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PETROGRAPHY AND GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME PALEOPROTEROZOIC

GRANITOIDS AT THE NORTH-EASTERN MARGIN OF THE KUMASI BASIN IN
GHANA

Article  in  Earth Science Malaysia · June 2020

DOI: 10.26480/esmy.02.2020.118.126

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 Earth Sciences Malaysia (ESMY) 4(2) (2020) 87-95

Earth Sciences Malaysia (ESMY)

DOI: http://doi.org/10.26480/esmy.02.2020.87.95

ISSN: 2521-5035 (Print)

ISSN: 2521-5043 (Online)
CODEN: ESMACU

RESEARCH ARTICLE

PETROGRAPHY AND GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME PALEOPROTEROZOIC

GRANITOIDS AT THE NORTH-EASTERN MARGIN OF THE KUMASI BASIN IN
GHANA
Blestmond A. Brakoa*, Gordon Foli1, Kofi Adomako-Ansahb, Derrick Aikinsb, Solomon Deryc, Simon K.Y. Gawua
a Department of Geological Engineering, College of Engineering Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology , Kumasi, Ghana.
b Department of Geological Engineering, University of Mines and Technology, Tarkwa, Ghana.
c Azumah Resources Ghana Limited, Nadowli, Upper-West Region, Ghana.

*Corresponding Author Email: bblestmond@gmail.com

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and
reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

ARTICLE DETAILS ABSTRACT

Article History: This study investigates basin-type granitoid samples from the north-eastern margin of the Kumasi Basin in
Ghana to establish their source and geodynamic setting. Petrographic analysis, TAS and A/NK-A/CNK plots
Received 19 March 2020 classify the granitoids as metaluminous quartz diorite, metaluminous granodiorite, and peraluminous
Accepted 29 May 2020
Available online 18 June 2020
monzogranite; and exhibiting I-type signatures. These rocks are formed by magma differentiation and/or
partial melting at various stages. Distribution patterns of incompatible elements and the positive Eu/Eu*
anomalies of 1.15 and 1.47 exhibited by quartz diorite and granodiorite, respectively, the values suggest the
rocks crystallized from melts formed in a water-saturated environment. The negative Eu/Eu* anomaly
exhibited by monzogranite indicate fractionation of plagioclase in the final stages of the magma evolution.
The water-rich environment is probably due to dewatering of the basin's foreland volcaniclastic sediments
during regional subsidence, burial and metamorphism. K2O enrichments and wide variations suggest that the
granodiorite and monzogranite are formed from fractional crystallization and/or crustal assimilation of the
continental crust by under-plating dioritic magma. The higher Al2O3/TiO2 enrichment and the shift from
metaluminous to peraluminous in the monzogranite suggest a longer residence time within the continental
crust, during which fractional crystallization and the assimilation of pre-existing crustal components into the
dioritic magma that resulted in the formation of the monzogranite. The study requires replication at other
areas within the basin to generate enough data to enhance metallogenic studies in the terrain.
KEYWORDS
Magma differentiation, Fractional crystallization, Crustal assimilation, Peraluminous, Geotectonic setting.

1. INTRODUCTION The Birimian rocks were formed during a period of accretion of island arcs
from 2.1 Ga to 2.0 Ga (Hirdes et al., 1992). Some researchers proposed that
The southern portion of the West African Craton (WAC), referred to as the the Birimian was formed during the Eburnean orogeny from 2.27 to 1.98
Leo-Man Shield consists of crystalline basement rocks of Archean age in Ga (Taylor et al., 1988; Abouchami et al., 1990). This age also accounted
the west and the Birimian crystalline basement rocks of Paleoproterozoic for the emplacement and deformation of syn- to post-orogenic granitoids
age in the east (Figure 1). that are related to extensive metallogenic activities involving the
placement of gold (Abouchami et al., 1990; Leube et al., 1990; Feybesse et
al., 2006). Metamorphic grade ranges from greenschist to amphibolite
facies (Oberthür et al., 1998; Eisenlohr and Hirdes, 1992).

Some researchers are of the view that the Birimian crust formed as an
oceanic plateau in association with plume activity, while others suggested
a major crust-forming event that is associated with extensive juvenile
magmatism in an intra-oceanic setting from 2.35 to 1.98 Ga (Abouchami et
al., 1990; Boher et al., 1992; Taylor et al., 1992; Feybesse et al., 1990). The
Birimian terrain is characterized by structural and compositional
variations of geologic formations that occur as alternating greenstone
belts and metasedimentary basins (Abouchami et al., 1990; Davis et al.,
1994).

Figure 1: Geological map of the Leo-Man shield showing the study site The evolution of magmas and the associated geodynamics in continental
(Attoh et al., 2006). settings are normally complex because of crustal contamination and

