A

Micro-Project Report
on
“Digital Stopwatch”
Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Diploma in Computer Engineering,

By
1)Shelar Omkar Ashok [1714660110]
2)Thorat Akash Dadabhau [2014660118]
3)Swant Pravin Hemarj [2014660120]
4)Gore Aarati Manik [2114660141]

Guided By
Prof. SASE. A. V.

Shree Samarth Academy’s

Shree Samarth Polytechnic
Mhasane Phata, Ahmednagar
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education
(2020-2021)
 Shree Samarth Academy’s
Shree Samarth Polytechnic
Department of Computer Engineering.

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project work entitled
“Digital Stopwatch”

Is
Submitted by
1)Shelar Omkar Ashok [1714660110]
2)Thorat Akash Dadabhau [2014660118]
3)Swant Pravin Hemarj [2014660120]
4)Gore Aarati Manik [2114660141]

in the partial fulfillment of Diploma in Computer Engineering has been

Satisfactory carried out under my guidance as per the requirement of Maharashtra
State Board of Technical Education, Mumbai during the academic year 2020-2021
Date:
Place:

GUIDE HOD PRINCIPAL

(Prof. SASE A.V.) (Prof. Chaure S. M) (Prof. ANARASE B.V.)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
An endeavor over long period can be successful only with advice and
guidance of many well-wishers.

My sincere thanks to the management and Prof. Anarase B.V sir

Principal of Shree Samarth Polytechnic, Mhasanephata , Ahmednagar for
providing me the opportunity to conduct my project work.

I am highly indebted to Prof. Chaure S. M sir Head of Department of

Mechanical for his assistance and constant source of encouragement. I wish
to express my profound and deep sense of gratitude of

Prof. SASE A.V sir project coordinator for sparing her valuable time to
extent helps in every step of my project work.

I would also like to thank the staff of Mechanical Department for the
generous guidance.

Last but not the least we would like to thank our friends and for their
help in every way for the success of this project report.

Name of student Signature

1)Shelar Omkar Ashok [ ]

2)Thorat Akash Dadabhau [ ]
3)Swant Pravin Hemarj [ ]
4)Gore Aarati Manik [ ]
 Micro-Project Proposal

“Digital Stopwatch”

1.0 Brief Introduction:

STOPWATCHES:-
Stopwatches can be classified into two categories, Type I and Type II. In
general,stopwatches are classified as Type I if they have a digital design
employing quartz oscillatorsand electronic circuitry to measure time intervals
(Figure 2). Type II stopwatches have ananalog design and use mechanical
mechanisms to measure time intervals (Figure 3). Keyelements of Type I and Type
II stopwatches are summarized in Table.
ASIC THEORY OF OPERATION

Every stopwatch is composed of four elements: a power source, a time base,

acounter, and an indicator or display. The design and construction of each
component dependsupon the type of stopwatch. Digital (Type I) Stopwatches.

The power source of a type Istopwatch is usually a silver cell or alkaline battery,
which powers the oscillator, counting anddisplay circuitry. The time base is usually
a quartz crystal oscillator, with a nominal frequency of32 768 Hz (215 Hz). Figure
4 shows the inside of a typical device, with the printed circuit board,quartz crystal
oscillator, and battery visible. The counter circuit consists of digital dividers
thatcount the time base oscillations for the period that is initiated by the start/stop
buttons. Thedisplay typically has seven or eight digits.

TIMERS

Timers, unlike stopwatches, count down from a preset time period instead of
countingup from zero. They can be small, battery-operated devices that are used to
signal when a certaintime period has elapsed, or they can be larger devices that
plug into a wall outlet and controlother items (Figure 6). A parking meter is an
example of a countdown timer. Inserting a coinstarts the internal timer counting
down from an initial preset point. When the time has elapsed,

the ―EXPIRED‖ flag is raised. One type of timer used extensively in industry is
the process

control timer. As their name implies, these devices measure or control the duration
of a
specific process. For example, when a product is made, it may need to be heat treat
ed for a specificlength of time. In an automated manufacturing system, the process
control timer determines theamount of time that the item is heated. In some
applications, such as integrated circuitmanufacturing, the timing process can be
critical for proper operation.Process control timers are also used in many different
types of laboratory environments.Calibration laboratories use timers to calibrate
units such as radiation detectors, where theyregulate the amount of time the
detector is exposed to the radiation source. Any uncertainty inthe time of exposure
directly influences the uncertainty of the detector calibration. Timers arealso used
in the medical field. For example, medical laboratories use process control timers
whenspecimen cultures are grown. Hospitals use timers to regulate the amount of
medication given to patients intravenously.

