Neutrosophic Triplet Structures

Editors:
Prof. Dr. FLORENTIN SMARANDACHE

Associate Prof. Dr. MEMET ŞAHIN
NEUTROSOPHIC TRIPLET STRUCTURES
Volume I
Editors:
Prof. Dr. Florentin Smarandache

Department of Mathematics, University of New Mexico,
Gallup, NM 87301, USA
Email: smarand@unm.edu
Associate Prof. Dr. Memet Şahin

Department of Mathematics, Gaziantep University,
Gaziantep 27310, Turkey.
Email: mesahin@gantep.edu.tr
Peer Reviewers
Dr. Vakkas Uluçay, Department of Mathematics, Gaziantep University,
Gaziantep27310-Turkey,vulucay27@gmail.com.
PhD Abdullah Kargın, Department of Mathematics, Gaziantep University,

Gaziantep27310-Turkey,abdullahkargin27@gmail.com.
Neutrosophic Science International Association

President: Florentin Smarandache
Pons asbl
5, Quai du Batelage, Brussells, Belgium, European Union
President: Georgiana Antonescu
DTP: George Lukacs
ISBN: 978-1-59973-595-5
Neutrosophic Triplet
Structures
Volume I
Pons Editions
Brussels, Belgium, EU
2019
Aims and Scope
Neutrosophic theory and its applications have been expanding in all directions at an
astonishing rate especially after of the introduction the journal entitled “Neutrosophic Sets
and Systems”. New theories, techniques, algorithms have been rapidly developed. One of
the most striking trends in the neutrosophic theory is the hybridization of neutrosophic set
with other potential sets such as rough set, bipolar set, soft set, hesitant fuzzy set, etc. The
different hybrid structures such as rough neutrosophic set, single valued neutrosophic
rough set, bipolar neutrosophic set, single valued neutrosophic hesitant fuzzy set, etc. are
proposed in the literature in a short period of time. Neutrosophic set has been an important
tool in applications to various areas such as data mining, decision making, e-learning,
engineering, medicine, social science, and some more.
Florentin Smarandache, Memet Şahin

Neutrosophic Triplet Structures
Volume I
CONTENTS
Aims and Scope
Preface
SECTION ONE- NEUTROSOPHIC TRIPLET
Chapter One
Neutrosophic Triplet Partial Inner Product Space……………………….…..10
Memet Şahin, Abdullah Kargın
Chapter Two
Neutrosophic Triplet Partial v-Generalized Metric Space…………………..22
Chapter Three
Neutrosophic Triplet R-Module…………………………………………..…35
Necati Olgun, Mehmet Çelik
Chapter Four
Neutrosophic Triplet Topology…………………………………………...…43
Memet Şahin, Abdullah Kargın, Florentin Smarandache
Chapter Five
Isomorphism Theorems for Neutrosophic Triplet G – Modules………..…...54
Chapter Six
Neutrosophic Triplet Lie Algebra…………………………………………...68
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Editors:
Chapter Seven
Neutrosophic Triplet b - Metric Space……..……………………………..…79
SECTION TWO-DECISION MAKING
Chapter Eight
Multiple Criteria Decision Making in Architecture Based on Q-Neutrosophic

Soft Expert Multiset……………………………………………………...….90
Derya Bakbak, Vakkas Uluçay
Chapter Nine
An outperforming approach for multi-criteria decision-making problems with

interval-valued Bipolar neutrosophic sets………………………………….108
Memet Şahin, Vakkas Ulucay, Bekir Çıngı, Orhan Ecemiş
Chapter Ten
A New Approach Distance Measure of Bipolar Neutrosophic Sets and Its

Application to Multiple Criteria Decision Making………………..……….125
Memet Sahin, Vakkas Uluçay, Harun Deniz
SECTION THREE- OTHER PAPERS
Chapter Eleven
Dice Vector Similarity Measure of Intuitionistic Trapezoidal Fuzzy Multi-

Numbers and Its Application in Architecture…………………………..…..142
Derya Bakbak, Vakkas Uluçay
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Volume I
Chapter Twelve
Improved Hybrid Vector Similarity Measures and Their Applications on

Trapezoidal Fuzzy Multi Numbers……………………………………..…..158
Memet Şahin, Vakkas Ulucay, Fatih S. Yılmaz
Chapter Thirteen
Dice Vector Similarity Measure of Trapezoidal Fuzzy Multi-Numbers Based

On Multi-Criteria Decision Making……………………………………......185
Memet Şahin, Vakkas Ulucay, Fatih S. Yılmaz
7
Editors:
Preface
Neutrosophic set has been derived from a new branch of philosophy, namely Neutrosophy.
Neutrosophic set is capable of dealing with uncertainty, indeterminacy and inconsistent
information. Neutrosophic set approaches are suitable to modeling problems with
uncertainty, indeterminacy and inconsistent information in which human knowledge is
necessary, and human evaluation is needed.
Neutrosophic set theory was firstly proposed in 1998 by Florentin Smarandache, who also
developed the concept of single valued neutrosophic set, oriented towards real world
scientific and engineering applications. Since then, the single valued neutrosophic set
theory has been extensively studied in books and monographs, the properties of
neutrosophic sets and their applications, by many authors around the world. Also, an
international journal - Neutrosophic Sets and Systems started its journey in 2013.
Neutrosophic triplet was first defined in 2016 by Florentin Smarandache and Mumtaz Ali
and they also introduced the neutrosophic triplet groups in the same year. For every element
“x” in a neutrosophic triplet set A, there exist a neutral of “x” and an opposite of “x”. Also,
neutral of “x” must be different from the classical neutral element. Therefore, the NT
set is different from the classical set. Furthermore, a NT of “x” is showed by
<x, neut(x), anti(x)>.
This first volume collects original research and applications from different perspectives
covering different areas of neutrosophic studies, such as decision making, Triplet,
topology, and some theoretical papers.
This volume contains three sections: NEUTROSOPHIC TRIPLET, DECISION
MAKING, AND OTHER PAPERS.
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Volume I
SECTION ONE
Neutrosophic Triplet Research
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Editors:
Chapter One
Neutrosophic Triplet Partial Inner Product Space

Mehmet Şahin1, Abdullah Kargın2,*
1,2
Department of Mathematics, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep 27310, Turkey.
Email: mesahin@gantep.edu.tr, abdullahkargin27@gmail.com
Abstract
In this chapter, we obtain neutrosophic triplet partial inner product space. We give some definitions
and examples for neutrosophic triplet partial inner product space. Then, we obtain some properties
and we prove these properties. Furthermore, we show that neutrosophic triplet partial inner product
space is different from neutrosophic triplet inner product space and classical inner product space.
Keywords: neutrosophic triplet partial inner product space, neutrosophic triplet vector
spaces, neutrosophic triplet partial normed spaces, neutrosophic triplet partial metric
spaces
1. Introduction
Smarandache introduced neutrosophy in 1980, which studies a lot of scientific fields. In
neutrosophy [1], there are neutrosophic logic, set and probability. Neutrosophic logic is a
generalization of a lot of logics such as fuzzy logic [2] and intuitionistic fuzzy logic [3].
Neutrosophic set is denoted by (t, i, f) such that “t” is degree of membership, “i” is degree
of indeterminacy and “f” is degree of non-membership. Also, a lot of researchers have
studied neutrosophic sets [4-9,24-28]. Furthermore, Smarandache et al. obtained
neutrosophic triplet (NT) [10] and they introduced NT groups [11]. For every element “x”
in neutrosophic triplet set A, there exist a neutral of “a” and an opposite of “a”. Also,
neutral of “x” must different from the classical unitary element. Therefore, the NT set is
different from the classical set. Furthermore, a NT “x” is denoted by by <x, neut(x),
anti(x)>. Also, many researchers have introduced NT structures [12-20]
Inner product is a special operator (<. , .>) built on vector spaces and it has certain
properties. Also, if (<. , .>) is an inner product on a vector space, the vector space is called
inner product space. The Hilbert space (every Cauchy sequence is convergent in it) is a
special inner product space and it also has certain properties. In functional analysis, inner
product space and Hilbert space are a broad topic with wide area of applications. Also,
recently many researchers have introduced inner product space [21-23].
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Volume I
In this chapter, we obtain NT inner product space. In section 2; we give definitions of NT

set [11], NT field [12], NT partial metric space [17], NT vector space [13] and NT partial
normed space [20]. In section 3, we introduce NT partial inner product space and give
some properties and examples for NT partial inner product space. Also, we show that NT
partial inner product space is different from the NT inner product space and classical inner
product space. Furthermore, we show relationship between NT partial metric spaces, NT
partial normed space with NT partial inner product space. Also, we give definition of
convergence of sequence, Cauchy sequence and Hilbert space in NT inner product space.
In section 4, we give conclusions.
2.Basic and fundamental concepts

Definition 2.1: [11] Let * be a binary operation. (X, #) is a NT set (NTS) such that
i) There must be neutral of “x” such x#neut(x) = neut(x)#x = x, x ∈ X.

ii) There must be anti of “x” such x#anti(x) = anti(x)#x = neut(x), x ∈ X.
Furthermore, a NT “x” is showed with (x, neut(x), anti(x)).
Also, neut(x) must different from classical unitary element.
Definition 2.2: [12] Let (X, &, $) be a NTS with two binary operations & and $. Then (X,
&, $) is called NT field (NTF) such that
1. (F, &) is a commutative NT group,
2. (F, $) is a NT group
3. x$ (y&z)= (x$y) & (x$z) and (y&z)$x = (y$x) & (z$x) forv every x, y, z ∈ X.
Definition 2.3: [17] Let (A, #) be a NTS and m#n ∊ A, ⩝ m, n ∊ A. NT partial metric
(NTPM) is a map 𝑝𝑁 : A x A → ℝ+ ∪{0} such that ⩝ m, n, k ∈ A
i) 𝑝𝑁 (m, n) ≥ 𝑝𝑁 (n, n)≥0
ii) If 𝑝𝑁 (m, m) = 𝑝𝑁 (m, n) = 𝑝𝑁 (n, n) = 0, then there exits at least one m, n pair such that
m = n.
iii) 𝑝𝑁 (m, n) = 𝑝𝑁 (n, m)
iv) If there exists at least an element n∊A for each m, k∈ A pair such that
𝑝𝑁 (m, k)≤ 𝑝𝑁 (m, k#neut(n)), then 𝑝𝑁 (m, k#neut(n))≤ 𝑝𝑁 (m, n) + 𝑝𝑁 (n, k) - 𝑝𝑁 (n, n)
Also, ((A, #), 𝑝𝑁 ) is called NTPM space (NTPMS).
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Editors:
Definition 2.4: [13] Let (F, &1 , $1 ) be a NTF and let (V,&2 , $2 ) be a NTS with binary
operations “&2 " and “$2 ”. If (V,&2 , $2 ) is satisfied the following conditions, then it is
called a NT vector space (NTVS),
1) x&2 y ∈ V and x $2 y ∈ V; for every x, y ∈ V
2) (x&2 y) &2 z= x&2 (y&2 z); for every x, y, z ∈ V
3) x&2 y = y&2 x; for every x, y ∈ V
4) (x&2 y) $2 m= (x$2 m) &2 (y$2 m); for every m∈ F and every x, y ∈ V
5) (m&1 n) $2 x= (m$2 x) &1 (n$2 x); for every m, n ∈ F and every u ∈ V
6) (m$1 n) $2 x= m$1 (n$2 x); for every m, n ∈ F and every x ∈ V
7) For every x ∈ V, there exists at least a neut(y) ∈ F such that
x $2 neut(y)= neut(y) $2 x = x
Definition 2.5: [20] Let (V,∗2 , #2 ) be NTVS on (F,∗1 , #1 ) NTF. ‖. ‖:V → ℝ+ ∪{0} is a
map that it is called NT partial norm (NTPN) such that
a) f: F X V → ℝ+ ∪{0} is a function such that f(α,x) = f(anti(α), anti(x)); for all a, b ∈ V

and m ∈ F;
b) ‖a‖ ≥0;
c) If ‖a‖=‖neut(a)‖ = 0, then a = neut(a)
d) ‖m#2 a‖ = f(m,a).‖a‖
e) ‖anti(a)‖= ‖a‖
f) If there exists at least k element for each a, b pair such that
‖‖a∗2 a‖+‖neut(k)‖ ≤ ‖a∗2 b∗2 neut(k)‖; then ‖a∗2 b‖≤‖a‖+‖b‖ - ‖neut(k)‖, for any k ∈ V.
Furthermore, ((NTV, ∗2 , #2 ), ‖.‖) is called NTPN space (NTPNS).
Theorem 2.6: [20] Let ((N, ∗2 , #2 ), ‖.‖) be a NTPNS on (F,∗1 , #1 ) NTF. Then, the function
is p: V x V→ ℝ, p(x, y) = ‖x∗2 anti(y)‖ is a NTPMS.
Definition 2.7: [14] Let (V, ∗2 , #2 ) be a NTVS on (F, ∗1 , #1 ) NTF. Then,

<., .> :V x V → ℝ+ ∪{0} is a NT inner product (NTIP) on (V,∗2 , #2 ) such that
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Volume I
a) f: F X V X V → ℝ+ ∪{0} is a function such that f(α, a, b)= f(anti(α), anti(a), anti(a)),

for all a, b, c ∈ NTV and m, n ∈ F,
b) <a, a> ≥0;
c) If a= neut(a), then <a, a> =0
d) <(m#2 a)∗2 (n#2 b), 𝑐> = f(m, a, c). <x, c>+ f(𝑛,b,z). <b, c>
e) <anti(a), anti(a)> = <a, a>
f) <a, b>=<b, a>
Also, ((NTV, ∗2 , #2 ), <., .>) is called NTIP space (NTIPS).
Theorem 2.8: [14] Let (V, ∗2 , #2 ) be a NTVS on (F, ∗1 , #1 ) NTF and let
((V, ∗2 , #2 ), <. , .>) be a NTIPS on (V,∗2 , #2 ) and f: F X V X V → ℝ+ ∪{0} be a map
such that f(α, a, b)= f(anti(α), anti(a), anti(b)) for all a, b ∈ V and m, n ∈ F. Then,
<(m#2 a)∗2 (n#2 b), (m#2 a)∗2 (n#2 b)> =
f(m, (m#2 a)∗2 (n#2 b), a).f(m, a, a).<a, a> +
[f(m, (m#2 a)∗2 (n#2 b), a). f(n, a, b) + f(n, (m#2 a)∗2 (𝑛#2 b), b).f(m, a, b)].<a, b> +
f(𝑛, (m#2 a)∗2 (n#2 b), b). f(𝑛, b, b).<b, b>.
3. Neutrosophic Triplet Partial Inner Product Space

Definition 3.1: Let (V, ∗2 , #2 ) be NTVS on (F, ∗1 , #1 ) NTF. Then,
<., .> :V x V → ℝ+ ∪{0} is a NT partial inner product (NTPIP) on (V,∗2 , #2 ) such that
i) f: F X V X V → ℝ+ ∪{0} is a function such that f(m, a, b)= f(anti(m), anti(a), anti(b))

for all a, b, c ∈ V and m, n ∈ F;
ii) <a, b> ≥ 0 and <a, a> ≥ 0;
iii) If <a, a> = <neut(a), neut(a)> = 0, then a = neut(a)
iv) <(m#2 a)∗2 (n#2 b), 𝑐> = f(m, a, c). <a, c>+ f(𝑛,b,c). <b, c>
v) <anti(a), anti(a)> = <a, a>
vi) <a, b> = <b, a>
Also, ((NTV, ∗2 , #2 ), <., .>) is called NTPIP space (NTPIPS).
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Corollary 3.2: By Definition of NTPIPS that NTPIPS is different from the classical inner
product spaces, since conditions i) and ii) are different in classical inner product space.
Corollary 3.3: In Definition 2.7, if x = neut(x) then <x, x> = 0. In Definition 3.1, <x, x> =
<neut(x), neut(x)> = 0 then x = neut(x). Thus, NTPIPS is different from NTIPS.
Corollary 3.4:
i) For a NTPIPS, if a = neut(a) and <a, a> = 0, then NTPIPS is a NTIPS.
ii) For a NTIPS, if <a, a> = <neut(a), neut(a)> = 0 and a = neut(a), then NTIPS is a
NTPIPS.
Example 3.5: Let X = {∅ , {1}, {2}, {1, 2}}. From Definition 2.4, (X, ∪, ∩) is a NTVS on
the (X, ∪, ∩) NTF. Also,
The NTs with respect to ∪;
neut(K) = K and anti(K) = K,
The NTs with respect to ∩;
neut(M) = M and anti(M) = M,
Now, we take <. , .>:X x X → ℝ+ ∪{0}such that <K, L> = 𝑠(𝐾) + 𝑠(𝐿) and s(K) is
number of elements in K ∈ X and 𝐾 ′ is complement of K ∈ X.
We show that <. , .> is a NTPIP and ((X, ∪, ∩), <. , .>) is a NTPIPS.
i) We can take f: X  X  X → ℝ+ ∪{0} such that

𝑠(𝐶)+2.𝑠(𝐴∩𝐵)
; 𝑖𝑓 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 = ∅, 𝐵 = 𝐶 ≠ ∅
2(𝑠(𝐵)+𝑠(𝐶))
𝑠(𝐶)−𝑠(𝐴)+2.𝑠(𝐴∩𝐵)
; 𝑖𝑓 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 ≠ ∅, 𝐵 = 𝐶 ≠ ∅
f(A,B,C) = 2(𝑠(𝐵)+𝑠(𝐶))
0; 𝑖𝑓 𝐵=𝐶=∅
1
; 𝑖𝑓 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 = ∅, 𝐵 = 𝐶 ≠ ∅, s(𝐶) + 𝑠(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 0, 𝑠(𝐶) − 𝑠(𝐴) + 2. 𝑠(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
{ 2(𝑠(𝐵)+𝑠(𝐶))
Also, f(A,B,C) = f(anti(A), anti(B), anti(C)) because anti(A) = A, for all A ∈ X.
ii) <A, B> = 𝑠(𝐴) + 𝑠(𝐵)≥ 0 and <A, A> = 𝑠(𝐴) + 𝑠(𝐴)≥ 0
iii) For A = ∅, 𝑠(𝐴) + 𝑠(𝐴) = 𝑠(𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡(𝐴)) + 𝑠(𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡(𝐴)) = 0, Also, ∅ = neut(∅)
iv) For A = ∅, B = {1}, C = {2}, D = {1, 2}, E = ∅;
<((∅∩{1})∪ ({2} ∩ {1, 2}), ∅> = 𝑠((∅ ∩ {1}) ∪ ({2} ∩ {1, 2})) + s(∅) = 1. Also,
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Volume I
f(∅, {1}, ∅) = 1 /2,
<{1}, ∅> = 1,
f({2}, {1,2}, ∅) = 1 / 4,
<{1,2}, ∅> = 2.
Thus, <(∅∩{1} )∪ ({2} ∩ {1, 2}), ∅> =
f(∅, {1}, ∅).<{1}, ∅> + f({2}, {1,2}, ∅).<{1,2}, ∅>.
For A = ∅, B = {1}, C = {2}, D = {1, 2} , E = {1};
<((∅∩{1})∪ ({2} ∩ {1, 2}), {1}> = 𝑠((∅ ∩ {1}) ∪ ({2} ∩ {1, 2})) + s({1}) = 2. Also,
f(∅, {1}, {1}) = 1 /2
<{1}, {1}> = 2
f({2}, {1,2}, {1}) = 1 / 3
<{1,2}, {1}> = 3.
Thus, <(∅∩{1} )∪ ({2} ∩ {1, 2}), {1}> =
f(∅, {1}, {1}).<{1}, {1}> + f({2}, {1,2}, {1}).<{1,2}, {1}>.
For A = ∅, B = {1}, C = {2}, D = {1, 2} , E = {2};
<((∅∩{1})∪ ({2} ∩ {1, 2}), {2}> = 𝑠((∅ ∩ {1}) ∪ ({2} ∩ {1, 2})) + s({2}) = 2. Also,
f(∅, {1}, {2}) = 1 /2
<{1}, {2}> = 2
f({2}, {1,2}, {2}) = 1 / 3
<{1,2}, {2}> = 3.
Thus, <(∅∩{1} )∪ ({2} ∩ {1, 2}), {2}> =
f(∅, {1}, {2}).<{1}, {2}> + f({2}, {1,2}, {2}).<{1,2}, {2}>.
For A = ∅, B = {1}, C = {2}, D = {1, 2}, E = {1, 2};
<((∅∩{1})∪ ({2} ∩ {1, 2}), {1, 2}> = 𝑠((∅ ∩ {1}) ∪ ({2} ∩ {1, 2})) + s({1, 2}) = 3. Also,
f(∅, {1}, {1, 2}) = 2 /3
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Editors:
<{1}, {1,2}> = 3
f({2}, {1,2}, {1,2}) = 2 / 8 = 1/4
<{1,2}, {1, 2}> = 4.
Thus, <(∅∩{1} )∪ ({2} ∩ {1, 2}), {1,2}> = f(∅, {1}, {1,2}).<{1}, {1,2}> +
f({2}, {1,2}, {1,2}).<{1,2}, {1,2}>.
Furthermore, condition iv is satisfies by another A, B, C, D, E elements.
v) <anti(K), anti(K)> = s(anti(K))+ s(anti(K)) = s(K) + s(K) = <K, K> because

K = anti(K), for every K ∈ X.
vi) <K, L>= s(K) + s(L) = s(L) + s(K) = <L, K>.
Theorem 3.6:Let (V,∗2 , #2 ) be a NTVS on (F,∗1 , #1 ) NTF and let ((V, ∗2 , #2 ), <. , .>) be
a NTIPS on (V,∗2 , #2 ) and f: F X V X V → ℝ+ ∪{0}. For every a, b, c ∈ V and m, n ∈ F,
if a ≠ b, a = c or b = c and <c, c>≥ 1 and <c, c> ≤ <a, a>, <b, b>, then
(< a, b >)2 ≤ <a, a>.<b, b> - <c, c>
Proof: We suppose a ≠ b, a = c or b = c. From the Theorem 2.6; if we take
<𝑎,𝑏>2 +<𝑐,𝑐>1/2
f(m, (m#2 a)∗2 (n#2 b), a,) =
<𝑎,𝑎>3/2
<𝑐,𝑐>1/2
−(<𝑎,𝑏>+ <𝑎,𝑏> )
f(m, a, b)=
<𝑎,𝑎>1/2
1
f(n, b, b) =
<𝑏,𝑏>1/2
<𝑐,𝑐>1/2
(1+ <𝑎,𝑏> )
f(n, a, b) =
<𝑎,𝑎>1/2
f(𝑛, (m#2 a)∗2 (n#2 b), a)= f(m, a, a) = f(n, (m#2 a)∗2 (n#2 b), b) =1, then
<(m#2 a)∗2 (n#2 b), (m#2 a)∗2 (n#2 b)> =
f(m, (m#2 a)∗2 (n#2 b), a).f(m, a, a).<a, a> +
[f(m, (m#2 a)∗2 (n#2 b), a). f(n, a, b) + f(n, (m#2 a)∗2 (𝑛#2 b), b).f(m, a, b)].<a, b> +
f(𝑛, (m#2 a)∗2 (n#2 b), b). f(𝑛, b, b).<b, b> =
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Volume I
<𝑐,𝑐>1/2 <𝑐,𝑐>1/2
<𝑎,𝑏>2 +<𝑐,𝑐>1/2 (<𝑎,𝑏>+ <𝑎,𝑏> ) (1+ <𝑎,𝑏> ) 1
. <a, a>- .<a, b>- .<a, b>+ <b, b> =
<𝑎,𝑎>3/2 <𝑎,𝑎>1/2 <𝑎,𝑎>1/2 <𝑏,𝑏>1/2
<𝑐,𝑐>1/2
(1+ ) <𝑎,𝑏>+<𝑐,𝑐>1/2
- <𝑎,𝑏>
1/2 . <a,b>+ < 𝑏, 𝑏 >1/2 = < 𝑏, 𝑏 >1/2 - . Thus, we have
<𝑎,𝑎> <𝑎,𝑎>1/2
<𝑎,𝑏>+<𝑐,𝑐>1/2
< 𝑏, 𝑏 >1/2 - ≥ 0 and
<𝑎,𝑎>1/2
<𝑎,𝑏>+<𝑐 𝑐>1/2
< 𝑎, 𝑎 >1/2 . < 𝑏, 𝑏 >1/2 - < 𝑎, 𝑎 >1/2 . =
<𝑎,𝑎>1/2
< 𝑎, 𝑎 >1/2 . < 𝑏, 𝑏 >1/2 - < 𝑎, 𝑏 > - < 𝑐, 𝑐 >1/2 ≥ 0. Thus,
< 𝑎, 𝑏 >≤< 𝑎, 𝑎 >1/2 . < 𝑏, 𝑏 >1/2 - < 𝑐, 𝑐 >1/2 .
Theorem 3.7: Let (V,∗2 , #2 ) be a NTVS on (F,∗1 , #1 ) NTF and let ((V, ∗2 , #2 ), <. , .>) be
a NTPIPS on (V,∗2 , #2 ).For every a,b,c ∈ V and m,n ∈ F, if f(m, a, a) = f(m, a) and ‖𝑎‖ =
√< a, a >. Then, ((V, ∗2 , #2 ), ‖. ‖) is a NTPMS on (V,∗2 , #2 ).
Proof: We show that ‖𝑎‖ = √< a, a > is a NTPMS. From Definition 3.1 and
Definition 2.5,
a) ‖𝑎‖ = √< a, a > ≥ 0.

b) If ‖𝑎‖ = √< a, a > = √< neut(a), neut(a) > = ‖neut(a)‖ = 0, then a = neut(a)
c) ‖m#2 a‖ = √< m#2 a, m#2 a > = √f(m, a, a). √f(m, a, a) . √< a, a > =
f(m, a, a). √< a, a >=
f(m, a). ‖𝑎‖
d) ‖anti(x)‖ = √< anti(x), anti(x) > =√< a, a >== ‖a‖
e) In Theorem 2.6; if we take m= neut(a), 𝑛 = neut(b), then
<(m#2 a)∗2 (n#2 b), (m#2 a)∗2 (n#2 b)> = < a ∗2 b, a ∗2 a > =
f(neut(a), a∗2 𝑏, a).f(neut(a), a, a).<a, a> +
[f(neut(a), a∗2 𝑏, a).f(neut(b), a, b)+ f(neut(b), a∗2 b, b).f(neut(a), a, b)].<a, b> +
f(neut(b), a∗2 b, b).f(neut(b), b, b).<b, b>.

Also, if we take
f(neut(a), a∗2 𝑏, a) = f(neut(a), a, a) = f(neut(b), a, b) = f(neut(b), a∗2 b, b) =
f(neut(a), a, b) = f(neut(b), b, b) = 1, then
< a ∗2 b, a ∗2 b > = <a, a> + 2.<a, b> + <b, b> = ‖a‖2 + 2.<a,b> + ‖a‖2 . From the
Theorem 3.6, if a ≠ b, a = c or b = c, then
< 𝑎, 𝑏 >≤ √< a, a >. √< b, b > - √< c, c >.Thus,
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< a ∗2 b , a ∗2 b >=‖a‖2 + 2.<a, b>+ ‖b‖2 ≤
‖a‖2 + 2‖a‖‖b‖+ ‖b‖2 - 2‖b‖=
(‖a‖ + ‖b‖)2 -2‖b‖ (1)
If we take neut(c) = neut(b), then
< a ∗2 b ∗2 neut(c) , a ∗2 b ∗2 neut(c)> = < a ∗2 b, a ∗2 b >
Therefore, if we take a = b, it is clear that

