EARTH SCIENCE

Module 2.1 Composition & Structure of Minerals

Minerals and Rocks
What This Module is About

This module deals with the relationship between minerals and rocks. It is important that we
gain knowledge of the materials that make up the Earth’s crust. Rocks and minerals are significant
in the formation of earth as an inner planet. The minerals that we will emphasize on this module
are those which are rock-forming and those which are highly important in our economy. It is
necessary for use to have a good understanding of the physical and chemical properties of
minerals because this will help us in identifying rock-forming minerals. By learning these earth
materials, we will have a good grasp of the various earth processes.
This module will help you understand the key concepts that will answer the questions
pertaining to minerals as the building block of rocks and the solid materials that are the core of
the earth processes.

The following are the lessons contained in this module:

• Lesson 1- Composition and Structure of Minerals
• Lesson 2- Properties of Minerals
• Lesson 3- Classification of Rocks

What I Need to Know

Learning Objectives

In this module, you are expected to:

1. Identify common rock-forming minerals using their physical and chemical properties (S11ES-
Ib-5);
2. Classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic (S11ES-Ic-6)

How to Learn from this Module

To achieve the objectives cited above, you are to do the following:

• Take your time reading the lessons carefully.

• Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises diligently.

• Answer all the given tests and exercises.

Icons of this Module

What I Need to This part contains learning objectives that

Know are set for you to learn as you go along the
module.

What I know This is an assessment as to your level of

knowledge to the subject matter at hand,
meant specifically to gauge prior related
knowledge

What’s In This part connects previous lesson with that

of the current one.

What’s New An introduction of the new lesson through

various activities, before it will be presented
to you

What is It These are discussions of the activities as a

way to deepen your discovery and under-
standing of the concept.

What’s More These are follow-up activities that are in-

tended for you to practice further in order to
master the competencies.

What I Have Activities designed to process what you

Learned have learned from the lesson

What I can do These are tasks that are designed to show-

case your skills and knowledge gained, and
applied into real-life concerns and situations.
 What I Know

PRE-TEST

MULTIPLE CHOICE:
Directions: Read and understand each item and choose the letter of the correct answer. Place
all your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following properties may vary for different samples of a given mineral?
A. color C. luster
B. hardness D. streak

2. Which minerals has a resinous luster?

A. calcite C. quartz
B. diamond D. sulfur

3. Which of the following is a physical property of minerals?

A. chemical make-up C. fracture
B. bonding formation D. viscosity

4. Which carbonate mineral reacts readily with cool, dilute hydrochloric acid to produce visible
bubbles of carbon dioxide gas?
A. Calcite C. Plagioclase
B. Gypsum D. Quartz

5. What is the hardest known mineral on earth?

A. Diamond C. Native gold
B. Muscovite D. Silicate
6. Which common mineral is composed entirely of silicon and oxygen?
A. Calcite C. Olivine
B. Diamond D. Quartz

7. What characteristics of a mineral refers to resistance to abrasion?

A. cleavage C. luster
B. hardness D. streak

8. Which mineral is easily soluble in water at room temperature conditions?

A. Diamond C. Olivine
B. Halite D. Talc
9. Which element is the most abundant in the Earth's crust by weight?
A. Carbon C. Oxygen
B. Chlorine D. Sodium

10. Which one of the following is NOT true for minerals? A. They may be liquid, solid, or gas
form.
B. They have a specific, internal, crystalline structure.
 C. They have a specific, predictable chemical composition.
D. They can be identified by characteristic physical properties.
11. Which of the following elements bonds with silicon and forming silicates?
A. calcium C. oxygen
B. hydrogen D. Sodium

12. Which of the following characteristics refer to the tendency of minerals to break forming
smooth flat surfaces?
A. cleavage C. streak
B. conchoidal D. fracture

13. Which of the following is the most common mineral on the Earth’s surface?
A. feldspar C. olivine
B. mica D. Quartz

14. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of minerals?

