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    Lecture (4) Vehicle Dynamics

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    abas
    A parked car experiences normal forces from the ground through its four tires. The normal force under each front tire (Fzf) and each rear tire (Fzr) can be calculated using the car's mass (m), distance from the center of mass to each axle (a1 and a2), and wheelbase (l). Examples show calculating the normal forces and mass center position for various parked cars given their specifications. Homework problems apply the same calculations to additional example cars.

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    Lecture (4) Vehicle Dynamics

    Uploaded by

    abas
    413 views15 pages
    A parked car experiences normal forces from the ground through its four tires. The normal force under each front tire (Fzf) and each rear tire (Fzr) can be calculated using the car's mass (m), distance from the center of mass to each axle (a1 and a2), and wheelbase (l). Examples show calculating the normal forces and mass center position for various parked cars given their specifications. Homework problems apply the same calculations to additional example cars.

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    Lecture (4) Vehicle Dynamics (1)

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    A parked car experiences normal forces from the ground through its four tires. The normal force under each front tire (Fzf) and each rear tire (Fzr) can be calculated using the car's mass (m), distance from the center of mass to each axle (a1 and a2), and wheelbase (l). Examples show calculating the normal forces and mass center position for various parked cars given their specifications. Homework problems apply the same calculations to additional example cars.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    413 views15 pages

    Lecture (4) Vehicle Dynamics

    Uploaded by

    abas
    A parked car experiences normal forces from the ground through its four tires. The normal force under each front tire (Fzf) and each rear tire (Fzr) can be calculated using the car's mass (m), distance from the center of mass to each axle (a1 and a2), and wheelbase (l). Examples show calculating the normal forces and mass center position for various parked cars given their specifications. Homework problems apply the same calculations to additional example cars.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    The document discusses how to calculate the reaction forces under the wheels of a parked car using static equilibrium equations and properties of the car like mass, wheel base, and distance of the mass center from the axles.

    The reaction forces under the wheels of a parked car can be calculated using static equilibrium equations and considering the car as a two-axle rigid beam supported on two points. The forces are calculated to be half of the product of the car's weight and the ratio of the distance of the mass center from the respective axle to the total wheel base.

    The reaction forces under the wheels of a parked car are affected by the car's total mass, wheel base, and the position of the mass center relative to the front and rear axles. A heavier car or one with its mass centered farther from an axle will experience a higher reaction force under that axle.

    PARKED CAR

    ❖ Imagine a car of mass, m, at rest in a parking lot or in a driveway, the surface is horizontal and flat.
    ❖ The Earth pulls on the car with a force of magnitude

    𝑾=𝒎×𝒈

    Where [m] is vehicle mass , [g] is ground acceleration.

    ❖ Since four tires are in contact with a road

    𝑾 = 𝟒𝑵

    2
    PARKED CAR ON A LEVEL ROAD
    When a car is parked on level pavement, the normal force (𝐹𝑧 ) under each of the front and rear
    wheel (𝐹𝑧𝑓 ), (𝐹𝑧𝑟 ) are:
    1 𝑎2
    𝐹𝑧f = 𝑚 𝑔
    2 𝑙

    1 𝑎1
    𝐹𝑧r = 𝑚𝑔
    2 𝑙
    Where (𝑎1 ) is the distance of the car’s mass
    center (C) from the front axle, while (𝑎2 ) is
    the distance of (C) from the rear axle, and (𝑙)
    Figure (1) A parked car on a level pavement
    is the wheel base.
    𝑙 = 𝑎1 + 𝑎2

    3
    PROOF
    1 𝑎2 1 𝑎1
    𝐹𝑧f = 𝑚 𝑔 𝐹𝑧r = 𝑚 𝑔
    2 𝑙 2 𝑙
    ❖ Consider a longitudinally symmetrical car as shown in Figure (1). It can be modeled as a two-axel
    vehicle. A symmetric two-axel vehicle is equivalent to a rigid beam having two supports. The vertical
    force under the front and rear wheels can be determined using planar static equilibrium equations.