Quick Response Code Access this article online

Website: DOI:
www.earthsciencesmalaysia.com 10.26480/esmy.02.2020.87.95

Cite the Article: Blestmond A. Brako, Gordon Foli, Kofi Adomako-Ansah, Derrick Aikins, Solomon Dery, Simon K.Y. Gawu (2020). Petrography And Geochemistry Of
Some Paleoproterozoic Granitoids At The North-Eastern Margin Of The Kumasi Basin In Ghana. Earth Sciences Malaysia, 4(2): 87-95.
 Earth Sciences Malaysia (ESMY) 4(2) (2020) 87-95

fractional crystallization, which may mask the source characteristics of the Asankrangwa shear that dissects the Kumasi basin, and is hence perceived
geologic formations (Essaifi and Zayane, 2018). According to some to have a major influence on the characteristics of the granitoids, which
researchers, masking of geologic formations is evident by the wide may require a reappraisal for further classifications. This research
variations in chemical composition and isotopic signatures of the investigates the petrological and geochemical characteristics of some
continental intraplate basalts from Ocean Island basalts and the granitoids sampled from the northern part of the Kumasi basin in Ghana
continental crust (Wilson, 1993; Ma et al., 2013). Tracing the source of the with the aim of classifying them appropriately to establish the origin of the
intraplate continental magmatism, therefore, requires knowledge of the magmas as well as their geodynamic setting.
interactive history of the magmas of the lithospheric mantle and the
continental crust during evolution and emplacement (Essaifi and Zayane, 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2018).
2.1 Study site and Sampling
The Birimian granitoids consist of two main types; the older I-type and the
younger S-type. It is postulated that the I-type is related to subduction The study area is situated between Longitude 1°19’57’’-1°24’54’’ W and
processes or basal melting of thick oceanic plateau, while the S-type is Latitude 6°45’15’’- 6° 50’12’’ N in the north-eastern part of the Ashanti
related to intracrustal melting (Doumbia et al., 1998; Hirdes et al., 2002; region in southern Ghana (Figure 1). During field work, three types of
Feybesse et al., 2006; Leube et al., 1990; Hirdes et al., 1992; Sylvester and granitoid intrusive rocks were identified; these are quartz diorite,
Attoh, 1992 and Abouchami et al., 1990). Some researchers suggested that granodiorite, and monzogranite. Five representative samples from each
the granitoid suites are coeval, (Taylor et al., 1988; 1992), while others are type of granitoids were collected and prepared for thin sections and
of the view that the belt-type granitoid is older by about 60-90 Ma (Hirdes whole-rock geochemical analysis. Sample locations are shown in Figure 2.
et al., 1992). The belt-type granitoid (I-type) occurs predominantly in
greenstone belts, while the basin-type granitoid (S-type) occur mainly in
metasedimentary basins (Eisenlohr and Hirdes, 1992; Feybesse et al.,
2006).

In Ghana, the belt-type granitoids have been extensively studied when

compared to the basin-type granitoids, probably due to a perceived higher
metallogenic potential associated with the belt-type granitoids (Davis et
al., 1994; Hirdes et al., 1992; 1996; Loh and Hirdes, 1999). This perception
is however changing in recent years due to the discovery of a 10-20 km
wide shear zone that dissects the Kumasi basin. This shear zone is
characterised by reactivated thrust faults that supports hydrothermal
fluid flow and gold mineralisation (Chudasama et al., 2016). The above
development is very important since increased geological studies in the
basins will generate enough data for comparison with the belt zones to
better understand the metallogenic history of the entire Birimian terrain.

On the regional scale, the general Birimian terrain remains classified as

alternating sedimentary basins and volcanic greenstone belts, associated
syn- to post-orogenic granitoids (Abouchami et al., 1990; Leube et al.,
1990; Hirdes et al., 1996; Doumbia et al., 1998). The greenstone belts are Figure 2: Geological map of the study area (after Agyei-Duodu et al,
overlain by clastic sediments of the Tarkwaian group (Leube et al., 1990; 2009).
Taylor et al., 1992; Hirdes et al., 1992). The metasedimentary basins
2.2 Petrographic study and modal analysis
consist of felsic to intermediate volcaniclastic and sedimentary rocks
(Abouchami et al., 1990; Leube et al., 1990).
The samples were cleaned and then cut for thin section preparation. A
grinding machine and corundum dust were used to smoothen and flatten
The belt-type granitoids constitute relatively small intrusive bodies that
the surface of the rock slabs. The sample chip was fixed to the frosted side
are medium-grained and homogeneous (Doumbia et al., 1998; de Kock et
of a glass slide using epoxy and then grounded to a constant thickness of
al., 2011). The rocks are mainly metaluminous and relatively Na-rich
30um. A coverslip was added to protect the thin section from damage and
hornblende to biotite-bearing granodiorite to diorite, monzonite and
to increase clarity in the microscope. The thin sections were studied using
syenite suites (Perrouty et al., 2012; Block et al., 2015; McFarlane et al.,
a polarized light microscope to identify mineral components. The
2019). The basin-type granitoids also consist of coarse-grained large
granitoids occurring in the study area were classified using the
batholiths and are commonly associated with transcurrent faults,
Streckeisen modal QAP (quartz, alkali feldspar and plagioclase)
heterogeneous with migmatitic textures, and quartz veins and pegmatite
classification scheme (Streckeisen, 1979).
(Feybesse et al., 2006). The rocks are predominantly peraluminous and
relatively Ca-rich and include biotite and muscovite granites and
granodiorites (Eisenlohr and Hirdes, 1992). 2.3 Geochemical Analysis

