Earth and Life Science

Quarter 1 – Week 7
Module 16: Geologic Processes and Hazards

CO_Q1_ELS SHS
Module 16

1
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master
the nature of Earth and Life Science. The scope of this module permits it to be used in
many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary
level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course.
But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook
you are now using.

The module has one lesson:

• Lesson 2 – Geological Processes and Hazards

MELC:
Using hazard maps, identify areas prone to hazards brought about earthquake, volcanic
eruption, and landslides (S11/12ES-lf-31)

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. identify places in the Philippines that are prone to geologic hazards like
earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and landslides using hazard map; and
2. explain why it is important to identify places that are prone to geologic
hazards.
What I Know

Directions. Read the following questions and choose the letter of the best answer. Write
the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following is an example of a geologic hazard?
A. earthquakes C. tornado
B. flood D. tropical cyclone
2. Where can you find the Pacific Ring of Fire?
A. Arctic Ocean C. Indian Ocean
B. Atlantic Ocean D. Pacific Ocean
3. What do you call the point of origin of an earthquake located just above the focus?
A. convergent C. epicenter
B. divergent D. transform
4. Which type of map shows the risk of a particular area to a certain threat?
A. hazard C. resource
B. physical D. topographic

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5. What type of hazard is climate and weather related?
A. anthropogenic C. ergonomic
B. biological D. natural
6. What refers to the movement of rock, debris, and soil down a slope?
A. Landslide C. typhoon
B. Tsunami D. volcanic eruption
7. Which of the following geologic features makes the provinces of La Union and
Pangasinan high risk to earthquakes?
A. Iba Fault C. Manila Trench
B. Lianga Fault D. Tablas Fault
8. Which of the following is responsible for plate movement?
A. gravitational force C. convection current in mantle
B. radiation emitted by the Sun D. attraction from the moon
9. Which of the following is NOT a geologic hazard?
A. earthquakes C. typhoon
B. landslides D. volcanic eruptions
10. Which of the following areas is the LEAST prone to earthquakes?
A. Cavite C. La Union
B. Ifugao D. Tarlac
11. Which of the following areas has the HIGHEST risk of volcanic-related disaster?
A. Albay C. Biliran
B. Bataan D. Sulu
12. Which of the following areas is LEAST at risk of landslide?
A. Batangas C. La Union
B. Cebu D. Manila
13. Which of the following is an example of natural hazard?
A. climate change C. landslide
B. deforestation D. mining
14. Which of the following factors makes the province of Benguet at risk of an
earthquake?
A. bodies of water around C. presence of trees
B. high population D. topography and mountains
15. Why do you think the Visayas islands are NOT at risk to earthquakes?
A. lack of fault lines C. the presence of islands
B. lack of mountains D. the presence of plains

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 Lesson
2
Geological Processes and Hazards
The Philippines is an archipelago that is made up of 7641 islands and home to world-
renown natural wonders and pristine water bodies. The country is in a unique location
because it rests in the Pacific Typhoon Belt and Pacific’s earthquake and volcano Ring
of Fire. The Ring of Fire is a home to over 75% of the world’s active and dormant
volcanoes. Because of its geographic location, the Philippines is among the greatest
hazard and disaster-prone countries in the world.

What’s In

The Philippines is no stranger to natural hazards. Every year, thousands to millions of

Filipinos are extremely affected by all forms of hazards such as earthquakes, typhoons,
and volcanic eruptions. These natural hazards may result in multiple disasters.

Activity 1: Cause and Effect

Directions. Supply the blank boxes with the causes and effects from the given geologic
hazards.
Geologic Hazard Causes Effects
Volcanic Eruptions
Landslides
Earthquakes

What’s New

Geologic Process
Geological processes can be described as natural forces that shape the physical makeup
of a planet. These forces cause movements of plates in the Earth’s crust, the area where
humankind lives. As these processes occur from time to time, it poses a continuous
source of hazards to people, community and society.