A. possess a crystalline structure C. definite chemical composition B. formed by
inorganic processes D. either liquid or solid

15. Which of the following is the most abundant mineral group on the Earth's crust?
A. carbonates C. silicates
B. oxides D. sulfides

16. Which of the following refers to ability of minerals to reflect light on its surface?
A. Streak C. fluorescence
B. luster D. color

17. Which of the following is said to be the most unreliable (variable) diagnostic property of
minerals?
A. luster C. crystal form
B. hardness D. color .
18. On Mohs hardness scale, which is the softest mineral?
A. apatite C. quartz
B. calcite D. talc

19. Which one of the following is NOT one of the eight most common elements in
Earth's crust?
A. aluminum C. carbon
B. calcium D. potassium

20. Which of the following best suits the definition of a mineral?

A. clastic and mafic C. naturally occurring and crystalline B. foliated
and amorphous D. organic and solution

21. Which of the following refers to an aggregate of one or more minerals?

A. compounds C. mineraloids
B. elements D. rock

22. Which of the following leads to formation of an igneous rock?

A. at great depth within Earth C. by changes in mineral composition
B. by crystallization of molten rock D. by the weathering of pre-existing rocks

23. Which of the following is produced when limestone undergoes metamorphism?

A. phyllite C. marble
B. mica schist D. gneiss

24. Sedimentary rocks account for about how much in the total percentage of rocks found
in all continents?
A. 20 C. 50
B. 35 D. 75

25. Which of the following does NOT refer to sedimentary rocks?

A. may contain fossils
B. may be economically important
C. hold important clues to Earth's history
D. formed because of heat and pressure at depths
Lesson 1
Composition and Structure of
Minerals

What’s In

Question?
Are the minerals present in dietary supplement s and the minerals we are talking
about here the sa me?

No. From geologic perspective, a mineral must be naturally occurring crystalline solid.
Minerals found in dietary supplements are human-made inorganic compounds that contain
elements needed to sustain life. These dietary minerals typically contain elements that are
metals- calcium, potassium, phosphorus magnesium, and iron. Although these two types of
“minerals” are different, they are related. The sources of the elements used to make dietary
supplements are in fact the naturally occurring minerals on Earth’s crust. It should also be noted
that vitamins are organic compounds produced by living organisms, not inorganic compounds,
like minerals.

What’s New

Learning activity no. 1a: ANTICIPATION GUIDE

Minerals
Write Yes if the statement is true, otherwise, No if the statement is not correct.
Write your answer in the pre-reading column. Do not answer the post reading yet. You can
answer the post reading column after you have reading the characteristics of minerals below.
You are given only 5 minutes to answer the statement below.

If you are done in answering the pre-reading column, set aside your
ANSWER

Pre-Reading Statements Post Reading

(write your answer (write your answer
before reading the after reading the
text below) text below)
1. Is a mineral solid? 1.
2. Is a mineral naturally occurring crystalline materials? 2.
3. Is a mineral has definite chemical composition? 3.
4. Is a mineral organic substance? 4.
5. Is a mineral an aggregate of rock? 5.
Oops!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Do not proceed reading the text below, unless you have answered
first the anticipation guide.

What Is It

Learning Concept

Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. Geologists define minerals as any present
inorganic solids that possess an orderly crystalline structure and a welldefined chemical
composition. A mineral must exhibit the following characteristics:

orderly
naturally crystalline
occurring structure inorganic
substance substance (was
never alive)

a solid chemical
composition

Minerals exhibit the following characteristics:

1. Naturally occurring: Minerals form through natural processes, including volcanic eruptions,
precipitation of a solid out of a liquid, and weathering of pre-existing minerals. Synthetic diamonds
and rubies, and other substances with a specific chemical composition and structure produced by
chemists, engineers, and manufacturers are not considered true minerals.
2. Solid: A true mineral must be solid at temperatures encountered at the earth’s surface. Liquids
and gases are not considered minerals, they do not have a characteristic crystal structure. Ice for
example ceases to exist as a mineral upon melting into liquid water.
3. Inorganic processes: Any material produced through organic activity – such as leaves, bones,
peat, shell, or soft animal tissue – is not considered a mineral. Most fossils, although they were
once living, have generally had their living tissues completely replaced by inorganic processes
after burial; thus, they are considered to be composed of minerals as well.
4. Chemical composition: Most minerals exist as chemical compounds composed of two or
more elements. The chemical formula of salt, or halite, is NaCl. A few minerals, consist of only
one type of atom such as graphite (carbon, in this case), therefore, the chemical formula for
graphite is written simply as C. All minerals are defined by their chemical composition. Quartz, for
example, has the chemical formula SiO2 .The gemstone amethyst is a form of quartz that is
colored pale to deep purple by the presence of the impurity Iron (Fe).