1⁄
< a ∗2 b, a ∗2 b > - < neut(m), neut(m) > 2≤
< a ∗2 b ∗2 neut(c) , a ∗2 b ∗2 neut(c)> (2)
Furthermore, from Definition 2.5, If there exists at least k = neut(m) element for a, b such
that ‖‖a∗2 b‖-‖neut(k)‖ ≤ ‖a∗2 b∗2 neut(k)‖, then ‖a∗2 b‖≤‖a‖+‖b‖ - ‖neut(k)‖. Thus, we can take
from (1), (2)
‖a∗2 b‖≤‖a‖+‖b‖ - ‖neut(k)‖.
Corollary 3.8: Every NTPMS is reduced by a NTPIPS. But the opposite is not always
true. Similarly; every NTPNS is reduced by a NTPIPS. But the opposite is not always true.
Definition 3.9: ((X, &2 , $2 ), <. , .>) be a NTPIPS on (Y, &1 , $1 ) NTF and
((X,&2 , $2 ), <. , .>) be a NTPIPS such that ‖𝑎‖ = √< a, a >. Then, p: X x X→ ℝ is a
NTPM define by
p(a, b)= ‖ a ∗2 anti(b)‖ = √< a ∗2 anti(b), a ∗2 anti(b) >
and is called NTPM reduced by ((X,&2 , $2 ), <. , .>).
Definition 3.10: ((X,&2 , $2 ), <. , .>) be a NTPIPS on (Y,&1 , $1 ) NTF, {𝑥𝑛 } be a

sequence in NTPIPS and p be a NTPM reduced by ((X,&2 , $2 ), <. , .>). For all ε>0,
x, k ∊ X
1⁄
p(x, {𝑥𝑛 })= < x ∗2 anti({𝑥𝑛 }), x ∗2 anti({𝑥𝑛 }) > 2 < ε + p(k, k);
if there exists a M∊ ℕ such that for all n ≥M, then {𝑥𝑛 } sequence converges to a. It is
denoted by
lim 𝑥𝑛 = a or 𝑥𝑛 → a.
𝑛→∞
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Definition 3.11: ((X,&2 , $2 ), <. , .>) be a NTPIPS on (Y,&1 , $1 ) NTF, {𝑥𝑛 } be a

sequence in NTPIPS and p be a NTPM reduced by ((X,&2 , $2 ), <. , .>). For all ε>0, x,
k ∊ X such that for all n ≥M
p(({𝑥𝑚 }, {𝑥𝑛 }) =
1⁄
‖x ∗2 anti({𝑥𝑛 } )‖ < ({𝑥𝑚 } ∗2 anti({𝑥𝑛 }), ({𝑥𝑚 } ∗2 anti({𝑥𝑛 }) > 2 < ε + p(k, k);
if there exists a M∊ ℕ; {𝑥𝑛 } sequence is called Cauchy sequence.
Definition 3.12: Let ((X,&2 , $2 ), <. , .>) be a NTPIPS on (Y,&1 , $1 ) NTF, {𝑥𝑛 } be a
sequence in this space and p be a NTPM reduced by ((X,&2 , $2 ), <. , .>). If each {𝑥𝑛 }
Cauchy sequence in NTPIPS is convergent by p NTPM reduced by ((X,&2 , $2 ), <. , .>),
then ((X,&2 , $2 ), <. , .>) is called Hilbert space in NTPIPS.
Conclusions
In this chapter, we obtained NTPIPS. We also showed that NTPIPS is different from the
NTIPS and classical inner product space. Then, we defined Hilbert space for NTPIPS.
Thus, we have added a new structure to NT structure and gave rise to a new field or
research called NTPIPS. Also, thanks to NTPIPS researcher we obtained new structures
and properties.
Abbreviations
NT: Neutrosophic triplet
NTS: Neutrosophic triplet set
NTF: Neutrosophic triplet field
NTVS: Neutrosophic triplet vector space
NTPM: Neutrosophic triplet partial metric
NTPMS: Neutrosophic triplet partial metric
NTPN: Neutrosophic triplet partial norm
NTPNS: neutrosophic triplet partial norm space
NTIPS: neutrosophic triplet inner product space
NTPIP: neutrosophic triplet partial inner product
NTPIPS: neutrosophic triplet partial inner product space
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References
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and Logic. American Research Press: Reheboth, MA, USA
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Neutrosophic Hesitant Set and Its Application to Multiple Attribute Decision Making, Neural
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7. M. Şahin, O Ecemiş, V. Uluçay, and A. Kargın (2017) Some new generalized aggregation
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multi-attribute decision making, Asian Journal of Mathematics and Computer Research, Vol. 16,
No: 2, pp. 63-84
8. S. Broumi, A. Bakali, M. Talea, F. Smarandache (2016) Single Valued Neutrosophic Graphs:
Degree, Order and Size. IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems, pp. 2444-2451.
9. S. Broumi, A Bakali, M. Talea and F. Smarandache (2016) Decision-Making Method Based On
the Interval Valued Neutrosophic Graph, Future Technologie, IEEE, pp. 44-50.
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unmatter plasma and antimatter plasma, APS Gaseous Electronics Conference, doi:
10.1103/BAPS.2016.GEC.HT6.110
11. F. Smarandache and M. Ali (2016) Neutrosophic triplet group. Neural Computing and
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15. Smarandache F., Şahin M., Kargın A. (2018), Neutrosophic Triplet G- Module, Mathematics –
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16. Bal M., Shalla M. M., Olgun N. (2018) Neutrosophic triplet cosets and quotient groups,
Symmetry – MDPI, Vol. 10, No: 126
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metric space, Symmetry – MDPI, Vol. 10, No: 240
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MDPI Vol. 7, No: 67
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neutrosophic extended triplet groups, Symmetry- MDPI Vol. 10, No: 32
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Multidiscipline Studies Congress, Gaziantep, Turkey (13-16 September 2018)
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pp. 151-170
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Application to Multiple Criteria Decision Making. Mathematics, 7(1), 50.
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multiple-criteria decision-making. Symmetry, 10(10), 437.
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Decision Making Problem. Matematika, 34(2), 246-260.
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decision-making problems in bipolar neutrosophic sets. Neutrosophic Sets Syst, 23, 142-159.
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Set of Interval Valued Neutrosophic Sets. Journal of Mathematical and Fundamental
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Chapter Two
Neutrosophic Triplet Partial v-Generalized Metric Space
Memet Şahin1, Abdullah Kargın2,*
1,2
Abstract
In this chapter, study the notion of neutrosophic triplet partial v-generalized metric space. Then, we
give some definitions and examples for neutrosophic triplet partial v-generalized metric space and
obtain some properties and prove these properties. Furthermore, we show that neutrosophic triplet
partial v-generalized metric space is different from neutrosophic triplet v-generalized metric space
and neutrosophic triplet partial metric space.
Keywords: neutrosophic triplet metric space, neutrosophic triplet partial metric space,
neutrosophic triplet v- generalized metric spaces, neutrosophic triplet partial v- generalized
metric spaces
1. Introduction
neutrosophy, there are neutrosophic logic, set and probability in [1]. Neutrosophic logic is
a generalization of a lot of logics such as fuzzy logic in [2] and intuitionistic fuzzy logic in
[3]. Neutrosophic set is denoted by (t, i, f) such that “t” is degree of membership, “i” is
degree of indeterminacy and “f” is degree of non-membership. Also, a lot of researchers
have studied neutrosophic sets in [4-9, 35-39]. Furthermore, Smarandache and Ali obtained
neutrosophic triplet (NT) in [10] and they introduced NT groups in [11]. For every
element “x” in neutrosophic triplet set A, there exist a neutral of “a” and an opposite of
“a”. Also, neutral of “x” must different from the classical unitary element. Therefore, the
NT set is different from the classical set. Furthermore, a NT “x” is denoted by <x, neut(x),
anti(x)>. Also, many researchers have introduced NT structures in [12-20].
Matthew obtained partial metric spaces in [21]. The partial metric is generalization of
classical metric space and it plays a significant role in fixed point theory and computer
science. Also, many researchers studied partial metric space in [22-28].
Branciari obtained v-generalized metric in [29]. The v- generalized metric is a specific

form of classical metric space for its triangular inequality. The most important use of
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v-generalized metric space is fixed point theory. Furthermore, researchers studied

v- generalized metric in [30- 34].
In this chapter, we obtain NT partial v-generalized metric space. In section 2; we give

definitions of NT set in [11], NT partial metric space in [17] and NT v-generalized metric
space in [18]. In section 3, we introduce NT partial v-generalized metric space and give
some properties and examples for NT partial v-generalized metric space. Also, we show
that NT partial v-generalized metric space is different from the NT partial metric space and
NT v-generalized metric space. Furthermore, we show the relationship between NT partial
metric spaces, NT v-generalized metric space with NT partial v-generalized metric space.
Finally, we give definition of convergent sequence, Cauchy sequence and complete space
for NT partial v-generalized metric space. In section 4, we give conclusions.
2. Basic and Fundamental Concepts
Definition 2.1: [29] Let N be a nonempty set and d:NxN→ ℝ be a function. If d is satisfied
the following properties, then it is called a v - generalized metric. For
n, m, 𝑐1 , 𝑐2 , … , 𝑐𝑣 ∈ N,
i) d(n, m) ≥ 0 and d(n, m) = 0 ⇔ n = m;
ii) d(n, m)= d(m, n);
iii) d(n, m) ≤ d(n, 𝑐1 )+d(𝑐1 , 𝑐2 )+d(𝑐2 , 𝑐3 )+ … + d(𝑐𝑣−1 , 𝑐𝑣 )+ d(𝑐𝑣 , n). Where a, 𝑐1 , 𝑐2 , … ,

𝑐𝑣 , b are all different.
Definition 2.2:[21]Let N be a nonempty set and d:NxN→ ℝ be a function. If d is satisfied

the following properties, then it is a partial metric. For p, r, s ∈ N,
i) d(p, p) = d(s, s) = d(p, s) ⇔ p = s;
ii) d(p, p) ≤ d(p, s);
iii) d(p, s) = d(s, p);
iv) d(p, r) ≤d(p, s)+d(s, r)-d(s, s);
Also, (N, d) is a partial metric space.
Definition 2.3: [11] Let # be a binary operation. (X, #) is a NT set (NTS) such

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Definition 2.4: [17] Let (M, *) be a NTS and m*n ∊ M for ⩝ m, n ∊ M. NT partial metric
(NTPM) is a function p: M x M → ℝ+ ∪{0} such for every s, p, r ∈ M,
i) p(m, n) ≥p(n, n)≥0
ii) If 𝑝𝑁 (m, m) = 𝑝𝑁 (m, n) = 𝑝𝑁 (n, n) = 0, then there exits at least one m, n pair such that
m = n.
iii) p(m, n) = p(n, m)
iv) If there exists at least an element n∊A for each m, k ∈ M pair such that
p(m, k)≤ p(m, k*neut(n)), then p(m, k*neut(n))≤ p(m, n) + p(n, k) - p(n, n)
Also, ((N, *), p) is called NTPM space (NTPMS).
Definition 2.5: [13] A NT metric on a NTS (N, *) is a function d:NxN→ ℝ such that for
every n, m, s ∈ N,
i) n * m ∈ N
ii) d(n, m) ≥ 0
iii) If n = m, then d(n, m) = 0
iv) d(n, m)= d(n, m)
v) If there exists at least an element s ∊ N for each n, m ∈ N pair such that
d(n, m) ≤ d(n, m*neut(s)), then d(n, m*neut(s)) ≤ d(n, s)+ 𝑑 𝑇 (s, n).
Definiton 2.6: [18] Let (N, *) be a NTS. A NT v- generalized metric on N is a function

𝑑𝑣 :NxN→ ℝ such that for every n, m, 𝑘1 , 𝑘2 , … , 𝑘𝑣 ∈ N;
i) n*m ∈ N
ii) 0≤ 𝑑𝑣 (n, m)
iii) if n = m, then 𝑑𝑣 (n, m) = 0
iv) 𝑑𝑣 (n, m) = 𝑑𝑣 (m, n)
v) If there exists elements n, m, 𝑘1 , … , 𝑘𝑣 ∊ N such that
𝑑𝑣 (n, m)≤ 𝑑𝑣 (n, m#neut(𝑘𝑣 )),
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𝑑𝑣 (n, 𝑘2 )≤ 𝑑𝑣 (n, 𝑘2 #neut(𝑘1 )),
𝑑𝑣 (𝑘1 , 𝑘3 )≤ 𝑑𝑣 (𝑘1 , 𝑘3 #neut(𝑘2 )),
…,
𝑑𝑣 (𝑘𝑣−1 , m)≤ 𝑑𝑣 (𝑘𝑣−1 , m#neut(𝑘𝑣 ));
then 𝑑𝑣 (n, m*neut(𝑘𝑣 ))≤ 𝑑𝑣 (n, 𝑘1 )+ 𝑑𝑣 (𝑘1 , 𝑘2 ) + … + 𝑑𝑣 (𝑘𝑣−1 , 𝑘𝑣 ) + 𝑑𝑣 (𝑘𝑣 , m).
Where n, 𝑘1 , … , 𝑘𝑣 , m are all different.
Furthermore, ((N, *), 𝑑𝑣 ) is called NTVGM space (NTVGMS).
3. Neutrosophic Triplet Partial v – Generalized Metric Space

Definition 3.1: Let (N, *) be a NTS. A NT partial v- generalized metric on N is a function
𝑑𝑝𝑣 :NxN→ ℝ such every n, m, 𝑘1 , 𝑘2 , … , 𝑘𝑣 ∈ N;
i) n*m ∈ N
ii) 𝑑𝑝𝑣 (n, m)≥ 𝑑𝑝𝑣 (n, n)≥0
iii) If 𝑑𝑝𝑣 (n, n) = 𝑑𝑝𝑣 (n, m) = 𝑑𝑝𝑣 (m, m) = 0, then n = m.
iv) 𝑑𝑝𝑣 (n, m) = 𝑑𝑝𝑣 (m, n)
v) If there exists elements n, m, 𝑘1 , … , 𝑘𝑣 ∊ N such that
𝑑𝑝𝑣 (n, m)≤ 𝑑𝑝𝑣 (n, m*neut(𝑘𝑣 )),
𝑑𝑝𝑣 (n, 𝑘2 )≤ 𝑑𝑝𝑣 (n, 𝑘2 *neut(𝑘1 )),
𝑑𝑝𝑣 (𝑘1 , 𝑘3 )≤ 𝑑𝑝𝑣 (𝑘1 , 𝑘3 *neut(𝑘2 )),
…,
𝑑𝑝𝑣 (𝑘𝑣−1 , m)≤ 𝑑𝑝𝑣 (𝑘𝑣−1 , m*neut(𝑘𝑣 ));
then
𝑑𝑝𝑣 (n, m*neut(𝑘𝑣 ))≤ 𝑑𝑝𝑣 (n, 𝑘1 )+ 𝑑𝑝𝑣 (𝑘1 , 𝑘2 ) + … + 𝑑𝑝𝑣 (𝑘𝑣−1 , 𝑘𝑣 ) + 𝑑𝑝𝑣 (𝑘𝑣 , m)-
[𝑑𝑝𝑣 (𝑘1 , 𝑘1 ) + 𝑑𝑝𝑣 (𝑘2 , 𝑘2 ) + … + 𝑑𝑝𝑣 (𝑘𝑣 , 𝑘𝑣 )].
Where n, 𝑘1 , … , 𝑘𝑣 , m are all different.
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Furthermore, ((N, *), 𝑑𝑝𝑣 ) is called NTPVGM space (NTPVGMS).
Furthermore, if v = k, (k∈ ℕ), then NTPVGMS is showed that NTPkGMS. For example, if
v = 2, then NTPVGMS is showed that NTP2GMS.
Example 3.2: Let N = {∅, {k}, {l}, {k, l}} be a set and s(M) be number of elements in M
∈ N. Also, we can take neut(M)= M, anti(M)=M for all M ∈ N since M∪M = M, for
M ∈ N. Furthermore, (N, ∪) is a NTS. Then, we take that 𝑑𝑝𝑣 : NxN→N is a function such
that 𝑑𝑝𝑣 (S, K)= 2max{𝑠(𝑆),𝑠(𝐾)} .
Now we show that 𝑑𝑝𝑣 is a NTPVGM.
i) S ∪ K ∈ N for S, K ∈ N.
ii) 𝑑𝑝𝑣 (S, K)= 2max{𝑠(𝑆),𝑠(𝐾)} ≥ 2max{𝑠(𝑆),𝑠(𝑆)} ≥ 0
iii) There are not any elements S, K such that 𝑑𝑝𝑣 (S, K) = 𝑑𝑝𝑣 (S, S) = 𝑑𝑝𝑣 (K, K) = 0
iv) 𝑑𝑃𝑣 (S, K) = 2max{𝑠(𝑆),𝑠(𝐾)} = 2max{𝑠(𝐾),𝑠(𝑆)} = 𝑑𝑝𝑣 (K, S)
v)
a) 𝑑𝑝𝑣 ({l}, {k, l})≤ 𝑑𝑝𝑣 ({l}, {k, l}∪ {k} ) and 𝑑𝑝𝑣 ({l, k}, ∅) ≤ 𝑑𝑝𝑣 ({l, k}, ∅ ∪ {1}).
Also,
𝑑𝑝𝑣 ({l}, {k, l}) = 22 = 4, 𝑑𝑝𝑣 ({l}, {k}) = 21 = 2, 𝑑𝑝𝑣 ({k}, ∅) = 21 = 2,
𝑑𝑝𝑣 (∅, {1, k}) = 22 = 4. Thus,
𝑑𝑝𝑣 ({l}, {k, l}∪{k})≤
𝑑𝑝𝑣 ({l}, {k})+𝑑𝑝𝑣 ({k}, ∅)+𝑑𝑝𝑣 (∅, {1, k})- 𝑑𝑝𝑣 ({k}, {k})-𝑑𝑝𝑣 ({1}, {1}).
b) 𝑑𝑝𝑣 ({l}, {k})≤ 𝑑𝑝𝑣 ({l}, {k}∪ {k, 1}) and 𝑑𝑝𝑣 ({ k}, ∅) ≤ 𝑑𝑝𝑣 ({k}, ∅ ∪ {1}). Also,
𝑑𝑝𝑣 ({l}, {k}) = 21 = 2, 𝑑𝑝𝑣 ({l}, {k, 1}) = 22 = 4, 𝑑𝑝𝑣 ({k, 1}, ∅) = 22 = 4,
𝑑𝑝𝑣 (∅, {k})= 21 = 2. Thus,
𝑑𝑝𝑣 ({l}, {k}∪ {k,1})≤
𝑑𝑝𝑣 ({l}, {k,1})+𝑑𝑝𝑣 ({k,1}, ∅)+𝑑𝑝𝑣 (∅, {k})- 𝑑𝑝𝑣 ({k, 1}, {k,1})-𝑑𝑝𝑣 ({1}, {1}).
c) 𝑑𝑝𝑣 ({l}, ∅)≤ 𝑑𝑝𝑣 ({l}, ∅ ∪ {k, 1}) and 𝑑𝑝𝑣 (∅, { k}) ≤ 𝑑𝑝𝑣 (∅, { k}∪ {1}). Also,
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Volume I
𝑑𝑝𝑣 ({l}, ∅ ∪ {k, 1}) = 22 = 4, 𝑑𝑝𝑣 ({l}, {k, 1}) = 22 = 4, 𝑑𝑝𝑣 ({k, 1}, {k}) = 22 = 4,
𝑑𝑝𝑣 ({k}, {1})= 21 = 2. Thus,
𝑑𝑝𝑣 ({l}, ∅ ∪ {k, 1}) ≤
𝑑𝑝𝑣 ({l}, {k,1})+𝑑𝑝𝑣 ({k,1}, ∅)+𝑑𝑝𝑣 (∅, {k})- 𝑑𝑝𝑣 ({k, 1}, {k,1})-𝑑𝑝𝑣 ({1}, {1}).
d) 𝑑𝑝𝑣 ({k}, ∅)≤ 𝑑𝑝𝑣 ({k}, ∅ ∪ {k, 1}) and 𝑑𝑝𝑣 (∅, {l}) ≤ 𝑑𝑝𝑣 (∅, { l}∪ {k}). Also,
𝑑𝑝𝑣 ({k}, ∅ ∪ {k, 1}) = 22 = 4, 𝑑𝑝𝑣 ({k}, {k, 1}) = 22 = 4, 𝑑𝑝𝑣 ({k, 1}, ∅) = 22 = 4,
𝑑𝑝𝑣 (∅, {k})= 21 = 2. Thus,
𝑑𝑝𝑣 ({k}, ∅ ∪ {k, 1}) ≤
𝑑𝑝𝑣 ({k}, {k, 1})+𝑑𝑝𝑣 ({k,1}, ∅)+𝑑𝑝𝑣 (∅, {k})- 𝑑𝑝𝑣 ({k, 1}, {k,1})-𝑑𝑝𝑣 ({k}, {k}).
e) 𝑑𝑝𝑣 ({1, k}, ∅)≤ 𝑑𝑝𝑣 ({1, k}, ∅ ∪ {k}) and 𝑑𝑝𝑣 (∅, {l, k}) ≤ 𝑑𝑝𝑣 (∅, {l, k}∪ {l}). Also,
𝑑𝑝𝑣 ({1, k}, ∅ ∪ {k}) = 22 = 4, 𝑑𝑝𝑣 ({1, k}, {k}) = 22 = 4, 𝑑𝑝𝑣 ({k}, {1}) = 21 = 2,
𝑑𝑝𝑣 ({1}, ∅) = 21 = 2. Thus,
𝑑𝑝𝑣 ({1, k}, ∅ ∪ {k}) ≤
𝑑𝑝𝑣 ({1, k}, {k})+𝑑𝑝𝑣 ({k}, {1})+𝑑𝑝𝑣 ({1}, ∅)- 𝑑𝑝𝑣 ({k}, {k})-𝑑𝑝𝑣 ({1}, {1}).
f) 𝑑𝑝𝑣 ({k}, {1, k})≤ 𝑑𝑝𝑣 ({k}, {1, k} ∪ {1}) and 𝑑𝑝𝑣 ({l, k}, ∅) ≤ 𝑑𝑝𝑣 ({l, k}, ∅ ∪ {k}).
Also,
𝑑𝑝𝑣 ({k}, {1, k} ∪ {1}) = 22 = 4, 𝑑𝑝𝑣 ({ k}, {1}) = 21 = 2, 𝑑𝑝𝑣 ({1}, ∅) = 21 = 2,
𝑑𝑝𝑣 ({∅, {1,k}) = 22 = 4. Thus,
𝑑𝑝𝑣 ({k}, {1, k} ∪ {1}) ≤
𝑑𝑝𝑣 ({ k}, {1}) +𝑑𝑝𝑣 ({1}, ∅)+𝑑𝑝𝑣 ({∅, {1,k}) - 𝑑𝑝𝑣 ({1}, {1})-𝑑𝑝𝑣 ({k}, {k}).
Hence, (X), ∪), 𝑑𝑝𝑣 ) is a NT2GMS.
Corollary 3.3: NTPVGMS is different from the partial metric space and NTPMS, since
for triangle inequality and * binary operation.
Corollary 3.4: The NTPVGMS is different from NTVMS since for triangle inequality and
condition iii in Definition 3.1.
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Theorem 3.5: In Definition 3.1, if it is taken such that 𝑘1 = 𝑘2 = … = 𝑘𝑣 , and 𝑑𝑝𝑣 (n, n) =
0, then each NTPVGMS is a NTVGMS.
Proof: Let ((X, #), 𝑑𝑝𝑣 ) be a NTPVGMS.
i) a#b ∈ X since ((X, #), 𝑑𝑝𝑣 ) is a NTPVGMS.
ii) 0≤ 𝑑𝑝𝑣 (n, m) since ((X, #), 𝑑𝑝𝑣 ) is a NTPVGMS.
iii) If n = m, then 𝑑𝑝𝑣 (n, m) = 0; because 𝑑𝑝𝑣 (n, n) = 0
iv) 𝑑𝑣 (n, m) = 𝑑𝑣 (m, n) since ((X, #), 𝑑𝑝𝑣 ) is a NTPVGMS.
v) From Definition 3.1,
If there exists elements n, m, 𝑘1 , … , 𝑘𝑣 ∊ N such that
𝑑𝑝𝑣 (n, m)≤ 𝑑𝑝𝑣 (n, m#neut(𝑘𝑣 )),
𝑑𝑝𝑣 (n, 𝑘2 )≤ 𝑑𝑝𝑣 (n, 𝑘2 #neut(𝑘1 )),
𝑑𝑝𝑣 (𝑘1 , 𝑘3 )≤ 𝑑𝑝𝑣 (𝑘1 , 𝑘3 #neut(𝑘2 )),
…,
𝑑𝑝𝑣 (𝑘𝑣−1 , m)≤ 𝑑𝑝𝑣 (𝑘𝑣−1 , m#neut(𝑘𝑣 ));
Then,
𝑑𝑝𝑣 (n, m*neut(𝑘𝑣 )) ≤
𝑑𝑝𝑣 (n, 𝑘1 )+ 𝑑𝑝𝑣 (𝑘1 , 𝑘2 ) + … + 𝑑𝑝𝑣 (𝑘𝑣−1 , 𝑘𝑣 ) + 𝑑𝑝𝑣 (𝑘𝑣 , m) -
[𝑑𝑝𝑣 (𝑘1 , 𝑘1 ) + 𝑑𝑝𝑣 (𝑘2 , 𝑘2 ) + … + 𝑑𝑝𝑣 (𝑘𝑣 , 𝑘𝑣 )] (1)
Then we take 𝑘1 = 𝑘2 = … = 𝑘𝑣 , and 𝑑𝑝𝑣 (n, n) = 0 in (1). Thus, for a, b, 𝑢1 ∊ X,
𝑑𝑝𝑣 (n, m) ≤ 𝑑𝑝𝑣 (n, m#neut(𝑘1 ))
𝑑𝑝𝑣 (n, 𝑘1 )≤ 𝑑𝑝𝑣 (n, 𝑘1 #neut(𝑘1 )),
𝑑𝑝𝑣 (𝑘1 , 𝑘1 )≤ 𝑑𝑝𝑣 (𝑘1 , 𝑘1 #neut(𝑘1 )),
…,
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Volume I
𝑑𝑝𝑣 (𝑘1 , m)≤ 𝑑𝑝𝑣 (𝑘1 , m#neut(𝑘1 ));
then
𝑑𝑝𝑣 (n, m*neut(𝑘𝑣 )) = 𝑑𝑝𝑣 (n, m*neut(𝑘1 )) ≤
𝑑𝑝𝑣 (n, 𝑘1 )+ 𝑑𝑝𝑣 (𝑘1 , 𝑘1 ) + … + 𝑑𝑝𝑣 (𝑘1 , 𝑘1 ) + 𝑑𝑝𝑣 (𝑘1 ,m) –
[𝑑𝑝𝑣 (𝑘1 , 𝑘1 ) + 𝑑𝑝𝑣 (𝑘1 , 𝑘1 ) + … + 𝑑𝑝𝑣 (𝑘1 , 𝑘1 ) ] = 𝑑𝑝𝑣 (n, 𝑘1 )+ 0 + 𝑑𝑝𝑣 (𝑘1 ,m) – 0 =
𝑑𝑝𝑣 (n, 𝑘1 ) + 𝑑𝑝𝑣 (𝑘1 ,n).
Therefore, (𝑋, #), 𝑑𝑣 ) is a NTVGMS.
Corollary 3.6: In Theorem 3.5, we can define a NTP1GMS with each NTVGMS. Also,
from Theorem 3.5, each NTVGMS is a NTP1GMS.
Theorem 3.7: Let ((X, #), 𝑑) be a NTVGMS and 𝑑𝑣 be a function such that
𝑑𝑝𝑣 (n, m) = d(n, m) + k (k ∈ ℝ+ ). Then ((X, #), 𝑑𝑝𝑣 ) is a NTPVGMS.
Proof:
We take 𝑑𝑝𝑣 (n, m) = d(n, m) + k. Where, 𝑑𝑝𝑣 (n, n) = d(n, n) + k = k since ((X, #), 𝑑) is a
NTVGMS.
i) It clear that a#b ∈ X since ((X, #), 𝑑) is a NTVGMS.
ii) 𝑑𝑝𝑣 (n, m) = d(n, m) + k≥ 𝑑𝑝𝑣 (n, n) = k ≥ 0 since ((X, #), 𝑑) is a NTVGMS.
iii) There is not any pair of element n, m such that
𝑑𝑝𝑣 (n, m) = d(n, m) + k = 𝑑𝑝𝑣 (n, n) = k = 𝑑𝑝𝑣 (m, m) = k = 0. Because, k ∈ ℝ+ .
iv) 𝑑𝑝𝑣 (n, m) = d(n, m) + k = d(m, n) + k = 𝑑𝑝𝑣 (m, n)
v) In Definition 2.6, If there exists elements n, m, 𝑘1 , … , 𝑘𝑣 ∊ X such that
d(n, m)≤ d(n, m#neut(𝑘𝑣 )),
d(n, 𝑘2 )≤ d(n, 𝑘2 #neut(𝑘1 )),
d(𝑘1 , 𝑘3 )≤ d(𝑘1 , 𝑘3 #neut(𝑘2 )),
…,
d(𝑘𝑣−1 , m)≤ d(𝑘𝑣−1 , m#neut(𝑘𝑣 ));
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then
d(n, m*neut(𝑘𝑣 ))≤
d(n, 𝑘1 )+d(𝑘1 , 𝑘2 )+ … +d(𝑘𝑣−1 , 𝑘𝑣 )+d(𝑘𝑣 , m) (2)
As 𝑑𝑝𝑣 (n, m) = d(n, m) + k, we can take in (2),
𝑑𝑝𝑣 (n, m) = d(n, m) + k ≤ 𝑑𝑝𝑣 (n, m#neut(𝑘𝑣 )) = d(n, m#neut(𝑘𝑣 )) + k,
𝑑𝑝𝑣 (n, 𝑘2 ) = d(n, 𝑘2 ) + k ≤ 𝑑𝑝𝑣 (n, 𝑘2 #neut(𝑘1 )) = d(n, 𝑘2 #neut(𝑘1 )) + k
𝑑𝑝𝑣 (𝑘1 , 𝑘3 ) = d(𝑘1 , 𝑘3 ) + k ≤ 𝑑𝑝𝑣 (𝑘1 , 𝑘3 #neut(𝑘2 )) = d(𝑘1 , 𝑘3 #neut(𝑘2 )) + k,
…,
𝑑𝑝𝑣 (𝑘𝑣−1 , m) = d(𝑘𝑣−1 , m) + k ≤ 𝑑𝑝𝑣 (𝑘𝑣−1 , m#neut(𝑘𝑣 )) = d(𝑘𝑣−1 , m#neut(𝑘𝑣 )) + k;
then
𝑑𝑝𝑣 (n, m*neut(𝑘𝑣 )) = d(n, m*neut(𝑘𝑣 )) + k ≤ d(n, 𝑘1 )+ k + d(𝑘1 , 𝑢2 ) +k + … +

d(𝑘𝑣−1 , 𝑘𝑣 ) +k + d(𝑘𝑣 , m) +k. Thus,
𝑑𝑝𝑣 (n, m*neut(𝑘𝑣 )) = d(n, m*neut(𝑘𝑣 )) + k ≤
d(n, 𝑘1 )+ d(𝑘1 , 𝑘2 ) + … + d(𝑘𝑣−1 , 𝑘𝑣 ) + d(𝑘𝑣 , m)-v.k. Therefore,
𝑑𝑝𝑣 (n, m*neut(𝑘𝑣 ))≤ 𝑑𝑝𝑣 (n, 𝑘1 )+ 𝑑𝑝𝑣 (𝑘1 , 𝑘2 ) + … + 𝑑𝑝𝑣 (𝑘𝑣−1 , 𝑘𝑣 ) + 𝑑𝑝𝑣 (𝑘𝑣 , m)-
[𝑑𝑝𝑣 (𝑘1 , 𝑘1 ) + 𝑑𝑝𝑣 (𝑘2 , 𝑘2 ) + … + 𝑑𝑝𝑣 (𝑘𝑣 , 𝑘𝑣 )] since 𝑑𝑣 (n, n) = k for all n ∈ X.
Corollary 3.8: In Theorem 3.7, we can define a NTPVGMS with each NTVGMS.
Definition 3.9: Let ((X, #), 𝑑𝑣 ) be a NTPVGMS and {𝑥𝑛 } be a sequence in NTPVGMS
and m ∊ X. If there exist N ∊ ℕ for every ε>0 such that
𝑑𝑣 (m, {𝑥𝑛 }) < ε + 𝑑𝑣 (m, m),
then {𝑥𝑛 } converges to m. where n ≥M. Also, it is showed that
lim 𝑥𝑛 = m or 𝑥𝑛 → m.
𝑛→∞
Definition 3.10: Let ((X, #), 𝑑𝑣 ) be a NTPVGMS and {𝑥𝑛 } be a sequence in NTPVGMS.
If there exist a N ∊ ℕ for every ε>0 such that
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Volume I
𝑑𝑣 ({𝑥𝑚 }, {𝑥𝑛 })< ε + 𝑑𝑣 (m, m),
then {𝑥𝑛 } is a Cauchy sequence in NTPVGMS. Where, n ≥m≥M and m ∈ X.
Definition 3.11: Let ((X, #), 𝑑𝑣 ) be a NTPVGMS and {𝑥𝑛 } be a sequence in NTPVGMS.
If there exist N ∊ ℕ for every ε>0 such that
𝑑𝑣 ({𝑥𝑛 }, {𝑥𝑛+1+𝑗𝑘 })< ε + 𝑑𝑣 (m, m), (j = 0, 1, 2, …)
then { 𝑥𝑛 } is a k - Cauchy sequence in NTPVGMS. Where, k ∊ ℕ and m ∈ X.
Definition 3.12: Let ((X, #), 𝑑𝑣 ) be a NTPVGMS and {𝑥𝑛 } be Cauchy sequence in
NTPVGMS. NTPVGMS is complete ⇔ every {𝑥𝑛 } converges in NTPVGMS.
Definition 3.13: Let ((X, #), 𝑑𝑣 ) be a NTPVGMS and {𝑥𝑛 } be k - Cauchy sequence in
NTPVGMS. NTPVGMS is k - complete ⇔ every {𝑥𝑛 } converges in NTPVGMS.
Conclusions
In this chapter, we obtained NTPVGMS. We also show that NTPVGMS is different from
the NTVGMS and NTPMS. Also, we defined complete space and k-complete space for
NTPIPS. Thus, we have added a new structure to NT structure and we gave rise to a new
field or research called NTPIPS. Also, thanks to NTPIPS researcher can obtain new
structure and properties. For example, NT partial v – generalized normed space, NT partial
v – generalized inner product space and fixed point theorems for NTVGMS.
Abbreviations
NTM: Neutrosophic triplet metric
NTMS: Neutrosophic triplet metric space
NTPMS: Neutrosophic triplet partial metric space
NTVGM: Neutrosophic triplet v-generalized metric
NTVGMS: Neutrosophic triplet v-generalized metric space
NTPVGM: Neutrosophic triplet partial v-generalized metric
NTPVGMS: Neutrosophic triplet partial v-generalized metric space
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References
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fixed point theorem in v – generalized metric. J. Func. Spaces, Article ID 709391
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Sciences, 50(2), 103-120.
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Volume I
Chapter Three
NEUTROSOPHIC TRIPLET R-MODULE