Hazards
A hazard is a phenomenon caused by natural or human forces which poses threat to
humans, animals, properties and environment. For instance, since the Philippines is
located within the Ring of Fire, the country experiences many earthquakes and volcanic
eruptions compared to other countries. This makes the country one of the most hazard-
prone countries in the world.
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Hazards can be classified as either natural or anthropogenic.
a. Natural: Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides and tsunamis (climate and
weather-related hazards)
b. Anthropogenic: Deforestation, mining and climate change (man-made)

Hazard Map
It is a map that illustrates the areas that are exposed or prone to a particular hazard. They
are used for natural hazards such as landslides, flooding, volcanic eruption and tsunami.
It is also used to mitigate the potential negative effects of these hazards

Activity 2: Point me
Every year, dozens of natural disasters strike our country. Some are just passing by and
some even make history because of massive destruction.

Directions. Since disasters are all

over the news, what places do you
think have been affected by
geologic hazards for the past
decade? Use the Philippine map
on the right side. Write your
answers on the box below.
Earthquakes
1.
2.
Volcanic Eruptions
1.
2.
Landslides
1.
2.

Source: GeoCurrents

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 What is It

Now, you have learned that geologic location is the major reason why the Philippines is
a hazard-prone country. The Philippine government partnered with other private
institutions to reduce the risk of hazards through producing hazard maps that are publicly
available. For example, the partnership of news networks with the Philippine Institute
of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS). This partnership shares valuable and
scientific information which increases the public’s understanding on geologic hazards
and risks associated with it.

Another is Manila Observatory, a private non-stock and non-profit research institution

with the help of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR. This
partnership produced hazard maps that show the vulnerability of the country to
environmental disasters.

Geophysical map

Over the past decades, the

PHILVOCS has recorded
twelve destructive earthquakes
in the Philippines that caused
unimaginable effects, such as
Surigao Del Sur and Davao loss of properties, injuries, and
Oriental are at risk to hazard thousands of deaths.
due to Philippine Trench and
nearby active faults, while La
Union and Pangasinan are due
Manila Trench. Moreover,
Benguet, La Union, Nueva
Vizcaya, Eastern Pangasinan
and Nueva Ecija is due its
location along the Philippine
fault Zone. (Center for
Environmental Geomatics-
Manila Observatory, 2005)

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 First on the rank with the highest risk is
Camiguin because the land area was so
small. If volcanic eruption may occur, the
whole province can be affected. Sulu ranks
second because it has the greatest number
of active and dangerous volcanoes. (Center
for Environmental Geomatics- Manila
Observatory, 2005)

Most of the provinces in the

Cordillera Administrative Region are
included in the list of top 10
landslide-prone areas in the
Philippines. Because the entire
region is situated in and around
Cordillera Mountain ranges. So, after
massive and continuous rain or
earthquakes, certain areas on the
hills and mountains become delicate
and weak which makes the region
exposed to landslides as well as to
other provinces that is why their area
is classified as rugged and
mountainous with prominent flat
lands.

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 What’s More

Activity 3: Identify me
Directions. Using the hazard map found on the previous pages, answer the following
questions.
1. Identify the top 3 places in the Philippines that are hazard-prone to volcanic
eruptions, earthquakes, and landslides. Justify your answers why they are most
prone.
2. What is the importance of using a hazard map? Refer to scoring rubrics for short
answer question.

What I Have Learned

Activity 4: Complete me
Directions. Read the following statements and complete them by filling in with the
correct term and/or phrase.
1. The Philippines experiences more earthquakes and volcanic eruptions because it
is located in the __________.
2. Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions are known as ________ type of hazards.
3. Surigao Del Sur and Davao Del Norte are at risk of hazard due to _________ and
__________.
4. Camiguin has the highest risk of effects of a volcanic eruption because the land
area is too __________.
5. Man-made hazards are classified as __________.