Figure 1: An example of rose quartz Figure 2: Quartz (amethyst)

5. Orderly crystalline structure: Minerals are crystalline substance which means the chemical
composition of a mineral is reflected internally in a regular, repeating arrangement of atoms, called
the crystal structure of the mineral. The crystal structure of halite is shown in Figure 2a and
Figure 2b is cubic shape. The cubic shape of salt crystals very clearly reflects the right-angle
bonds between the Sodium (Na) and Chlorine (Cl) atoms in its atomic structure.

Figure 2a: structure of sodium chloride Figure 2b: The cubic shape of salt crystal
crystal results from the regular crystals

Through organic and inorganic processes, minerals are formed. A few naturally occurring
substances called mineraloids have characteristic chemical compositions but are amorphous
(having no definite shape). Opal is an example.

What’s More

Now, you are done reading the text. To check your understanding from the
discussion above, it’s time for you to answer the post reading part of the anticipation guide.
Try to compare your answers with your pre-reading answers. Check the correctness of
your answer but please be honest.
 Learning activity no. 1b: ANTICIPATION GUIDE

Write Yes if the statement is true, otherwise, No if the statement is not correct. You are given only
5 minutes to answer the statement below.

Pre-Reading Statements Post Reading

(write your answer (write your answer
before reading the after reading the
text below) text below)
1. Is a mineral solid? 1.
2. Is a mineral naturally occurring crystalline materials? 2.
3. Is a mineral has definite chemical composition? 3.
4. Is a mineral organic substance? 4.
5. Is a mineral an aggregate of rock? 5.

Congratulations!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

What Is It
Terms to remember:
1. inorganic processes- are found naturally in the ground after the burial of the living materials
e.g. salt or calcium carbonate (from shells and corals reefs).
2. crystal structure – the atoms of a mineral must be arranged in a definite pattern such as
quartz.
3. chemical composition – a mineral is composed of two or more elements.

You are done reading the characteristics of minerals, now you may proceed to the
composition of rocks.

THE COMPOSITION OF MINERALS

There are approximately 4000 known minerals, uniquely defined by their chemical composition
and internal structure. From the previous texts, you are now familiar with minerals such as quartz,
halite (rock salt), gold, and diamond. Many materials found on the Earth’s surface are not minerals.
Water (H2O(l)) is not mineral because it's not a solid though having the same chemical formula
with ice. Coal is not a mineral because it is made up of plant remains, it lacks a particular
composition, and its atoms are not arranged in an orderly way. Although they are produced by
living things, the shells of such marine animals as clams are composed of minerals. Out of all the
elements found on Earth, only eight (8) make up 98.5 percent of the crust’s total mass.

These elements, which are the ones most common in minerals, are listed in the table below. More
than 90 percent of the minerals on the Earth’s crust are compounds containing oxygen and silicon,
the two most abundant elements. Most minerals are compounds. Quartz is a compound of Silicon
and Oxygen. The mineral galena is a compound of Lead and Sulfur. A few minerals, however,
contains single elements and are called native elements, these are minerals that exists in their
purest forms. Some of which include, Silver (Ag), Copper (Cu), Sulfur (S), and Diamond (C). Often,
differing types of minerals (compounds and native elements) are found mixed together. Such
mixtures of minerals are called rocks.

The precise chemical composition and internal atomic structure that defines each mineral also
directly determines its outward appearance and physical properties. Thus, in most cases, general
appearance and a couple of easily determined physical properties are sufficient to spot the
mineral.

THE STRUCTURE OF MINERALS

A mineral is composed of an ordered array of atoms chemically bonded to make a particular

crystalline structure. This orderly packing of atoms is reflected in the regularly shaped objects we
call crystals. Rocks are considered to be a combination of one or more minerals. The growth of
crystals is affected by competition for space. The following are some of the defining features of a
crystal.

 Crystal structure
 Regular, geometric, smooth faces
 Orderly arrangements with repeating structures
 Each mineral always forms the same crystal shape
 Crystallographic axes are used to determine structure  Six basic crystal shapes
 What’s More

Learning Activity no.2: Bubble Chart

1. Instruction: Fill in the circles in the bubble chart with the characteristics of minerals that you
have just learned.

Minerals

What I Have Learned

Learning Activity no.3: Self- test Answer each item
below:
1. What are the most common elements on the earth crust?
2. Which elements are the most abundant on the Earth's crust?
 What I Can Do

Online Browsing and familiarize the different kinds of

minerals

Summary:

 A mineral is a naturally occurring inorganic solid that possesses a definite chemical

composition and a definitive molecular structure that gives it a unique set of physical
properties. Rocks are the result of the accumulation of two or more minerals.
 Characteristics of a mineral include being inorganic, solid, natural occurring, with orderly
internal arrangement of particles, and has a definite chemical structure.