Necati Olgun 1, Mehmet Çelik 2,*

1,2
Email: olgun@gantep.edu.tr, mathcelik@gmail.com
Abstract
In this chapter, neutrosophic triplet(NT) R-module is presented and the properties of NT R-module
are studied. Additionaly, we conclude that the NT R-module is different from the classical R-
module. Then, we compared NT R-module with the NT vector space and NT G – module as well.
Keywords: NT vector space, NT G – module, NT R – module
1. Introduction
In 1980, Smarandache presented neutrosophy which is a part of philosophy. Neutrosophy
depends on neutrosophic logic, probability and set in [1]. Neutrosophic logic is a general
concept of some logics such as fuzzy logic that is presented by Zadeh in [2] and
intuitionistic fuzzy logic that is presented by Atanassov in [3]. Fuzzy set has the function
of membership but intuitionistic fuzzy set has the function of membership and function of
non-membership and they don’t describe the indeterminancy states. However;
neutrosophic set includes these all functions. A lot of researchers have studied the concept
of neutrosophic theory and its application to multi-criteria decision making problems in [4-
11]. Sahin M., and Kargın A., investigated NT metric space and NT normed space in [12].
Lately, Olgun at al. introduced the neutrosophic module in [13]; Şahin at al. presented
Neutrosophic soft lattices in [14]; soft normed rings in [15]; centroid single valued
neutrosophic triangular number and its applications in [16]; centroid single valued
neutrosophic number and its applications in [17]. Ji at al. searched multi – valued
neutrosophic environments and its applications in [18]. Also, Smarandache at al. searched
NT theory in [19] and NT groups in [20, 21]. A NT has a form <m, neut(m), anti(m)>
where; neut(m) is neutral of “m” and anti(m) is opposite of “m”. Moreover, neut(m) is
different from the classical unitary element and NT group is different from the classical
group as well. Lately, Smarandache at al. investigated the NT field [22] and the NT ring
[23]. Şahin at al. presented NT metric space, NT vector space and NT normed space in
[24] and NT inner product in [25]. Smarandache at al. searched NT G- Module in [26]. Bal
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Editors:
at al. searched NT cosets and quotient groups in [27]. Şahin at al. presented fixed point
theorem for NT partial metric space and Neutrosophic triplet v – generalized metric space
in [28-29] and Çelik at al. searched fundamental homomorphism theorems for NETGs in
[30].
The concept of an R – module over a ring is a stereotype of the notion of vector space,
where the corresponding scalars are allowed to lie in an arbitrary ring. As the basic
structure of the abelian ring can significantly be more complex and displeasing than the
structure of a field, the theory of modules are much more complex than the structure of a
vector space. Lately, Ai at al. defined the irreducible modules and fusion rules for
parafermion vertex operator algebras in [31] and Creutzig at al. introduced Braided tensor
categories of admissible modules for affine lie algebras in [32].
In this work, we study the concept of NT R-Modules. So we obtain a new algebraic

structures on NT groups and NT ring. In section 2, we give basic definitions of NT sets,
NT groups, NT ring, NT vector space and NT G-modules. In section 3, we define NT R-
module and we present some properties of a NT R-module. We point out that NT R-
module is different from the classical R-module. Also, we define NT R-module
homomorphism and NT coset for NT R – module. Additionally, we describe NT quotient
R – module. Finally, we give some results in section 4.
2. Preliminaries
Definition 2.1: [21] Let 𝑁 be a set together with a binary operation 𝛻. Then, 𝑁 is called a
NT set if for any 𝑘 ∈ 𝑁 there exists a neutral of “𝑘” called 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡(𝑘) that is different from
the classical algebraic unitary element and an opposite of “𝑘” called 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖(𝑘) with 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡(𝑘)
and 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖(𝑘) belonging to 𝑁, such that
𝑘 𝛻 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡(𝑘) = 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡(𝑘) 𝛻 𝑘 = 𝑘,
and
𝑘 𝛻 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖(𝑘) = 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖(𝑘) 𝛻 𝑘 = 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡(𝑘).
Definition 2.2: [21] Let (𝑁, 𝛻) be a NT set. Then, 𝑁 is called a NT group if the following
conditions hold.
(1) If (𝑁, 𝛻) is well-defined, i.e., for any 𝑘, 𝑙 ∈ 𝑁, one has 𝑘 𝛻 𝑙 ∈ 𝑁.
(2) If (𝑁, 𝛻) is associative, i.e., (𝑘 𝛻 𝑙)𝛻𝑚 = 𝑘 𝛻 (𝑙 𝛻 𝑚) for all 𝑘, 𝑙, 𝑚 ∈ 𝑁.
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Volume I
Definition 2.3: [24] Let (𝑁𝑇𝐹, 𝛻1 , ∎1 ) be a NT field, and let (𝑁𝑇𝑉, 𝛻2 , ∎2 ) be a NT set
together with binary operations “𝛻2 ” and “∎2 ”. Then (𝑁𝑇𝑉, 𝛻2 , ∎2 ) is called a NT vector
space if the following conditions hold. For all 𝑝, 𝑟 ∈ 𝑁𝑇𝑉, and for all 𝑡 ∈ 𝑁𝑇𝐹, such that
𝑝𝛻2 𝑟 ∈ 𝑁𝑇𝑉 and 𝑝∎2 𝑡 ∈ 𝑁𝑇𝑉 [24];
(1) (𝑝𝛻2 𝑟) 𝛻2 𝑠 = 𝑝𝛻2 (𝑟𝛻2 𝑠); 𝑝, 𝑟, 𝑠 ∈ 𝑁𝑇𝑉;
(2) 𝑝𝛻2 𝑟 = 𝑟𝛻2 𝑝; 𝑝, 𝑟 ∈ 𝑁𝑇𝑉;
(3) (𝑟𝛻2 𝑝) ∎2 𝑡 = (𝑟∎2 𝑡) 𝛻2 (𝑝∎2 𝑡); 𝑡 ∈ 𝑁𝑇𝐹 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝, 𝑟 ∈ 𝑁𝑇𝑉;
(4) (𝑡𝛻1 𝑐) ∎2 𝑝 = (𝑡∎2 𝑝) 𝛻1 (𝑐∎2 𝑝); 𝑡, 𝑐 ∈ 𝑁𝑇𝐹 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝 ∈ 𝑁𝑇𝑉;
(5) (𝑡∎1 𝑐) ∎2 𝑝 = 𝑡∎1 (𝑐∎2 𝑝); 𝑡, 𝑐 ∈ 𝑁𝑇𝐹 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝 ∈ 𝑁𝑇𝑉;
(6) There exists any 𝑡 ∈ 𝑁𝑇𝐹 ∍ 𝑝∎2 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡(𝑡) = 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡(𝑡) ∎2 𝑝 = 𝑝; 𝑝 ∈ 𝑁𝑇𝑉.
Definition 2.4: [26] Let (𝐺, 𝛻) be a NT group, (𝑁𝑇𝑉, 𝛻1 , ∎1 ) be a NT vector space on a

NT field (𝑁𝑇𝐹, 𝛻2 , ∎2 ), and 𝘨 𝛻 𝑙 𝜖 𝑁𝑇𝑉 for 𝘨 𝜖 𝐺, 𝑙 𝜖 𝑁𝑇𝑉. If the following conditions
are satisfied, then (𝑁𝑇𝑉, 𝛻1 , ∎1 ) is called NT G-module.
(a) Thereexists 𝘨 ∈ 𝐺 ∍ 𝑘 ∗ 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡(𝘨) = 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡(𝘨) ∗ 𝑘 =

𝑘 , for every 𝑘 ∈ 𝑁𝑇𝑉;
(b)𝑙𝛻1 (𝘨𝛻1 ℎ) = (𝑙𝛻1 𝘨) 𝛻1 ℎ, ∀ 𝑙 ∈ 𝑁𝑇𝑉; 𝘨, ℎ ∈ 𝐺;
(c) (𝑟1 ∎1 𝑠1 𝛻1 𝑟2 ∎1 𝑠2 )𝛻𝘨 =

𝑥∎1 (ℎ𝛻𝘨)𝛻1 𝑦∎1 (𝑙𝛻𝘨), ∀ 𝑥, 𝑦 𝜖 𝑁𝑇𝐹; ℎ, 𝑙𝜖 𝑁𝑇𝑉; 𝘨 𝜖 𝐺.
Definition 2.5: [23] The NT ring is a set endowed with two binary laws (𝑀,∗, #) such that,
a) (𝑀,∗) is a abelian NT group; which means that:
● (𝑀,∗) is a commutative NT with respect to the law * (i.e. if x belongs to M, then

𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡(𝑥) and 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖(𝑥), defined with respect to the law *, also belong to M)
● The law * is well – defined, associative, and commutative on 𝑀 (as in the classical
sense);
b) (𝑀,∗) is a set such that the law # on M is well-defined and associative (as in the
classical sense);
c) The law is distributive with respect to the law * (as in the classical sense)
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3. Neutrosophic Triplet R-Module

In this section, we define the NT R-module, NT R-submodule, NT cosets, NT quotient R-
module, and NT R-module homomorphism. Then, we point out that NT R-module has
more properties than the classical R – module.
Definition 3.1: Let (NTR,𝛻, ∎) be a commutative NT ring and let (NTM, ∗) be a NT
abelian group and ° be a binary operation such that °: NTR x NTM→ NTM. Then (NTM,
∗, °) is called a NT R-Module on (NTR,𝛻,∎) if the following conditions are satisfied.
where,
1) p °(r∗s) =( p °r)∗ (p °s), ∀ r, s ∈ NTM and p ∈ NTR.
2) (p𝛻k)°r = (p𝛻r)°(k𝛻r), ∀ p, k ∈ NTR and ∀ r ∈ NTM
3) (p∎k)°r = p∎(k°r), ∀ r, s ∈ NTR and ∀ m ∈ NTM
4) For all m ∈ NTM; there exists at least a c ∈ NTR such that m°neut(c)= neut(c)°m = m.
Where, neut(c) is neutral element of c for ∎.
Example 3.2: Let A={x, y} be a set and P(A)={ ∅, {x}, {y}, {x, y}} be power set of A.
Hence, from Definition 2.2, (P(A), ∪) is a NT commutative group such that for neut(B)=
B, anti(B)= B. Also, from Definition 2.5, (P(A), ∪, ∩) is a NT ring since for neut(B)= B,
anti(B)= B for “∪, ∩”. Now, we show that (P(A), ∪, ∩) is a NT ring on (P(B), ∪, ∩).
Where, it is clear that ∪ is a binary operation such that ∩: P(B) x P(B)→ P(B)
1) It is clear that K∩(L∪M) = (K∩L)∪(K∩M), for all ;K, L, M ∈ P(A)
2) It is clear that (K∪L)∩M= (K∩M)∪(L∩M), for all K, L, M ∈ P(A).
3) (K∩L)∩M= K∩(L∩M) for all K, L, M ∈ P(A) .
4) For all B∈ P(A); such that B ∩neut(B)=neut(B) ∩B=B, there exist neut(B)= B ∈ P(A).
Therefore, (P(A), ∪, ∩) is a neutrosophic triplet R-module on (P(A), ∪, ∩).
Corollary 3.3: In condition 4) of Definition 3.1, neut(c) need not be unique. Thus, NT R-
Module is generally different from the classical R-Module.
Corollary 3.4: From Definition 3.1 and Definition 2.3, a NT vector space is a NT R-
module, But a NT R-module is not generally a NT vector space.
Note 3.5: Let (NTR,𝛻, ∎) be a commutative NT ring. In this paper, we define 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡𝛻 (a) is
neutral element of a for binary operation 𝛻,
𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝛻 (a) is anti element of a for binary operation 𝛻. Also,
𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∎ (a) is neutral element of a for binary operation ∎,
𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖∎ (a) is anti element of a for binary operation ∎.
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Volume I
Proposition 3.6: Let (NTM, ∗, °) be a NT R-Module on NT ring (NTR,𝛻,∎). Then, for all
m ∈ NTM and c ∈ NTR, there exists at least a n ∈ NTM such that
𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡𝛻 (c)°m = 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡𝛻 (n),
Proof: From properties of NT gorup, it is clear that
𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡𝛻 (c)°m = (𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡𝛻 (c)𝛻 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡𝛻 (c)) °m (1)
Also, from Definition 3.1,
𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡𝛻 (c)°m = (𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡𝛻 (c)𝛻 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡𝛻 (c)) °m = (𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡𝛻 (c) °m) 𝛻 (𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡𝛻 (c) °m) (2)
Furthermore, from Definition 3.1, it is clear that
𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡𝛻 (c)°m ∈ NTM (3)
From 3), we take 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡𝛻 (c)°m = n. Thus, from (2), there exists at least a n∈ NTM such that
n = n𝛻n. Therefore, n = 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡𝛻 (n). Then we obtain 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡𝛻 (c)°m = 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡𝛻 (n).
Definition 3.7: Let (NTM, ∗, °) be a NT R-Module on NT ring (NTR,𝛻,∎) and NTSM ⊂
NTM. Then (NTSM, ∗, °) is called NT R - submodule of (NTM, ∗, °), if (NTSM, ∗, °) is a
NT R – module on NT ring (NTR,𝛻,∎).
Example 3.8: In example 3.2, for P(A)={ ∅, {x}, {y}, {x, y}}, (P(A), ∪, ∩) is a NT R-
module on NT ring (P(A), ∪, ∩). Also, S = {∅, {x}} ⊂ P(A) and it is clear that (S, ∪, ∩)
is a NT R-module on (P(A), ∪, ∩). Thus, (S, ∪, ∩) is a NT R-submodule of (P(A), ∪, ∩).
Theorem 3.9: Let (NTM, ∗, °) be a NT R-Module on NT ring (NTR,𝛻,∎) and NTSM be a
NT subgroup of NTM. Then, (NTSM, ∗, °) is a NT R-submodule of (NTM, ∗, °) if and
only if the following conditions hold.
i) NTSM ≠ ∅
ii)For x, y ∈ NTSM, m, n ∈ NTR; (x°m) * (y°n) ∈ NTSM
Proof: (⇒) If NTSM is a NT R-submodule of (NTM, ∗, °), from Definition 3.1 and
definition 3.6, i) and ii) are hold.
(⇐)If condition ii) is hold, then we can take °: NTR x NTSM→ NTSM. Also, NTS
is satisfied the condition of Definition 3.1 since NTSM is a NT subgroup of NTM and
from i). Thus, (NTSM, ∗, °) is a NT R-submodule of (NTM, ∗, °).
Theorem 3.10: Let (NTM, ∗, °) be a NT R-Module on NT ring (NTR,𝛻,∎). Then, (NTM,
∗, °) is a NT R-module on (NTM, ∗, °), if and only if the following conditions are satisfied.
1) m°s ∈ NTM
2) c °(m∗s) =( c °x)∗ (c °s), for all m, s, c∈ NTM
3) (c∗t)°m = (c°m)∗(t°m), for all c, t, m ∈ NTM
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4) (c°t)°m = c°(t°m) for all for all c, t, m ∈ NTM

5) ∀ m ∈ NTM; there exists at least a s ∈ NTR such that m°neut(s)= neut(s)°m = m.
Where, neut(s) is neutral element of s for °.
Proof: (⇒)We assume that (NTM, ∗, °) is a NT R-module on (NTM, ∗, °). Thus, (NTM, ∗,
°) is NT ring and we can we take 𝛻 = *, ∎ = ° and NTM = NTR. Also, from Definition
3.1, it is clear that (NTM, ∗, °) satisfies the conditions 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5.
(⇐) We assume that conditions 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 are hold. As (NTM, ∗, °) is a NT R-
module, it is clear that (NTM, ∗) is a abelian NT group. As conditions 1 is hold, we can
take °: NTM→ NTM. Also, (NTM, ∗, °) is a NT ring from definition 2. 5 since
conditions 1, 2, 3, 4 are hold. Then, if we take 𝛻 = *, ∎ = °, from Definition 3.1, (NTM,
∗, °) is a NT R-module on (NTM, ∗, °).
Corollary 3.11: Let (NTM, ∗, °) be a NT R-Module on NT ring (NTR,𝛻,∎). Then, (NTM,
∗, °) is a NT R-module on (NTM, ∗, °), if and only if the following conditions are satisfied.
1) (NTM, ∗, °) is a NT ring.
2) For all m ∈ NTM; there exists at least a c ∈ NTR such that m°neut(c) = neut(c)°m = m.
Where, neut(c) is neutral element of c for °.
Proof: (NTM, ∗) is a abelian NT group since (NTM, ∗, °) be a NT R-Module. So, in
Theorem 3.8, conditions 1, 2, 3, 4 are conditions of NT ring. Also, condition 2) is equal
conditions 5) in Theorem 3.9. Thus, from Theorem 3.9 the proof is clear.
Definition 3.12: Let (NTM, ∗, °) be a NT R-module on NT ring (NTR,𝛻,∎) and Let
(NTSM, ∗, °) be a NT R-submodule of (NTM, ∗, °). The NT cosets of (NTSM, ∗, °) in
(NTM, ∗, °) are denoted by
m*NTSM, for all m ∊ NTM.
Also, for m*NTSM and n*NTSM cosets of (NTSM, ∗, °) in (NTM, ∗, °),
(m*NTSM) * (n*NTSM) = (m*n)*NTSM
Definition 3.13: Let (NTM, ∗, °) be a NT R-module on NT ring (NTR,𝛻,∎) and Let
(NTSM, ∗, °) be a NT R-submodule of (NTM, ∗, °). The NT quotient R-module of (NTM,
∗, °) is denoted by (NTM, ∗, °)/(NTSM, ∗, °) such that
(NTM, ∗, °)/(NTSM, ∗, °) = {m*NTSM: m ∊ NTM}
Where, it is clear that NTM/NTSM is a set of NT cosets of (NTSM, ∗, °) in (NTM, ∗, °).
Example 3.14: In Example 3.2, for P(A) = { ∅, {x}, {y}, {x, y}}, (P(A), ∪, ∩) is a NT R-
module on NT ring (P(A), ∪, ∩). Also, S = {∅, {x}} ⊂ P(A) and (S, ∪, ∩) is a NT R-
submodule of (P(A), ∪, ∩). Now, we give NT cosets of ( S,∪, ∩) in (P(A), ∪, ∩).
40
Volume I
∅∪S = {{∅, {x}}

{x}∪S = {{x}}
{y}∪S = {{y}, {x, y}}
{x, y}∪S = {{x, y}}.
Also, (P(A), ∪, ∩)/(S, ∪, ∩) = {{{∅, {x}}, {{x}}, {{y}, {x, y}}, {{x, y}}}.
Definition 3.15: (NTM1, ∗1, °1) be a NT R-module on NT ring (NTR,𝛻,∎) and (NTM2, ∗2,
°2) be a NT R-module on NT ring (NTR,𝛻,∎). A mapping f: NTM1 → NTM2 is said to be
NT R-module homomorphism when
f((r°1m) ∗1 (s°1n)) = (r°2f(m)) ∗2 (s°2f(n)), for all r, s ∊ NTR and m, n ∊ NTM1.
Conclusion
In this work; we presented NT R-module. We defined NT R-module by using the NT
group and NT ring. Moreover, we show that NT R – module is different from the classical
R – module. We show that NT R - module has new properties compared to the classical G
- module. Finally, by using NT R - module, theory of representation of NT rings can be
defined and the applications of NT structures will be expanded.
Abbreviations
NTS:Neutrosophic triplet set
NETG: Neutrosophic extended triplet group
NTM: Neutrosophic triplet R-module
NTSM: Neutrosophic triplet R-submodule
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42
Volume I
Chapter Four
Neutrosophic Triplet Topology
Memet Şahin1, Abdullah Kargın1,*, Florentin Smarandache2
1
2
Department of Mathematics, University of New Mexico, Gallup, NM 87301, USA
smarand@unm.edu
Abstract
The neutrosophic triplet structures are new concept in neutrosophy. Furthermore, topology has
many different application areas in mathematic. In this chapter, we obtain neutrosophic triplet
topology. Then, we give some definitions and examples for neutrosophic triplet topology and we
obtain some properties and prove these properties. Finally, we show that neutrosophic triplet
topology is different from classical topology.
Keywords: Neutrosophic triplet set, neutrosophic triplet structures, neutrosophic triplet
topology
1. Introduction
Florentin Smarandache introduced neutrosophy in 1980, which studies a lot of scientific
fields. In neutrosophy, there are neutrosophic logic, set and probability in [1].
Neutrosophic logic is a generalization of a lot of logics such as fuzzy logic in [2] and
intuitionistic fuzzy logic in [3]. Neutrosophic set denoted by (t, i, f) such that “t” is degree
of membership, “i” is degree of indeterminacy and “f” is degree of non-membership. Many
researchers have studied neutrosophic sets in [4-9,23-27]. Furthermore, Florentin
Smarandache and Mumtaz Ali obtained neutrosophic triplet (NT) in [10] and they
introduced NT groups in [11]. For every element “x” in neutrosophic triplet set A, there
exist a neutral of “a” and an opposite of “a”. Also, neutral of “x” must different from the
classical neutral element. Therefore, the NT set is different from the classical set.
Furthermore, a NT “x” is denoted by <x, neut(x), anti(x)>. Also, many researchers have
introduced NT structures in [11-19].
Topology is a branch of mathematic that deals with the specific definitions given for
spatial structure concepts, compares different definitions and explores the connections
between the structures described on the sets. In mathematics it is a large area of study with
many more specific subfields. Subfields of topology include algebraic topology, geometric
topology, differential topology, and manifold topology. Thus, topology has many different
application areas in mathematic. For example, a curve, a surface, a family of curves, a set
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of functions or a metric space can be a topology space. Also, the topology has been studied
on neutrosophic set, fuzzy set, intuitionistic fuzzy set and soft set. Many researchers have
introduced the topology in [20-22].
In this chapter, we introduce NT topology. In section 2, we give definition of NT set in
[11]. In section 3, we introduce NT topology and we give some properties and examples
for NT topology. Also, we define open set, close set, inner point, a set of inner point,
outside point, a set of outside, closure point and a set of closure in a NT topology. In
section 4, we give some conclusions.
Definition 2.1: [11]
Let # be a binary operation. (X, #) is a NT set (NTS) such
3. Neutrosophic Triplet Topology
Definition 3.1: Let (X, *) be a NT set, P(X) be set family of each subset of X and T be a
subset family of P(X). If T is satisfied the following conditions, then T is called a NT
topology on X.
i) A*B ∈ X, A, B ∈ X
ii)∅, X ∈ T
iii) For ∀ i ∈ K, If 𝐴𝑖 ∈ X, then ⋃𝑖∈𝐾 𝐴𝑖 ∈ T
iv) For ∀ i ∈ K (K is finite), If 𝐴𝑖 ∈ X, then ⋂i ∈ K 𝐴𝑖 ∈ T
Also, ((X, *), T) is called NT topology space.
Example 3.2: Let X = {k, l} be set and P(X) = {∅, {k}, {l}, {k, l}}. We can take A∪A= A
for A ∈ X. Thus, we can take
neut(A)= A, anti(A)=A. Then, (P(X), ∪) is a NT set. Also,
i) A∪B ∈ P(X) for A, B ∈ P(X),
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ii) ∅, X ∈ T
iii) For ∀ i ∈ K, If 𝐴𝑖 ∈ X, then ⋃𝑖∈𝐾 𝐴𝑖 ∈ T.
iv) For ∀ i ∈ K (K is finite), If 𝐴𝑖 ∈ X, then ⋂i ∈ K 𝐴𝑖 ∈ T.
Thus, T = P(X) is a NT topology on X and ((X, ∪), T ) is called NT topology space.
Furthermore, If X is an arbitrary set and P(X) is set family of each subset of X, then
(P(X), ∪) is a NT set and T = P(X) is a NT topology and ((X, ∪), T ) is called NT
topology space.
Example 3.3: Let X = {x, y} be a set and T = P(X) = {∅, {x}, {y}, {x, y}}. We can take
A∩A= A, for A ∈ X. Thus, we can take
neut(A)= A, anti(A)=A. Then, (P(X), ∩) is a NT set. Also,
i) A∩B ∈ P(X), for A, B ∈ T,
ii) ∅, X ∈ T
iii) For ∀ i ∈ K, If 𝐴𝑖 ∈ X, then ⋃𝑖∈𝐾 𝐴𝑖 ∈ T.
iv) For ∀ i ∈ K (K is finite), If 𝐴𝑖 ∈ X, then ⋂i ∈ K 𝐴𝑖 ∈ P(X).

Thus, T = P(X) is a NT topology and ((X, ∩), T ) is called NT topology space.
Furthermore, If X is an arbitrary set and T = P(X) is set family of each subset of X, then
(P(X), ∪) is a NT set and T = P(X) is a NT topology. Thus, ((X, ∩), T ) is called NT
topology space.
Theorem 3.4: Let (Ti) (i ∈ 𝐾) be a family of NT topologies on nonempty NT set (X, #).
∩ Ti is a NT topology.
Proof:
i) Since (Ti) (i ∈ 𝐾) is a family of NT topologies on nonempty NT set (X, #), it is clear that
for A, B ∈ X , A#B ∈ 𝑋.
ii) Since (Ti) (i ∈ 𝐾) is a family of NT topologies on nonempty NT set (X, #)
X, ∅ ∈ Ti . Thus, it is clear that X, ∅ ∈ ∩ Ti .
iii) Let 𝐴𝑖 ∈ ∩ Ti (i ∈ 𝐼). It is clear that 𝐴𝑖 ∈ Ti . Since (Ti) (i ∈ 𝐼) is a family of NT

topologies, ⋃𝑖∈𝐽 𝐴𝑖 ∈ Ti . Thus, it is clear that ⋃𝑖∈𝐽 𝐴𝑖 ∈∩Ti .
iv) Let 𝐴1 , 𝐴2 ∈ ∩ Ti . It is clear that 𝐴𝑖 ∈ Ti . Since (Ti) (i ∈ 𝐼) is a family of NT topologies,

𝐴1 ∩ 𝐴2 ∈ Ti . Thus, it is clear that 𝐴1 ∩ 𝐴2 ∈∩Ti .
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Definition 3.5: Let ((X, #), T ) be a NT topology. For every A∈T, A is called an open set.
Definition 3.6: Let ((X, #), T ) be a NT topology space and A⊂X. If (X-A) ∈ T, then A is
called close set on X. Where, “X-A“ is complement of A according to X.
Corollary 3.7: Let ((X, *), T ) be a NT topology space. If A is an open set in this space,
then X-A is a close set. Also, If B is a close set in this space, then X-B is an open set.
Example 3.8: Let X = {x, y, z} be a set, P(X) = {∅, {x}, {y}, {z}, {x, y}, {y, z}, {x, z},
{x, y, z}} be power set of X and T = {∅, {y}, {x, y}, {y, z}, {x, y, z}}. We can take A∩A= A
for A ∈ X. Thus, we can take neut(A)= A, anti(A)=A. Hence, (P(X), ∩) is a NT set. Also,
((X, ∩), T )is a NT topology. a) From definition of open set ∅, {y}, {x, y}, {y, z}, {x, y, z}
are open sets.
b) From definition of close set {x, y, z}, {x, z}, {z}, {x}, ∅ are close sets. Because,
{x, y, z}-{x, y, z} = ∅ ∈ T
{x, y, z}-{x, z} = {y} ∈ T
{x, y, z}-{z} = {x, y} ∈ T
{x, y, z}-{x} = {y, z} ∈ T
{x, y, z}-∅ = {x, y, z} ∈ T
Theorem 3.9: Let ((X, #), T ) be a NT topology space and K be family of close sets on X.
Then,
i) ∅, X ∈ K
ii) For ∀ i ∈ K, If 𝐴𝑖 ∈ X, then ⋂i ∈ K 𝐴𝑖 ∈ K
iii) For ∀ i ∈ K, (K is finite) If 𝐴𝑖 ∈ X, then ⋃𝑖∈𝐾 𝐴𝑖 ∈ K
Proof:
i) Since ((X, *), T ) is a NT topology space, ∅, X ∈ T and ∅, X are open sets. From
Corollary 3.7,
X-X = ∅ is a close set and X - ∅ = X is a close set. Thus, we obtain ∅, X ∈ K .
ii) Let 𝐵𝑖 ∈ K (i∈J). Since each 𝐵𝑖 is close set, 𝐴𝑖 = X - 𝐵𝑖 is open set and 𝐵𝑖 = X - 𝐴𝑖 .
From definition NT topology, A = ⋃𝑖∈𝐽 𝐴𝑖 ∈ T . Thus, F = X- A = X – (⋃𝑖∈𝐽 𝐴𝑖 ) =
⋂i ∈ J(X − 𝐴𝑖 ) = ⋂i ∈ J 𝐹𝑖 ∈ K .
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iii) Let 𝐵𝑖 ∈ K (i∈J and j is finite). Since each 𝐵𝑖 is close set, 𝐴𝑖 = X - 𝐵𝑖 is open set and 𝐵𝑖
= X - 𝐴𝑖 . From definition NT topology, A = ⋂i ∈ J 𝐴𝑖 ∈ T . Thus, F = X- A = X – (⋂i ∈ J 𝐴𝑖 )
= ⋃𝑖∈𝐽(X − 𝐴𝑖 ) = ⋃𝑖∈𝐽 𝐹𝑖 ∈ K .
Theorem 3.10: Let ((X, *), T ) be a NT topology space and A be an open set and K be a
close set in this space. Then,
i) A - K is an open set.
ii) K – A is a close set.
Proof:
i) It is clear that A-K = A∩(X-K). From Corollary 3.7, X-K is an open set. Thus, from
definition of NT topology, A∩(X-K) = A-K is an open set.
ii) It is clear that K-A = K∩(X-A). From Corollary 3.7, X-A is a close set. Thus, from
Theorem 3.8, K∩(X-A) = A-K is a close set.
Definition 3.11: Let ((X, *), T1) and ((X, *), T2) be two NT topology spaces and A be an
open set according to T1. For every set A, If A is an open set according to T2, then, it is
called that T1 is coarser than T2 or T2 is called that T2 is thinner than T1 .
Example 3.12: Let X = {x, y, z} be a set, P(X) = {∅, {x}, {y}, {z}, {x, y}, {y, z}, {x, z},
{x, y, z}} be power set of X, T1 = {∅, {y}, {x, y}, {x, y, z}} and T2 = {∅, {y}, {x, y}, {y, z},
{x, y, z}}. From Example 3.2 and Example 3.3, we can take ((X,∪), T1) and ((X, ∩), T2)
are NT topologies. Thus,
∅, {y}, {x, y}, {x, y, z} are open sets according to T1 ,
∅, {y}, {x, y}, {y, z}, {x, y, z} are open sets according to T2 .
Furthermore, from Definition 3.11, T1 is coarser than T2 or T2 is thinner than T1 .
Definition 3.13: Let ((X, #), T1) and ((X, *), T2) be two NT topology spaces. If T1 is
coarser than T2 or T2 is coarser than T1 , it is called T1 and T2 are able to comparison two
topologies.
Example 3.14: In Example 3.12, from Definition 3.13, T1 and T2 are able to comparison
two topologies.
Definition 3.15: Let ((X, #), T) be a NT topology space and x ∈ X. Each open set A in X
is called that open neighborhood of x such that x ∈ A.
Example 3.16: From Example 3.8, ((X, ∩), T )is a NT topology such that X = {x, y, z},
P(X) = {∅, {x}, {y}, {z}, {x, y}, {y, z}, {x, z}, {x, y, z}} is power set of X and
T = {∅, {y}, {x, y}, {y, z}, {x, y, z}}. Also,
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{x, y}, {x, y, z} are open neighborhoods of x.