Assessment
Directions. Read the following questions and choose the letter of the correct answer.
Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following is an example geologic hazard?
A. earthquakes C. deforestation
B. climate change D. mining
2. Which of the following maps is used to identify a place that is prone to disaster?
A. hazard C. resource
B. physical D. topographic

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3. How do you classify climate- and weather-related hazards?
A. anthropogenic C. chemical
B. biological D. natural
4. Which of the following geologic features makes the provinces of La Union and
Pangasinan are at risk to earthquakes?
A. Iba Fault C. Manila Fault
B. Lianga Fault D. Tablas Fault
5. Which of the following provinces has the highest risk of volcanic eruptions based
on the DENR and Manila observatory report?
A. Bataan C. Laguna
B. Camiguin D. Sorsogon
6. Which of the following is NOT among the provinces with high proneness to
landslide?
A. Cebu C. Metro Manila
B. La Union D. Mountain province
7. Which of the following is NOT included in the group?
A. earthquakes C. mining
B. landslides D. tsunamis
8. Which of the following areas is LEAST prone to earthquakes?
A. Ifugao C. Palawan
B. La Union D. Tarlac
9. Which of the following provinces has the HIGHEST risk of volcanic-related
hazard?
A. Batangas C. Laguna
B. Batanes D. Sulu
10. Which of the following is NOT an example of geologic hazards?
A. earthquakes C. tropical cyclones
B. landslides D. volcanic eruptions
11. Where can you find the Ring of Fire?
A. Arctic Ocean C. Indian Ocean
B. Atlantic Ocean D. Pacific Ocean
12. Which of the following is an example of geologic hazard?
A. earthquakes C. tornado
B. flood D. tropical cyclone
13. What refers to the movement of rock, debris, and soil down a slope?
A. earthquakes C. typhoon
B. landslide D. volcanic eruptions

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 14. Why do you think that the majority of the Cordillera Administrative Region are
included in the most landslide prone provinces in the Philippines? Because it is
______________.
A. near the sea C. near in mountain ranges
B. situated near active volcanoes D. near NCR
15. Which of the following areas is LEAST prone to earthquakes?
A. Cavite C. Tarlac
B. Ifugao D. La Union

Answer Key

Rubrics for short answer

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 Earth and Life Science

Quarter 1 – Week 7
Module 17: Geologic Processes and Hazards

CO_Q1_ELS SHS
Module 17

11
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master
the nature of Earth and Life Science. The scope of this module permits it to be used in
many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary
level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course.
But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook
you are now using.

The module covers:

• Lesson 3: Geologic Processes and Hazards

MELC:
Identify human activities that speed up or trigger landslides; (S11/12ESlf-33)

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. explain why it is important to identify human activities that speed up or trigger
landslides; and
2. cite some precautionary measures in preparing for the landslides.
3.
What I Know

Directions. Read the following questions and choose the letter of the best answer. Write
the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. What refers to the movement of rock down a slope?
A. debris C. tsunami
B. landslide D. wave
2. Which among the following human activities DOES NOT speed up or trigger
landslide?
A. displacement of rock or excavation
B. mining
C. overloading slopes
D. planting of trees
3. Which of the following can trigger a landslide?
A. car accident C. fire in a house
B. earthquake D. wind howl
4. What refers to the exposure, processing and recording of archaeological remains?
A. excavation C. mining
B. land pollution D. quarrying