The Kumasi Basin lies between the Ashanti greenstone belt in the Whole rock geochemical analysis of the selected samples was done at
southeast and Sefwi–Bibiani greenstone belt in the northwest, with deep- Australian Laboratory Services (ALS), Canada. The inductively coupled
seated fault zones (Agyei-Duodu et al., 2009; Perrouty et al., 2012). The mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) was employed to analyze for the rare earth
basin developed between 2150 Ma and 2100 Ma, initially as a foreland and minor/trace elemental compositions of the samples. The ICP-MS
basin, consisting of “flysch-like” metasedimentary rocks that were derived hydride generation method was used according to procedural
from the adjacent greenstone belts (Davis et al., 1994; Jessell et al., 2012). descriptions (Skoog et al., 2007). Major element compositions were
Over time, the Basin evolved into a back-arc basin that was subducted analysed on the X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (SPECTRO X-LAB2000).
beneath active volcanic arcs (Chudasama et al., 2016). Ongoing thinning of About 4.0 g of pulverized rock samples were weighed and blended for 3
the crust triggered asthenospheric upwelling with evolution of a mantle minutes and pressed into pellets for analyses. As a check for accuracy,
plume causing underplating of the thinned crust by mafic magmas fused discs were prepared following procedures described and used for
(Siddorn and Lee, 2005). the analysis of one-third of the total samples (Wirth and Barth, 2016). The
reason for cross-checking with the fused disc is that common errors may
The resultant intermediate to felsic peraluminous melts produced in the occur with both methods during sample preparation, calibration curve
lower crust were emplaced in the upper crust as plutons (Chudasama et settings and equipment configuration.
al., 2016). The peraluminous character and abundance of muscovite and
biotite in the plutonic suite are interpreted as evidence for the assimilation For example, in pressed pellets, platy minerals cover more areas and cause
of the continental crust into the upwelling, plume-like magma chamber heterogeneous surfaces, leading to matrix effects of auto-absorption of X-
during partial melting. Eventually, the entire Birimian sequence was rays by irradiated samples, while the fused discs provide homogenous
uplifted and eroded during the Eburnean orogeny (Taylor et al., 1988; samples and eliminate matrix effect. The results from both procedures
Leube et al., 1990; Hirdes et al., 1996; Oberthür et al., 1998; Hirdes and were indistinguishable (Wirth and Barth, 2016). Geochemical
Davis, 2002). classification of the granitoids was done using the Geochemical Data
Toolkit Version 4.00 (Janoušek et al., 2006).
The area under study lies at the north-eastern margin of the intra-basin

Cite the Article: Blestmond A. Brako, Gordon Foli, Kofi Adomako-Ansah, Derrick Aikins, Solomon Dery, Simon K.Y. Gawu (2020). Petrography And Geochemistry Of Some
Paleoproterozoic Granitoids At The North-Eastern Margin Of The Kumasi Basin In Ghana. Earth Sciences Malaysia, 4(2): 87-95.
 Earth Sciences Malaysia (ESMY) 4(2) (2020) 87-95

3. RESULTS to coarse-grained and exhibits hypidiomorphic and porphyritic textures

with laths of clouded plagioclase feldspar. The plagioclase phenocrysts
3.1 Field observation and petrographic analysis show poikilitic or sieve textures due to the inclusions of quartz, biotite and
amphibole. The hornblende crystals are euhedral and exhibit very feeble
Representative photographs of outcrops and photomicrographs of thin
pleochroic colours that range from bottle green to greenish-yellow.
sections for the three types of granitoids recognized in this study are
Microcline shows cross-hatched twinning and is anhedral-subhedral,
shown in Figure 3. The quartz diorite (Figure 3A, B) is mesocratic, medium
while quartz has irregular shapes. Biotite is mottled with perfect cleavage.

Figure 3: (A, C and E): Field photographs of the quatz diorite, granodiorite and monzogranite and photomicrographs (B, D and F) of same under crossed
polarized light x40.

Hbl=hornblende, Pl=plagioclase, Qz=quartz, Bt=Biotite, Grt=Garnet, Mc=microcline, K-feld=potash feldspar (Whitney and Evans, 2010)

The granodiorite (Figure 3C, D) is light to dark-grey, coarse-grained with Table 1: Average modal composition in percent of the analyzed
hypidiomorphic texture and composed of quartz, plagioclase feldspar, granitoids.
muscovite and garnet. Calcic plagioclase constitutes more than two-thirds Sample Qz Pl K-feld Iron Bt Opq Hbl Ms Grt
of the total feldspars in all the thin sections. Potash feldspars are mostly oxide
Quartz 10-15 45-55 2-10 1-2 2-8 1-2 15-25 1-2 -
microcline with distinctive tartan twinning. The accessory mineral garnet diorite
is euhedral with a well-preserved hexagonal shape and characteristic Granodiorite 30-35 35-45 5-10 1-2 5-10 <1 5-10 8-10 <1
isotropic nature. Muscovite is anhedral, tabular and sparsely distributed
with a preferred orientation, and mostly occur at quartz-plagioclase Monzogranite 50-60 8-10 20-25 1-2 8-12 <1 - 2-4 -
boundaries.

The monzogranite (Figure 3E, F) is pinkish-grey, coarse-grained and

quartz-veined. It is composed of phenocrysts of plagioclase and microcline
exhibiting feeble cross-hatched twinning. Flakes of biotite occur marginal
to microcline and have pleochroic colours that range from brown to
greenish-yellow. Plagioclase is very subordinate with polysynthetic
twinning characteristics. Quartz minerals are irregular in shape
sometimes showing yellowish and bluish interference colours with
inclusions of feldspars and biotite. The opaque minerals are also irregular,
forming sutured boundaries with other minerals. Biotite shows slight
evidence of alteration to chlorite. The chlorite shows green absorption and
high interference colours. The average modal values estimated for the
minerals identified are presented in Table 1, while the QAP plot is
presented in Figure 4.