ABSOLUTE ACCURACY SPECIFICATIONS:

The absolute accuracy2 of an instrument is the maximum allowable offset

fromnominal. Absolute accuracy is defined in either the same units or a fractional
unit quantity of themeasurement function for an instrument. For example, the
absolute accuracy of a ruler might bespecifi

ed as ±1 mm for a scale of 0 to 15 cm. In the case of timing devices, it isn’t useful

to provide an absolute accuracy specification by itself. This is because a device’s
time offset

fromnominal will increase as a function of time. If the timing device were able to
measure an infinitetime interval, the offset (or difference in time from nominal) of
the device would also becomeinfinitely large. Because of this, when timing devices
are specified with an absolute accuracynumber, it is also accompanied by a time
interval for which this specification is valid. Anexample of this is the specifications
for the stopwatch shown in Figure 7, specified with anabsolute accuracy of 5 s per
day. If the stopwatch in Figure 7 were used to measure a longer timeinterval, we
could determine a new absolute accuracy figure by simply multiplying the
originalspecification by the desired time interval. For example, 5 s per day
becomes 10 s per two days,35 s per week, and so on.

While it is usually acceptable to multiply the absolute accuracy by time intervals

longer than
the period listed in the specifications, we must use caution when dividing the absol
ute accuracyspecification for periods of time shorter than the period listed in the
specifications. If we dividethe absolute accuracy specification for shorter
measurement periods, a new source of uncertainty,the resolution uncertainty of the
instrument, becomes important to consider. For example, if wetry to determine the
accuracy of the stopwatch of Figure 7 for a period of 30 s, we can computethe
absolute accuracy as follows:
 METHODOLOGY

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

BLOCK DIAGRAM EXPLANATIONMICROCONTROLLER

Microcontroller provides a great advantage that a program is stored in ROM that

has an importantrole in managing the system's operations and functions. Since the
program written into ROM is fixed thatis, it cannot be altered or changed; as a
result the operation of the system remains constant (unchanged)regardless of the
instructions given to it. Hence, a microcontroller can be thought of a device
containingon-chip program memory.

VOLTAGE SOURCE (VDD=5V)

A voltage source is a two terminal device which can maintain a fixed voltage. An
idealvoltage source can maintain the fixed voltage independent of the load
resistance or the outputcurrent. However, a real-world voltage source cannot
supply unlimited current. A voltage sourceis the dual of a current source. Real-
world sources of electrical energy, such as batteries,generators, and power systems,
can be modeled for analysis purposes as a combination of anideal voltage source
and additional combinations of impedance elements.
SWITCHES

Some switches are connected to this microcontroller for controlling its working.
These switchesare for play, pause and for selection of modes that have to be
followed by the microcontroller.

SEGMENT DISPLAY:

A seven-segment display or seven-segment indicator, is a form of electronic

displaydevice for displaying decimal numerals that is an alternative to the more
complex dot matrixdisplays. Seven-segment displays are widely used in digital
clocks, electronic meters, andother electronic devices for displaying numerical
information.
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

Power supply

As the microcontroller operating voltage is +5V DC. Through this power

supplycircuit we have to create a +5V DC which is given to the micro controller.

Description:

230V AC supply is given to the step down transformer of 12A type. It may be a
230V to9V or 12V step down transformer. The output of the step down
transformer is given to bridgerectifier. The bridge rectifier is formed with 1N4007
diodes. The bridge rectifier converts the ACVoltage into DC Voltage. But the
output DC Voltage contains some AC component (ripples). Sowe use a capacitors-
2200uF/25V, 0.1uF/D and resistor of 10K as a filter for removing ripples.That
output DC Voltage is given to the positive voltage regulator LM7805 (i.e., 78
represents the positive series and 5 represent the output voltage it can provide). So
the output of the regulatorwill be the regulated +5V DC. To indicate the condition
of the circuit we place a LED at the endof the circuit.

Schematic of Power Supply

Transformer

Transformer is a device used to increment or decrement the input voltage given as

per therequirement. The transformers are classified into two types depending upon
their functionality.They are Step up transformer and Step down transformer.In our
project, we made use of step down transformer for stepping down the house holdac
power supply i.e. the 230-240V power supply to 12 V.

Rectifier

The output of the transformer is AC and should be rectified to a constant DC .For

this, itis necessary to feed the output of the transformer to a rectifier. The rectifier
is employed toconvert the alternating ac to a constant dc.The rectification is done
by using one or more diodes connected in series or parallel. Ifonly one diode is
used then only first half cycle is rectified and it is termed as half waverectification
and the rectifier used is termed as Half-wave rectifier.

If two diodes are employed in parallel then both positive and negative half cycles
arerectified and this is full wave rectification and the rectifier is termed as Full-
wave rectifier.If the diodes are arranged in the form of bridge then it is termed as
Bridge rectifier .Itacts as a full wave rectifier. In our project we have employed a
bridge Rectifier.

