastic
domes should rise at least 10% of the span or at least 5” (125 mm).
•When glass is used, wire screening is required to be installed below the
glazing to prevent the glass, if broken, from falling and injuring building
occupants below.
•The frames for skylights and sloped glazing systems should incorporate an
internal guttering system to collect and drain infiltrating water and
condensation through weep holes to the exterior.
6.11.1 SKYLIGHT FORMS
6.11.2 SKYLIGHT DETAIL

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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 2

Riser – The vertical face of a stair step.

TYPES OF STRINGER ACCORDING TO

4. Baluster, Banister – 1. One of a number

5.Balustrade – an entire railing system (as

7. Rail – a bar of wood or other material passing from one post

8. Bull-nosed step – a step, usually lowest in a flight, having

9. Nosing, Nose – the prominent, usually rounded, horizontal

10. Nosing Strip – In stair construction, a molding which has

6. 3.2 WOOD FLUSH DOORS

1. Wood Flush Door Designs – Wood Flush Doors are

• Hollow Core Flush Doors – have a framework of stiles

• Solid Core Flush Doors – have a core of bonded lumber

6.3.3 WOOD PANEL (Rail &

6.4 SLIDING DOORS –

• Primed or galvanized for painting

• Maximum door size – 4’ x 10’ (1220 mm x 3050 mm)

KINDS OF STEEL FRAMES

Standard Double Rabbet Frame

1. Overhead Doors – are constructed of one or several leaves of wood, steel,

3. Overhead and Coiling Door Designs

Hardware is selected according to the following factors:

• Function and ease of operation

Left hand (LH) – Door

Right hand (RH) – Door

Left hand reverse (LHR) –

Right hand reverse (RHR)

6.8.1 WINDOW ELEMENTS

• Window Frame – the fixed, non-operable border of a window designed to receive

• Head – the uppermost horizontal member of a window frame.

• Jamb – is either of the two side members of a window frame.

• Sill – is the horizontal member beneath a door or window opening, having an

SASH AND GLAZING

Head and Jamb Casing – conceals and finishes the joint or

Windowsill – refers to the horizontal ledge formed by the

Apron – is a flat piece of trim immediately beneath the stool

Plinth Block – is used to terminate a jamb casing above the floor.

Sash – refers to the fixed or movable

Pane – is one of the divisions of a

Glazing – refers to the panes or

Rails – are the horizontal members TOP RAILS

Muntins – are the vertical members

Stiles – are the upright members MULLIONS

Mullion – is a vertical member

2. Casement Window - 100% ventilating; has operating sashes

3. Awning and Hopper Window - 100% ventilating; has operating

4. Sliding Windows - 50% ventilating; Has 2 or more sashes, of

5. Double-Hung Window - 50% ventilating; has 2 vertically sliding

7. Pivoting Windows - 100% ventilating; has

6.8.3 STEEL WINDOWS

METAL GLAZIER’S POINT

BEDDING OF PUTTY or GLAZING

Glazing – 1. Setting glass in an opening.

Heel bead – is an adhesive liquid of

Compression gasket – a preformed strip of synthetic rubber or plastic

rubber; they are placed under the lower

and the nearest face of its frame or

Bite (B) – is the amount of overlap

unit and a window frame, stop, or lock-