Figure 4: QAP diagram of the granitoids sampled (Streckeisen, 1979)

Cite the Article: Blestmond A. Brako, Gordon Foli, Kofi Adomako-Ansah, Derrick Aikins, Solomon Dery, Simon K.Y. Gawu (2020). Petrography And Geochemistry Of Some
Paleoproterozoic Granitoids At The North-Eastern Margin Of The Kumasi Basin In Ghana. Earth Sciences Malaysia, 4(2): 87-95.
 Earth Sciences Malaysia (ESMY) 4(2) (2020) 87-95

3.2 Geochemical analysis

Major elements, trace elements, rare earth elements and normalisation data for the analyzed samples are presented in Tables 2, 3 and 4

Table 2: Chemical analysis of major elements (wt.%), trace elements (ppm) and rare earth elements (REEs) of the analyzed granitoids
Quartz diorite Granodiorite Monzogranite
Major Oxides A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
SiO2 61.64 61.22 59.87 59.96 61.32 66.41 68.25 66.16 68.54 66.20 69.38 69.79 72.93 73.01 70.93
TiO2 0.91 0.47 0.81 1.17 0.85 0.53 0.24 0.42 0.42 0.47 0.01 0.01 0.14 0.01 0.01
Al2O3 15.29 14.59 12.00 13.57 14.39 15.30 15.40 16.14 15.16 15.50 16.81 17.19 16.70 16.68 16.32
Fe2O3 7.18 4.89 9.36 8.24 4.44 4.72 3.71 4.25 4.15 4.66 0.63 0.41 0.62 0.46 0.34
MnO 0.03 0.05 0.09 0.05 0.09 0.05 0.03 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.09
MgO 3.71 4.37 7.82 6.83 4.22 2.52 2.10 2.91 1.66 2.56 1.03 0.82 0.32 0.03 0.65
CaO 6.45 7.74 6.65 6.64 7.44 4.33 3.94 4.27 4.41 4.52 2.36 2.29 2.46 2.29 2.32
Na2O 3.11 4.21 2.60 3.03 4.11 3.59 4.23 3.57 4.05 4.10 5.16 4.95 3.71 5.35 5.24
K2O 1.49 1.39 0.53 1.01 1.69 2.22 2.03 2.46 2.28 2.70 3.96 3.72 2.63 2.26 2.83
P2O5 0.43 0.49 0.90 0.34 0.85 0.12 0.34 0.22 0.14 0.12 0.10 0.07 0.64 0.30 0.34
SO3 0.02 0.02 0.05 0.12 0.27 0.24 0.07 0.06 0.07 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
Total 100.26 99.44 100.68 100.96 99.67 100.03 100.34 100.52 100.94 100.94 99.48 99.29 100.20 100.46 99.08
Trace Elements
Ag 0.09 0.06 0.10 0.10 0.05 0.06 0.04 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01
As 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.50 0.19 0.19 0.29 0.24 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19
Ge 0.24 0.16 0.25 0.23 0.26 0.14 0.13 0.15 0.14 0.15 0.05 0.05 0.09 0.05 0.05
In 0.07 0.03 0.08 0.10 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.00
Cd 0.10 0.05 0.09 0.10 0.04 0.04 0.08 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.05 0.04
Co 22.20 14.60 49.70 30.90 13.90 12.90 2.80 18.20 11.30 14.75 0.40 0.20 2.10 0.20 0.80
Bi 0.09 0.04 0.13 0.07 0.03 0.06 0.33 0.06 0.15 0.11 2.10 1.22 0.17 0.96 0.25
Cr 140.00 116.00 403.00 198.00 114.00 88.00 16.00 148.00 84.00 116.00 3.00 5.00 16.00 10.00 8.00
Ta 0.38 0.27 0.08 0.19 0.23 0.15 0.30 0.31 0.25 0.28 1.06 1.17 2.10 1.38 1.19
Te 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04
Tl 0.48 0.26 0.20 0.18 0.23 0.33 1.15 0.81 0.76 0.79 1.33 1.83 1.07 2.10 2.05
U 1.10 0.80 0.50 0.60 0.60 0.30 5.10 0.50 1.97 1.23 3.60 3.00 2.90 8.90 7.56
V 134.00 84.00 234.00 185.00 82.00 86.00 15.00 85.00 62.00 73.50 1.00 0.90 15.00 1.00 1.00
Cu 29.00 11.20 60.70 37.30 10.90 19.40 1.50 16.90 12.60 14.75 3.10 1.10 4.50 0.90 0.80
Be 1.12 1.01 0.83 0.89 1.01 0.31 3.31 3.00 2.21 2.60 5.04 6.39 8.80 6.41 6.80