 Rocks are considered to be a combination of one or more minerals. The growth of crystals
is affected by competition for space.
Lesson 2
Properties of Minerals

What’s In

Learning Concept

Now that you have gained knowledge about minerals, it is time for you to know about the
properties of minerals. Take note of the following points:

 Minerals are identified using a set of properties.

 Looking at more than one property is important when identifying minerals .

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

 Identify a mineral by using their physical properties such as color, luster, streak,
cleavage, and hardness etc.
 Compare and contrast the minerals by using their properties physical and chemical
properties. Understand that it is necessary to examine more than one property to identify
a mineral.

What’s New

Examine the pictures below. Can you identify these

minerals by looking at them?
 It’s time for you o
t know the different properties
of minerals, so that you can easily identify
the minerals found inyour surroundings.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS

Minerals differ from each other in chemical composition and architecture, and these factors
produce distinctive physical properties that enable minerals to be identified

Minerals are solids formed primarily by inorganic processes. Each mineral has an orderly
arrangement of atoms (crystalline structure) and a particular chemical composition, which
provides it a singular set of physical properties. Minerals can be identified by their color, luster,
streak, cleavage, hardness, and even by their chemical composition. Using these properties is
one way a Geologist defines and identifies what kind of mineral a specimen is.

1. Crystal form – The external expression of a mineral that reflects the orderly internal
arrangement of atoms. A crystal may be a solid, homogeneous, displaying an orderly array of
atoms and should be in any size. The shape of a mineral’s crystal is determined by the
arrangement of atoms within it. Some crystals have smooth, planar and regular geometric shapes.
These are what most people think of as crystals. These crystals rarely occur in nature, however,
to develop those beautifully-shaped crystals, the mineral must have unlimited space for growing.
When minerals start to form solid structure, microscopic crystals form and grow. This results from
the cooling of molten material or through precipitation from a solution. These tiny crystals will
continue to grow until they run out of space. Their shape will simply reflect the form of the void
which they grew. A nicely shaped crystal such as a geode will be formed if the growing crystal
runs out of material before it runs out of space. Examples of which will include pyrite and quartz.

A. Pyrite B. Quartz (variety: amethyst) C. Quartz (variety: white)

2. Luster – This property describes the appearance of a mineral when light is reflected from its
surface. Is it shiny or dull: does it appear as like a metal or like glass? Generally, the first thing
you notice when identifying an unknown sample is the mineral’s luster. Minerals that have the
appearance of metals, regardless of color, are said to have a metallic luster, like pyrite crystals.
 Minerals with a nonmetallic luster are described by various adjectives. They may be described
as vitreous (glassy -like crystals), pearly, silky, resinous, and earthy (dull). Some minerals
appear somewhat metallic in luster and are said to be sub-metallic.

Minerals with a metallic luster look like metals such as steel or Copper. They possess
characteristics of being shiny and opaque, even when watching through a skinny edge. Many
metallic minerals become dull or earthy when they are exposed to the elements for a long time
(like Silver, they tarnish). To determine whether or not a mineral exhibits a metallic luster, you
may want to check out a recently broken part of the mineral and exposed it to light. Minerals with
an earthy luster exhibits earth or dirt like features. Like metallic minerals, these are completely
opaque, but dull. One example is rust on Iron or tarnish that forms on metals. Vitreous luster is
like that of a shiny glass which may vary from translucent to transparent. Remember that glass
can be almost any color, including black, so don't be fooled by the color. Also, a dark piece of
glass may appear to be opaque if its thick enough. If you hold a thin edge up to the light you
should be able to see light bleeding through. Minerals with a waxy luster look like paraffin,
typically translucent but dull. Moreover, minerals with pearly luster have an appearance almost
like a pearl or that of an abalone shell – translucent and glossy. When exposed to sunlight, a
rainbow effect is displayed on the surface (similar to an oil slick).

A. Pyrite B. This rock contain gold & copper

3. Color – This is the most obvious feature of a mineral but often an unreliable diagnostic property.
Many minerals are found in several colors. This is may be attributed to the impurities added to
the minerals. Some may have extra chemicals in them that give them an unexpected color. One
good example is quartz. Due to impurities, quartz may have variety of colors including pink,
purple (amethyst), milky white, and even black.