{y}, {x, y}, {y, z}, {x, y, z} are open neighborhoods of y.
{y, z}, {x, y, z} are open neighborhoods of z.
Definition 3.17: Let ((X, #), T) be a NT topology space, x ∈ X, A be an open
neighborhood of x and V⊂X. If A⊂V, then V is called neighborhood of x.
Example 3.18: In Example 3.16, from Definition 3.17, it is clear that
{x, y}, {x, y, z} are neighborhoods of x.
{y}, {x, y}, {y, z}, {x, y, z} are neighborhoods of y.
{y, z}, {x, y, z} are neighborhoods of z.
Definition 3.19: Let ((X, #), T) be a NT topology space and A, B ⊂ X. If there exists a
open set T ∈ T such that A⊂T⊂B, then B is called B is neighborhood of A.
Example 3.20: From Example 3.3, ((X, ∩), T )is a NT topology such that X = {x, y},
P(X) = {∅, {x}, {y}, {x, y }} is power set of X and T = {∅, {y}, {x, y}}. Also,
For ∅⊂X, ∅⊂{y}⊂{x, y}. Thus, {x, y} is neighborhood of ∅.

For {x}⊂X, {x}⊂{x, y}⊂{x, y}. Thus, {x, y} is neighborhood of {x}.
For {y}⊂X, {y}⊂{y}⊂{y}, {x, y}. Thus, {x, y} and {y} are neighborhoods of {y}.
For {x, y} ⊂X, {x, y}⊂{x, y}⊂{x, y}. Thus, {x, y} is neighborhood of {x, y}.
Theorem 3.21: Let ((X, #), T) be a NT topology space and A ⊂ X. A is an open set ⇔for
every x ∈ A, A is a neighborhood of x.
Proof:
(⇒) Let A be an open set. For every x ∈A, it is clear that x ∈A ⊂ A and A∈T . Thus, from
Definition 3.17, A is a neighborhood of x.
(⇐)For every x ∈A, A is neighborhood of x. Thus, for each x ∈A, there exists an open set
𝑇𝑥 ∈T such that x ∈ 𝑇𝑥 ⊂ A. Thus, we obtained
x∈∪ 𝑇𝑥 and A ⊂ ∪ 𝑇𝑥 (1)

Also, it is clear that
∪ 𝑇𝑥 ⊂ A because 𝑇𝑥 ⊂ A for every x ∈A (2)
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From (1) and (2), we obtained A = ∪ 𝑇𝑥 . Where, 𝑇𝑥 is an open set because 𝑇𝑥 ∈T .

Thus, from Definition 3.1, A is an open set.
Definition 3.22: Let ((X, #), T) be a NT topology space, A ⊂ X, x ∈ X. If A is
neighborhood of x, x is called an inner point of A.
Example 3.23: From example 3.16, for X = {x, y, z} and T = {∅, {y}, {x, y}, {y, z},
{x, y, z}}, ((X, ∩), T ) is a NT topology Also,
{x, y}, {x, y, z} are neighborhoods of x. Thus, x is an inner point of {x, y}, {x, y, z}.
{y}, {x, y}, {y, z}, {x, y, z} are neighborhoods of y. Thus, y is an inner point of
{y}, {x, y}, {y, z}, {x, y, z}.
{y, z}, {x, y, z} are neighborhoods of z. Thus, z is an inner point of {y, z}, {x, y, z}.
Definition 3.24: Let ((X, #), T) be a NT topology space, A ⊂ X. If B is a set of every inner
point x of A, then B is called inner of A. Also, it is shown with 𝐴𝑜 .
Example 3.25: In Example 3.20, for X = {x, y, z} and T = {∅, {y}, {x, y}, {y, z}, {x, y, z}},
((X, ∩), T ) is a NT topology Also, it is clear that
{𝑦}𝑜 = {y}
{𝑥, 𝑦}𝑜 = {x, y}
{𝑦, 𝑧}𝑜 = {y, z}
{𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧}𝑜 = {x, y, z}
Theorem 3.26: Let ((X, #), T) be a NT topology space, A ⊂ X. Then,
i) 𝐴𝑜 = ∪B {B ⊂ X : B ∈ T and B⊂ A}
ii) 𝐴𝑜 ⊂ A
iii) 𝐴𝑜 is an open set.
iv) A is an open set if and only if A = 𝐴𝑜 .
Proof:
i) Let C = ∪B {B ⊂ X : B ∈ T and B⊂ A} (3)
We show that 𝐴𝑜 = C. We take x ∈ 𝐴𝑜 . From Definition 3.22, there exists an open set such
that x ∈ B ⊂ A. From (3), we obtained x∈C. Thus,
𝐴𝑜 ⊂ C (4)
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Then we take y ∈ C. From (1), there exists a B ∈ T such that y ∈ B ⊂ A. Thus, from
Definition 3.22, we obtained y ∈ 𝐴𝑜 . Thus,
C⊂ 𝐴𝑜 (5)
From (4) and (5), we obtained 𝐴𝑜 = C.
ii) From i), we can take 𝐴𝑜 = ∪B {B ⊂ X : B ∈ T and B⊂ A}. Also, it is clear that
∪B ⊂ A. Thus, 𝐴𝑜 ⊂A.
iii) From i), we can take 𝐴𝑜 = ∪B{B ⊂ X : B ∈ T and B⊂ A}. Also, B is an open set.
Thus, from Definition 3.1, 𝐴𝑜 is an open set.
iv)
(⇒) Let A be an open set. Thus, we obtained A ∈ T . From (1), it is clear that
A ⊂ C = 𝐴𝑜 (6)
From ii),
𝐴𝑜 ⊂A (7)
Thus, from (6) and (7), we obtained 𝐴𝑜 =A.
(⇐) Let 𝐴𝑜 =A. From iii), it is clear that A is an open set.
Definition 3.27: Let ((X, #), T) be a NT topology space, A ⊂ X. If x is an inner point of

𝐴′ , then x is called an outside point of A. Also, If B is a set such that every outside point x
of A is in B, then B is called outside of A. Also, it is shown with (𝑋 − 𝐴)𝑜 .
((X, ∩), T ) is a NT topology Also, it is clear that
x is an outside point of {z} and ∅.

y is an outside point of {x, z}, {z}, {x} and ∅.
z is an outside point of {x} and ∅.
Definition 3.29: Let ((X, *), T) be a NT topology space, A ⊂ X, x ∈ X. If there exists at
least an element of A in every neighborhood of x, x is called closure point of A.
((X, ∩), T ) is a NT topology Also,
{x, y}, {x, y, z} are neighborhoods of x.

{y}, {x, y}, {y, z}, {x, y, z} are neighborhoods of y.
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{y, z}, {x, y, z} are neighborhoods of z.

Thus,
x is closure point of {x}, {y}, {x, y} and {x, y, z}.
y is closure point of {y}, {x, y} and {x, y, z}.
z is closure point of {z}, {x, z} and {x, y, z}.
Definition 3.31: Let ((X, #), T) be a NT topology space, A ⊂ X. If B is a set of every
closure point x of A, then B is called closure of A. Also, it is shown with 𝐴− .
Example 3.32: In Example 3.30, from Definition 3.31,
{x}− = {x}
{y}− = {x, y}
{z}− = {z}
{x, y}− = {x, y}
{x, y, z}− = {x, y, z}.
Conclusions
Topology has many different application areas in classical mathematic. Also, NT structures
are a new concept in neutrosophy. In this chapter, we introduced NT topology. We gave
some properties and definitions for NT topology. Thus, we have added a new structure to
NT structure. Furthermore, thanks to NT topology, researchers can obtain new structure
and properties. For example, researchers can define NT metric topology, NT group
topology, NT algebraic topology.
References

1007/S00521
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No: 2, pp. 63-84
10.1103/BAPS.2016.GEC.HT6.110
pp. 697-704
MDPI Vol. 6 No: 53
MDPI Vol. 7, No: 67
20. I. Braslavsky, J. Stavans (2018) Application of algebraic topology to homologous
recombination of DNA, İScience, Vol. 4, pp. 64-67
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21. S. Mishra, R. Srivastava (2018) Fuzzy topologies generated by fuzzy relations, Soft computing,
Vol. 22 No: 4, pp. 373-385
22. A. A. Salama, F. Smarandache, S. A. Alblowi (2014) New neutrosophic crisp topological
concepts, Neutrosophic sets and systems, Vol. 4 , pp. 50-54
Sciences, 50(2), 103-120.
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Chapter Five
Isomorphism Theorems for Neutrosophic Triplet
G - Modules
1,2
Abstract
In this chapter, we introduce neutrosophic triplet cosets for neutrosophic triplet G-module and
neutrosophic triplet quotient G-module. Then, we give some definitions and examples for
neutrosophic triplet quotient G-module and neutrosophic triplet cosets. Also, we obtain
isomorphism theorems for neutrosophic triplet G-modules and we prove isomorphism theorems for
neutrosophic triplet G-modules.
Keywords: Neutrosophic triplet, neutrosophic triplet G-module, neutrosophic triplet

quotient G-module, neutrosophic triplet isomorphism theorems
1. Introduction
[3]. Neutrosophic set denoted by (t, i, f) such that “t” is degree of membership, “i” is
have studied neutrosophic sets in [4-9]. Furthermore, Smarandache et al. obtained
NT set is different from the classical set. Furthermore, a NT “x” denoted by <x, neut(x),
anti(x)>. Also, many researchers have introduced NT structures in [12-18].
Curties obtained G-module in [19]. G-module is an algebraic structure constructed on

classical group and classical vector space. Also, G-module has an important place in the
theory of group representation. Also, a lot of researchers studied G-modules. Recently,
Fernandez obtained fuzzy G-modules in [20]; Sinho et al. obtained isomorphism theory for
fuzzy submodules of G-modules in [21]; Şahin et al. introduced soft G-modules in [22];
Sharma et al. obtained injectivity of intuitionistic fuzzy G-modules in [23]; Smarandache
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Volume I
et al. obtained neutrosophic triplet G-module in [24] and Şahin et. al studied isomorphism
theorems for soft G-modules in [25].
In this chapter, we obtain NT cosets for NT G-module and NT quotient G-module. Also,
we give isomorphism theorems for NT G-module. In section 2; we give definitions of G-
module in [19], NT set in [11], NT G-module in [24], and NT G-module homomorphism in
[24]. In section 3, we introduce NT cosets for NT G-module and NT quotient G-module.
Then, we give some properties and examples for NT quotient G-module. In section 4, we
define kernel of a NT G-module homomorphism and we give some properties and
examples for kernel of a NT G-module homomorphism. Furthermore, we give the
isomorphism theorems for NT G-module and we prove these theorems. In section 5, we
give conclusions.
2. Basic and fundamental concepts

Definition 2.1: [19] Let G be a finite group. A vector space V on a field F is called a
G- module if for every m ϵ G and v ϵ V, there exists a product (called the action of G on V)
v.g ϵ V satisfying the following axioms.
a) v.eG = v, ∀ m ϵ M (eG is unitary element in G)
b) v.(m.n) = (v.m).n, ∀ v ϵ V ; m, n ϵ G
c) (f1 v1 +f2 v2 ).m = f1 (v1 .m) + f2 (v2 .m), ∀ f1 , f2 ϵ F ; v1 , v2 ϵ V; mϵ G.
Definition 2.2: [11] Let # be a binary operation. (X, #) is a NT set (NTS) such that
Definition 2.3: [11] Let (X, #) be a NT set. Then, X is called a NT group such that
a) for all x, y ∈ X, x*y ∈ X.
b) for all x, y, z ∈ X, (x*y)*z = x*(y*z)
Definition 2.4: [12] Let (X, &, $) be a NT set with two binary operations & and $. Then
(X, &, $) is called NT field (NTF) such that
1. (F, &) is a commutative NT group,
2. (F, $) is a NT group
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3. x$ (y&z) = (x$y) & (x$z) and (y&z)$x = (y$x) & (z$x) forv every x, y, z ∈ X.
operations &2 and $2 . If (V,&2 , $2 ) is satisfied the following conditions, then it is called a
NT vector space (NTVS),
2) (x&2 y) &2 z= x&2 (y&2 z); for every x, y, z ∈ V
Definition 2.6: [24] Let (G, *) be a NT group and (V,∗1 , #1 ) be a NT vector space on a NT
field (F,∗2 , #2 ). (V,∗1 , #1 ) is a NT G-module such that
a) v*m ∈ V, for all m∈ G; v ∈ V
b) There exists at least an element m ∈ G such that
for every v ∈ V, v*neut(m) = neut(m)* v = v;
c) v*(m*n)=(v*m)*n, for all v ∈ V; m, n ∈ G;
d) [((f1 #1 v1 ) ∗1 (f2 #1 v2 ))]*m =[f1 #1 (v1 *m)]∗1 [f2 #1 (v2 *m)], ∀ f1 , f2 ϵ F,v1 , v2 ϵ V;
mϵ G.
Definition 2.7: [24] Let (V,∗1 , #1 ) be a NT G-module. A NT subvector space (M,∗1 , #1 )

of (V,∗1 , #1 ) is a NT G-submodule if (M,∗1 , #1 ) is also a NT G-module.
Definition 2.8: [24] Let (V,∗1 , #1 ) and (V ∗ ,∗3 , #3 ) be NT G-modules on NT field

(F, ∗2 , #2 ) and (G, *) be a NT group. A mapping g: V→ V ∗ is a NTG-module
homomorphism if
i) g(neut(v))= neut(g(v))
ii) g(anti(v))= anti(g(v))
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iii) g((f1 #1 v1 ) ∗1 (f2 #1 v2 )) =( f1 #3 g(v1 )) ∗3 ( f2 #3 g(v2 ))
iv) g(v*m)= g(v)*m; ∀ f1 , f2 ∊F; m, v1 , v2 ∊V; m ∊ G.
Also, if g is 1-1, then g is an isomorphism. The NT G-modules (V,∗1 , #1 ) and (V ∗ ,∗3 , #3 )

are said to be isomorphic if there exists an isomorphism g : NTV→ NTV ∗ . Then it is
showed by V ≅ V ∗ .
3. Neutrosophic Triplet Quotient G-modules

In this chapter, we show that neutral element of x according to # binary operation with
𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡# (x) and we show that anti element of x according to # binary operation with
𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖# (x).
Definition 3.1: Let (V,∗1 , #1 ) be a NT G-module on NT field (F,∗2 , #2 ), (G,*) be a NT
group and let (S, ∗1 , #1 ) be a NT G-submodule of (V,∗1 , #1 ) . The NT cosets of (S,
∗1 , #1 ) in (V, ∗1 , #1 ) are denoted by
x∗1 S, for all x ∊ V.
Furthermore,
(x∗1 S) ∗1 (y∗1 S) = (x∗1 y) ∗1 S, for all x, y ∈ V.
∝ #1 (x∗1 S) = (∝ #1 x)∗1 S, for all y ∈ V and ∝ ∈ F.
m*(x∗1 S) = (x∗1 S)*m = (m*x) ∗1 S , for all x ∈ V, m ∈ G.
Example 3.2: Let G = {∅, {z}, {y}, {z, y}}. We can take that (G, ∩) is a NT group such
𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∩ (K) = K and 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖∩ (K) = K. Also, (G, ∪, ∩) is NT field such that
𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∪ (K) = K and 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖∪ (K) = K,
𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∩ (K) = K and 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖∩ (K) = K.
Furthermore, (G, ∪, ∩) is NT vector space on NT field (G, ∪, ∩) such that
𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∪ (N) = N and 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖∪ (N) = N,
𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∩ (N) = N and 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖∩ (N) = N.
Now, we show that (G, ∪, ∩) is NT G-module on NT field (G, ∪, ∩).
For A, B, C, D, E ∈ G;
a) We can take A∪B ∈ G, for all A ∈ G since G is power set of {z, y}.
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b) It is clear that there exist A∈ G such that 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∩ (A) = A∪ 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∩ (A) = 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∩ (A)∪A,
because (G, ∩) is NT group and 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∩ (A) = A.
c) We can take A∪(B∪C) = (A∪B)∪C, for all A, B, C ∈ G since G is power set of {z, y}.
d) We can take [(A∩B)∪( C∩D)] ∪ E = [(A∩B)∪ E] ∪ [(C∩D)∪ E] since G is power set

of {z, y}.
Hence, (G, ∪, ∩) is NT G-module on NT field (G, ∪, ∩). Also, (S, ∪, ∩) is a NT

G-submodule of (G, ∪, ∩) such that S = {∅, {z}}. Now, we show NT cosets of (S, ∪, ∩).
∅ ∪ S = {∅, {z}},
{z}∪S = {{z}},
{y}∪S = {{y}, {y,z}},
{y, z}∪S = {{y,z}},
Definition 3.3: Let (V,∗1 , #1 ) be a NT G-module on NT field (F,∗2 , #2 ) and Let

(S, ∗1 , #1 ) be a NT G-submodule of (V,∗1 , #1 ). The NT quotient G-module of (V,∗1 , #1 )
is denoted by (V,∗1 , #1 )/(S, ∗1 , #1 ) such that
(V,∗1 , #1 )/(S, ∗1 , #1 ) = {x∗1 S: x∊V}
Corollary 3.4: Let (V,∗1 , #1 ) be a NT G-module on NT field (F,∗2 , #2 ), (S, ∗1 , #1 ) be a

NT G-submodule of (V,∗1 , #1 ) and (V,∗1 , #1 )/(S, ∗1 , #1 ) be NT quotient G-module of
(V,∗1 , #1 ). From Definition 3.1 and Definition 3.3, (V,∗1 , #1 )/(S, ∗1 , #1 ) is set of NT
cosets of (S, ∗1 , #1 ) in (V, ∗1 , #1 ).
Example 3.5: From Example 3.2,
(G, ∪, ∩) is NT G-module on NT field (G, ∪, ∩). Also, (S, ∪, ∩) is a NT G-submodule of

(G, ∪, ∩) . Also, NT cosets of (S, ∪, ∩) are
∅ ∪ S = {∅, {z}},
{z}∪S = {{z}},
{y}∪S = {{y}, {y, z}},
{y, z}∪S = {{y, z}}. Thus, from Corollary 3.4,
(G, ∪, ∩)/(S, ∪, ∩) = {{∅, {z}},{{z}}, {{y}, {y, z}}, {{y, z}}}
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Theorem 3.6: Let (V,∗1 , #1 ) be a NT G-module on NT field (F,∗2 , #2 ), (G,*) be a NT

group, (S, ∗1 , #1 ) be a NT G-submodule of (V,∗1 , #1 ) and (V,∗1 , #1 )/(S, ∗1 , #1 ) be NT
quotient G-module of (V,∗1 , #1 ). Then, (V,∗1 , #1 )/(S, ∗1 , #1 ) is a NT G-module on NT
field (F,∗2 , #2 ).
Proof: From Definition 3.3, we can take
(V,∗1 , #1 )/(S, ∗1 , #1 ) = {x∗1 S: x∊V}.
Also, it is clear that (V,∗1 , #1 )/(S, ∗1 , #1 ) is a NT vector space on (F,∗2 , #2 ) with
(x∗1 S) ∗1 (y∗1 S) = (x∗1 y) ∗1 S, for all x, y ∈ V,
∝ #1 (x∗1 S) = (∝ #1 x)∗1 S, for all y ∈ V and ∝ ∈ F,
m*(x∗1 S) = (x∗1 S)*m = (m*x) ∗1 S , for all x ∈ V, m ∈ G.
Now, we show that (V,∗1 , #1 )/(S, ∗1 , #1 ) is a NT G-module on NT field (F,∗2 , #2 ).
a) As (V,∗1 , #1 ) is a NT G-module, we can take g*m ∈ V, for all g∈ G; m ∈ V. Thus, we

can take (g*m)∗1 S ∈ (V,∗1 , #1 )/(S, ∗1 , #1 )
b) As (V,∗1 , #1 ) is a NT G-module, there exists at least an element m ∈ G such for every

v∈V,
v*neut(m) = neut(m)* v = v.
Thus, v*neut(m) = neut(m)*v = v ∈V and we can take
(v ∗1 S )*neut(m) = neut(m)* (v ∗1 S ) = (v ∗1 S ).
c) As (V,∗1 , #1 ) is a NT G-module, we can take v*(n*m)=(v*n)*m, ∀ v ∈ V; n, m ∈ G.

Thus, (v ∗1 S )*(n*m)=[ (v ∗1 S )*n]*m
d) As (V,∗1 , #1 ) is a NT G-module, we can take
[(f1 #1 v1 ) ∗1 (f2 #1 v2 )]*m =[f1 #1 (v1 *m)] ∗1 [f2 #1 (v2 *m)], ∀ f1 , f2 ϵ F; v1 , v2 ϵV; mϵ G.
Thus,
[(f1 #1 (v1 ∗1 S ) ) ∗1 (f2 #1 (v2 ∗1 S ) )]*m = [f1 #1 ((v1 ∗1 S ) *m]∗1 [f2 #1 ((v2 ∗1 S ) *m]
since (v1 ∗1 S ) and (v2 ∗1 S) are NT cosets.
Theorem 3.7: Let (V,∗1 , #1 ) be a NT G-module on NT field (F, ∗2 , #2 ), (𝑉1 ,∗1 , #1 ) and
(𝑉2 ,∗1 , #1 ) be NT G-submodules of (V,∗1 , #1 ) and (G, *) be a NT group. Then,
(𝑉1 ,∗1 , #1 ) ∩ (𝑉2 ,∗1 , #1 ) = (𝑉1 ∩ 𝑉2 ,∗1 , #1 ) is a NT G-submodule of (V,∗1 , #1 ).
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Proof:
a) If v ∈ 𝑉1 ∩ 𝑉2 , then v ∈𝑉1 and v ∈𝑉2 . Thus, v*m ∈ 𝑉1 and v*m ∈ 𝑉2 since (𝑉1 ,∗1 , #1 )
and (𝑉2 ,∗1 , #1 ) are NT G-submodules of (V,∗1 , #1 ). Thus, we obtain v*m ∈ 𝑉1 ∩ 𝑉2 , for all
m∈ G; v ∈ V.
Also, (𝑉1 ∩ 𝑉2 ,∗1 , #1 ) satisfies the conditions b, c and d, since 𝑉1 ⊂ V and 𝑉2 ⊂ V and
(V,∗1 , #1 ) is a NT G-module.
( 𝑉2 , ∗1 , #1 ) be NT G-submodules of ( V , ∗1 , #1 ) and (G, *) be a NT group. If
(𝑣1 *m) ∗1 (𝑣2 *m) = (𝑣1 ∗1 𝑣2 )*m for 𝑣1 ∈ 𝑉1 , 𝑣2 ∈ 𝑉2 and m∈ G then,
(𝑉1 ,∗1 , #1 ) ∗1 (𝑉2 ,∗1 , #1 ) is a NT G-submodule of (V,∗1 , #1 ) such that
v = 𝑣1 ∗1 𝑣2 ∈ (𝑉1 ,∗1 , #1 ) ∗1 (𝑉2 ,∗1 , #1 ), for all 𝑣1 ∈ 𝑉1 and 𝑣2 ∈ 𝑉2 .
Proof:
a) If v ∈ (𝑉1 ,∗1 , #1 ) ∗1 (𝑉2 ,∗1 , #1 ), then v = 𝑣1 ∗1 𝑣2 for 𝑣1 ∈ 𝑉1 and 𝑣2 ∈ 𝑉2 . Thus,

𝑣1 *m ∈ 𝑉1 and 𝑣2 *m ∈ 𝑉2 for all m∈ G since (𝑉1 ,∗1 , #1 ) and (𝑉2 ,∗1 , #1 ) be NT
G-submodules of (V,∗1 , #1 ). Also, (𝑣1 *m) ∗1 (𝑣2 *m) ∈ (𝑉1 ,∗1 , #1 ) ∗1 (𝑉2 ,∗1 , #1 ). Thus, we
obtain (𝑣1 ∗1 𝑣2 )*m = v*m ∈ (𝑉1 ,∗1 , #1 ) ∗1 (𝑉2 ,∗1 , #1 )
since (𝑣1 *m) ∗1 (𝑣2 *m) = (𝑣1 ∗1 𝑣2 )*m for 𝑣1 ∈ 𝑉1 , 𝑣2 ∈ 𝑉2 and m∈ G.
Also, (𝑉1 ,∗1 , #1 ) ∗1 (𝑉2 ,∗1 , #1 ) satisfies the conditions b, c and d, since 𝑉1 ⊂ V and 𝑉2 ⊂ V
and (V,∗1 , #1 ) is a NT G-module.
Theorem 3.9: Let (V,∗1 , #1 ) be a NT G-module on NT field (F, ∗2 , #2 ), (𝑉1 ,∗1 , #1 ) be NT

G-submodule of (V,∗1 , #1 ), (𝑉2 ,∗1 , #1 ) be NT G-submodule of (𝑉1 ,∗1 , #1 ) and (G, *) be a
NT group. Then,
(𝑉1 ,∗1 , #1 )/ (𝑉2 ,∗1 , #1 ) is a NT G-submodule of (V,∗1 , #1 )/ (𝑉2 ,∗1 , #1 ).
Proof: It is clear that 𝑉1 /𝑉2 ⊂ V/𝑉2 since (𝑉1 ,∗1 , #1 ) is a NT G-submodule of (V,∗1 , #1 ).
Then, for x ∈ (𝑉1 ,∗1 , #1 )/ (𝑉2 ,∗1 , #1 ), x = v∗1 (𝑉2 ,∗1 , #1 ).Where, v∈ 𝑉1 . Also, it is clear that
v*m ∈ 𝑉 since (𝑉1 ,∗1 , #1 ) is NT G – submodule for m ∈ G. Also,
x*m = (v∗1 (𝑉2 ,∗1 , #1 ))*m = (v*m)∗1 (𝑉2 ,∗1 , #1 )) since (𝑉1 ,∗1 , #1 )/ (𝑉2 ,∗1 , #1 ) is a NT
quotient G-module. Thus, x*m ∈ (𝑉1 ,∗1 , #1 )/ (𝑉2 ,∗1 , #1 ).
Also, (𝑉1 ,∗1 , #1 )/(𝑉2 ,∗1 , #1 ) satisfies conditions b, c, and d since 𝑉1 /𝑉2 ⊂ V/𝑉2 and
(V,∗1 , #1 )/ (𝑉2 ,∗1 , #1 ) is a NT quotient G-module.
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4. Isomorphism Theorems for Neutrosophic Triplet G-modules

Definition 4.1: Let (𝑉1 ,∗1 , #1 ) and Let (𝑉2 ,∗3 , #3 ) be NT G-modules on NT field
(F, ∗2 , #2 ), g be a NT G-module homomorphism such that g: 𝑉1 → 𝑉2 . Then, kernel of g
is a set such that {x∈ 𝑉1 : g(x) = 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∗3 (y), y ∈ 𝑉2 } and it is denoted by kerg.
Example 4.2: From Example 3.2, for G = {∅, {z}, {y}, {z, y}}, (G, ∩) is a NT group
(G, ∪, ∩) is NT G-module on NT field (G, ∪, ∩). Where,
𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∪ (N) = N and 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖∪ (N) = N,
𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∩ (N) = N and 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖∩ (N) = N.
Then, we take g: G→ G mapping such that g(A) = 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖∪ (A). For all A, B, C, D ∈ G,
i) g(𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∪ (A))= 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖∪ (𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∪ (A)). From Theorem 2.4, g(𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∪ (A))= 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖∪ (𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∪ (A)) =
𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∪ (A). Also, g(𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∪ (A))= 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∪ (g(A)) since 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∪ (A) = A= 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖∪ (N).
ii) g(𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖∪ (A)) = 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖∪ (𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖∪ (A)). From Theorem 2.4, g(𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖∪ (A))= 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖∪ (𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖∪ (A)) =
A. Also, g(𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖∪ (A))= 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖∪ (g(A)) since 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∪ (A) = A= 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖∪ (N)
iii) g( (A ∩ B) ∪ (C ∩ D) ) = 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖∪ ( (A ∩ B) ∪ (C ∩ D) ) = ( (A ∩ B) ∪ (C ∩ D) ) =
((A ∩ 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖∪ (B)) ∪ (C ∩ 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖∪ (D))) = ((A ∩ g(B)) ∪ (C ∩ g(D))) since A= 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖∪ (A).
iv) g(A∩ B) = 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖∪ (A∩B) = A∩ B = 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖∪ (A) ∩ B = g(A) ∩ B since A= 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖∪ (A).
Thus, g(A) = 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖∪ (A) is a NT G-module homomorphism. Also, g(A) = 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖∪ (A) is a 1-1
NT G-module since 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∪ (A) = A= 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖∪ (N). Therefore, g(A) = 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖∪ (A) is a NT
G-module isomorphism.
Also, from Definition 4.1, kerg = {A∈ G: g(A) = 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∪ (A) } = G, since 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∪ (A) = A=
𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖∪ (N).
Theorem 4.3: Let (𝑉1 ,∗1 , #1 ) and Let (𝑉2 ,∗3 , #3 ) be NT G-modules on NT field
(F, ∗2 , #2 ), g be a NT G-module homomorphism such that g: 𝑉1 → 𝑉2 and (G, *) be a NT
group. Then,
i) kerg⊂ 𝑉1
ii) If 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∗3 (x)∗m = 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∗3 (x*m), then (kerg, ∗1 , #1 ) is a NT G-submodule of (𝑉1 ,∗1 , #1 ),
x∈ 𝑉1 , m∈ G.
Proof:
i) It is clear that kerg⊂ 𝑉1 since kerg = {x∈ 𝑉1 : g(x) = 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∗3 (y), y∈ 𝑉2 }.
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ii) Let m ∈ G, x ∈ kerg and 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∗1 (x) ∗ m = 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∗1 (x*m ). Now, we show that
(kerg, ∗1 , #1 ) is a NT G-submodule of (𝑉1 ,∗1 , #1 ).
a) From Definition 2.9, g(x*m) = g(x)*m since g is a NT G-module homomorphism. Also,

for y y∈ 𝑉2 , g(x*m) = g(x)*m = 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∗3 (y)*m, if x ∈ kerg. Furthermore,
g(x*m) = g(x)*m = 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∗3 (y)*m = 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∗3 (y*m), since 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∗3 (y)∗m = 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∗3 (y*m). Also,
y*m ∈ 𝑉2 since (𝑉2 ,∗3 , #3 ) is a NT G-modules. Thus, x*m ∈ kerg.
Also, (kerg, ∗1 , #1 ) is satisfied the conditions b, c, d in Definition 2.7, since kerg⊂ 𝑉1 .