    • σ 𝐹𝑧 = 0

    • σ 𝑀𝑐 = 0

    By applying the equilibrium equations:

    • 2𝐹𝑧𝑓 + 2𝐹𝑧𝑟 − 𝑚𝑔 = 0 … … (1)

    • 2𝐹𝑧𝑓 𝑎1 − 2𝐹𝑧𝑟 𝑎2 = 0 … … (2)


    Figure (1) A parked car on a level
    pavement

    4
    PROOF
    𝑎2
    • 𝐹𝑧𝑓 = 𝐹𝑧𝑟 … … (3)
    𝑎1

    • Sub eq 3 in eq 1

    𝑎2 1
    • 2𝐹𝑧𝑟 + 2𝐹𝑧𝑟 − 𝑚𝑔 = 0 … … 4 [× ]
    𝑎1 2

    𝑎2 1
    • 𝐹𝑧𝑟 + 𝐹𝑧𝑟 = 𝑚𝑔 … … (5)
    𝑎1 2

    𝑎2 1
    • 𝐹𝑧𝑟 + 1 = 𝑚𝑔 … … (6) Figure (1) A parked car on a level
    𝑎1 2
    pavement

    𝑎2 +𝑎1 1
    • 𝐹𝑧𝑟 = 𝑚𝑔 … … (7)
    𝑎1 2

    5
    PROOF 1
    𝑚𝑔
    • 𝐹𝑧𝑟 = 2
    𝑎2 +𝑎1 …… 8
    𝑎1

    1 𝑎1
    • ∴ 𝐹𝑧𝑟 = 𝑚𝑔 × …… 9 Let 𝑙 = 𝑎1 + 𝑎2
    2 𝑎2 +𝑎1

    1 𝑎1
    • ∴ 𝐹𝑧𝑟 = 𝑚𝑔 × … … 10
    2 𝑙

    • Sub eq 10 in eq 3

    1 𝑎1 𝑎2
    • 𝐹𝑧𝑓 = 𝑚𝑔 × … … 10
    2 𝑙 𝑎1 Figure (1) A parked car on a level
    pavement
    1 𝑎2
    • ∴ 𝐹𝑧𝑓 = 𝑚𝑔 × … … 11
    2 𝑙

    6
    EXAMPLE (1)
    ❖ Determine the reaction forces under the wheels, if the car has a mass 890 kg. The distance between the
    center of the mass and behind the front wheel axis is 78 cm, and the value for the wheel base is 235 cm.

    ➢ Solution: 𝑎1 = 78 𝑐𝑚 = 0.78 𝑚 , 𝑙 = 235 𝑐𝑚 = 2.35 𝑚 , 𝑚 = 890 𝑘𝑔 , 𝐹𝑧𝑓 =?, 𝐹𝑧𝑟 =?

    The force under each front wheel is:

    𝑎2 1 2.35 − 0.78
    𝐹𝑧𝑓 = 12 𝑚 𝑔 𝑙
    = 890 9.81 = 2916.5 𝑁
    2 2.35

    The force under each rear wheel is:

    1 𝑎1 1 0.78
    𝐹𝑧𝑟 = 2 𝑚 𝑔 𝑙 = 890 9.81 = 1449 𝑁
    2 2.35

    7
    EXAMPLE (2)
    ❖ Specify the mass center position, if the reaction forces under the front and rear wheels of a horizontally
    parked car, with a wheel base 2.34 m are: 2000 N, 1800 N for the front and rear wheels.