Cs 14.15 4.39 28.30 8.15 4.32 17.45 11.55 42.80 23.93 33.37 12.90 8.33 13.80 12.80 10.70
Ga 21.00 20.60 17.00 21.80 21.20 15.40 30.30 21.50 22.40 21.95 26.50 22.50 40.50 28.60 26.50
Ba 340.00 470.00 130.00 350.00 465.00 380.00 560.00 580.00 506.67 543.33 30.00 10.00 240.00 10.00 24.00
Li 500.00 156.50 353.00 354.00 130.50 470.00 345.00 800.00 538.33 669.17 135.50 53.40 260.00 89.50 78.70
Mo 0.42 0.31 0.23 0.34 0.41 0.48 0.50 0.54 0.51 0.52 0.25 0.28 0.53 0.69 0.55
Nb 5.50 3.90 2.00 4.20 5.30 3.50 3.70 4.00 3.73 3.87 8.20 5.40 11.40 7.40 6.80
Ni 70.10 44.40 300.00 108.00 42.80 32.90 4.60 73.00 36.83 54.92 1.40 0.90 4.90 1.10 1.50
Pb 6.80 7.20 3.40 4.30 6.90 6.40 19.90 7.30 11.20 9.25 20.50 21.20 8.00 16.40 14.23
Rb 61.30 35.90 33.80 23.70 33.87 74.80 239.00 87.00 133.60 110.30 261.00 351.00 281.00 387.00 346.00
Sb 0.07 0.09 0.06 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.05
Sc 19.00 13.30 37.40 29.00 12.60 14.30 3.30 12.90 10.17 11.53 0.40 0.30 3.10 0.40 0.30
Se 2.00 1.00 2.00 2.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.90 1.00 1.00
Sn 2.40 0.90 1.90 1.00 0.70 1.20 4.40 4.00 3.20 3.60 6.80 8.10 24.00 11.40 10.60
Sr 686.00 586.00 381.00 609.00 568.00 553.00 197.00 532.00 427.33 479.67 239.10 252.70 223.00 177.87 296.40
W 0.20 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.09 0.10 0.30 0.10 0.17 0.13 0.20 0.20 0.60 0.20 0.20
Th 2.10 1.80 0.60 1.10 1.40 1.00 7.20 0.80 3.00 1.90 0.70 0.50 5.60 0.90 5.60
Zr 44.80 49.60 43.10 46.20 45.60 44.00 106.50 85.20 78.57 81.88 26.10 27.60 79.40 46.00 44.40
Hf 1.90 1.70 1.70 1.80 1.80 1.10 3.00 2.30 2.13 2.22 1.40 1.70 2.60 2.40 2.20
Zn 78.00 66.00 83.00 78.00 64.00 46.00 55.00 77.00 59.33 68.17 26.00 20.00 60.00 24.00 22.00
Y 24.2 9.9 19.9 25.7 9.7 5.60 4.70 7.20 5.83 6.52 1.90 2.00 5.40 2.90 2.84
REEs
La 18.50 10.10 9.40 9.10 9.91 10.80 17.50 4.80 11.03 7.92 1.60 1.20 12.00 1.20 1.90
Ce 49.90 25.40 27.30 26.80 20.40 21.60 38.80 12.80 24.40 18.60 3.12 2.59 26.60 2.65 2.36
Pr 7.25 3.18 4.50 4.53 3.08 2.48 4.77 1.46 2.90 2.18 0.32 0.31 3.20 0.28 0.25
Nd 30.80 12.90 21.50 22.30 10.50 9.00 17.40 6.00 10.80 8.40 0.90 1.20 11.60 0.80 0.77
Sm 5.98 2.51 4.95 5.66 2.31 1.69 3.19 1.31 2.06 1.69 0.23 0.26 2.08 0.19 0.15
Eu 1.84 1.04 1.86 1.92 1.02 1.10 0.64 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.04 0.07 0.36 0.02 0.02
Gd 5.55 2.46 5.28 6.13 2.28 1.91 2.40 1.53 1.95 1.74 0.20 0.23 1.51 0.20 0.20
Tb 0.86 0.38 0.81 0.97 0.32 0.28 0.27 0.26 0.27 0.27 0.05 0.04 0.20 0.06 0.04
Dy 4.29 1.79 4.02 4.89 1.59 1.21 0.90 1.35 1.15 1.25 0.25 0.22 0.81 0.32 0.29
Ho 0.95 0.40 0.87 1.08 0.20 0.25 0.16 0.31 0.24 0.28 0.05 0.04 0.15 0.07 0.06
Er 2.69 1.12 2.35 2.88 1.09 0.70 0.37 0.90 0.66 0.78 0.15 0.14 0.40 0.23 0.19
Tm 0.36 0.15 0.29 0.36 0.20 0.10 0.05 0.12 0.09 0.11 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.04 0.04
Yb 2.32 1.00 1.76 2.24 0.91 0.83 0.30 0.88 0.67 0.78 0.19 0.22 0.35 0.34 0.33
Lu 0.36 0.16 0.26 0.33 0.26 0.14 0.06 0.15 0.12 0.13 0.03 0.03 0.06 0.05 0.05
Total 131.65 62.59 85.15 89.19 54.07 52.09 86.81 32.74 57.21 45.00 7.15 6.58 59.37 6.45 6.65
*A= Quartz diorite B= Granodiorite C= Monzogranite
*Major oxides in Wt. %. Trace elements in ppm