Therefore, (kerg, ∗1 , #1 ) is a NT G-submodule of (𝑉1 ,∗1 , #1 ).
Theorem 4.4: Let (𝑉1 ,∗1 , #1 ) and Let (𝑉2 ,∗3 , #3 ) be NT G-modules on NT field
(F, ∗2 , #2 ), g be a NT G-module homomorphism such that g: 𝑉1 → 𝑉2 and (G, *) be a NT
group. If 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∗1 (x)∗m = 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∗1 (x*m) for all x∈ 𝑉1 , m∈ G then, there exists a
f: (𝑉1 ,∗1 , #1 )/kerg→ (𝑉2 ,∗3 , #3 ) mapping such that f is a NT homomorphism.
Proof: Let f: 𝑉1 /kerg→ 𝑉2 be a mapping such that f(x∗1 kerg) = g(x).
i) We can take f( 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∗1 (x ∗1 kerg)) = f( 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∗1 (x ) ∗1 kerg) since 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∗1 (x) ∗ m =

𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∗1 (x*m). Also,
f( 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∗1 (x ∗1 kerg)) = f( 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∗1 (x ) ∗1 kerg) = g( 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∗1 (x ) ) = 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∗1 g(x) =

𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∗1 f(x∗1 kerg) since g is a NT homomorphism.
ii) We can take f(𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖∗1 (x∗1 kerg)) = f(𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖∗1 (x) ∗1 kerg) since ( kerg, ∗1 , #1 ) is a NT
G-submodule of (𝑉1 ,∗1 , #1 ). Also,
f(𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖∗1 (x∗1 kerg)) = f(𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖∗1 (x) ∗1 kerg) = g(𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖∗1 (x)) = 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖∗1 g(x) = 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖∗1 f(x∗1 kerg)
since g is a NT homomorphism.
iii) We can take g((k1 #1 (m1 ) ∗1 (k 2 #1 (m2 )) = ( k1 #3 g(m1 )) ∗3 ( k 2 #3 g(m2 )) since g is a

NT homomorphism. Also,
g((k1 #1 (m1 ) ∗1 (k 2 #1 (m2 )) = f([(k1 #1 (m1 ) ∗1 (k 2 #1 (m2 )] ∗1 kerg] =
f([(k1 #1 (m1 ∗1 kerg) ∗1 (k 2 #1 (m2 ∗1 kerg)] =
( k1 #3 g(m1 )) ∗3 ( k 2 #3 g(m2 )) =
( k1 #3 f(m1 ∗1 kerg)) ∗3 ( k 2 #3 f(m2 ∗1 kerg))
since f(x∗1 kerg) = g(x) and m∗1 kerg is NT cosets of (𝑉1 ,∗1 , #1 ).
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iv) We can take g(m*n) = g(m)*n since g is a NT homomorphism. Also,
g(m*n) = f((m*n)∗1 kerg)) = f((m∗1 kerg)*n ) = g(m)*n = f(m∗1 kerg)*n since m∗1 kerg is
NT cosets of (𝑉1 ,∗1 , #1 ) and g is a NT homomorphism. Thus, f is a NT G-module
homomorphism.
Corollary 4.5: Let (𝑉1 ,∗1 , #1 ) and Let (𝑉2 ,∗3 , #3 ) be NT G-modules on NT field
(F, ∗2 , #2 ), g be a NT G-module homomorphism such that g: 𝑉1 → 𝑉2 and (G, *) be a
NT group. If 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∗1 (x)∗m = 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∗1 (x*m) for all x∈ 𝑉1 , m∈ G, g is 1-1 and surjection, then
there exists a
f: (𝑉1 ,∗1 , #1 )/kerg→ (𝑉2 ,∗3 , #3 ) mapping such that 𝑉1 /kerg ≅𝑉2 .
Proof: If we take that f: 𝑉1 /kerg→ 𝑉2 is a mapping such that f(x∗1 kerg) = g(x), then from
Theorem 4.4; f is a NT G-module homomorphism. Also, we assume that
f(x∗1 kerg) = f(y∗1 kerg). Thus, f(x∗1 kerg) = g(x) = g(y) = f(y∗1 kerg). Also, x = y since f is
1-1. Therefore, f is 1-1.
Also, it is clear that f is surjection since g is surjection.
Theorem 4.6: Let (V,∗1 , #1 ) be a NT G-module on NT field (F, ∗2 , #2 ), (𝑉1 ,∗1 , #1 ) be NT

G-submodule of (V,∗1 , #1 ), (𝑉2 ,∗1 , #1 ) be NT G-submodule of (𝑉1 ,∗1 , #1 ) and (G, *) be a
NT group. Then, there exists a
f: (V,∗1 , #1 )/(𝑉1 ,∗1 , #1 )→ [(V,∗1 , #1 )/ (𝑉2 ,∗1 , #1 )]/ [(𝑉1 ,∗1 , #1 )/ (𝑉2 ,∗1 , #1 )]
mapping such that f is a NT homomorphism.
Proof: from Theorem 3.9, it is clear that (𝑉1 ,∗1 , #1 )/ (𝑉2 ,∗1 , #1 ) is a NT G-submodule of
(V,∗1 , #1 )/ (𝑉2 ,∗1 , #1 )
Also, let f: V/𝑉1 → (V/𝑉2 ) / (𝑉1 /𝑉2 ) be a mapping such that
f(x∗1 𝑉1 ) = (x∗1 𝑉2 ) ∗1 (𝑉1 /𝑉2 )).
i) We can take f(𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∗1 (x) ∗1 𝑉1 ) = 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∗1 (x∗1 𝑉2 ) ∗1 (𝑉1 /𝑉2 )) = 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∗1 f(x∗1 𝑉1 ) since
(𝑉2 ∗1 (𝑉1 /𝑉2 )) is a NT quotient G-module.
ii) We can take f(𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖∗1 x∗1 𝑉1 ) = 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖∗1 (x∗1 𝑉2 ) ∗1 (𝑉1 /𝑉2 )) = 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖∗1 f(x∗1 𝑉1 ) since
(𝑉2 ∗1 (𝑉1 /𝑉2 )) is a NT quotient G-module.
iii) We can take
f([(k1 #1 (m1 ) ∗1 (k 2 #1 (m2 )] ∗1 𝑉1 ) =([ k1 #1 (m1 ) ∗1 (k 2 #1 (m2 )] ∗1 𝑉2 ) ∗1 (𝑉1 /𝑉2 )) =
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( [k1 #1 (m1 ∗1 𝑉2 ) ∗1 (𝑉1 /𝑉2 )) ] ∗1 [k 2 #1 (m2 ∗1 𝑉2 ) ∗1 (𝑉1 /𝑉2 )) ], since (𝑉2 ∗1 (𝑉1 /𝑉2 )) is a
NT quotient G-module. Thus,
f((k1 #1 (m1 ) ∗1 (k 2 #1 (m2 ) ∗1 𝑉1 ) =( [ k1 #1 (m1 ) ∗1 (k 2 #1 (m2 )] ∗1 𝑉2 ) ∗1 (𝑉1 /𝑉2 )) =
[k1 #1 (m1 ∗1 𝑉2 ) ∗1 (𝑉1 /𝑉2 )) ] ∗1 [k 2 #1 (m2 ∗1 𝑉2 ) ∗1 (𝑉1 /𝑉2 )) ] =
(k1 #1 f(m1 )) ∗1 (k 2 #1 f(m2 )).
iv) We can take f((x*g) ∗1 𝑉1 ) = ((x*g)∗1 𝑉2 ) ∗1 (𝑉1 /𝑉2 )) = [x∗1 𝑉2 ) ∗1 (𝑉1 /𝑉2 ))]*g =
f(x)*g, since (𝑉2 ∗1 ( 𝑉1 /𝑉2 )) is a NT quotient G-module. Thus, f is a NT G-module
homomorphism.
Corollary 4.7: From Theorem 4.6, Let ( V , ∗1 , #1 ) be a NT G-module on NT field

(F, ∗2 , #2 ), (𝑉1 ,∗1 , #1 ) be NT G-submodule of (V,∗1 , #1 ), (𝑉2 ,∗1 , #1 ) be NT G-submodule
of (𝑉1 ,∗1 , #1 ) and (G, *) be a NT group. If there exists a
f: (V,∗1 , #1 )/(𝑉1 ,∗1 , #1 )→ [(V,∗1 , #1 )/ (𝑉2 ,∗1 , #1 )]/ [(𝑉1 ,∗1 , #1 )/ (𝑉2 ,∗1 , #1 )]
mapping such that f is 1-1 and surjection, then
(V,∗1 , #1 )/(𝑉1 ,∗1 , #1 )≅ [(V,∗1 , #1 )/ (𝑉2 ,∗1 , #1 )]/ [(𝑉1 ,∗1 , #1 )/ (𝑉2 ,∗1 , #1 )].
( 𝑉2 , ∗1 , #1 ) be NT G-submodules of ( V , ∗1 , #1 ) and (G, *) be a NT group. If
(𝑣1 *m) ∗1 (𝑣2 *m) = (𝑣1 ∗1 𝑣2 )*m for 𝑣1 ∈ 𝑉1 , 𝑣2 ∈ 𝑉2 and m∈ G then, there exists a
f: (V,∗1 , #1 )/[(𝑉1 ,∗1 , #1 )∩ (𝑉2 ,∗1 , #1 )]→ (𝑉,∗1 , #1 ) /[(𝑉1 ,∗1 , #1 ) ∗1 (𝑉2 ,∗1 , #1 )]
mapping such that f is a NT homomorphism.
Proof:
From Theorem 3.7, (𝑉1 ,∗1 , #1 )∩ (𝑉2 ,∗1 , #1 ) is a NT G- submodule of (V,∗1 , #1 ). Also,
from Theorem 3.8, (𝑉1 ,∗1 , #1 ) ∗1 (𝑉2 ,∗1 , #1 ) is a NT G- submodule of (V,∗1 , #1 ) since
(𝑣1 *m) ∗1 (𝑣2 *m) = (𝑣1 ∗1 𝑣2 )*m for 𝑣1 ∈ 𝑉1 , 𝑣2 ∈ 𝑉2 and m∈ G.
Also, let f: V/(𝑉1 ∩ 𝑉2 )→ V/(𝑉1 ∗1 𝑉2 ) be a mapping such that
f(x∗1 (𝑉1 ∩ 𝑉2 )) = x∗1 (𝑉1 ∗1 𝑉2 ), for x ∈V.
i) We can take
f( 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∗1 [x ∗1 (𝑉1 ∩ 𝑉2 )] ) = 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∗1 x( ∗1 (𝑉1 ∗1 𝑉2 )) = 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∗1 f(x ∗1 (𝑉1 ∩ 𝑉2 ) ) since

V/(𝑉1 ∗1 𝑉2 ) is a NT quotient G-module.
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ii) We can take f(𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖∗1 [x∗1 (𝑉1 ∩ 𝑉2 )]) = 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖∗1 (x∗1 (𝑉1 ∗1 𝑉2 )) = 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖∗1 f(x∗1 (𝑉1 ∩ 𝑉2 ))
since V/(𝑉1 ∗1 𝑉2 ) is a NT quotient G-module.
iii) We can take
f([(k1 #1 (m1 ) ∗1 (k 2 #1 (m2 )] ∗1 (𝑉1 ∩ 𝑉2 )) =([ k1 #1 (m1 ) ∗1 (k 2 #1 (m2 )] ∗1 𝑉2 )=
( [k1 #1 (m1 ∗1 (𝑉1 ∗1 𝑉2 ))] ∗1 [k 2 #1 (m2 ∗1 (𝑉1 ∗1 𝑉2 ))] , since 𝑉/(V ∗1 𝑉2 ) is a NT

quotient G-module. Thus,
f([(k1 #1 (m1 ) ∗1 (k 2 #1 (m2 )] ∗1 (𝑉1 ∩ 𝑉2 )) =([ k1 #1 (m1 ) ∗1 (k 2 #1 (m2 )] ∗1 (𝑉1 ∗1 𝑉2 ))=
( [k1 #1 (m1 ∗1 (𝑉1 ∗1 𝑉2 ))] ∗1 [k 2 #1 (m2 ∗1 (𝑉1 ∗1 𝑉2 ))] =(k1 #1 f(m1 )) ∗1 (k 2 #1 f(m2 )).
iv) We can take f((x*g) ∗1 (𝑉1 ∩ 𝑉2 )) = (x*g)∗1 (𝑉1 ∗1 𝑉2 ))= (x∗1 (𝑉1 ∗1 𝑉2 ))*g = f(x)*g,
since V/(𝑉1 ∗1 𝑉2 ) is a NT quotient G-module. Thus, f is a NT G-module homomorphism.
Corollary 4.9: From Theorem 4.8, Let ( V , ∗1 , #1 ) be a NT G-module on NT field

(F, ∗2 , #2 ), (𝑉1 ,∗1 , #1 ) and (𝑉2 ,∗1 , #1 ) be NT G-submodules of (V,∗1 , #1 ) and (G, *) be a
NT group. If there exists a
f: (V,∗1 , #1 )/[(𝑉1 ,∗1 , #1 )∩ (𝑉2 ,∗1 , #1 )]→ (𝑉,∗1 , #1 ) /[(𝑉1 ,∗1 , #1 ) ∗1 (𝑉2 ,∗1 , #1 )]
mapping such that f is1-1 and surjection, then
(V,∗1 , #1 )/[(𝑉1 ,∗1 , #1 )∩ (𝑉2 ,∗1 , #1 )]≅ (𝑉,∗1 , #1 ) /[(𝑉1 ,∗1 , #1 ) ∗1 (𝑉2 ,∗1 , #1 )].
Conclusions
In this chapter, we obtained NT cosets for NT G-modules and NT quotient G-module.
Also, we gave isomorphism theorems for NT G-modules and we proved these theorems.
Thus, we have added a new structure to NT structure and we gave a rise to a new field or
research called NTPIPS. Also, thanks to NT cosets for NT G-modules and NT quotient
G-module researchers can obtain new structures and properties.
References
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1007/S00521
No: 2, pp. 63-84
10.1103/BAPS.2016.GEC.HT6.110
pp. 697-704
15. M. Bal, M. M. Shalla, N. Olgun (2018) Neutrosophic triplet cosets and quotient groups,
16. M. Şahin, A. Kargın (2018) Çoban M. A., Fixed point theorem for neutrosophic triplet partial
17. M. Şahin, A. Kargın (2018) Neutrosophic triplet v – generalized metric space, Axioms – MDPI
Vol. 7, No: 67
18. M. Çelik, M. M. Shalla, N. Olgun (2018) Fundamental homomorphism theorems for
19. C. W. Curties, Representation theory of finite group and associative algebra, Inc, (1962)
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20. S. Fernandez, Ph.D. thesis “A study of fuzzy G-modules” Mahatma Gandhi University, April-
2004
21. A. K. Sinho and K. Dewangan, Isomorphism Theory for Fuzzy Submodules of G – modules,
International Journal of Engineering, 3 (2013) 852 – 854
22. M. Şahin., N. Olgun, A. Kargın and V. Uluçay, Soft G-Module, ISCCW-2015, Antalya, Turkey
23. P. K. Sharma and S. Chopra, Injectivity of intuitionistic fuzzy G-modules, Annals of Fuzzy
Mathematics and Informatics, (2016), Volume 12, No. 6, pp. 805–823,
24. F. Smarandache, M. Şahin, A. Kargın (2018), Neutrosophic Triplet G- Module, Mathematics –

MDPI Vol. 6 No: 53
25. M. Şahin., N. Olgun, A. Kargın and V. Uluçay (2018) Isomorphism theorems for Soft G-
modules, Afrika Matematika, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13370-018-0621-1
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Chapter Six
Neutrosophic Triplet Lie Algebra
1,2
Abstract
In this chapter, we firstly introduce neutrosophic triplet lie algebra. Furthermore, we give some
definitions and examples for neutrosophic triplet lie algebra. Then, we obtain that neutrosophic
triplet lie algebra is different from classical lie algebra.
Keywords: neutrosophic triplet set, lie algebra, neutrosophic triplet lie algebra
1. Introduction
[3]. Neutrosophic set denoted by (t, i, f) such that “t” is degree of membership, “i” is
have studied neutrosophic sets in [4-9]. Furthermore, Smarandache et al. obtained
NT set is different from the classical set. Furthermore, a NT “x” denoted by
<x, neut(x), anti(x)>. Also, many researchers have introduced NT structures in [12-19].
Sophus Lie introduced lie theory. Since the twentieth century, lie algebras have been used
in many fields, particularly in topology, algebra, differential geometry, representation
theory, harmonic analysis and mathematical physics. Also, many researches have done
many studies related to lie algebra. Recently, Erdmann et al. studied lie algebras in [20],
Cahn introduced semi-simple lie algebras and their representations in [21], Yehia obtained
fuzzy ideals and fuzzy subalgebras of lie algebras in [22], Akram studied fuzzy soft lie
algebras in [23].
In this chapter, we obtain NT lie algebras and we give some definitions and examples for
neutrosophic triplet lie algebra In section 2; we give definitions lie algebra in [20], NT set
in [11], NT group in [11], NT field in [12], and NT vector space in [13]. In section 3, we
introduce NT lie algebras and examples for NT lie algebra. We show that NT lie algebras
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different from classical lie algebras. Also, we show relationship between NT lie algebra
and classical lie algebra. Furthermore, we define NT lie algebra homomorphism, NT lie
subalgebra, NT lie coset and NT lie quotient algebras and we give examples for those
structures. In section 4, we give conclusions.
2. Basic and fundamental concepts

Definition 2.1: [19] Let F be a field and M be a vector space on F. Then the mapping
[.,.]:MxM→M is called lie algebra on M such that
i) [x+𝛼y, z] = [x, z] + 𝛼[y, z] and [x, y+𝛽z] = [x, y] + 𝛽[x, z]; x, y, z ∈ M and 𝛼, 𝛽 ∈ F
(bilinear mapping)
ii) [x, x] = 0
iii) [x, [y, z]] + [y, [z, x]] + [z, [x, y]] = 0 or [x, y], z]] + [y, z], x]] + [z, x], y]] = 0
Definition 2.2: [11] Let # be a binary operation. (X, #) is a NTS such that
Definition 2.3: [11] Let (X, #) be a NTS. Then, X is called a NTG such that
a) For all x, y ∈ X, x*y ∈ X.
b) For all x, y, z ∈ X, (x*y)*z = x*(y*z)
Definition 2.4: [12] Let (X, &, $) be a NTS with two binary operations & and $. Then,
(X, &, $) is called NTF such that
1. (F, &) is a commutative NTG,
2. (F, $) is a NTG,
3. x$(y&z) = (x$y) & (x$z) and (y&z)$x = (y$x) & (z$x) forv every x, y, z ∈ X.
operations “&2 " and “$2 ”. If (V,&2 , $2 ) is satisfied the following conditions, then it is
called a NTVS,
2) (x&2 y)&2 z = x&2 (y&2 z); for every x, y, z ∈ V
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3. Neutrosophic Triplet Lie Algebra

In this paper, we show that neutral element of x according to # binary operation with
𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡# (x) and we show that anti element of x according to # binary operation with
𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖# (x).
Definition 3.1: Let (V,∗1 , #1 ) be a NTVS on NTF (F,∗2 , #2 ). Then the mapping
[.,.]:VxV→V is called a NT lie algebra on (V,∗1 , #1 ) such that
i) [x∗1 (𝛼#1 y), z] = [x, z] ∗1 ( 𝛼#1 [y, z] ) and
[x, y∗1 (𝛽#1 z)] = [x, y]∗1 (𝛽#1 [x, z]); ∀ x, y, z ∈ V and 𝛼, 𝛽 ∈ F (bilinear mapping)
ii) There exists at least an element t = 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∗1 (t) ∈ V such that [x, x] = 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∗1 (t), for each
x ∈ V.
iii) There exists at least an element t = 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∗1 (t) ∈ V such that

[x, [y, z]] ∗1 [y, [z, x]] ∗1 [z, [x, y]] = 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∗1 (t), for each x, y, z ∈ V triplet;
or
[x, y], z]] ∗1 [y, z], x]] ∗1 [z, x], y]] = 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∗1 (t) for each x, y, z ∈ V triplet;
Example 3.2: Let V = {∅, {a}, {b}, {a, b}}. We can take that (V, ∪, ∩) is NTF such that
𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∪ (X) = X,
𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖∪ (X) = Y, Y⊂X (1)
and
𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∩ (X) = X,
𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖∩ (X) = Y, X⊂Y (2)
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Also, (V, ∪, ∩) is NTVS on NTF (V, ∪, ∩) with (1) and (2).
We take the mapping [.,.]:VxV→V such that [A, B] = A∪B. Now show that [A, B] = A∪B
is a NT lie algebra.
i) a)
It is clear that if A = C = D =B or B = ∅, then It is clear that
[A∪ (𝐵 ∩ C), D] = [A, D] ∪ (𝐵 ∩[C, D]). Also,
[∅ ∪ ({a, b} ∩ {a}), {b}] = {a, b} = [∅,{b}] ∪ ({a, b} ∩[{a}, {b}]).
[∅ ∪ ({a} ∩ {a}), {b}] = {a, b} = [∅,{b}] ∪ ({a} ∩[{a}, {b}]).
[∅ ∪ ({ b} ∩ {a}), {b}] = { b} = [∅,{b}] ∪ ({b} ∩[{a}, {b}]).
[{𝑎} ∪ ({a, b} ∩ {a}), {b}] = {a, b} = [{a},{b}] ∪ ({a, b} ∩[{a}, {b}]).
[{𝑏} ∪ ({a, b} ∩ {a}), {b}] = {a, b} = [{b},{b}] ∪ ({a, b} ∩[{a}, {b}]).
[{𝑎, 𝑏} ∪ ({a, b} ∩ {a}), {b}] = {a, b} = [{a, b},{b}] ∪ ({a, b} ∩[{a}, {b}]).
[∅ ∪ ({a, b} ∩ {a}), ∅] = {a} = [∅,∅ ∪ ({a, b} ∩[{a}, ∅]).
[{𝑎} ∪ ({a, b} ∩ {a}), ∅] = {a} = [{a},∅] ∪ ({a, b} ∩[{a}, ∅]).
b) It can be show similarly to a).
ii) [A, A] = A∪A = A = 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡A (A). So, there exists an element A = 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∪ (A) ∈ V such that
[A, A] = 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∪ (A), for each A ∈ V.
iii) [A, [B, C]] ∪ [B, [C, A]] ∪ [C, [A, B]] = A∪B∪C = 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∪ (A∪B∪C). So, there exists
an element A∪B∪C = 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∪ (A∪B∪C) ∈ V such that
[A, [B, C]] ∪ [B, [C, A]] ∪ [C, [A, B]] = 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∪ (A∪B∪C), for each A, B, C ∈ V triplet.
Similarly, there exists an element A∪B∪C = 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∪ (A∪B∪C) ∈ V such that
[A, B], C]] ∪ [B, C], A]] ∪ [C, A], B]] = 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∪ (A∪B∪C), for each A, B, C ∈ V triplet.
Therefore, [A, B] = A∪B is a NT lie algebra on (V, ∪, ∩).
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Corollary 3.3: From Definition 3.1 and Definition 2.1, it is clear that NT lie algebra is
different from classical lie algebra. Because, 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∗1 (t) is different from classical unitary
element and 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∗1 (t) can be more than one.
Corollary 3.4: Let (V, ∗1 , #1 ) be a NTVS on NTF (F, ∗2 , #2 ) and the mapping
[.,.]:VxV→V be a NT lie algebra on (V,∗1 , #1 ). In Definition 3.1, if we take classical
vector space instead of (V,∗1 , #1 ) and we take classical field instead of (F,∗2 , #2 ), then the
mapping [.,.] NT lie algebra satisfies the classical lie algebra’s conditions.
Proof: In classical vector space, it is clear that classical unitary element must be one. So,
in Definition 3.1, 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∗1 (t) must be one and 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∗1 (t) must be equal to classical unitary
element 0. Therefore, [.,.] NT lie algebra satisfies conditions in Definition 2.1.
Theorem 3.5: Let (V,∗1 , #1 ) be a NTVS on NTF (F,∗2 , #2 ), the mapping [.,.]:VxV→V
be a NT lie algebra on (V,∗1 , #1 ) and there be at least an element
[y, x] = 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∗1 ([y, x]) ∈ V such that [x, x] = 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∗1 ([y, x]) for each x, y ∈ V. Then
𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∗1 ([y, x∗1 y]) = 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∗1 ([y, x]) if and only if [x, y] = 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖∗1 [y, x]
Proof:
⇒:We assume that there exists at least an element [y, x] = 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∗1 ([y, x]) ∈ V such that
[x, x] = 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∗1 ([y, x]) for each x, y ∈ V and 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∗1 ([y, x∗1 y]) = 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∗1 ([y, x]). Thus,
𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∗1 ([y, x∗1 y]) = [x∗1 y, x∗1 y]. Also,
𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∗1 ([y, x∗1 y]) = [x, x] ∗1 [x, y] ∗1 [y, x] ∗1 [y, y], since [.,.] is a bilinear mapping.
Therefore,
𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∗1 ([y, x∗1 y]) = [x, y] ∗1 [y, x], since [x, x] = 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∗1 ([y, x]) and [y, y] = 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∗1 ([x, y].
Also,
𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∗1 ([y, x]) = [x, y] ∗1 [y, x], since 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∗1 ([y, x∗1 y]) = 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∗1 ([y, x]).
Thus, from Definition 2.2, [x, y] = 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖∗1 [y, x].
⇐:We assume that there exists at least an element [y, x] = 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∗1 ([y, x]) ∈ V such that
[x, x] = 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∗1 ([y, x]) for each x, y ∈ V and [x, y] = 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖∗1 [y, x]. Then,
𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∗1 ([y, x]) = [x, y] ∗1 [y, x], since [x, y] = 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖∗1 [y, x]. Also,
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𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∗1 ([y, x]) = [x, x] ∗1 [x, y] ∗1 [y, x] ∗1 [y, y],
since [x, x] = 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∗1 ([y, x]) and [y, y] = 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∗1 ([x, y]. Furthermore,
𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∗1 ([y, x]) = [x, x] ∗1 [x, y] ∗1 [y, x] ∗1 [y, y] = [x∗1 y, x∗1 y], since [.,.] is a bilinear
mapping. Thus,
𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∗1 ([y, x]) = 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∗1 ([y, x∗1 y]), since [x, x] = 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∗1 ([y, x]).
Definition 3.6: Let ( 𝑉1 , ∗1 , #1 ) be a NTVS on NTF ( 𝐹1 , ∗2 , #2 ), the mapping