Quartz (white & amethyst)

4. Streak – This color of the mineral in its powdered form, which may or may not be the same
color as the outward color of the mineral. Streak is useful for identifying minerals with metallic
or earthy luster. Streak is obtained by scratching the mineral on an unpolished piece of white
porcelain called a streak plate. When the mineral is rubbed across the plate, it produces a
powder of that mineral, the reason that the streak plate is harder than most minerals. When the
 excess powder is blown away, what remains is the true color of the mineral. Streaking reveals
the internal color of the mineral thus it is more reliable than color in identifying minerals.
5. Hardness – This refers to a measure of the resistance of a mineral to abrasion or scratching.
Geologists use a standard hardness scale, called the Mohs scale. It consists of 10 minerals
arranged in order from 10 (hardest) to 1 (softest).

Table: Mohs scale of mineral hardness

Relative Mineral Hardness of Some Common Objects
Scale
Hardest 10 Diamond
9 Corundum
8 Topaz 8.5 Masonry Drill bit
7 Quartz
6 Potassium
Feldspar 5.5 Glass, Pocketknife
5 Apatite
4 Fluorite
3 Calcite 3.5 Copper Penny
2 Gypsum 2.5 Fingernail
Softest 1 Talc

6. Cleavage – A mineral that exhibits cleavage consistently breaks, or cleaves, along parallel flat
surfaces called cleavage planes. Some examples are exhibited by the following: halite, calcite,
and fluorite as
shown in the table.

Figure 2.15
Common
cleavage
directions
exhibited by
minerals.
(Photos
courtesy of E.
J. Tarbuck)
7. Fracture – Minerals that don't exhibit cleavage when broken have exhibits fracture like quartz.
Minerals that break into smooth curved surfaces like those seen in broken glass have a
conchoidal fracture. Others break into splinters or fibers, like asbestos, but most minerals
fracture irregularly. Fractures are generally rough or irregular, instead of flat, and thus appear
duller than cleavage surfaces. Some minerals fracture in a way that helps spot them. There are
other kinds of fracture that exist in nature such as fibrous, splintery, or irregular.

8. Specific gravity –The specific gravity of a mineral is the weight of that mineral divided by the
weight of an equal volume of water. The specific gravity of water equals 1.0, by definition. Most
silicate, or rock-forming, minerals have specific gravities of two .6 to 3.4; the ore minerals are
usually heavier, with specific gravities of 5 to eight. If you compare similar-sized samples of two
different minerals, the one with the higher specific gravity will feel the heaviest; it has a greater
heft. For most minerals, relative density isn't a very noteworthy feature, except for some, high
relative density is distinctive (examples are barite and galena). The average specific gravity for
mineral is around 2.7.

9. Other properties
a. Taste – The salty taste if halite makes it easy to identify
b. Smell – Sulfur smells like rotten-egg.
c. Elasticity –A thin sheet of mica will bend and elastically snapback
d. Malleability- Gold for example is widely use because of its ability to be hammered and turn
into sheets.
e. Feel – Minerals like talc and graphite are easily identified due to the distinct feeling they
give to the observer; talc feels soapy while graphite feels greasy
f. Magnetism – Some minerals with high Iron content like hematite can easily be identified
using a magnetite.
g. Double refraction – Some mineral like the transparent calcite exhibits double refraction
when light passes through them. When a printed material is placed under it, the text will
appear double.
h. Reaction to hydrochloric acid – Like calcite and other carbonates, some minerals react
rapidly to weak acids. When exposed to acids, these minerals will effervesce (fizz)
indicating the release of Carbon dioxide (CO2) gas.

MINERAL CLASSES

Approximately 4000 minerals have been named and new ones are identified each year,
but only a few dozen are common. Eight elements make up the bulk of these minerals, and
represent more than 98 percent (by weight) of continental crust. The eight elements that compose
most rock forming minerals, are: Oxygen (O), Silicon (Si), Aluminum (Al), Iron (Fe), Calcium (Ca),
Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), and Magnesium (Mg). Oxygen (46.6% by weight) and Silicon
(27.7% by weight) are the most abundant elements in the crust of the earth.
All silicate minerals have the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron as their fundamental building block. In
some silicate minerals the tetrahedra are joined in chains; in others, the tetrahedra are arranged
into sheets, or three-dimensional networks.
The term ore is employed to denote useful metallic minerals, like hematite (mined for iron) and
galena (mined for lead) which will be mined for a profit also as some nonmetallic minerals, like
fluor¬ite and sulfur, that contain useful substances.
 There are different kinds of minerals. They are classified according to their properties,
chemical composition or uses. Table 2.1 lists the common groups of minerals with corresponding
examples and uses.