Cite the Article: Blestmond A. Brako, Gordon Foli, Kofi Adomako-Ansah, Derrick Aikins, Solomon Dery, Simon K.Y. Gawu (2020). Petrography And Geochemistry Of Some
Paleoproterozoic Granitoids At The North-Eastern Margin Of The Kumasi Basin In Ghana. Earth Sciences Malaysia, 4(2): 87-95.
 Earth Sciences Malaysia (ESMY) 4(2) (2020) 87-95

Table 3: Normalized REE (ppm) values of the granitoids sampled

Quartz diorite Granodiorite monzogranite
Norm REE A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
LaN 59.68 32.58 30.32 29.35 31.97 34.84 56.45 15.48 35.58 25.55 5.16 3.87 38.71 3.87 6.13
CeN 61.76 31.44 33.79 33.17 25.25 26.73 48.02 15.84 30.20 23.02 3.86 3.21 32.92 3.28 2.92
PrN 59.43 26.07 36.89 37.13 25.25 20.33 39.10 11.97 23.77 17.87 2.62 2.54 26.23 2.30 2.05
NdN 51.33 21.50 35.83 37.17 17.50 15.00 29.00 10.00 18.00 14.00 1.50 2.00 19.33 1.33 1.28
SmN 30.67 12.87 25.38 29.03 11.85 8.67 16.36 6.72 10.56 8.67 1.18 1.33 10.67 0.97 0.77
EuN 25.03 14.15 25.31 26.12 13.88 14.97 8.71 11.84 11.84 11.84 0.54 0.95 4.90 0.27 0.27
GdN 21.43 9.50 20.39 23.67 8.80 7.37 9.27 5.91 7.53 6.72 0.77 0.89 5.83 0.77 0.77
TbN 18.14 8.02 17.09 20.46 6.75 5.91 5.70 5.49 5.70 5.70 1.05 0.84 4.22 1.27 0.84
DyN 13.31 5.56 12.48 15.18 4.93 3.76 2.79 4.19 3.57 3.88 0.78 0.68 2.51 0.99 0.90
HoN 13.23 5.57 12.12 15.04 2.79 3.48 2.23 4.32 3.34 3.90 0.70 0.56 2.09 0.97 0.84
ErN 12.81 5.33 11.19 13.71 5.19 3.33 1.76 4.29 3.14 3.71 0.71 0.67 1.90 1.10 0.90
TmN 11.11 4.63 8.95 11.11 6.17 3.09 1.54 3.70 2.78 3.40 0.62 0.93 1.54 1.23 1.23
YbN 11.10 4.78 8.42 10.72 4.35 3.97 1.44 4.21 3.21 3.73 0.91 1.05 1.67 1.63 1.58
LuN 11.18 4.97 8.07 10.25 8.07 4.35 1.86 4.66 3.73 4.04 0.93 0.93 1.86 1.55 1.55

Table 4: Selected REE (ppm) ratios of the granitoids sampled

Rock type Eu/Eu* (La/Yb)N (Gd/Yb)N (La/Sm)N K2O/Na2O (Nb/La)PM (Th/U)PM (Ce/Pb)PM REE (tot)
Quartz diorite 1.15 5.17 2.11 1.88 0.35 0.36 0.58 0.47 422.65
Granodiorite 1.47 13.94 2.77 3.22 0.60 0.36 0.38 0.19 273.85
Monzogranite 0.55 7.75 1.23 4.57 0.64 2.16 0.13 0.04 86.20

A subscript ‘N’ indicates normalization to chondrite values after Boynton, ratio for the quartz diorite, granodiorite and monzogranite are 0.35, 0.60
(1984). Likewise, a subscript ‘PM’ represents normalization to the and 0.64 respectively. The low values of K2O/Na2O ratio suggest minute
primitive mantle after McDonough and Sun, (1995). Also, A/CNK is the occurrence of K-bearing minerals such as K-feldspar, muscovite and
molar [Al2O3/ (CaO+Na2O+K2O)] whilst Eu-anomalies (Eu/Eu*) were biotite (McLennan et al., 1983; Osae et al., 2006). Harker diagrams were
calculated using the formula [EuN/√ SmN*GdN]. used to establish the magma differentiation processes based on the
variation in the concentration of the major oxides against SiO 2 for the three
3.3 Petrographic study categories of samples (Figure 6).

From the petrographic analysis (Table 1), the average modal estimations
for the quartz diorite are 10-15% quartz, 45-55% plagioclase feldspar, and
2-10% alkali feldspar. The average modal estimations for the granodiorite
show 30-35% quartz, 35-45% plagioclase feldspar, and 5-10% alkali
feldspar. The monzogranite contains 50-60% quartz, 8-10% plagioclase
feldspar, and 20-25% alkali feldspar. Furthermore, the plots of all the
samples on the QAP ternary diagram in Figure 4 are in agreement with our
field descriptions and petrographic analysis of quartz diorite, granodiorite
and monzogranite.

3.4 Major elements

In the Total-Alkali Silica (TAS) diagram (Figure 5), the quartz diorite
samples plot in the diorite field. The granodiorite samples plot in the
granodiorite field while the monzogranite samples plot in the field of
granite.

Figure 6: Harker diagrams showing variations of major oxides with

silica. (Black triangle = quartz diorite, red square = granodiorite, blue
circle = monzogranite)

In Figure 6, major oxides of the quartz diorite correlate weakly with SiO 2.
The overall decreasing trend of Fe2O3, MnO, TiO2 and MgO in the quartz
diorite may suggest high fractionation of mafic minerals like biotite or
hornblende (Nyarko et al., 2012). In addition, Al2O3, TiO2, K2O, MgO, and
MnO in the granodiorites also display slightly decreasing trends with SiO2
which may indicate the fractionation of plagioclase, apatite, titanite, biotite
Figure 5: Total Alkaline Silica (TAS) diagram: Na2O+K2O against SiO2 and hornblende during the crystallization.
(Cox et al, 1979)
In the monzogranites, Fe2O3, Na2O, TiO2, MgO and CaO exhibit slightly
These results show consistency between the petrographic and positive correlation with SiO2, which probably indicate the removal of the
geochemical analyses, attesting to the unaltered nature of the rock oxides from the melt as a result of fractional crystallization. The magma
samples used for this study. Generally, SiO2 contents of all three granitoids differentiation process was further studied with the Total
sampled range from 59.87-73.01 wt. %. Conversely, the Fe2O3+MgO alkali+Fe2O3+MgO (AFM) diagram in Figure 7 and showed that all the rock
contents established from this study is 6.23-8.67 wt. %. The K2O/Na2O types show linear trends as well as calc-alkaline affinity.