[. , . ]1 : 𝑉1 x𝑉1 → 𝑉1 be a NT lie algebra on (𝑉1 ,∗1 , #1 ) and (𝑉2 ,∗3 , #3 ) be a NTVS on NTF
(𝐹2 ,∗4 , #4 ), the mapping[. , . ]2 : 𝑉2 x𝑉2 → 𝑉2 be a NT lie algebra on (𝑉2 ,∗3 , #3 ). The
mapping 𝜎: 𝑉1 → 𝑉2 is called a NT lie algebra homomorphism such that
𝜎([a, b]1 ) = [𝜎(𝑎), 𝜎(𝑏)]2
Example 3.7: In Example 3.2, for V = {∅, {a}, {b}, {a, b}}. (V, ∪, ∩) is a NTF and NTVS
such that
𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖∪ (X) = Y, Y⊂X (1)
and
𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖∩ (X) = Y, X⊂Y (2)
Also,
the mapping [. , . ]1 :VxV→V, [A, B]1 = A∪B is a NT lie algebra on (V, ∪, ∩).
Now show that [. , . ]2 :VxV→V, [A, B]2 = A∩B is a NT lie algebra on (V, ∪, ∩).
i) a)
[A∪ (𝐵 ∩ C), D]2 = (A∪ (𝐵 ∩ C))∩D = (A∩D)∪(A∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐷) = [A, D]2 ∪ (𝐵 ∩[C, D]2).
ii) [A, A]2 = A∩A = A = 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡A (A). So, there exists an element A = 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∪ (A) ∈ V such
that [A, A]2 = 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∪ (A), for each A ∈ V.
iii) [A, [B, C]2]2 ∪ [B, [C, A]2]2 ∪ [C, [A, B]2]2 = A∩B∩C = 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∪ (A∩B∩C). So, there
exists an element A∩B∩C = 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∪ (A∩B∩C) ∈ V such that
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[A, [B, C]2]2 ∪ [B, [C, A]2]2 ∪ [C, [A, B]2]2 = 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∪ (A∩B∩C), for each A, B, C ∈ V
triplet. Similarly, there exists an element A∩B∩C = 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∪ (A∩B∩C) ∈ V such that
[A, B], C]2 ∪ [B, C]2, A]2 ∪ [C, A]2, B]2 = 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∪ (A∩B∩C), for each A, B, C ∈ V triplet.
Therefore, [A, B]2 = A∩B is a NT lie algebra on (V, ∪, ∩).
Also, let 𝜎: V → 𝑉, 𝜑(𝐴) = 𝐴′ (𝐴′ is complement of A) be a mapping. Now we show that
𝜎([A, B]1 ) = [𝜎(𝐴), 𝜎(𝐵)]2 .
𝜎([A, B]1 ) = 𝜎(A∪B) = (A ∪ B)′ = 𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵′ = [𝐴, 𝐵]2 = [𝜎(𝐴), 𝜎(𝐵)]2 . Thus, 𝜎(𝐴) = 𝐴′ is a
NT lie algebra homomorphism.
Definition 3.8: Let (V,∗1 , #1 ) be a NTVS on NTF (F,∗2 , #2 ), the mapping [.,.]:VxV→V
be a NT lie algebra on (V,∗1 , #1 ) and (S,∗1 , #1 ) be a subvector space of (V,∗1 , #1 ). If for
∀ x, y ∈ S, [x, y] ∈ S, then (S,∗1 , #1 ) is called NT lie subalgebra of (V,∗1 , #1 ).
Example 3.9: In Example 3.2, for V = {∅, {a}, {b}, {a, b}}. (V, ∪, ∩) is a NTF and NTVS
such that
𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖∪ (X) = Y, Y⊂X (1)
and
𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖∩ (X) = Y, X⊂Y (2)
Also,
the mapping [. , . ]1 :VxV→V, [A, B]1 = A∪B is a NT lie algebra on (V, ∪, ∩).
We take S = {∅, {a}}⊂ V. İt is clear that (S, ∪, ∩) is a subvector space of (V, ∪, ∩). Also,
for ∀ A, B ∈ S, [A, B]1 = A∪B ∈ S. Thus, (S, ∪, ∩) is a NT lie subalgebra of (V, ∪, ∩).
be a NT lie algebra on (V,∗1 , #1 ) and (S,∗1 , #1 ) be a subvector space of (V,∗1 , #1 ). If for
∀ x ∈ V and y ∈ S, [x, y] ∈ S, then (S,∗1 , #1 ) is called NT lie ideal of (V,∗1 , #1 ).
Example 3.11: In Example 3.7, for V = {∅, {a}, {b}, {a, b}}. (V, ∪, ∩) is a NTF and
NTVS such that
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𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖∪ (X) = Y, Y⊂X (1)
and
𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖∩ (X) = Y, X⊂Y (2)
Also,
the mapping [. , . ]2 :VxV→V, [A, B]2 = A∩B is a NT lie algebra on (V, ∪, ∩).
We take S = {∅, {a}}⊂ V. İt is clear that (S, ∪, ∩) is a subvector space of (V, ∪, ∩). Also,
for ∀ A ∈ S and B ∈ V, [A, B]1 = A∩B ∈ S. Thus, (S, ∪, ∩) is a NT lie ideal of (V, ∪, ∩).
be a NT lie algebra on (V,∗1 , #1 ) and (S,∗1 , #1 ) be a NT lie ideal of (V,∗1 , #1 ). Then V/S
= {x∗1 S: x∈V} is called NT lie quotient algebra of (V,∗1 , #1 ). Also, x∗1 S is called NT lie
coset
and
(x∗1 S) ∗1 (y∗1 S) = (x∗1 y)∗1 S, x, y ∈ V;
𝛼#1 (x∗1 S) = (𝛼#1 x)∗1 S;
[x∗1 S, y∗1 S] = [x, y] ∗1 S.
Example 3.13: In Example 3.11,
for V = {∅, {a}, {b}, {a, b}} and S = {∅, {a}}, (S, ∪, ∩) is a NT lie ideal of (V, ∪, ∩).
Also,
V/S = {A∪S: A∈V} = {∅ ∪S, {a}∪S, {b}∪S, {a, b}∪S}.
Theorem 3.14: Let (V,∗1 , #1 ) be a NTVS on NTF (F,∗2 , #2 ), the mapping [.,.]:VxV→V
be a NT lie algebra on (V,∗1 , #1 ) and V/S = {x∗1 S: x∈V} be a NT lie quotient algebra of
(V,∗1 , #1 ). Then, [.,.] is a NT lie algebra on V/S = {x∗1 S: x∈V} with
(x∗1 S) ∗1 (y∗1 S) = (x∗1 y)∗1 S, x, y ∈ V;
𝛼#1 (x∗1 S) = (𝛼#1 x)∗1 S, 𝛼 ∈ F and x ∈ V;
[x∗1 S, y∗1 S] = [x, y] ∗1 S, x, y ∈ V.
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Proof: It is clear that (V/S,∗1 , #1 ) is a NTVS on NTF (F,∗2 , #2 ) with
(x∗1 S) ∗1 (y∗1 S) = (x∗1 y)∗1 S, x, y ∈ V; and 𝛼#1 (x∗1 S) = (𝛼#1 x)∗1 S, 𝛼 ∈ F; x ∈ V. Also,
i)
a) [(x∗1 𝑆) ∗1 (𝛼#1 (y∗1 S)), z∗1 𝑆] =
[𝛼#1 (𝑥 ∗1 y∗1 ) ∗1 S, z∗1 𝑆] =
[𝛼#1 (𝑥 ∗1 y∗1 ) , z] ∗1 S =
([x, z] ∗1 ( 𝛼#1 [y, z] )) ∗1 S =
([x, z] ∗1 ( 𝛼#1 [y, z] )) ∗1 S =
([x, z] ∗1 S) ∗1 ( 𝛼#1 [y, z] ) ∗1 S) =
([x∗1 S, z∗1 S]) ∗1 ( 𝛼#1 [y∗1 S, z∗1 S] ).
ii) [x∗1 S, x∗1 S] = [x, x] ∗1 S = 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∗1 (t) ∗1 S since [.,.] is a NT lie algebra on (V,∗1 , #1 ).
Thus, there exists at least an element t∗1 S = 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∗1 (t) ∗1 S ∈ V/S such that [x∗1 S, x∗1 S] =
[x, x] ∗1 S = 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∗1 (t) ∗1 S, for each x∗1 S ∈ V/S.
iii) [x∗1 S, [y∗1 S, z∗1 S]] ∗1 [y∗1 S, [z∗1 S, x∗1 S]] ∗1 [z∗1 S, [x∗1 S, y∗1 S]] =
[x∗1 S, [y, z] ∗1 S] ∗1 [y∗1 S, [z, x] ∗1 S] ∗1 [z∗1 S, [x, y] ∗1 S] =
([x, [y, z] ] ∗1 S) ∗1 ([y, [z, x]] ∗1 S )∗1 ([z, [x, y]] ∗1 S) =
([y, z]] ∗1 [y, [z, x]] ∗1 [z, [x, y]]) ∗1 S = 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∗1 (t) ∗1 S.
Thus, there exists at least an element t ∗1 S = 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∗1 (t) ∗1 S ∈ V/S such that
[x∗1 S, [y∗1 S, z∗1 S]] ∗1 [y∗1 S, [z∗1 S, x∗1 S]] ∗1 [z∗1 S, [x∗1 S, y∗1 S]] = 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∗1 (t) ∗1 S, for
each x∗1 S, y∗1 S, z∗1 S ∈ V/S.
Similarly, there exists at least an element t ∗1 S = 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∗1 (t) ∗1 S ∈ V/S such that
[x∗1 S, y∗1 S], z∗1 S]] ∗1 [y∗1 S, z∗1 S], x∗1 S]] ∗1 [z∗1 S, x∗1 S], y∗1 S]] = 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡∗1 (t) ∗1 S for
each x, y, z ∈ V. Therefore, [.,.] is a NT lie algebra on V/S = {x∗1 S: x∈V}.
4. Conclusions
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In this paper, we obtained NT lie algebra. Also, we defined NT lie algebra homomorphism,
NT lie subalgebra, NT lie coset and NT lie ideal. Thus, we have added a new structure to
NT structure and we gave rise to a new field or research called NT lie algebra. Also, thanks
to NT lie algebras and their properties, researchers can obtain isomorphism theorems for
NT lie algebras, NT lie groups, representation of NT lie algebras, NT simple lie algebras,
NT free lie algebra.
Abbreviation
NTG: Neutrosophic triplet group
NTF: Neutrosophic triplet field
NTVS: Neutrosophic triplet vector space
References
1007/S00521
No: 2, pp. 63-84
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10.1103/BAPS.2016.GEC.HT6.110
13. M. Şahin and A. Kargın (2017) Neutrosophic triplet normed space, Open Physics, Vol. 15, pp.
697-704
15. M. Bal, M. M. Shalla, N. Olgun (2018) Neutrosophic triplet cosets and quotient groups,
16. M. Şahin, A. Kargın (2018) Çoban M. A., Fixed point theorem for neutrosophic triplet partial
17. M. Şahin, A. Kargın (2018) Neutrosophic triplet v – generalized metric space, Axioms – MDPI
Vol. 7, No: 67
18. M. Çelik, M. M. Shalla, N. Olgun (2018) Fundamental homomorphism theorems for
19. F. Smarandache, M. Şahin, A. Kargın (2018), Neutrosophic Triplet G- Module, Mathematics –
MDPI Vol. 6 No: 53
20. K. Erdmann, M. J. Wildon (2006) Introduction to lie algebra, Springer Science & Business
Media
21. R. N. Cahn (2014) Semi-simple lie algebras and their representations, Courier Corporation
22. S. E. B. Yehia (1996) Fuzzy ideals and fuzzy subalgebras of lie algebras, Fuzzy Sets and
Systems, Vol. 80 (2), 237-244
23. M. Akram (2018) Fuzzy soft lie algebras, Fuzzy Lie Algebras-Springer, 221-247
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Chapter Seven
Neutrosophic Triplet b - Metric Space
1, 2, *
Abstract
In this chapter, we firstly obtain neutrosophic triplet b- metric space. Also, we give some
definitions and examples for neutrosophic triplet b - metric space. Furthermore, we obtain some
properties and we prove these properties. Also, we show that neutrosophic triplet b - metric space is
different from classical b - metric space and neutrosophic triplet metric space.
Keywords: neutrosophic triplet sets, neutrosophic triplet metric spaces, b - metric space,
neutrosophic triplet b - metric spaces
1. Introduction
[3]. Neutrosophic set is showed by (t, i, f) such that “t” is degree of membership, “i” is
have studied neutrosophic sets in [4-9]. Furthermore, Smarandache and Ali obtained
NT set is different from the classical set. Furthermore, a NT “x” is showed by
<x, neut(x), anti(x)>. Also, many researchers have introduced NT structures in [12-20].
Bakhtin obtained b - metric spaces in [21]. The b - metric is generalized of classical metric
space. b - metric space is used mostly for fixed point theory. Also, researchers studied
partial metric space in [22-27]. Recently, Alqahtani et al. studied Fisher – type fixed point
results in b – metric spaces in [28] and Oawaqneh et al. obtained fixed point theorems for
(a, k, ) – contractive multi – valued mapping in b – metric space and applications.
In this chapter, we obtain NT b - metric space. In section 2; we give definitions of

b - metric space in [21], NT set in [11], NT metric space in [13]. In section 3, we introduce
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NT b - metric space and we give some properties and examples for NT b - metric space.
Also, we show that NT b - metric space is different from the classical b - metric space and
NT metric space. Furthermore, we show relationship between NT metric spaces and NT
partial metric spaces with NT b - metric space. Also, we give definition of convergent
sequence, Cauchy sequence and complete space for NT partial v-generalized metric space.
In section 4, we give conclusions.

Definition 2.1: [21] Let N be a nonempty set and 𝑑𝑏 :NxN→ ℝ be a function. If d is
satisfied the following properties, then (N, 𝑑𝑏 ) is called a b - metric space.
For n, m, 𝑐1 , 𝑐2 , … , 𝑐𝑣 ∈ N,
i) 𝑑𝑏 (n, m) ≥ 0 and 𝑑𝑏 (n, m) = 0 ⇔ n = m;
ii) 𝑑𝑏 (n, m)= 𝑑𝑏 (m, n);
iii) 𝑑𝑏 (n, m) ≤ k.[ 𝑑𝑏 (n,k)+ 𝑑𝑏 (k, m)], k ∈ ℝ+ such that k ≥ 1
Definition 2.2: [11] Let # be a binary operation. (X, #) is a NT set (NTS) such

Definition 2.3: [13] A NT metric on a NTS (N, *) is a function d:NxN→ ℝ such for every
n, m, s ∈ N,
i) n * m ∈ N
ii) d(n, m) ≥ 0
iii) If n = m, then d(n, m) = 0
iv) d(n, m) = d(n, m)
v) If there exists at least an element s ∊ N for n, m ∈ N pair such that
d(n, m) ≤ d(n, m*neut(s)), then d(n, m*neut(s)) ≤ d(n, s)+ 𝑑 𝑇 (s, n).
Definition 2.4: [17] Let (A, #) be a NTS and m#n ∊ A, ⩝ m, n ∊ A. NT partial metric
(NTPM) is a map 𝑝𝑁 : A x A → ℝ+ ∪{0} such that ⩝ m, n, k ∈ A
i) 𝑝𝑁 (m, n) ≥ 𝑝𝑁 (n, n)≥0
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ii) If 𝑝𝑁 (m, m) = 𝑝𝑁 (m, n) = 𝑝𝑁 (n, n) = 0, then there exits any m, n ∈ A pair such that
m = n.
iii) 𝑝𝑁 (m, n) = 𝑝𝑁 (n, m)
iv) If there exists at least an element n∊A for each m, n ∈A pair such that
𝑝𝑁 (m, k) ≤ 𝑝𝑁 (m, k#neut(n)), then 𝑝𝑁 (m, k#neut(n)) ≤ 𝑝𝑁 (m, n) + 𝑝𝑁 (n, k) - 𝑝𝑁 (n, n).
Also, ((A, #), 𝑝𝑁 ) is called NTPM space (NTPMS).
3. Neutrosophic Triplet b - Metric Space

Definition 3.1: Let (N, *) be a NTS. A NT b – metric (NTBM) on N is a function such that
𝑑𝑏 :NxN→ ℝ such every n, m, 𝑡 ∈ N;
i) n*m ∈ N,
ii) If n = m, then 𝑑𝑏 (m, n) = 0 and 𝑑𝑏 (n, m) ≥ 0.
iii) 𝑑𝑏 (n, m) = 𝑑𝑏 (m, n),
iv) If there exists at least an element s ∊ N for each n, m ∈ N pair such that
𝑑𝑏 (n, m) ≤ 𝑑𝑏 (n, m*neut(s)), then
𝑑𝑏 (n, m*neut(s)) ≤ k.[𝑑𝑏 (n, s) + 𝑑𝑏 (s, n)]. Where, k ≥ 1 and k ∈ ℝ.
Furthermore, ((N, *), 𝑑𝑏 ) is called NTBM space (NTBMS).
Also, if we take k = 2, then NTBMS is showed that NT2MS.
Example 3.2: Let N = {0, 2, 3, 4} be a set. (N, .) is a NTS under multiplication module 12
in (ℤ6 , .). Also, NT are (0, 0, 0), (2, 2, 2), (3, 3, 3), (4, 4, 4) and (2, 4, 2).
Then we take that 𝑑𝑏 : NxN→N is a function such that 𝑑𝑏 (k, m)=| 2k − 2m |.
Now we show that 𝑑𝑏 is a NTBM.
i) It is clear that k.m ∈ N, for every k, m ∈ N.
ii) If k = m, then 𝑑𝑏 (k, m)=| 2k − 2m | = | 2k − 2k | = 0. Also, 𝑑𝑏 (k, m)=| 2k − 2m | ≥ 0.
iii) 𝑑𝑏 (k, m) =| 2k − 2m | =| 2m − 2k | = 𝑑𝑏 (m, k).
iv)
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* It is clear that 𝑑𝑏 (0, 0) ≤ 𝑑𝑏 (0, 0.0) = 𝑑𝑏 (0, 0). Also, 𝑑𝑏 (0, 0) = 0. Thus,
𝑑𝑏 (0, 0) ≤ 2.[𝑑𝑏 (0, 0) + 𝑑𝑏 (0, 0)].
* It is clear that 𝑑𝑏 (0, 3) ≤ 𝑑𝑏 (0, 3.3) = 𝑑𝑏 (0, 3). Also, 𝑑𝑏 (0, 3) = 7 and 𝑑𝑏 (3, 3) = 0. Thus,
𝑑𝑏 (0, 3) ≤ 2.[𝑑𝑏 (0, 3) + 𝑑𝑏 (3, 3)].
* It is clear that 𝑑𝑏 (0, 2) ≤ 𝑑𝑏 (0, 2.4) = 𝑑𝑏 (0, 2). Also, 𝑑𝑏 (0, 2) = 3, 𝑑𝑏 (0, 4) = 15 and
𝑑𝑏 (2, 4) = 12. Thus,
𝑑𝑏 (0, 2) ≤ 2.[𝑑𝑏 (0, 4) + 𝑑𝑏 (4, 2)].
* It is clear that 𝑑𝑏 (0, 4) ≤ 𝑑𝑏 (0, 4.4) = 𝑑𝑏 (0, 4). Also, 𝑑𝑏 (0, 4) = 15 and 𝑑𝑏 (4, 4) = 0.
Thus,
𝑑𝑏 (0, 4) ≤ 2.[𝑑𝑏 (0, 4) + 𝑑𝑏 (4, 4)].
𝑑𝑏 (3, 3) = 0. Thus,
𝑑𝑏 (3, 3) ≤ 2.[𝑑𝑏 (3, 2) + 𝑑𝑏 (2, 3)].
𝑑𝑏 (2, 2) ≤ 2.[𝑑𝑏 (2, 3) + 𝑑𝑏 (3, 2)].
Thus,
𝑑𝑏 (4, 4) ≤ 2.[𝑑𝑏 (4, 2) + 𝑑𝑏 (2, 4)].
𝑑𝑏 (3, 3) = 0. Thus,
𝑑𝑏 (3, 2) ≤ 2.[𝑑𝑏 (3, 3) + 𝑑𝑏 (3, 2)].
𝑑𝑏 (4, 4) = 0. Thus,
𝑑𝑏 (3, 4) ≤ 2.[𝑑𝑏 (3, 4) + 𝑑𝑏 (4, 4)].
* It is clear that 𝑑𝑏 (4, 2) ≤ 𝑑𝑏 (4, 2.3) = 𝑑𝑏 (4, 0). Also, 𝑑𝑏 (4, 0) = 15, 𝑑𝑏 (3, 4) = 8,
𝑑𝑏 (3, 2) = 4 and 𝑑𝑏 (4, 2) = 12. Thus,
𝑑𝑏 (4, 2) ≤ 2.[𝑑𝑏 (4, 3) + 𝑑𝑏 (3, 2)].
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Therefore, ((N, .), 𝑑𝑏 ) is A NT2MS.
Corollary 3.3: NTBMS is different from the classical metric space since for triangle
inequality and * binary operation.
Corollary 3.4: NTBMS is different from NTMS since for triangle inequality.
Corollary 3.5: In Definition 3.1, if we take k = 1, then each NTBMS is a NTMS.
Corollary 3.6: From Corollary 3.5, we can define a NTBMS with each NTMS.
Corollary 3.7: From Corollary 3.6, each NTMS satisfies all properties of NTBMS.
Example 3.8: In Example 3.2, ((N, .), 𝑑𝑏 ) is a NT2MS. Now we show that ((N, .), 𝑑𝑏 ) is a
NTMS.
It is clear that ((N, .), 𝑑𝑏 ) satisfies conditions i, ii, iii, iv in Definition 2.3.
v)
* It is clear that 𝑑𝑏 (0, 0) ≤ 𝑑𝑏 (0, 0.0) = 𝑑𝑏 (0, 0). Also, 𝑑𝑏 (0, 0) = 0. Thus,
𝑑𝑏 (0, 0) ≤ 𝑑𝑏 (0, 0) + 𝑑𝑏 (0, 0).
𝑑𝑏 (0, 3) ≤ 𝑑𝑏 (0, 3) + 𝑑𝑏 (3, 3).
𝑑𝑏 (2, 4) = 12. Thus,
𝑑𝑏 (0, 2) ≤ 𝑑𝑏 (0, 4) + 𝑑𝑏 (4, 2).
Thus,
𝑑𝑏 (0, 4) ≤ 𝑑𝑏 (0, 4) + 𝑑𝑏 (4, 4).
𝑑𝑏 (3, 3) = 0. Thus,
𝑑𝑏 (3, 3) ≤ 𝑑𝑏 (3, 2) + 𝑑𝑏 (2, 3).
𝑑𝑏 (2, 2) ≤ 𝑑𝑏 (2, 3) + 𝑑𝑏 (3, 2).
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Thus,
𝑑𝑏 (4, 4) ≤ 𝑑𝑏 (4, 2) + 𝑑𝑏 (2, 4).
𝑑𝑏 (3, 3) = 0. Thus,
𝑑𝑏 (3, 2) ≤ 𝑑𝑏 (3, 3) + 𝑑𝑏 (3, 2).
𝑑𝑏 (4, 4) = 0. Thus,
𝑑𝑏 (3, 4) ≤ 𝑑𝑏 (3, 4) + 𝑑𝑏 (4, 4).
* It is clear that 𝑑𝑏 (4, 2) ≤ 𝑑𝑏 (4, 2.3) = 𝑑𝑏 (4, 0). Also, 𝑑𝑏 (4, 0) = 15, 𝑑𝑏 (3, 4) = 8,
𝑑𝑏 (3, 2) = 4 and 𝑑𝑏 (4, 2) = 12. Thus,
𝑑𝑏 (4, 2) ≤ 𝑑𝑏 (4, 3) + 𝑑𝑏 (3, 2).
Therefore, ((N, .), 𝑑𝑏 ) is A NTMS.
Theorem 3.9: Let ((N, #), 𝑑𝑏 ) be a NTBMS. If the following condition is satisfied, then
((N, #), 𝑑𝑏 ) is a NTPMS.
If 𝑑𝑏 (m, n) = 0, then
there exits any m, n ∈ A pair such that m = n. (1)
Proof: We show that ((N, #), 𝑑𝑏 ) satisfies conditions of NTPMS. From Definition 2.4,
i) From Definition 3.1, it is clear that n#m ∈ N, for every n, m ∈ N.
ii) It is clear that 𝑑𝑏 (m, n) ≥ 𝑑𝑏 (n, n)≥0. Because, from Definition 3.1, 𝑑𝑏 (n, n) = 0.
iii) From Definition 3.1, 𝑑𝑏 (n, n) = 𝑑𝑏 (m, m) =0. Also, from (1), if 𝑑𝑏 (m, n) = 0, then
m = n. Thus, Thus, if 𝑑𝑏 (m, m) = 𝑑𝑏 (m, n) = 𝑑𝑏 (n, n) = 0, then there exits any m, n ∈ A
pair such that m = n.
iv) From Definition 3.1, 𝑑𝑏 (m, n) = 𝑑𝑏 (n, m)
v) From Definition 3.1, if there exists at least an element s ∊ N for each n, m ∈ N pair such
that 𝑑𝑏 (n, m) ≤ 𝑑𝑏 (n, m*neut(s)), then 𝑑𝑏 (n, m*neut(s)) ≤ k.[𝑑𝑏 (n, s) + 𝑑𝑏 (s, n)]. Where,
k ≥ 1 and k ∈ ℝ. Thus, we can take 𝑑𝑏 (n, m*neut(s)) ≤ 𝑑𝑏 (n, s) + 𝑑𝑏 (s, n). Because k ≥ 1
and k ∈ ℝ. Also, we can take
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𝑑𝑏 (n, m*neut(s)) ≤ 𝑑𝑏 (n, s) + 𝑑𝑏 (s, n) - 𝑑𝑏 (n, n) since 𝑑𝑏 (n, n) = 0.
Therefore, ((N, #), 𝑑𝑏 ) is a NTPMS.

𝑑𝑏 (𝑎,𝑏)
Theorem 3.10: Let ((N, #), 𝑑𝑏 ) be a NTBMS. Then, d(a, b) = is a NTBMS.
𝑑𝑏 (𝑎,𝑏)+1
Proof:
i) It is clear that a#b ∈ N.
ii) If a = b, then 𝑑𝑏 (a, b) = 0. Because ((N, #), 𝑑𝑏 ) be a NTBMS. Thus,

𝑑𝑏 (𝑎,𝑏) 0 𝑑𝑏 (𝑎,𝑏)
if a =b, d(a, b) = = = 0. Also, d(a, b) = ≥ 0.
𝑑𝑏 (𝑎,𝑏)+1 0+1 𝑑𝑏 (𝑎,𝑏)+1
iii) 𝑑𝑏 (a, b) = 𝑑𝑏 (b, a), since ((N, #), 𝑑𝑏 ) be a NTBMS. Thus,

𝑑𝑏 (𝑎,𝑏) 𝑑𝑏 (𝑏,𝑎)
d(a, b) = = = d(b, a).
𝑑𝑏 (𝑎,𝑏)+1 𝑑𝑏 (𝑏,𝑎)+1
iv) If there exists at least an element c ∊ N for each a, b ∈ N pair such that 𝑑𝑏 (a, b) ≤ 𝑑𝑏 (a,
b*neut(c)), then
𝑑𝑏 (a, b*neut(c)) ≤
k.[𝑑𝑏 (a, c) + 𝑑𝑏 (c, b)], since ((N, #), 𝑑𝑏 ) be a NTBMS. Where, k ≥ 1 and k ∈ ℝ. (2)
Thus, if there exists at least an element c ∊ N for a, b ∈ N pair such that 𝑑𝑏 (a, b) ≤ 𝑑𝑏 (a,
b*neut(c)), then
𝑑𝑏 (𝑎,𝑏) k.[𝑑𝑏 (a,c) + 𝑑𝑏 (c,b)] k.𝑑𝑏 (a,c) k.𝑑𝑏 (c,b)
d(a, b) = ≤ = +
𝑑𝑏 (𝑎,𝑏)+1 k.[𝑑𝑏 (a,c) + 𝑑𝑏 (c,b)]+1 k.[𝑑𝑏 (a,c) + 𝑑𝑏 (c,b)]+1 k.[𝑑𝑏 (a,c) + 𝑑𝑏 (c,b)]+1
k.𝑑𝑏 (a,c) k.𝑑𝑏 (c,b)

≤ + = k.[d(a, c)+d(c, b)]. Because, k ≥ 1, k ∈ ℝ and (2).
𝑑𝑏 (a,c) +1 𝑑𝑏 (c,b)+1
𝑑𝑏 (𝑎,𝑏)
Thus, d(a, b) = is a NTBMS.
𝑑𝑏 (𝑎,𝑏)+1
Definition 3.11: Let ((N, #), 𝑑𝑏 ) be a NTBMS and {𝑥𝑛 } be a sequence in NTBMS and m
∊ N. If there exist k ∊ ℕ for every ε>0 such that
𝑑𝑏 (m, {𝑥𝑛 }) < ε
then {𝑥𝑛 } converges to m. where n ≥ k. Also, it is showed that
lim 𝑥𝑛 = m or 𝑥𝑛 → m.
𝑛→∞
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Definition 3.12: Let ((N, #), 𝑑𝑏 ) be a NTBMS and {𝑥𝑛 } be a sequence in NTBMS. If there
exist a k ∊ ℕ for every ε>0 such that
𝑑𝑏 ({𝑥𝑚 }, {𝑥𝑛 })< ε
then {𝑥𝑛 } is a Cauchy sequence in NTBMS. Where, n ≥m≥k.
Definition 3.13: Let ((N, #), 𝑑𝑏 ) be a NTBMS and { 𝑥𝑛 } be a Cauchy sequence in

NTBMS. NTBMS is called complete ⇔ every {𝑥𝑛 } converges in NTBMS.
Conclusions
In this chapter, we obtained NTBMS. We also show that NTBMS is different from the
NTMS and classical b - metrics. Also, we gave some properties for NTBMS. Thus, we
have added a new structure to NT structure and we gave rise to a new field or research
called NTBMS. Also, thanks to NTBMS researcher can obtain new structure and
properties. For example, NT partial b – metric space, NT v – generalized b – metric, NT
partial v – generalized b – metric NT b - normed space, NT b inner product space and NT
fixed point theorems for NTBMS.
Abbreviations
NTM: Neutrosophic triplet metric
NTMS: Neutrosophic triplet metric space
NTPMS: Neutrosophic triplet partial metric space
NTBM: Neutrosophic triplet b – metric
NTBMS: Neutrosophic triplet b – metric space
References
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3 . T. K. Atanassov (1986),Intuitionistic fuzzy sets, Fuzzy Sets Syst,Vol. 20, pp. 87–96
1007/S00521
No: 2, pp. 63-84
10.1103/BAPS.2016.GEC.HT6.110
pp. 697-704
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21. Bakhtin, I. A., (1989) The contraction mapping principle in quasimetric spaces, Funct. Anal.
Unianowsk Gos. Ped. Inst. Vol 30, pp. 26 - 37
22. Czerwik S. (1993) Contraction mappings in b – metric spaces, Acta. Math. Inf. Univ.
Ostraviensis, Vol. 1, pp. 5 – 11
23. Czerwik S. (1998) Nonlinear set – valued contraction mappings in b – metric spaces, Atti.
Sem. Mat. Fis. Univ. Modena Vol. 46 No: 2 pp. 263 – 276
24. Boriceaanu, M. (2009) Fixed point theory for multivalued generalized contraction on a set with
two b – metric, Studia Uni. Babes – Bolyai Math. No: 3
pp. 1 – 14
25. Czerwik S., Dlutek K., Singh S. L. (1997) Round – off stability of iteration procedures for
operators in b – metric space, J. Nature. Phys. Sci. Vol. 11,
pp 87 – 94
26. Aydi H., Bota M., F., Karapinar E., Mitrovic S. (2012) A fixed point theorem for set – valued
quasicontractions in b – metric space, Fixed Point Theory Appl. Vol. 88
27. Nadaban S., (2016) Fuzzy b – metric spaces, Int. Jour. Of Comp. Com. & Cont., Vol. 11, No: 2
28. Alqahtani B., Fulga A., Karapınar E., Öztürk A. (2019) Fisher – type fixed point results in b –
metric spaces, Mathematics – MDPI, Vol. 7, No: 102
29. Qawaqneh H., Noorani M. S. M., Shatanawi W. (2019) Fixed point theorems for (a, k, ) –
contractive multi – valued mapping in b – metric space and applications, Int. J. Math. Comput. Sci.
Vol. 14, pp. 263 – 283
88
SECTION TWO
Decision Making
Editors:
Chapter Eight
Multiple Criteria Decision Making in Architecture
Based on Q-Neutrosophic Soft Expert Multiset
Derya BAKBAK, 2,*Vakkas ULUÇAY
1
1
TBMM Public relations building 2nd Floor, B206 room Ministries, Ankara06543-Turkey;
2
Köklüce neighbourhood, Araban, Gaziantep27310-Turkey
E-mail: derya.bakbak@tbmm.gov.tr,
* Correspondence: vulucay27@gmail.com
Abstract: We will extend this further by presenting a novel concept of Q-neutrosophic soft expert multiset,
and define the associated related concepts and basic operations of subset, intersection, union, complement,
OR and AND along with illustrative examples, and study some related properties with supporting proofs.
Then, we construct an algorithm based on this concept. We illustrate the feasibility of the new method by an
example in architecture. Finally, a comparison of the proposed method to existing methods is furnished to
verify the effectiveness of our novel concept.
Keywords: Decision making; Neutrosophic soft expert sets; Neutrosophic soft expert multiset; Q-fuzzy set,
architecture.
1. Introduction
In general evaluation, architectural practice is an area where personal opinion is

intense, and the judgments reached as a result of the perceptions and reactions that occur
during design are shaped according to individual emotions and thoughts. In this respect, it
is very important that the model to help the decision making process be effective in
expressing the human dimension and uncertainties in the evaluation of the designs obtained
after the architectural design process. Intuitionistic fuzzy sets were introduced by
Atanassov [1], followed by Molodtsov [2] on soft set and neutrosophy logic [3] and
neutrosophic sets [4] by Smarandache. The term neutrosophy means knowledge of neutral
thought and this neutral represents the main distinction between fuzzy and intuitionistic
fuzzy logic and set. Presently, work on soft set theory is progressing rapidly. Various
operations and applications of soft sets were developed rapidly including multi-adjoint t-
concept lattices[5], signatures: definitions, operators and applications to fuzzy modelling
[6], fuzzy inference system optimized by genetic algorithm for robust face and pose
detection [7], fuzzy multi-objective modeling of effectiveness and user experience in
online advertising [8], possibility fuzzy soft set [9], soft multiset theory [10],
multiparameterized soft set [11], soft intuitionistic fuzzy sets [12], Q-fuzzy soft sets [13–
15], and multi Q-fuzzy sets [16–18], thereby opening avenues to many applications [19,
20]. Later, Maji [21] introduced a more generalized concept, which is a combination of
neutrosophic sets and soft sets and studied its properties. Alkhazaleh and Salleh [22]
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defined the concept of fuzzy soft expert set, which were later extended to vague soft expert
set theory [23], generalized vague soft expert set [24] and multi Q-fuzzy soft expert set
[25]. Şahin et al. [26] introduced neutrosophic soft expert sets, while Hassan et al. [27]
extended it further to Q-neutrosophic soft expert set, Broumi et al. [28] defined
neutrosophic parametrized soft set theory and its decision making, Deli [29] introduced
refined neutrosophic sets and refined neutrosophic soft sets.
Since membership values are inadequate for providing complete informationin some real
problems which has different membership values for each element, different generalization
of fuzzy sets, intuitionistic fuzzy sets and neutrosophic sets have been introduced is called
multi fuzzy set [30], intuitionistic fuzzy multiset [31] and neutrosophic multiset [32,33],
respectively. In the multisets an element of a universe can be constructed more than once
with possibly the same or different membership values. Some work on the multi fuzzy set
[34,35], on intuitionistic fuzzy multiset [36-39] and on neutrosophic multiset [40-43] have
been studied. The above set theories have been applied to many different areas including
real decision making problems [44-52]. The aim of this paper, besides the objective
evaluation, a decision making model that can be effective in expressing the subjective
evaluations within the structure of architecture (mass, spatial, semantic, form and
experience) has been developed.
Finally, we apply this new concept to solve a decision-making problem in architecture and
compare it with other existing methods.
2. Preliminaries
In this section we review the basic definitions of a neutrosophic set, neutrosophic soft
expert multiset, neutrosophic soft expert sets, Q-neutrosophic soft expert sets required as
preliminaries.
Definition 2.1 ([4]) A neutrosophic set 𝐴 on the universe of discourse 𝒰 is defined as 𝐴 =