Table 2.1 Common Groups of Minerals

Group Example Chemical uses
composition
Quartz SiO2
Magnetite Fe3O4 Source of iron
Rutile TiO2 paints
Hematite Fe2O3 Ore of iron,
pigment
Corundum Al2O3 Gemstone ,
Oxides
abrasive
Ice H2O Solid form of water
Chromite FeCr2O4 Ore of chromium
Ilmenite FeTiO3 Ore of titanium
Limonite FeO(OH) • nH2O Ore of iron,
Hydroxides pigments
Bauxite Al(OH)3 • nH2O Ore of aluminum
Sulfides Pyrite FeS2 Sulphuric acid
production
Galena PbS Source of lead
Sphalerite ZnS Ore of zinc
Chalcopyrite CuFeS2 Ore of copper
Bornite Cu5FeS4 Ore of copper
Cinnabar HgS Ore of mercury
Gypsum CaSO4.2H2O Plaster of paris
Sulfates Anhydrite CaSO4 Plaster of paris
Barite BaSO4 Drilling mud
Gold Au Trade,
Jewelries and
coins
Silver Ag Jewelries and
coins
Copper Cu Electrical
conductor
Native elements Diamond C Gemstone,
abrasive
Sulphur S Sulpha drugs
chemicals
Graphite C Pencil lead
dry
lubricant
Platinum Pt Catalyst
Halides Halite NaCl Common salt
Fluorite CaF2 Component of
steelmaking
Sylvite KCl Fertilize
Carbonates Calcite CaCO3 Chalk, Portland
cement, lime
Dolomite CaMg(CO3)2 Portland cement,
lime
Malachite Cu2CO3(OH)2 Gemstone
Azurite Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 Pigment
phosphates Apatite Ca5(PO4)3(OH) fertilizer
Turquoise CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8 Gemstone

What Is It

Answer the following questions:

1. In your own words, describe the following properties of minerals:

Streak:

Color:

Hardness:

Luster:

Cleavage:

2. Fill the table below by identifying and grouping the minerals used to demonstrate each
physical property.

hematite pyrite (2) sulfur potassium feldspar calcite(2) quartz (3) biotite diamond magnetite
copper fluorite (2)
corundum topaz (2) talc halite galena earthy (goethite) feldspar moscuvite
 Streak Color Hardness Luster Cleavage

What’s More

Using the Venn diagram below, pick two minerals to compare and contrast. Name at
least 3 similarities and 3 differences between 2 minerals.

Mineral 1 Write 3 Mineral 2

Write 3 differences similarities Write 3 of
of both differences
 What I Have Learned

Self-Test
True-False:
1. All minerals exhibit cleavage.
2. Rocks are aggregates of one or more minerals.
3. Most minerals are economically important.
4. Most minerals have a higher specific gravity than water.
5. The micas exhibit sheet-type cleavage.
6. A mineral can be composed entirely of one element.
7. Nearly 4,000 minerals have been named
8. The hardest naturally occurring mineral is corundum.
9. Mohs scale is used to describe mineral property of diamond.
10. Solid ice is a mineral.

Summary:

 A mineral is an inorganic solid that possesses a particular chemical composition and a

definitive molecular structure that provides it a singular set of physical properties. Rocks
are accumulations of two (2) or more minerals.
 Mineral properties include crystal form, shine or luster, streak, hardness, cleavage,
fracture, color, and relative density. The eight most abundant elements found in Earth's
continental crust (Oxygen, Silicon, Aluminum, Iron, Calcium, Sodium, Potassium, and
Magnesium) also compose the bulk of minerals.
 All silicate minerals have the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron as their fundamental building
block. In some silicate minerals the tetrahedra are joined in chains; in others, the tetrahedra
are arranged into sheets, or three-dimensional networks.
 The term ore is employed to denote useful metallic minerals, like hematite (mined for iron)
and galena (mined for lead) which will be mined for a profit also as some nonmetallic
minerals, like fluor¬ite and sulfur, that contain useful substances.
OUPUTS TO BE SUBMITTED FOR MODULE 2.1
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OUPUTS TO BE SUBMITTED FOR MODULE 2.2

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 Cover Page Format

Marcial O. Rañola Memorial School

Senior High School Department

GARDE 11 EARTH SCIENCE

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