Cite the Article: Blestmond A. Brako, Gordon Foli, Kofi Adomako-Ansah, Derrick Aikins, Solomon Dery, Simon K.Y. Gawu (2020). Petrography And Geochemistry Of Some
Paleoproterozoic Granitoids At The North-Eastern Margin Of The Kumasi Basin In Ghana. Earth Sciences Malaysia, 4(2): 87-95.
 Earth Sciences Malaysia (ESMY) 4(2) (2020) 87-95

Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm and the high field strength elements (HFSE) Nb, Ta, and Zr,
while, the heavy rare earth elements (HREEs) Eu, Dy, Yb and Lu are
depleted and portray a flat distribution pattern, and display negative Ti
anomalies.

In the quartz diorite, a trough is observed at La-Ce and a negative anomaly

at Ti. The quartz diorite has an average Eu/Eu* of 1.15, (La/Yb) N of 5.17,
(Gd/Yb) N of 2.11, (La/Sm) N of 1.88. Similarly, the granodiorite also shows
a trough at Nb-Ta and a slight negative anomaly at Ti. Besides, the
granodiorite has an average Eu/Eu* of 1.47, (La/Yb) N of 13.97, (Gd/Yb) N
of 2.77 and (La/Sm) N of 3.22. For the monzogranite, a trough is observed
at Ta-Ce and negative Rb, Nd, Eu and Ti anomalies. They also have an
average Eu/Eu* of 0.55, (La/Yb) N of 7.75, (Gd/Yb) N of 1.23 and (La/Sm) N
of 4.57.

In the REE chondrite spider plot in Figure 9B, virtually all the samples
show LREE enrichments and generally flat HREEs. The HREEs in the
monzogranite samples are slightly depleted than the other two granitoids
Figure 7: AFM (A=Na2O + K2O), F=Fe2O3, M=MgO) diagram, showing a and exhibits a negative Eu anomaly. The ∑REE concentrations decrease
Calc-alkaline affinity for the rocks. The Calc-alkaline and tholeiitic series from the quartz diorite (422.65 ppm), through granodiorite (273.85 ppm)
differentiation line (Irvine and Barager, 1971). to monzogranite (86.20ppm). Thus, the quartz diorites and granodiorite
samples show enrichments in the ∑REEs compared to the monzogranites.
In Figure 7, the monzogranites display a high alkali affinity, while the However, the quartz diorite has an average (Nb/La) PM of 0.36, (Th/U) PM
quartz diorites show comparatively low alkali affinity. The K-affinity is of 0.58, and (Ce/Pb) PM of 0.47. The granodiorite has an average (Nb/La) PM
low, medium and medium-high for the quartz diorite, granodiorite and of 0.36, (Th/U) PM of 0.38, and (Ce/Pb) PM of 0.19 and the monzogranite has
monzogranite samples, respectively (Figure 8A), while the A/CNK-A/NK an average (Nb/La) PM of 2.16, (Th/U) PM of 0.13, (Ce/Pb) PM of 0.04. The
diagram (Figure 8B) shows that the quartz diorite and granodiorite tectonic settings of the granitoids were estimated as presented in Figure
samples are metaluminous grading into peralumimous character for the 10 (Pearce et al., 1984).
monzogranites.

Figure 8: (A) The K2O vs SiO2 diagram after Peccerillo and Taylor,
indicates a medium to High- K affinity of the granitoids (Peccerillo and
Taylor, 1976). (B) The plot of alumina saturation vs alkalinity of the
granitoids showing majority of the samples within the I-type and one fall
in the s-type granite field (Maniar and Piccoli, 1989; Chappell and White,
1974).

3.5 Trace and rare earth element composition

The Primitive mantle and chondrite normalised (spider) plots established,

respectively, were used to constrain the environment of magma
generation and the extent of crustal contamination, if any, in the magma
or melt, leading to the production of the studied granitoid suite
Figure 10: Tectonic discrimination diagram for the basin type granitoids
(McDonough and Sun, 1995; Boynton, 1984).
of the North Eastern margin of the Kumasi basin: Rb versus Y+Nb, Rb
versus Ta+Yb, Ta versus Yb and Nb versus Y (Pearce et al., 1984). The
granitoids show VAG and Syn-COLG affinity (Black triangle = quartz
diorite, red square = granodiorite, blue circle = monzogranite).

From Figure 10, the quartz diorite and granodiorite plot in the volcanic arc
granite (VAG) field while the monzogranites plot in the syn collisional
granite (syn-COLG) field. In the Nb/Y diagram, all the samples for each
rock type plot in the VAG + syn-COLG field.

4. DISCUSSION
4.1 Petrogenesis and tectonic implication
Figure 9: Multi-element plots explaining magma source and
The differences in the geochemical compositions of the granitoid suites in
differentiation (A) Primitive mantle spider plot normalized and (B) REE
the Kumasi basin suggest that the rocks were generated by different
Chondrite spider plot after (McDonough and Sun, 1995; Boynton, 1984)
processes and from different sources (Tando et al., 2016). However, our
results show that in this part of the Kumasi Basin, a common magmatic
In the normalized primitive mantle spider diagram in Figure 9A, most of
source for all the rock types is indicated by the linear trends of major
the samples show similar distribution patterns. They generally
oxides and trace elements in the Harker-type diagrams (Figures 6 and 9)
demonstrate enrichments in the large ion lithophile elements (LILEs) such
and the similarity in the distribution patterns of the incompatible
as Rb, Ba, Sr, and Th, as well as the light rare earth elements (LREEs). La,
elements (REEs, LILEs and HFSEs). However the suite of different