Voltage Regulator

Voltage regulators comprise a class of widely used ICs. Regulator IC units contain
thecircuitry for reference source, comparator amplifier, control device, and
overload protection allin a single IC. IC units provide regulation of either a fixed
positive voltage, a fixed negativevoltage, or an adjustably set voltage. A fixed
three-terminal voltage regulator has an unregulateddc input voltage, Vi, applied to
one input terminal, a regulated dc output voltage, Vo, from asecond terminal, with
the third terminal connected to ground.The series 78 regulators provide fixed
positive regulated voltages from 5 to 24 volts.Similarly, the series 79 regulators
provide fixed negative regulated voltages from 5 to 24 volts.
IC Voltage Regulators

Voltage regulator ICs are available with fixed (typically 5, 12 and 15V) or
variableoutput voltages. They are also rated by the maximum current they can
pass. Negative voltageregulators are available, mainly for use in dual supplies.
Most regulators include some automatic protection from excessive current
('overload protection') and overheating ('thermal protection').Many of the fixed
voltage regulator ICs has 3 leads and look like power transistors.

THE 7-SEGMENT DISPLAY

An LED or Light Emitting Diode, is a solid state optical PN-junction diode which
emitslight energy in the form of ―photons‖ when it is forward biased by a voltage
allowing current toflow across its junction, and in Electronics we call this process
electroluminescence.The actual colour of the visible light emitted by an LED,
ranging from blue to red toorange, is decided by the spectral wavelength of the
emitted light which itself is dependent uponthe mixture of the various impurities
added to the semiconductor materials used to produce it. have many advantages
over traditional bulbs and lamps, with the main ones beingtheir small size, long
life, various colours, cheapness and are readily available, as well as beingeasy to
interface with various other electronic components and digital circuits.But the main
advantage of light emitting diodes is that because of their small die size,several of
them can be connected together within one small and compact package
producingwhat is generally called asegment DisplayThe 7-segment displayalso
written as ―seven segment display‖, consists of seven LEDs.

(hence its name) arranged in a rectangular fashion as shown. Each of the seven
LEDs is called asegment because when illuminated the segment forms part of a
numerical digit (both Decimaland Hex) to be displayed. An additional 8th LED is
sometimes used within the same packagethus allowing the indication of a decimal
point, (DP) when two or more 7-segment displays areconnected together to display
numbers greater than ten.Each one of the seven LEDs in the display is given a
positional segment with one of itsconnection pins being brought straight out of the
rectangular plastic package. These individuallyLED pins are labelled from a
through to g representing each individual LED. The other LED pins are connected
together and wired to form a common pin.So by forward biasing the appropriate
pins of the LED segments in a particular order,some segments will be light and
others will be dark allowing the desired character pattern of thenumber to be
generated on the display. This then allows us to display each of the ten
decimaldigits 0 through to 9 on the same 7-segment display.The displays common
pin is generally used to identify which type of 7-segment display itis.
 CONCLUSION

After completion of this digital stop watch project i have learnt some knowledge
indesigning the circuit and understood the coding process. The circuit has been
implemented on bread board and soldiered on general purpose PCB. This circuit
can operate in two modes with play and pause switches.
 Teacher Evaluation Sheet

Enrollment No………………………………………………...….………...….………...….………...
Name of Program…………………………………………………….….....….………...….………...
Semester……………………………………………………………….…....….………...….………..
Course Title…………………………………………………………….…...….………...….………..
Code………………………………………………………………………...….………...….………...
Title of the Micro-Project……………………………………………………………………………...
Course Outcomes Achieved
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Evaluation as per suggested Rubric for Assessment of Micro-Project

Sr. Characteristic to be Poor Average Good Excellent
No. assessed (Marks 1-3) (Marks 4- (Marks 6- (Marks 9-10)
5) 8)
1 Relevance to the course
2 Literature survey/
Information Collection
3 Project Proposal
4 Completion of the
Target as per project
proposal
5 Analysis of Data &
Representation
6 Quality of
Prototype/Model
7 Report Preparation
8 Presentation

Micro-Project Evaluation Sheet

Process Assessment Product Assessment Total
Marks
10
Part A- Project Part B-Project Individual
Project Methodology Report/Working Model Presentation/Viva
Proposal (2 mark) (2 marks) (4 mark)
(2 marks)
Note:
Every course teacher is expected to assign marks for group evolution in first 3 columns & individual
evaluation in 4th columns for each group of students as per rubrics

Comments/Suggestions about team work/leadership/inter-personal communication (if any).

.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................

Any other comment:

......................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................

Name and designation of the faculty member........................................................

Signature...................................................................

*****************