{< 𝑢, ( 𝜇𝐴 (𝑢), 𝑣𝐴 (𝑢), 𝑤𝐴 (𝑢)) > : 𝑢 ∈ 𝑈, 𝜇𝐴 (𝑢), 𝑣𝐴 (𝑢), 𝑤𝐴 (𝑢) ∈ [0, 1]}. There is no
restriction on the sum of 𝜇𝐴 (u); 𝑣𝐴 (u) and 𝑤𝐴 (u), so 0− ≤ 𝜇𝒜 (𝑢)+𝑣𝒜 (𝑢)+𝑤𝒜 (𝑢) ≤
3+ .
Definition 2.2 ([21]) Let 𝒰 be an initial universe set and 𝐸 be a set of parameters.
Consider 𝐴  𝐸. Let 𝑁𝑆(𝒰) denotes the set of all neutrosophic sets of 𝒰. The collection
(𝐹, 𝐴) is termed to be the neutrosophic soft set over 𝒰, where F is a mapping given
by 𝐹: 𝐴 → 𝑁𝑆(𝒰).
Definition 2.3 ([22]) 𝒰 is an initial universe, 𝐸 is a set of parameters 𝑋 is a set of experts

(agents), and 𝑂 = {agree = 1, disagree = 0} a set of opinions. Let 𝑍 = 𝐸 × 𝑋 × 𝑂
and 𝐴 ⊆ 𝑍. A pair (𝐹, 𝐴) is called a soft expert set over 𝒰, where 𝐹 is mapping given by
𝐹: 𝐴 → 𝑃(𝒰) where 𝑃(𝒰) denote the power set of 𝒰.
Definition 2.4 ([26]) A pair (𝐹, 𝐴) is called a neutrosophic soft expert set over 𝒰, where 𝐹
is mapping given by
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Editors:
𝐹: 𝐴 → 𝑃(𝒰) (1)
where 𝑃(𝒰) denotes the power neutrosophic set of 𝑈.
Definition 2.5 ([26]) The complement of a neutrosophic soft expert set (𝐹, 𝐴) denoted by
(𝐹, 𝐴)𝑐 and is defined as (𝐹, 𝐴)𝑐 =(𝐹 𝑐 , ￢A) where 𝐹 𝑐 = ￢A → 𝑃(𝒰) is mapping given by
𝐹 𝑐 (𝑥) = neutrosophic soft expert complement with 𝜇𝐹𝑐(𝑥) = 𝑤𝐹(𝑥) , 𝑣𝐹𝑐 (𝑥) =
𝑣𝐹(𝑥) , 𝑤𝐹𝑐 (𝑥) = 𝜇𝐹(𝑥) .
Definition 2.6 ([26]) The agree-neutrosophic soft expert set (𝐹, 𝐴)1 over 𝒰 is a
neutrosophic soft expert subset of (𝐹, 𝐴) is defined as
(𝐹, 𝐴)1 = {𝐹1 (𝑚): 𝑚 ∈ 𝐸  𝑋  {1}}. (2)
Definition 2.7 ([26]) The disagree-neutrosophic soft expert set (𝐹, 𝐴)0 over 𝒰 is a
neutrosophic soft expert subset of (𝐹, 𝐴) is defined as
(𝐹, 𝐴)0 = {𝐹0 (𝑚): 𝑚 ∈ 𝐸  𝑋  {0}}. (3)
Definition 2.8 ([26]) Let (𝐻, 𝐴) and (𝐺, 𝐵) be two NSESs over the common universe U.
Then the union of (𝐻, 𝐴) and (𝐺, 𝐵) is denoted by “ (𝐻, 𝐴)  (𝐺, 𝐵) ” and is defined
by(𝐻, 𝐴)  (𝐺, 𝐵) = (𝐾, 𝐶), where 𝐶 = 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 and the truth-membership, indeterminacy-
membership and falsity-membership of (K, C) are as follows:
𝜇𝐻(𝑒) (𝑚) , 𝑖𝑓 𝑒 ∈ 𝐴 − 𝐵,
𝜇𝐾(𝑒) (𝑚) = { 𝜇𝐺(𝑒) (𝑚) , 𝑖𝑓 𝑒 ∈ 𝐵 − 𝐴,
𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝜇𝐻(𝑒) (𝑚), 𝜇𝐺(𝑒) (𝑚)) , 𝑖𝑓 𝑒 ∈ 𝐴  𝐵.
𝑣𝐻(𝑒) (𝑚) , 𝑖𝑓 𝑒 ∈ 𝐴 − 𝐵,
𝑣𝐺(𝑒) (𝑚) , 𝑖𝑓 𝑒 ∈ 𝐵 − 𝐴,
𝑣𝐾(𝑒) (𝑚) = (4)
𝑣𝐻(𝑒) (𝑚) + 𝑣𝐺(𝑒) (𝑚)
, 𝑖𝑓 𝑒 ∈ 𝐴  𝐵.
{ 2
𝑤𝐻(𝑒) (𝑚) , 𝑖𝑓 𝑒 ∈ 𝐴 − 𝐵,
𝑤 (𝑚) = { 𝑤𝐺(𝑒) (𝑚) , 𝑖𝑓 𝑒 ∈ 𝐵 − 𝐴,
𝐾(𝑒)
𝑚𝑖𝑛 (𝑤𝐻(𝑒) (𝑚), 𝑤𝐺(𝑒) (𝑚)) , 𝑖𝑓 𝑒 ∈ 𝐴  𝐵.
Definition 2.9 ([26]) Let (𝐻, 𝐴) and (𝐺, 𝐵) be two NSESs over the common universe 𝑈.
Then the intersection of (𝐻, 𝐴) and (𝐺, 𝐵) is denoted by “(𝐻, 𝐴)  (𝐺, 𝐵)” and is defined
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by(𝐻, 𝐴)  (𝐺, 𝐵) = (𝐾, 𝐶), where 𝐶 = 𝐴  𝐵 and the truth-membership, indeterminacy-

membership and falsity-membership of (𝐾, 𝐶) are as follows:
𝜇𝐾(𝑒) (𝑚) = min (𝜇𝐻(𝑒) (𝑚), 𝜇𝐺(𝑒) (𝑚)) ,

𝑣𝐻(𝑒) (𝑚) + 𝑣𝐺(𝑒) (𝑚)
𝑣𝐾(𝑒) (𝑚) = , (5)
2
𝑤𝐾(𝑒) (𝑚) = max (𝑤𝐻(𝑒) (𝑚), 𝑤𝐺(𝑒) (𝑚)),
𝑖𝑓 𝑒 ∈ 𝐴  𝐵.
Definition 2.10 ([29]) Let 𝒰 be a universe. A neutrosophic multiset set (Nms) 𝐴 on 𝒰 can
be defined as follows :
𝐴={
𝑝 𝑝 𝑝
≺ 𝑢, (𝜇𝐴1 (𝑢), 𝜇𝐴2 (𝑢), … , 𝜇𝐴 (𝑢)) , (𝑣𝐴1 (𝑢), 𝑣𝐴2 (𝑢), … , 𝑣𝐴 (𝑢)) , (𝑤𝐴1 (𝑢), 𝑤𝐴2 (𝑢), … , 𝑤𝐴 (𝑢))
≻: 𝑢 ∈ 𝒰}
where,
𝑝
𝜇𝐴1 (𝑢), 𝜇𝐴2 (𝑢), … , 𝜇𝐴 (𝑢): 𝒰 → [0,1],
𝑝
𝑣𝐴1 (𝑢), 𝑣𝐴2 (𝑢), … , 𝑣𝐴 (𝑢): 𝒰 → [0,1],
and
𝑝
𝑤𝐴1 (𝑢), 𝑤𝐴2 (𝑢), … , 𝑤𝐴 (𝑢): 𝒰 → [0,1],
such that
0 ≤ 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝜇𝐴𝑖 (𝑢) + 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑣𝐴𝑖 (𝑢) + 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑤𝐴𝑖 (𝑢) ≤ 3
(𝑖 = 1,2, … , 𝑃) and
𝑝 𝑝 𝑝
(𝜇𝐴1 (𝑢), 𝜇𝐴2 (𝑢), … , 𝜇𝐴 (𝑢)) , (𝑣𝐴1 (𝑢), 𝑣𝐴2 (𝑢), … , 𝑣𝐴 (𝑢)) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑤𝐴1 (𝑢), 𝑤𝐴2 (𝑢), … , 𝑤𝐴 (𝑢))
Is the truth-membership sequence, indeterminacy-membership sequence and falsity-
membership sequence of the element 𝑢, respectively. Also, P is called the dimension
(cardinality) of Nms 𝐴, denoted 𝑑(𝐴). We arrange the truth- membership sequence in
decreasing order but the corresponding indeterminacy- membership and falsity-
membership sequence may not be in decreasing or increasing order.
The set of all Neutrosophic multisets on 𝒰 is denoted by NMS(𝒰).
Definition 2.11 ([25]) Let 𝐼 be unit interval and 𝑘 be a positive integer. A multi Q -fuzzy
set 𝐴̃𝑄 in 𝑉 and a non-empty set Q is a set of ordered sequences 𝐴̃𝑄 = {(𝑣. 𝑞), 𝜇𝑖 (𝑣, 𝑞): 𝑣 ∈
𝑉, 𝑞 ∈ 𝑄} where
𝜇𝑖 : 𝑉 × 𝑄 → 𝐼 𝑘 , 𝑖 = 1,2, … , 𝑘.
The function (𝜇1 (𝑣, 𝑞), 𝜇2 (𝑣, 𝑞), … , 𝜇𝑘 (𝑣, 𝑞)) is called the membership function of multi
Q- fuzzy set 𝐴̃𝑄 : and 𝜇1 (𝑣, 𝑞) + 𝜇2 (𝑣, 𝑞) + ⋯ + 𝜇𝑘 (𝑣, 𝑞) ≤ 1, 𝑘 is called the dimension of
𝐴̃𝑄 . The set of all multi Q- fuzzy sets of dimension 𝑘 in 𝑉 and Q is denoted by 𝑀𝑘 𝑄𝐹(𝑉).
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3. Q-Neutrosophic Soft Expert Multiset Sets
We will now propose the definition of Q-neutrosophic soft expert multiset (QNSEMS) and
propose some of its properties. Throughout this paper, 𝕌 is an initial universe, 𝐸 is a set of
parameters, Q be a set of supply, 𝑋 is a set of experts (agents), and 𝑂 = {agree =
1, disagree = 0} a set of opinions. Let 𝑍 = 𝐸 × 𝑋 × 𝑂 and 𝐺 ⊆ 𝑍.
Definition 3.1. (𝐹𝑄 , 𝐺) is called a Q-neutrosophic soft expert multiset over 𝕌, where 𝐹𝑄 is
the mapping
𝐹𝑄 : 𝐺 → 𝑄𝑁𝑆𝐸𝑀𝑆 such that QNSEMS is the set of all QNSEMS over 𝕌.
Example 3.2. Assume that a construction company making new moving structures wishes
to receive feedback of a few experts. Let 𝕌 = {𝕦1 } is a set of moving structure, 𝑄 =
{𝑞1 , 𝑞2 } be the set of suppliers and 𝐸 = {𝑒1 = 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒, 𝑒2 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒} is a set of decision
parameters. Let 𝑋 = {𝑝, 𝑟} be set of experts. Suppose that
𝐹𝑄 (𝑒1 , 𝑝, 1)
(𝕦1 , 𝑞1 ) (𝕦1 , 𝑞2 )
= {( ),( )}
(0.4,0.3, … ,0.2), (0.5,0.7, … ,0.2), (0.6,0.1, … ,0.3) (0.7,0.2, … ,0.4), (0.4,0.6, … ,0.3), (0.2,0.3, … ,0.4)
𝐹𝑄 (𝑒1 , 𝑟, 1)
(𝕦1 , 𝑞1 ) (𝕦1 , 𝑞2 )
= {( ),( )}
(0.3,0.2, … ,0.5), (0.8,0.1, … ,0.4), (0.5,0.6, … ,0.2) (0.8,0.5, … ,0.3), (0.5,0.7, … ,0.2), (0.3,0.1, … ,0.2)
𝐹𝑄 (𝑒2 , 𝑝, 1)
(𝕦1 , 𝑞1 ) (𝕦1 , 𝑞2 )
= {( ),( )}
(0.7,0.3, … ,0.6), (0.3,0.2, … ,0.6), (0.8,0.2, … ,0.1) (0.5,0.4, … ,0.6), (0.6,0.5, … ,0.4), (0.5,0.2, … ,0.3)
𝐹𝑄 (𝑒2 , 𝑟, 1)
(𝕦1 , 𝑞1 ) (𝕦1 , 𝑞2 )
= {( ),( )}
(0.8,0.3, … ,0.4), (0.3,0.1, … ,0.5), (0.2,0.3, … ,0.4) (0.7,0.3, … ,0.5), (0.3,0.2, … ,0.1), (0.4,0.3, … ,0.1)
𝐹𝑄 (𝑒1 , 𝑝, 0)
(𝕦1 , 𝑞1 ) (𝕦1 , 𝑞2 )
= {( ),( )}
(0.5,0.1, … ,0.2), (0.6,0.3, … ,0.4), (0.7,0.2, … ,0.6) (0.6,0.5, … ,0.4), (0.5,0.1, … ,0.2), (0.6,0.1, … ,0.3)
𝐹𝑄 (𝑒1 , 𝑟, 0)
(𝕦1 , 𝑞1 ) (𝕦1 , 𝑞2 )
= {( ),( )}
(0.4,0.2, … ,0.1), (0.6,0.1, … ,0.3), (0.7,0.2, … ,0.4) (0.4,0.3, … ,0.2), (0.1,0.2, … ,0.3), (0.5,0.4, … ,0.2)
𝐹𝑄 (𝑒2 , 𝑝, 0)
(𝕦1 , 𝑞1 ) (𝕦1 , 𝑞2 )
= {( ),( )}
(0.8,0.1, … ,0.5), (0.2,0.1, … ,0.4), (0.6,0.3, … ,0.1) (0.7,0.3, … ,0.4), (0.6,0.7, … ,0.4), (0.2,0.1, … ,0.3)
𝐹𝑄 (𝑒2 , 𝑟, 0)
(𝕦1 , 𝑞1 ) (𝕦1 , 𝑞2 )
= {( ),( )}
(0.7,0.2, … ,0.3), (0.4,0.1, … ,0.6), (0.3,0.2, … ,0.1) (0.5,0.6, … ,0.2), (0.3,0.4, … ,0.2), (0.4,0.1, … ,0.2)
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The Q- neutrosophic soft expert multiset (𝐹𝑄 , 𝑍) is a parameterized family {𝐹(𝑒𝑖 ), 𝑖 =

1,2, … } of all QNSEMS of 𝕌 describing a collection of objects.
Definition 3.3. For two QNSEMSs (𝐹𝑄 , 𝐺) and (𝐻𝑄 , 𝐵) over 𝕌 , (𝐹𝑄 , 𝐺) is called a
neutrosophic soft expert subset of (𝐻𝑄 , 𝐵) if
i. 𝐵 ⊆ 𝐺,
ii. , 𝐻𝑄 (𝜀) is Q-neutrosophic soft expert multisubset 𝐹𝑄 (𝜀) for all 𝜀 ∈ 𝐵.
Example 3.4 Consider Example 3.2 where
𝐺 = {(𝑒1 , 𝑝, 1), (𝑒2 , 𝑝, 1), (𝑒2 , 𝑟, 0)}

𝐵 = {(𝑒1 , 𝑝, 1), (𝑒2 , 𝑟, 0)}
Since 𝐵 is a Q-neutrosophic soft expert multisubset of 𝐺 , clearly 𝐵 ⊆ 𝐺 . Let (𝐻𝑄 , 𝐵)
and (𝐹𝑄 , 𝐺) be defined as follows:
(𝐹𝑄 , 𝐺) =
(𝕦1 , 𝑞1 ) (𝕦1 , 𝑞2 )
{ [(𝑒1 , 𝑝, 1), ( ),( )]
(0.4,0.3, … ,0.2), (0.5,0.7, … ,0.2), (0.6,0.1, … ,0.3) (0.7,0.2, … ,0.4), (0.4,0.6, … ,0.3), (0.2,0.3, … ,0.4)
(𝕦1 , 𝑞1 ) (𝕦1 , 𝑞2 )
[(𝑒2 , 𝑝, 1), ( ),( )],
(0.7,0.3, … ,0.6), (0.3,0.2, … ,0.6), (0.8,0.2, … ,0.1) (0.5,0.4, … ,0.6), (0.6,0.5, … ,0.4), (0.5,0.2, … ,0.3)
(𝕦1 , 𝑞1 ) (𝕦1 , 𝑞2 )
[(𝑒2 , 𝑟, 0), ( ),( )]}.
(0.7,0.2, … ,0.3), (0.4,0.1, … ,0.6), (0.3,0.2, … ,0.1) (0.5,0.6, … ,0.2), (0.3,0.4, … ,0.2), (0.4,0.1, … ,0.2)
(𝐻𝑄 , 𝐵) =
(𝕦1 , 𝑞1 ) (𝕦1 , 𝑞2 )
{[(𝑒1 , 𝑝, 1), ( ),( )],
(0.4,0.3, … ,0.2), (0.5,0.7, … ,0.2), (0.6,0.1, … ,0.3) (0.7,0.2, … ,0.4), (0.4,0.6, … ,0.3), (0.2,0.3, … ,0.4)
(𝕦1 , 𝑞1 ) (𝕦1 , 𝑞2 )
[(𝑒2 , 𝑟, 0), ( ),( )]}.
(0.7,0.2, … ,0.3), (0.4,0.1, … ,0.6), (0.3,0.2, … ,0.1) (0.5,0.6, … ,0.2), (0.3,0.4, … ,0.2), (0.4,0.1, … ,0.2)
Therefore (𝐻𝜂 , 𝐵) ⊆ (𝐹𝑄 , 𝐺).
Definition 3.5. Two QNSEMSs (𝐹𝑄 , 𝐺) and (𝐻𝑄 , 𝐵) over 𝕌 are said to be equal if
(𝐹𝑄 , 𝐺) is a QNSEMS subset of (𝐻𝑄 , 𝐵) and (𝐻𝑄 , 𝐵) is a QNSEMS subset of (𝐹𝑄 , 𝐺).
Definition 3.6. Agree-Q-NSEMSs (𝐹𝑄 , 𝐺)1 over 𝕌 is a QNSEMS subset of (𝐹𝑄 , 𝐺) defined
as
(𝐹𝑄 , 𝐺)1 = {𝐹1 (∆): ∆∈ 𝐸 × 𝑋 × {1}}. (6)
Example 3.7 Using our previous Example 3.2, the agree- QNSEMS (𝐹𝑄 , 𝑍)1 over 𝕌 is
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(𝐹𝑄 , 𝑍)1
(𝕦1 , 𝑞1 ) (𝕦1 , 𝑞2 )
= {[(𝑒1 , 𝑝, 1), ( ),( )],
(0.4,0.3, … ,0.2), (0.5,0.7, … ,0.2), (0.6,0.1, … ,0.3) (0.7,0.2, … ,0.4), (0.4,0.6, … ,0.3), (0.2,0.3, … ,0.4)
(𝕦1 , 𝑞1 ) (𝕦1 , 𝑞2 )
[(𝑒1 , 𝑟, 1), ( ),( )],
(0.3,0.2, … ,0.5), (0.8,0.1, … ,0.4), (0.5,0.6, … ,0.2) (0.8,0.5, … ,0.3), (0.5,0.7, … ,0.2), (0.3,0.1, … ,0.2)
(𝕦1 , 𝑞1 ) (𝕦1 , 𝑞2 )
[(𝑒2 , 𝑝, 1), ( ),( )],
(0.7,0.3, … ,0.6), (0.3,0.2, … ,0.6), (0.8,0.2, … ,0.1) (0.5,0.4, … ,0.6), (0.6,0.5, … ,0.4), (0.5,0.2, … ,0.3)
(𝕦1 , 𝑞1 ) (𝕦1 , 𝑞2 )
[(𝑒2 , 𝑟, 1), ( ),( )]}.
(0.8,0.3, … ,0.4), (0.3,0.1, … ,0.5), (0.2,0.3, … ,0.4) (0.7,0.3, … ,0.5), (0.3,0.2, … ,0.1), (0.4,0.3, … ,0.1)
Definition 3.8. A disagree-QNSEMSs (𝐹𝑄 , 𝐺)0 over 𝕌 is a QNSEMS subset of (𝐹𝑄 , 𝐺) is

defined as
(𝐹𝑄 , 𝐺)0 = {𝐹0 (∆): ∆∈ 𝐸 × 𝑋 × {0}}. (7)
Example 3.9 Using our previous Example 3.2, the disagree-QNSEMS (𝐹𝑄 , 𝑍)0 over 𝕌 is
(𝐹𝑄 , 𝑍)0
(𝕦1 , 𝑞1 ) (𝕦1 , 𝑞2 )
= {[(𝑒1 , 𝑝, 0), ( ),( )],
(0.5,0.1, … ,0.2), (0.6,0.3, … ,0.4), (0.7,0.2, … ,0.6) (0.6,0.5, … ,0.4), (0.5,0.1, … ,0.2), (0.6,0.1, … ,0.3)
(𝕦1 , 𝑞1 ) (𝕦1 , 𝑞2 )
[(𝑒1 , 𝑟, 0), ( ),( )],
(0.4,0.2, … ,0.1), (0.6,0.1, … ,0.3), (0.7,0.2, … ,0.4) (0.4,0.3, … ,0.2), (0.1,0.2, … ,0.3), (0.5,0.4, … ,0.2)
(𝕦1 , 𝑞1 ) (𝕦1 , 𝑞2 )
[(𝑒2 , 𝑝, 0), ( ),( )],
(0.8,0.1, … ,0.5), (0.2,0.1, … ,0.4), (0.6,0.3, … ,0.1) (0.7,0.3, … ,0.4), (0.6,0.7, … ,0.4), (0.2,0.1, … ,0.3)
(𝕦1 , 𝑞1 ) (𝕦1 , 𝑞2 )
[(𝑒2 , 𝑟, 0), ( ),( )]}.
(0.7,0.2, … ,0.3), (0.4,0.1, … ,0.6), (0.3,0.2, … ,0.1) (0.5,0.6, … ,0.2), (0.3,0.4, … ,0.2), (0.4,0.1, … ,0.2)
4. Basic operations on NSEMSs
Definition 4.1. The complement of a QNSEMS (𝐹𝑄 , 𝐺) is

𝑐
(𝐹𝑄 , 𝐺) = (𝐹𝑄 (𝑐) , ¬𝐺)
such that 𝐹 µ(𝑐) : ¬𝐺 → 𝑄𝑁𝑆𝐸𝑀𝑆(𝕌) a mapping
𝐹𝑄 (𝑐) (∆) = {𝐷𝑖 𝐹𝑄 (∆)(𝑐) = 𝑌 𝑖 𝐹𝑄 (∆) , 𝐼 𝑖 𝐹𝑄 (∆)(𝑐) = 1 − 𝐼 𝑖 𝐹𝑄 (∆) , 𝑌 𝑖 𝐹𝑄 (∆)(𝑐) = 𝐷𝑖 𝐹𝑄 (∆) } (8)
for each ∆∈ 𝐸.
Example 4.2. Using our previous Example 3.2 the complement of the QNSEMS 𝐹𝑄
denoted by 𝐹𝑄 (𝑐) is given as follows:
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𝑐
(𝐹𝑄 , 𝑍)
(𝕦1 , 𝑞1 ) (𝕦1 , 𝑞2 )
= {[(¬𝑒1 , 𝑝, 1), ( ),( )],
(0.2,0.7, … ,0.4), (0.2,0.3, … ,0.5), (0.3,0.9, … ,0.6) (0.7,0.8, … ,0.7), (0.3,0.4, … ,0.4), (0.4,0.7, … ,0.2)
(𝕦1 , 𝑞1 ) (𝕦1 , 𝑞2 )
[(¬𝑒1 , 𝑟, 1), ( ),( )],
(0.5,0.8, … ,0.3), (0.4,0.9, … ,0.8), (0.2,0.4, … ,0.5) (0.3,0.5, … ,0.8), (0.2,0.3, … ,0.5), (0.2,0.9, … ,0.3)
(𝕦1 , 𝑞1 ) (𝕦1 , 𝑞2 )
[(¬𝑒2 , 𝑝, 1), ( ),( )],
(0.6,0.7, … ,0.7), (0.6,0.8, … ,0.3), (0.1,0.8, … ,0.8) (0.6,0.6, … ,0.5), (0.4,0.5, … ,0.6), (0.3,0.8, … ,0.5)
(𝕦1 , 𝑞1 ) (𝕦1 , 𝑞2 )
[(¬𝑒2 , 𝑟, 1), ( ),( )],
(0.4,0.7, … ,0.8), (0.5,0.9, … ,0.3), (0.4,0.7, … ,0.2) (0.5,0.7, … ,0.7), (0.1,0.8, … ,0.3), (0.1,0.7, … ,0.4)
(𝕦1 , 𝑞1 ) (𝕦1 , 𝑞2 )
[(¬𝑒1 , 𝑝, 0), ( ),( )]
(0.2,0.9, … ,0.5), (0.4,0.7, … ,0.6), (0.6,0.8, … ,0.7) (0.4,0.5, … ,0.6), (0.2,0.9, … ,0.5), (0.3,0.9, … ,0.6)
(𝕦1 , 𝑞1 ) (𝕦1 , 𝑞2 )
[(¬𝑒1 , 𝑟, 0), ( ),( )],
(0.1,0.8, … ,0.4), (0.3,0.9, … ,0.6), (0.4,0.8, … ,0.7) (0.2,0.7, … ,0.4), (0.3,0.8, … ,0.2), (0.2,0.6, … ,0.5)
(𝕦1 , 𝑞1 ) (𝕦1 , 𝑞2 )
[(¬𝑒2 , 𝑝, 0), ( ),( )],
(0.5,0.9, … ,0.8), (0.4,0.9, … ,0.2), (0.1,0.7, … ,0.6) (0.4,0.7, … ,0.7), (0.4,0.3, … ,0.6), (0.3,0.9, … ,0.2)
(𝕦1 , 𝑞1 ) (𝕦1 , 𝑞2 )
[(¬𝑒2 , 𝑟, 0), ( ),( )]}
(0.3,0.8, … ,0.7), (0.6,0.9, … ,0.4), (0.1,0.8, … ,0.3) (0.2,0.4, … ,0.5), (0.2,0.6, … ,0.3), (0.2,0.9, … ,0.4)
Proposition 4.3. If (𝐹𝑄 , 𝐺) is a QNSEMS over 𝕌, then the properties below holds true.
𝑐 𝑐
1. ((𝐹𝑄 , 𝐺) ) = (𝐹𝑄 , 𝐺)
𝑐
2. ((𝐹𝑄 , 𝐺)1 ) = (𝐹𝑄 , 𝐺)0
𝑐
3. ((𝐹𝑄 , 𝐺)0 ) = (𝐹𝑄 , 𝐺)1
Proof. The proofs of the propositions are straightforward by using Definition 4.1,
Definition 3.6 and Definition 3.8.
Definition 4.4. The union of two QNSEMSs (𝐹𝑄 , 𝐺) and (𝐾𝑄 , 𝐵) over 𝕌 , denoted by
(𝐹𝑄 , 𝐺)  (𝐾𝑄 , 𝐵) is the QNSEMSs (𝐻𝑄 , 𝐶) such that 𝐶 = 𝐺 ∪ 𝐵 and ∀ 𝑒 ∈ 𝐶,
𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝐷𝑖 𝐹𝑄 (𝑒) (𝑚), 𝐷𝑖 𝐾𝑄 (𝑒) (𝑚)) 𝑖𝑓 𝑒 ∈ 𝐺 ∩ 𝐵