Cite the Article: Blestmond A. Brako, Gordon Foli, Kofi Adomako-Ansah, Derrick Aikins, Solomon Dery, Simon K.Y. Gawu (2020). Petrography And Geochemistry Of Some
Paleoproterozoic Granitoids At The North-Eastern Margin Of The Kumasi Basin In Ghana. Earth Sciences Malaysia, 4(2): 87-95.
 Earth Sciences Malaysia (ESMY) 4(2) (2020) 87-95

granitoid rocks resulted from processes of magma differentiation and/or Foreland basin sediments are host to abundant water within their pore
partial melting at various stages of the magma evolution as done (Leube et spaces. The rifting of the Kumasi Basin further implies that the dioritic
al., 1990). magma was generated by “plume-like” magmatism that underplated the
lower crust (Feybesse et al., 2006; Chudasama et al., 2016). This
Magma differentiation and the fractionation of plagioclase and pyroxene underplating resulted in the partial melting to form the granodioritic
can easily explain the linear trends of major oxides and trace elements. On magma in the upper crust. However, given the expansive distribution of
the other hand, residual effects of partial melting, fractional crystallization the monzogranite relative to the other two granitoid bodies (Figure 2), the
and/or crustal assimilation are noted, such as depletion in incompatible bulk of the evolved magma underwent a longer residence time in the
elements: the highest ∑REE concentrations are registered in the quartz upper crust that allowed for the gradual assimilation of crustal rocks of the
diorites, which decreases through granodiorite to the lowest ∑REE Kumasi Basin to form the monzogranitic rocks.
concentrations in the monzogranite.
As stated above, supported by the similar range in amounts of K 2O
Concentration of potassium and the Al2O3/Na2O ratio are important enrichment with the granodiorites but high Al2O3/TiO2 ratios, decrease in
petrogenetic indicators of crustal assimilation by magmatic systems that incompatible elements and the shift from metaluminous to peraluminous
underplate the lower crust. The low K2O concentration of the quartz characteristics relative to the quartz diorite and granodiorite. Again, all of
these characteristics imply that fractional crystallization and a gradual
diorite suggests minimal crustal assimilation during magma underplating
assimilation of crustal components of pre-existing Basin rocks resulted in
of the lower crust. On the other hand, both granodiorite and monzogranite the progressive evolution of a juvenile mafic magma from quartz diorite
exhibited same amounts and range of K2O enrichment relative to that of through granodiorite to monzogranite in the north-eastern part of the
the quartz diorite (Figure 8A). These K2O enrichments suggest that the Kumasi Basin.
granodiorite and monzogranite were formed from fractional
crystallization and/or crustal assimilation of the continental crust by the 5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
underplating dioritic magma.
The granitoids in the study area have a common source; however,
The wide variation in the K2O concentrations in quartz diorite (0.53 wt %- processes of magma differentiation and/or partial melting at various
1.69 wt %), granodiorite (2.03 wt %-2.70 wt %), monzogranite (2.26 wt stages of the magma evolution probably resulted in the different granitoid
%-3.96 wt %) buttresses the fact that the granodiorite and monzogranite suites. The quartz diorite and granodiorite originated from melts that
comprise some more fractionated minerals and/or assimilated crust in formed in a water-saturated environment, while the monzogranite partly
comparison to the quartz diorite. The higher Al2O3/TiO2 enrichment and formed during the fractionation of plagioclase in the final stages of the
the shift to peraluminous character in the monzogranite compared to the magma evolution. The granodiorite and monzogranite formed from
metaluminous granodiorite (Figure 8B) suggests longer residence time fractional crystallization and/or crustal assimilation of the continental
within the continental crust, during which fractional crystallization and crust by the under-plating dioritic magma. The basin-type granitoids in
this study exhibited I-type signatures, which is uncommon and must be
assimilation of crustal components into the dioritic magma resulted in the
taken into account when studying their petrogenesis and tectonic settings
formation of the monzogranites in the Kumasi Basin.
in geological re-construction studies, in order not to misinterpret their
environment of formation. It is recommended that similar work be done
4.2 Geodynamics of the granitoids based on the Kumasi Basin
on the granitoids occurring at the middle and southern parts of the Kumasi
geology
basin to establish a more comprehensive database that can help to further
understand the petrogenesis of these granitoids, as well as the metallurgic
Extensive geological, geophysical and structural studies conducted by
patterns to enhance exploration activities.
various researchers on the Kumasi Basin suggest that it was initially a
foreland basin that eventually rifted apart in a back arc-style to form a
series of horst-graben structures (e.g. Feybesse et al., 2006; Chudasama et ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
al., 2016). These structures created a basin-like feature that
accommodated and accumulated eroded volcaniclastics from the fault- The authors acknowledge the academic staff of Geological Engineering
bounded Birrimian volcanic belts to the east (Ashanti Belt) and west Department of Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology,
(Sefwi-Bibiani Belt), thereby, creating the appearance of a thick Kumasi for their immense contribution to this work.
continental supracrustal unit. The rifting and push against the volcanic
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Cite the Article: Blestmond A. Brako, Gordon Foli, Kofi Adomako-Ansah, Derrick Aikins, Solomon Dery, Simon K.Y. Gawu (2020). Petrography And Geochemistry Of Some
Paleoproterozoic Granitoids At The North-Eastern Margin Of The Kumasi Basin In Ghana. Earth Sciences Malaysia, 4(2): 87-95.
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Cite the Article: Blestmond A. Brako, Gordon Foli, Kofi Adomako-Ansah, Derrick Aikins, Solomon Dery, Simon K.Y. Gawu (2020). Petrography And Geochemistry Of Some
Paleoproterozoic Granitoids At The North-Eastern Margin Of The Kumasi Basin In Ghana. Earth Sciences Malaysia, 4(2): 87-95.

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