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5. What do you call the human activity that trigger landslides using explosives?
A. excavation C. mining
B. land use D. quarrying
6. What can you hear when there is a sudden landslide?
A. explosives C. rainwater
B. loud noise D. rolling thunder
7. What makes road construction a possible cause of a landslide?
A. lack of personal safety gears C. slope excavation
B. poor sanitation among workers D. use of heavy equipment
8. Which of the following is NOT an example of land use?
A. farming C. quarrying
B. house construction D. surfing
9. What should be the initial reaction when there is a landslide?
A. call the emergency hotline C. scream loudly
B. move away from the slope D. take a picture and post in internet
10. Which among the following can trigger a landslide even if there is no human
activity present in an area?
A. forest fire C. lighting
B. gravity D. thunder
11. How does a community in an urbanized area speed up landslide?
A. planting trees C. converting forest into farms
B. catching of wild animals D. increasing the human population
12. Which among the following factors contributed MOST to a landslide during
quarrying?
A. blasting of rocks C. use of heavy equipment
B. polluting the rivers D. use of a variety of manpower
13. What makes a landslide dangerous to human lives?
A. It is fast and unpredictable.
B. It can slowly diminish population.
C. It is as powerful as typhoon.
D. It can be avoided by running.
14. How can a community avoid the occurrence of a landslide in the future?
A. avoid creating loud noises C. plant more trees in the slope
B. call the emergency hotline D. construct more buildings
15. Which among the following human activities can trigger a landslide?
I. musical concert
II. building being demolished
III. woman dancing on top of a pole
IV. team of construction workers clearing trees for a new road
A. I and III C. II, III and IV
B. II and IV D. I, II, III and IV

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 Lesson
3
Geological Processes and Hazards
Landslide is the movement of rock down a slope where human activities play an
important role in speeding up or triggering its occurrences. This module will help
determine and cite some human activities that may speed up or trigger landslides.

What’s In

Activity 1: Loop Me In
What are the human activities that speed up or trigger landslides? Can you name some?
Directions. Encircle the word or group of words that speed up or trigger landslides.
O O L A N D U S E E
C V G R G S V L X S
U E E U R T W O P N
T G X R L C X P L O
T N C H H O Y E O I
I I A I F N A S S T
N N V B K S Z D I A
G I A K L T R H V V
T M T L O R E V E A
R O I M P U S I S C
E R O O Q C T J T X
E E N N R T U M R E

What’s New

Landslide is an occurrence in which soil, rocks and vegetal debris are transported
suddenly or slowly down a slope due to insufficient stability. It may happen when there
is continuous rainfall, earthquakes and/or volcanic eruption accompanied by a very loud
noise. Landslide can be resulted from the failure of the materials to make up the hill
slope, and get driven by the force of gravity. Landslide is also known as landslips,
slumps or slope failure. Below is an image of landslide due to human activities:
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 Figure 1. An illustration of landslide occurrence

Listed below are some of the human activities that speed up or trigger landslide:
a. Overloading slopes
b. Mining which uses explosives underground
c. Excavation or displacement of rocks.
d. Land use such as modification of slopes by construction of roads, railways,
buildings, houses, etc.
e. Quarrying which includes excavation or pit, open to the air, from which building
stone, slate, or the like is obtained by cutting, blasting, etc.
f. Land pollution which is the degradation of earth’s land surface, exploitation of
minerals and improper use of soil by inadequate agricultural practices.
g. Excavation which pertains to exposure, processing, and recording of
archaeological remains
h. Cutting Trees that can lead to deforestation and may encourage landslide

Due to these human activities, several effects of landslides were noted. These cause
property damage, injury and death and adversely affect a variety of resources. For
example, water supplies, fisheries, sewage disposal systems, forests, dams and roadways
can be affected for years after a slide event. The negative economic effects of landslides
include the cost to repair structures, loss of property value, disruption of transportation
routes, medical costs in the event of injury, and indirect costs such as lost timber and
lost fish stocks. Water availability, quantity and quality can be affected by landslides.
Geotechnical studies and engineering projects to assess and stabilize potentially
dangerous sites can be costly.

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Are we prepared in case of landslides? These are some precautionary measures to
observe and follow in preparing for landslides:
a. Stay alert and awake. Many debris-flow fatalities occur when people are sleeping.
b. If you are in areas susceptible to landslides and debris flows, consider leaving if
it is safe to do so.
c. Listen for any unusual sounds that might indicate moving debris, such as trees
cracking or boulders knocking together.
d. If you are near a stream or channel, be alert for any sudden increase or decrease
in water flow and for a change from clear to muddy water.
e. Be especially alert when driving. Bridges may be washed out, and culverts
overtop.
f. Be aware that strong shaking from earthquakes can induce or intensify the effects
of landslides.