    ➢ Solution: 𝑙 = 2.34 𝑚, 𝑎1 =?, 𝑎2 =?, 𝐹𝑧𝑓 = 2000 𝑁, 𝐹𝑧𝑟 = 1800 𝑁

    𝑚𝑔 = 2 𝐹𝑧𝑓 + 𝐹𝑧𝑟 = 2 2000 + 1800 = 7600 𝑁

    The position from the rear wheel is:

    𝑎2
    𝐹𝑧𝑓 = 12 𝑚 𝑔 𝑙

    2𝑙
    𝑎2 = 𝐹𝑧𝑓
    𝑚𝑔

    8
    EXAMPLE (2)
    2(2.34)
    𝑎2 = 2000 = 1.2316 𝑚
    7600

    The position from the front wheel is:

    𝑎1
    𝐹𝑧𝑟 = 12 𝑚 𝑔 𝑙

    2𝑙
    𝑎1 = 𝐹
    𝑚𝑔 𝑧𝑟

    2(2.34)
    𝑎1 = 1800 = 1.1084 𝑚
    7600

    9
    LATERAL MASS CENTER DETERMINATION
    Most cars are approximately symmetrical about the longitudinal center plane and therefore, the lateral
    position of the mass center C is close to the center plane. However, the lateral position of C may be
    calculated by weighing one side of the car. The problem is that although the left and right sides of cars are
    almost symmetric, the front and rear of cars are

    not symmetric and there is an unequal weight


    distribution among the front and rear.
    Therefore, when we measure the weight of the
    left and right sides there would be a significant
    difference between the front and rear, and they
    must be analyzed separately.

    10
    EXAMPLE (3)
    ❖ the Lamborghini Diablo car with total mass of 1576 kg, and front/rear load distribution of 40/60 %, if
    the left side of the car is 4% heavier than the right in car front with wheel bass width of 𝑤𝑓 = 1540 mm
    in front and 𝑤𝑟 = 1640 mm in rear of car find the reaction forces under the front wheels and the Lateral
    mass center position?
    ➢ Solution : m=1576 kg , front load = 40%, rear load = 60%,

    𝑤𝑓 = 1540 mm, 𝑤𝑟 = 1640 mm

    𝑊 = 𝑚 × 𝑔 = 1576 × 9.81 = 15460.56 𝑁

    2𝐹𝑓 = 0.40 × 15460.56= 6184.224 N

    if the left side of the car is 4% heavier than the right in car front

    11
    EXAMPLE (3)
    50% × 0.04 = 2 %

    %𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 = 50% + 2 % = 52 %

    %𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 50% − 2 % = 48 %

    𝐹𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 = %𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 × 2𝐹𝑓 = 52 % ×6184.224 N = 3215.796 N

    𝐹𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = %𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 × 2𝐹𝑓 = 48 % ×6184.224 N = 2968.427 N

    The car’s front wheel bass width of 𝑤𝑓 = 1540 mm

    𝑏1 = 𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 = %𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 × 𝑤𝑓 = 52 % × 1540 𝑚𝑚 = 800.8 𝑚𝑚

    𝑏2 = 𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = %𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 × 𝑤𝑓 = 48 % × 1540 𝑚𝑚 = 739.2 𝑚𝑚

    12
    H.W.
    H.W.1 Consider a car with the following specifications that is parked on a level road: Find the load on
    the front and rear axles.
    𝑚 = 1765 kg
    𝑙 = 2.84 m
    𝑎1 = 1.22 m
    𝑎2 = 1.62 m
    H.W.2 Consider a car with the following specification, and find the axles load:
    𝑚 = 1245 kg
    𝑎1 = 1100 mm
    𝑎2 = 1323 mm

    13
    H.W.
    H.W.3 Peugeot 907 Concept approximately has the following specifications:
    𝑚 = 1400 kg

    𝑙 = 97.5 in

    Assume (𝑎1 /𝑎2 ≈ 1.131) and determine the axles load.

    H.W.4 Jeep Commander approximately has the following specifications:


    𝑚𝑔 = 5091 lb

    𝑙 = 109.5 in , 𝑎1 = 49.32 in

    Assume (𝐹𝑧𝑓 /𝐹𝑧𝑟 ≈ 1.22) and determine the axles load and position.

    14

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