What is it

Activity 2: List and Describe

Directions. On the box provided below, list two (2) human activities that cause
landslides. Describe each one how they contribute to the cause of such hazardous event.
HUMAN ACTIVITIES DESCRIPTION

What’s More

Activity 3: Share It
Directions. Have you experienced landslide in your community? What are the causes
of such event? Share your experience. If not, kindly interview a person who has a first-
hand experience to landslides and ask his feelings, thoughts and actions toward the
event.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

Refer to scoring rubrics for short answer question.

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 What I Have Learned

Activity 4: My Take in Landslides

Directions. In a short bond paper, prepare a poster showing human actions to be
conducted to mitigate the hazards posed by landslides.

The following criteria will be used to evaluate the output:

Connection to the topic 5 points
Layout and design 5 points
Neatness of output 5 points
Organization 5 points
TOTAL 20 points

Activity 5: My Share
Directions. People must be mindful and careful enough in doing activities that may lead
to the occurrence of landslides. As a student, how will you do your part in preventing
landslides as to information dissemination, awareness and mitigation planning? Write
your answer in your answer sheet.

Refer to scoring rubrics for short answer question.

Assessment

Directions. Read the following questions and choose the letter of the correct answer.
Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following is NOT an effect of landslide?
A. damage to property C. extreme heat
B. death D. injury
2. What refers to the use of explosives underground?
A. excavation C. mining
B. land pollution D. quarrying
3. What refers to the movement of rock down a slope?
A. debris C. tsunami
B. landslide D. wave
4. What will you do when there is a sudden landslide?
A. stay cool C. call the neighbor
B. wait for the rescue D. stay alert and awake
5. What makes railway and building construction a possible cause of a landslide?
A. slope excavation C. lack of personal safety gears
B. use of heavy equipment D. poor sanitation among workers
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6. Which among the following human activities speed up or trigger landslide?
A. cooking C. planting of trees
B. mining D. watering the plants
7. Which of following is the human activity that trigger landslides using excavation
or pit?
A. excavation C. mining
B. land use D. quarrying
8. Which of the following is an example of land use?
A. construction of houses C. scuba
B. parasailing D. surfing
9. What should be the initial reaction when there is a landslide?
A. scream loudly C. call the emergency hotline
B. move away from the slope D. take a picture and post in internet
10. Which among the following can trigger a landslide even if there is no human
activity present in an area?
A. forest fire C. lighting
B. gravity D. thunder

11. How does a deforestation speed up landslide?

A. due to the planting trees C. catching of wild animals
B. due to the cutting of trees D. increasing the human population
12. Which among the following factors contributed MOST to a landslide during land
pollution?
A. blasting of rocks C. use of heavy equipment
B. improper use of soil D. use of a variety of manpower
13. What makes a landslide dangerous to human lives?
A. It is fast and unpredictable.
B. It can slowly diminish population.
C. It is as powerful as typhoon.
D. It can be avoided by running.
14. Which among the following human activities can trigger a landslide?
I. building being demolished
II. musical concert
III. team of construction workers clearing trees for a new road
IV. woman dancing on top of a pole
A. I and III C. II, III and IV
B. II and IV D. I, II, III and IV
15. How can a community avoid the occurrence of a landslide in the future?
A. avoid creating loud noises C. plant more trees in the slope
B. call the emergency hotline D. construct more buildings

18
 Additional Activities

Directions. Look for a news article concerning the occurrence of landslides. Identify
the following elements in the news article: Write your answer in your answer sheet.

Title: ______________________________________________
Author: ______________________________________________

Basic Information:
What? ______________________________________________
Who?______________________________________________
When? ______________________________________________
Where? ______________________________________________
Why?______________________________________________
How?______________________________________________

If you are in the position of the authorities, youth leaders or community members, what
preventive measures will you implement to address the problems presented in the
article?

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

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 Answer Key

Rubric for short answers.

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