(𝐻𝑄 , 𝐶) = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 (𝐼 𝑖 𝐹𝑄 (𝑒) (𝑚), 𝐼 𝑖 𝐾𝑄 (𝑒) (𝑚)) 𝑖𝑓 𝑒 ∈ 𝐺 ∩ 𝐵 (9)
𝑖 𝑖
{ 𝑚𝑖𝑛 (𝑌 𝐹𝑄 (𝑒) (𝑚), 𝑌 𝐾𝑄 (𝑒) (𝑚)) 𝑖𝑓 𝑒 ∈ 𝐺 ∩ 𝐵.
Example 4.5. Suppose that (𝐹𝑄 , 𝐺) and (𝐾𝑄 , 𝐵) are two QNSEMSs over 𝕌, such that
(𝐹𝑄 , 𝐺) =
(𝕦1 , 𝑞1 ) (𝕦1 , 𝑞2 )
= {[(𝑒1 , 𝑝, 0), ( ),( )],
(0.7,0.3, … ,0.5), (0.6,0.2, … ,0.4), (0.4,0.5, … ,0.1) (0.4,0.3, … ,0.5), (0.6,0.1, … ,0.5), (0.4,0.3, … ,0.1)
(𝕦1 , 𝑞1 ) (𝕦1 , 𝑞2 )
[(𝑒1 , 𝑟, 0), ( ),( )],
(0.5,0.1, … ,0.7), (0.3,0.1, … ,0.2), (0.4,0.3, … ,0.2) (0.3,0.1, … ,0.2), (0.2,0.3, … ,0.6), (0.5,0.4, … ,0.2)
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(𝕦1 , 𝑞1 ) (𝕦1 , 𝑞2 )
[(𝑒2 , 𝑝, 0), ( ),( )],
(0.8,0.4, … ,0.6), (0.1,0.4, … ,0.2), (0.5,0.2, … ,0.6) (0.7,0.3, … ,0.4), (0.3,0.4, … ,0.1), (0.2,0.3, … ,0.4)
(𝕦1 , 𝑞1 ) (𝕦1 , 𝑞2 )
[(𝑒2 , 𝑟, 0), ( ),( )]}
(0.6,0.3, … ,0.4), (0.5,0.6, … ,0.7), (0.1,0.3, … ,0.4) (0.5,0.6, … ,0.2), (0.2,0.4, … ,0.5), (0.3,0.1, … ,0.5)
(𝐾𝑄 , 𝐵) =
(𝕦1 , 𝑞1 ) (𝕦1 , 𝑞2 )
= {[(𝑒1 , 𝑝, 0), ( ),( )],
(0.5,0.7, … ,0.3), (0.4,0.3, … ,0.7), (0.2,0.4, … ,0.6) (0.6,0.5, … ,0.4), (0.5,0.1, … ,0.2), (0.6,0.1, … ,0.3)
(𝕦1 , 𝑞1 ) (𝕦1 , 𝑞2 )
[(𝑒2 , 𝑝, 0), ( ),( )],
(0.8,0.1, … ,0.5), (0.2,0.1, … ,0.4), (0.6,0.3, … ,0.4) (0.6,0.3, … ,0.4), (0.6,0.3, … ,0.4), (0.2,0.4, … ,0.3)
(𝕦1 , 𝑞1 ) (𝕦1 , 𝑞2 )
[(𝑒2 , 𝑟, 0), ( ),( )]}.
(0.6,0.2, … ,0.3), (0.4,0.1, … ,0.6), (0.3,0.2, … ,0.1) (0.5,0.6, … ,0.3), (0.3,0.4, … ,0.7), (0.4,0.2, … ,0.5)
Then (𝐹𝑄 , 𝐺)  (𝐾𝑄 , 𝐵) = (𝐻𝑄 , 𝐶) where
(𝐻𝑄 , 𝐶)
(𝕦1 , 𝑞1 ) (𝕦1 , 𝑞2 )
= {[(𝑒1 , 𝑝, 0), ( ),( )],
(0.7,0.7, … ,0.5), (0.4,0.2, … ,0.4), (0.2,0.4, … ,0.1) (0.6,0.5, … ,0.5), (0.5,0.1, … ,0.2), (0.6,0.1, … ,0.3)
(𝕦1 , 𝑞1 ) (𝕦1 , 𝑞2 )
[(𝑒2 , 𝑝, 0), ( ),( )],
(0.8,0.4, … ,0.6), (0.1,0.1, … ,0.2), (0.5,0.2, … ,0.4) (0.7,0.3, … ,0.4), (0.3,0.3, … ,0.1), (0.2,0.3, … ,0.3)
(𝕦1 , 𝑞1 ) (𝕦1 , 𝑞2 )
[(𝑒2 , 𝑟, 0), ( ),( )]}.
(0.6,0.2, … ,0.3), (0.4,0.1, … ,0.6), (0.1,0.2, … ,0.1) (0.5,0.6, … ,0.3), (0.2,0.4, … ,0.5), (0.3,0.1, … ,0.5)
Proposition 4.6. If (𝐹𝑄 , 𝐺), (𝐾𝑄 , 𝐵) and (𝐻𝑄 , 𝐶) are three QNSEMSs over 𝕌, then
i. ((𝐹𝑄 , 𝐺)  (𝐾𝑄 , 𝐵) )  (𝐻𝑄 , 𝐶) = (𝐹𝑄 , 𝐺)  ((𝐾𝑄 , 𝐵)  (𝐻𝑄 , 𝐶))

ii (𝐹𝑄 , 𝐺)  (𝐹𝑄 , 𝐺) ⊆ (𝐹𝑄 , 𝐺).
Proof. (i) and (ii) can be easily proved.
Definition 4.7. Suppose (𝐹𝑄 , 𝐺) and (𝐾𝑄 , 𝐵) are two QNSEMSs over the common
universe 𝕌. The intersection of (𝐹𝑄 , 𝐺) and (𝐾𝑄 , 𝐵) is (𝐹𝑄 , 𝐺)  (𝐾𝑄 , 𝐵) = (𝑃𝑄 , 𝐶) such
that 𝐶 = 𝐺 ∩ 𝐵 and ∀ 𝑒 ∈ 𝐶,
𝑚𝑖𝑛 (𝐷𝑖 𝐹𝑄 (𝑒) (𝑚), 𝐷𝑖 𝐾𝑄 (𝑒) (𝑚)) 𝑖𝑓 𝑒 ∈ 𝐺 ∩ 𝐵

(𝑃𝑄 , 𝐶) = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝐼 𝑖 𝐹𝑄 (𝑒) (𝑚), 𝐼 𝑖 𝐾𝑄 (𝑒) (𝑚)) 𝑖𝑓 𝑒 ∈ 𝐺 ∩ 𝐵 (10)
𝑖 𝑖
{𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝑌 𝐹𝑄 (𝑒) (𝑚), 𝑌 𝐾𝑄 (𝑒) (𝑚)) 𝑖𝑓 𝑒 ∈ 𝐺 ∩ 𝐵.
(𝐹𝑄 , 𝐺) =
(𝕦1 , 𝑞1 ) (𝕦1 , 𝑞2 )
= {[(𝑒1 , 𝑝, 0), ( ),( )],
(0.7,0.3, … ,0.5), (0.6,0.2, … ,0.4), (0.4,0.5, … ,0.1) (0.4,0.3, … ,0.5), (0.6,0.1, … ,0.5), (0.4,0.3, … ,0.1)
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Volume I
(𝕦1 , 𝑞1 ) (𝕦1 , 𝑞2 )
[(𝑒2 , 𝑟, 0), ( ),( )]}.
(0.6,0.3, … ,0.4), (0.5,0.6, … ,0.7), (0.1,0.3, … ,0.4) (0.5,0.6, … ,0.2), (0.2,0.4, … ,0.5), (0.3,0.1, … ,0.5)
(𝐾𝑄 , 𝐵) =
(𝕦1 , 𝑞1 ) (𝕦1 , 𝑞2 )
= {[(𝑒1 , 𝑝, 0), ( ),( )],
(0.5,0.7, … ,0.3), (0.4,0.3, … ,0.7), (0.2,0.4, … ,0.6) (0.6,0.5, … ,0.4), (0.5,0.1, … ,0.2), (0.6,0.1, … ,0.3)
(𝕦1 , 𝑞1 ) (𝕦1 , 𝑞2 )
[(𝑒2 , 𝑝, 0), ( ),( )],
(0.8,0.1, … ,0.5), (0.2,0.1, … ,0.4), (0.6,0.3, … ,0.4) (0.6,0.3, … ,0.4), (0.6,0.3, … ,0.4), (0.2,0.4, … ,0.3)
(𝕦1 , 𝑞1 ) (𝕦1 , 𝑞2 )
[(𝑒2 , 𝑟, 0), ( ),( )]}.
(0.6,0.2, … ,0.3), (0.4,0.1, … ,0.6), (0.3,0.2, … ,0.1) (0.5,0.6, … ,0.3), (0.3,0.4, … ,0.7), (0.4,0.2, … ,0.5)
Then (𝐹𝑄 , 𝐺)  (𝐾𝑄 , 𝐵) = (𝑃𝑄 , 𝐶) where
(𝑃𝑄 , 𝐶)
(𝕦1 , 𝑞1 ) (𝕦1 , 𝑞2 )
[(𝑒1 , 𝑝, 0), ( ),( )]
(0.5,0.7, … ,0.5), (0.4,0.3, … ,0.7), (0.2,0.5, … ,0.6) (0.4,0.5, … ,0.5), (0.5,0.1, … ,0.5), (0.4,0.3, … ,0.3)
= .
(𝕦1 , 𝑞1 ) (𝕦1 , 𝑞2 )
[(𝑒2 , 𝑟, 0), ( ),( )]
{ (0.6,0.3, … ,0.4), (0.4,0.6, … ,0.7), (0.1,0.3, … ,0.4) (0.5,0.6, … ,0.3), (0.2,0.4, … ,0.7), (0.3,0.2, … ,0.5) }
i. ((𝐹𝑄 , 𝐺)  (𝐾𝑄 , 𝐵) )  (𝐻𝑄 , 𝐶) = (𝐹𝑄 , 𝐺)  ((𝐾𝑄 , 𝐵)  (𝐻𝑄 , 𝐶)).

ii (𝐹𝑄 , 𝐺)  (𝐹𝑄 , 𝐺) ⊆ (𝐹𝑄 , 𝐺).
Proof. The proofs are straightforward.
i.((𝐹𝑄 , 𝐺)  (𝐾𝑄 , 𝐵))  (𝐻𝑄 , 𝐶) = ((𝐹𝑄 , 𝐺)  (𝐻𝑄 , 𝐶))  ((𝐾𝑄 , 𝐵)  (𝐻𝑄 , 𝐶)).
ii.((𝐹𝑄 , 𝐺)  (𝐾𝑄 , 𝐵))  (𝐻𝑄 , 𝐶) = ((𝐹𝑄 , 𝐺)  (𝐻𝑄 , 𝐶))  ((𝐾𝑄 , 𝐵)  (𝐻𝑄 , 𝐶)).
Proof. The proofs can be easily obtained from Definition 4.4 and Definition 4.7.
5. AND and OR operations
Definition 5.1. If (𝐹𝑄 , 𝐺) and (𝐾𝑄 , 𝐵) are two QNSEMSs over 𝕌 , then
(𝐹𝑄 , 𝐺)AND(𝐾𝑄 , 𝐵)" is
(𝐹𝑄 , 𝐺) ∧ (𝐾𝑄 , 𝐵) = (𝐻𝑄 , 𝐺 × 𝐵) (11)
such that 𝐻𝑄 (𝛼, 𝛽) = 𝐹𝑄 (𝛼) ∩ 𝐾𝑄 (𝛽) and of (𝐻𝑄 , 𝐺 × 𝐵) are as follows:
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Editors:
𝑚𝑖𝑛 (𝐷𝑖 𝐹𝑄 (𝑒) (𝑚), 𝐷𝑖 𝐾𝑄 (𝑒) (𝑚)) 𝑖𝑓 𝑒 ∈ 𝐺 ∩ 𝐵

𝐻𝑄 (𝛼, 𝛽)(𝑚) = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 (𝐼 𝑖 𝐹𝑄 (𝑒) (𝑚), 𝐼 𝑖 𝐾𝑄 (𝑒) (𝑚)) 𝑖𝑓 𝑒 ∈ 𝐺 ∩ 𝐵
𝑖 𝑖
{𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝑌 𝐹𝑄 (𝑒) (𝑚), 𝑌 𝐾𝑄 (𝑒) (𝑚)) 𝑖𝑓 𝑒 ∈ 𝐺 ∩ 𝐵.
where ∀𝛼 ∈ 𝐺, ∀𝛽 ∈ 𝐵.
(𝐹𝑄 , 𝐺) =
(𝕦1 , 𝑞1 ) (𝕦1 , 𝑞2 )
= {[(𝑒1 , 𝑝, 0), ( ),( )],
(0.2,0.3, … ,0.6), (0.2,0.1, … ,0.8), (0.3,0.2, … ,0.6) (0.4,0.3, … ,0.5), (0.6,0.1, … ,0.5), (0.4,0.3, … ,0.1)
(𝕦1 , 𝑞1 ) (𝕦1 , 𝑞2 )
[(𝑒2 , 𝑟, 0), ( ),( )]}.
(0.5,0.3, … ,0.4), (0.6,0.5, … ,0.4), (0.2,0.4, … ,0.3) (0.5,0.6, … ,0.2), (0.2,0.4, … ,0.5), (0.3,0.1, … ,0.5)
(𝐾𝑄 , 𝐵)
(𝕦1 , 𝑞1 ) (𝕦1 , 𝑞2 )
= {[(𝑒1 , 𝑝, 1), ( ),( )]}
(0.3,0.2, … ,0.1), (0.5,0.2, … ,0.3), (0.8,0.3, … ,0.4) (0.3,0.2, … ,0.1), (0.5,0.2, … ,0.3), (0.8,0.3, … ,0.4)
Then (𝐹𝑄 , 𝐺) ∧ (𝐾𝑄 , 𝐵) = (𝐻𝑄 , 𝐺 × 𝐵) where
(𝐻𝑄 , 𝐺 × 𝐵) =
(𝕦1 , 𝑞1 ) (𝕦1 , 𝑞2 )
= {[(𝑒1 , 𝑝, 0), (𝑒1 , 𝑝, 1) ( ),( )],
(0.2,0.2, … ,0.6), (0.2,0.1, … ,0.8), (0.3,0.2, … ,0.6) (0.3,0.2, … ,0.5), (0.5,0.1, … ,0.5), (0.4,0.3, … ,0.4)
(𝕦1 , 𝑞1 ) (𝕦1 , 𝑞2 )
[(𝑒2 , 𝑟, 0), (𝑒1 , 𝑝, 1) ( ),( )]}.
(0.3,0.2, … ,0.4), (0.5,0.2, … ,0.8), (0.2,0.3, … ,0.4) (0.3,0.2, … ,0.2), (0.2,0.2, … ,0.5), (0.3,0.1, … ,0.5)
Definition 5.3. If (𝐹𝑄 , 𝐺) and (𝐾𝑄 , 𝐵) are two QNSEMSs over 𝕌 , then
(𝐹𝑄 , 𝐺)OR (𝐾𝑄 , 𝐵)" is
(𝐹𝑄 , 𝐺) ∨ (𝐾𝑄 , 𝐵) = (𝐻𝑄 , 𝐺 × 𝐵) (12)
such that 𝐻𝑄 (𝛼, 𝛽) = 𝐹𝑄 (𝛼) ∩ 𝐾𝑄 (𝛽) and of (𝐻𝑄 , 𝐺 × 𝐵) are as follows:
𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝐷𝑖 𝐹𝑄 (𝑒) (𝑚), 𝐷𝑖 𝐾𝑄 (𝑒) (𝑚)) 𝑖𝑓 𝑒 ∈ 𝐺 ∩ 𝐵

𝐻𝑄 (𝛼, 𝛽)(𝑚) = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝐼 𝑖 𝐹𝑄 (𝑒) (𝑚), 𝐼 𝑖 𝐾𝑄 (𝑒) (𝑚)) 𝑖𝑓 𝑒 ∈ 𝐺 ∩ 𝐵 (13)
𝑖 𝑖
{ 𝑚𝑖𝑛 (𝑌 𝐹𝑄 (𝑒) (𝑚), 𝑌 𝐾𝑄 (𝑒) (𝑚)) 𝑖𝑓 𝑒 ∈ 𝐺 ∩ 𝐵.
where ∀𝛼 ∈ 𝐺, ∀𝛽 ∈ 𝐵.
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Volume I
(𝐹𝑄 , 𝐺) =
(𝕦1 , 𝑞1 ) (𝕦1 , 𝑞2 )
= {[(𝑒1 , 𝑝, 0), ( ),( )],
(0.2,0.3, … ,0.6), (0.2,0.1, … ,0.8), (0.3,0.2, … ,0.6) (0.4,0.3, … ,0.5), (0.6,0.1, … ,0.5), (0.4,0.3, … ,0.1)
(𝕦1 , 𝑞1 ) (𝕦1 , 𝑞2 )
[(𝑒2 , 𝑟, 0), ( ),( )]}.
(0.5,0.3, … ,0.4), (0.6,0.5, … ,0.4), (0.2,0.4, … ,0.3) (0.5,0.6, … ,0.2), (0.2,0.4, … ,0.5), (0.3,0.1, … ,0.5)
(𝐾𝑄 , 𝐵)
(𝕦1 , 𝑞1 ) (𝕦1 , 𝑞2 )
= {[(𝑒1 , 𝑝, 1), ( ),( )]}
(0.3,0.2, … ,0.1), (0.5,0.2, … ,0.3), (0.8,0.3, … ,0.4) (0.3,0.2, … ,0.1), (0.5,0.2, … ,0.3), (0.8,0.3, … ,0.4)
Then (𝐹𝑄 , 𝐺) ∨ (𝐾𝑄 , 𝐵) = (𝐻𝑄 , 𝐺 × 𝐵) where
(𝐻𝑄 , 𝐺 × 𝐵) =
(𝕦1 , 𝑞1 ) (𝕦1 , 𝑞2 )
= {[(𝑒1 , 𝑝, 0), (𝑒1 , 𝑝, 1) ( ),( )],
(0.3,0.3, … ,0.1), (0.5,0.2, … ,0.3), (0.8,0.3, … ,0.4) (0.4,0.3, … ,0.1), (0.6,0.2, … ,0.3), (0.8,0.3, … ,0.1)
(𝕦1 , 𝑞1 ) (𝕦1 , 𝑞2 )
[(𝑒2 , 𝑟, 0), (𝑒1 , 𝑝, 1) ( ),( )]}.
(0.5,0.3, … ,0.1), (0.6,0.5, … ,0.3), (0.8,0.4, … ,0.3) (0.5,0.6, … ,0.1), (0.5,0.4, … ,0.3), (0.8,0.3, … ,0.4)
Proposition 5.5. If (𝐹𝑄 , 𝐺) and (𝐾𝑄 , 𝐵) are two QNSEMSs over 𝕌, then
𝑐 𝑐 𝑐
i.((𝐹𝑄 , 𝐺) ∧ (𝐾𝑄 , 𝐵) ) = (𝐹𝑄 , 𝐺) ∨ (𝐾𝑄 , 𝐵)
𝑐 𝑐 𝑐
ii.((𝐹𝑄 , 𝐺) ∨ (𝐾𝑄 , 𝐵)) = (𝐹𝑄 , 𝐺) ∧ (𝐾𝑄 , 𝐵)
Proof The proofs are straightforward from Definition 5.1 and Definition 5.3.
6. An Application of QNSEMSs
In this section, we will now present an application in architecture of QNSEMS theory to

illustrate that this concept can be successfully applied to decision-making problems with
uncertain information. The following algorithm is suggested to solve a QNSEMS based
decision making problem below.
In the preventing water permeability process, the cold and hot cycles are prevented from
damaging the structure. When choosing membrane types for insulation, it is important to
determine the sealing thickness on the surface to be used. Therefore, this method gives the
best type of membrane. Let us assume that the membrane application outputs used in for
insulation structures are taken by a few experts at certain time intervals. So, let us take the
samples at three different timings in a day (in 09:30, 14:30 and 19:30). Ezgi construction
will make the membrane purchase. Two types of membrane (alternatives) 𝕌 = {𝕦1 , 𝕦2 }
with two types of qualifications Q= {𝑞1 , 𝑞2 } and there are two parameters 𝐸 = {𝑒1 , 𝑒2 }
where the parameters 𝑒𝑖 (𝑖 = 1,2) stand for “hot” and “cold” respectively. Let 𝑋 = {𝑝, 𝑞}
be a set of experts. After a good application process, the experts construct the Q-NSEMS
below.
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(𝐹𝑄 , 𝑍) =
(𝕦1 , 𝑞1 ) (𝕦1 , 𝑞2 ) (𝕦2 , 𝑞1 ) (𝕦2 , 𝑞2 )
{[(𝑒1 , 𝑝, 1), ( ),( ),( ),( )],
(0.3,0.1,0.4), (0.2,0.1,0.5), (0.5,0.2,0.6) (0.4,0.2,0.3), (0.7,0.1,0.6), (0.3,0.2,0.6) (0.5,0.3,0.4), (0.2,0.1,0.8), (0.8,0.2,0.1) (0.9,0.3,0.4), (0.2,0.1,0.8), (0.4,0.2,0.1)
(𝕦1 , 𝑞1 ) (𝕦1 , 𝑞2 ) (𝕦2 , 𝑞1 ) (𝕦2 , 𝑞2 )
[(𝑒1 , 𝑞, 1), ( ),( ),( ),( )],
(0.4,0.2,0.5), (0.3,0.1,0.2), (0.6,0.3,0.4) (0.5,0.3,0.2), (0.8,0.2,0.4), (0.5,0.3,0.2) (0.6,0.3,0.8), (0.3,0.2,0.1), (0.5,0.4,0.3) (0.6,0.3,0.8), (0.3,0.2,0.1), (0.5,0.4,0.3)
(𝕦1 , 𝑞1 ) (𝕦1 , 𝑞2 ) (𝕦2 , 𝑞1 ) (𝕦2 , 𝑞2 )
[(𝑒2 , 𝑝, 1), ( ),( ),( ),( )],
(0.6,0.4,0.2), (0.3,0.1,0.4), (0.8,0.2,0.5) (0.8,0.3,0.4), (0.2,0.1,0.5), (0.4,0.3,0.1) (0.8,0.3,0.2), (0.3,0.1,0.4), (0.2,0.1,0.4) (0.4,0.3,0.7), (0.3,0.1,0.4), (0.5,0.3,0.2)
(𝕦1 , 𝑞1 ) (𝕦1 , 𝑞2 ) (𝕦2 , 𝑞1 ) (𝕦2 , 𝑞2 )
[(𝑒2 , 𝑞, 1), ( ),( ),( ),( )],
(0.5,0.2,0.4), (0.3,0.2,0.5), (0.6,0.1,0.3) (0.6,0.4,0.7), (0.5,0.3,0.2), (0.6,0.2,0.4) (0.6,0.5,0.4), (0.1,0.3,0.2), (0.6,0.2,0.3) (0.8,0.2,0.3), (0.2,0.1,0.4), (0.3,0.4,0.5)
(𝕦1 , 𝑞1 ) (𝕦1 , 𝑞2 ) (𝕦2 , 𝑞1 ) (𝕦2 , 𝑞2 )
[(𝑒1 , 𝑝, 0), ( ),( ),( ),( )],
(0.5,0.1,0.7), (0.4,0.2,0.3), (0.5,0.4,0.1) (0.8,0.2,0.3), (0.2,0.1,0.4), (0.3,0.4,0.5) (0.5,0.2,0.6), (0.3,0.4,0.1), (0.2,0.3,0.1) (0.5,0.2,0.3), (0.4,0.1,0.2), (0.2,0.1,0.4)
(𝕦1 , 𝑞1 ) (𝕦1 , 𝑞2 ) (𝕦2 , 𝑞1 ) (𝕦2 , 𝑞2 )
[(𝑒1 , 𝑞, 0), ( ),( ),( ),( )],
(0.7,0.1,0.4), (0.3,0.2,0.1), (0.4,0.2,0.5) (0.6,0.5,0.4), (0.4,0.2,0.1), (0.8,0.2,0.6) (0.9,0.4,0.5), (0.2,0.1,0.3), (0.6,0.2,0.3) (0.6,0.5,0.4), (0.1,0.3,0.2), (0.6,0.2,0.3)
(𝕦1 , 𝑞1 ) (𝕦1 , 𝑞2 ) (𝕦2 , 𝑞1 ) (𝕦2 , 𝑞2 )
[(𝑒2 , 𝑝, 0), ( ),( ),( ),( )],
(0.6,0.5,0.7), (0.3,0.5,0.4), (0.6,0.3,0.4) (0.5,0.2,0.3), (0.2,0.1,0.3), (0.4,0.3,0.5) (0.6,0.3,0.4), (0.1,0.2,0.4), (0.5,0.3,0.2) (0.3,0.1,0.4), (0.2,0.1,0.5), (0.5,0.2,0.6)
(𝕦1 , 𝑞1 ) (𝕦1 , 𝑞2 ) (𝕦2 , 𝑞1 ) (𝕦2 , 𝑞2 )
[(𝑒2 , 𝑞, 0), ( ),( ),( ),( )]}.
(0.3,0.1,0.2), (0.4,0.1,0.3), (0.5,0.2,0.6) (0.7,0.2,0.4), (0.4,0.3,0.6), (0.5,0.1,0.6) (0.7,0.3,0.5), (0.2,0.4,0.3), (0.5,0.2,0.3) (0.5,0.3,0.2), (0.8,0.2,0.4), (0.5,0.3,0.2)
Tables 1 presents the agree-QNSEMS while Table 2 presents the disagree-Q-NSEMS by

using the mean of each QNSEMS.
The following algorithm may be used to choose the most qualified membrane to
preventing water permeability.
Input the QNSEMS (𝐹𝑄 , 𝑍).
1. Compute the
agree-QNSES (𝕦, 𝑞) = |𝑚𝑎𝑥{𝐷𝑖 } − 𝑚𝑖𝑛{𝐼 𝑖 } − 𝑚𝑖𝑛{𝑌 𝑖 } |
and
disagree-QNSES (𝕦, 𝑞) = |𝑚𝑖𝑛{𝐷𝑖 } − 𝑚𝑎𝑥{𝐼 𝑖 } − 𝑚𝑎𝑥{𝑌 𝑖 } |
2. Find the agree-QNSEMS and disagree-QNSEMS.
3. Calculate 𝑐𝑗 = ∑𝑖(𝕦, 𝑞)𝑖𝑗 for agree-QNSEMS.
4. Calculate 𝑘𝑗 = ∑𝑖(𝕦, 𝑞)𝑖𝑗 for disagree-QNSEMS.
5. Determine 𝑠𝑗 = |𝑐𝑗 − 𝑘𝑗 |.
6. Determine 𝑟, for which 𝑠𝑟 = max𝑠𝑗 . If there is has more than a one value of 𝑟, then
the membrane can have alternative choices.
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Table 1: Agree- QNSEMS.

(𝕦1 , 𝑞1 ) (𝕦1 , 𝑞2 ) (𝕦2 , 𝑞1 ) (𝕦2 , 𝑞2 )
(𝑒1 , 𝑝, 1) 0.1 0.3 0.6 0.7
(𝑒2 , 𝑝, 1) 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.2
(𝑒1 , 𝑞, 1) 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
(𝑒2 , 𝑞, 1) 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.4
𝐶𝑗 = ∑(𝕦, 𝑞)𝑖𝑗 𝑐1 = 1.1 𝑐2 = 1.3 𝑐3 = 1.6 𝑐4 = 1.6
𝑖
Table 2: Disagree- QNSEMS.

(𝕦1 , 𝑞1 ) (𝕦1 , 𝑞2 ) (𝕦2 , 𝑞1 ) (𝕦2 , 𝑞2 )
(𝑒1 , 𝑝, 0) 0.7 0.7 0.9 0.4
(𝑒2 , 𝑝, 0) 0.9 0.6 0.6 0.8
(𝑒1 , 𝑞, 0) 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.6
(𝑒2 , 𝑞, 0) 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.1
𝑘𝑗 = ∑(𝕦, 𝑞)𝑖𝑗 𝑘1 = 2.7 𝑘2 = 2.5 𝑘3 = 2.7 𝑘4 = 1.9
𝑖
Table 3: 𝑠𝑗 = |𝑐𝑗 − 𝑘𝑗 |
𝑗 𝑉 ×Q 𝑐𝑗 𝑘𝑗 𝑠𝑗
1 (𝕦1 , 𝑞1 ) 1.1 2.7 1.6
2 (𝕦1 , 𝑞2 ) 1.3 2.5 1.2
3 (𝕦2 , 𝑞1 ) 1.6 2.7 1.1
4 (𝕦2 , 𝑞2 ) 1.6 1.9 0.3
From Tables 1 and 2 we are able to calculate the values of 𝑠𝑗 = 𝑐𝑗 − 𝑘𝑗 as in Table 3.
As can be seen, the maximum score is the score 1.6, shown in the above for the 𝕦1 . Hence
the best decision for the experts is to select membrane 𝕦2 followed by.
7.Comparison Analysis
A Q-neutrosophic soft expert model gives more precision, flexibility and compatibility
compared to the classical, fuzzy and/or intuitionistic fuzzy models.
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Table4: Comparison of fuzzy soft set to other variants

Q-
Multi Q- Q- Q-
Fuzzy soft Q-Fuzzy Neutrosophic
fuzzy soft Neutrosophic Neutrosophic
expert soft soft expert
expert soft set Soft Expert
multiset
Alkhazaleh
Adam and Adam and Sahin et al. Hassan Proposed
Methods and Salleh
Hassan [33] Hassan [28] [29] et.al[27] Method
[22]
Universe of Universe of Universe of Universe of Universe of Universe of
Domain discourse discourse discourse discourse discourse discourse
Co-domain [0,1] [0,1] [0,1] [0,1]3 [0,1]3 [0,1]3
True Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Falsity No No No Yes Yes Yes
Indeterminacy No No No Yes Yes Yes
Expert Yes No Yes No Yes Yes
Q No Yes Yes No Yes Yes

Membership Single Single Single Single-
multi-valued Multi-valued
valued valued valued valued valued
The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed decision-making approach are verified by
a comparison analysis using neutrosophic soft expert multiset decision method, with those
methods used by Sahin et al. [29], Adam and Hassan [28,33] and Alkhazaleh and Salleh
[22], as given in Table 4, based on the same example as in Section 4. The ranking order
results obtained are consistent with those in [16,22,28,29,33].
8. Conclusion
We have introduced the concept of a Q -neutrosophic soft expert set along with its
operations of equality, union, intersection, subset, OR, and AND. It is shown that this
proposed concept is more inclusive by taking into account the membership of falsity and
indeterminacy, expert, neutrosophy and Q -fuzzy. Thus the proposed approach is shown to
be useful in handling realistic uncertain problems. Finally an application of the constructed
algorithm to solve a decision-making problem is provided. This new extension will provide
a significant addition to existing theories for handling indeterminacy, and spurs more
developments of further research and pertinent applications.
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Chapter Nine
An outperforming approach for multi-criteria decision-making

problems with interval-valued Bipolar neutrosophic sets
Memet Şahin1, Vakkas Ulucay1,*, Bekir Çıngı1and Orhan Ecemiş2

1
Department of Mathematics, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep27310-Turkey
2
Department of Computer Technology, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep 27310, Turkey.
E-mail:mesahin@gantep.edu.tr, vulucay27@gmail.com, cingibekir.mat@gmail.com,

oecemis@gantep.edu.tr
ABSTRACT
In this chapter, a different outperforming access for MCDM problems is recommended to

approach positions pointing with in each cluster of numbers in the absolute system interval
and unequitable a definitive number among a bipolar neutrosophic set. Mostly, the
procedures of inter-valued bipolar neutrosophic sets and their associated characters are
imported. Formerly certain outperforming similarities for inter-valued bipolar neutrosophic
numbers (IVBNNs) are described depend on ELECTRE, and the characters of the
outperforming similarities are farther considered definitely. Furthermore, depend on the
outperforming similarities of IVBNSs, a ranking approach is advanced that one may clarify
MCDM problems.
Key Words: Neutrosophic sets, bipolar neutrosophic sets, Interval-valued bipolar

neutrosophic sets, Multicriteria decision-making, Outranking method.
1 Introduction
So as to overcome different kinds of confusions, the seminal theory of fuzzy sets [1] has
been proposed in 1965 by Zadeh; meanwhile, it has been tested strongly in different areas
[2]. Nonetheless, in a few cases it’s ambitious to define the rate of membership of a FS
along a certain value. Because of this reason, Turksen introdued the IVFSs [3]. Afterwards,
Atanassov [4, 5] investigated the notion of intuitionistic fuzzy sets (IFSs) to run-over the
illiteracy of nonmembership degrees. Until now, IFS outmoded worldwide tested to figure
out MCDM problems [6–8] in areas like medical images [9], pattern recognition [10], edge
detection and game theory [11-12] and image fusion [13]. IFSs were afterwards
approached to IVIFSs [14], along with to IVIFSs with triangular IFNs [15]. So to carry out
these problems where one is doubtful in showing their choice respecting phenomenon in a
DMP, hesitant fuzzy sets were developed [16-17] between 2009-2010. Moreover, defined
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more expansions have been suggested [18–20], and mechanisms along IFNs from a few
unsual groups’ decision-making surveys have been advanced [21-22]. In spite of the fact
that the concept of FSs has hold advanced and concluded, it couldn’t cope along all kinds
of confusions, like imprecise and incompatible information, in accurate DMPs. For
instance [23], during an authority provide the idea around a particular description, the one
may estimate a certain probability that the description is accurate is 0.5, the rate of
inaccurate description is 0.6, and the probability that the one isn’t sure is 0.2. The concept
of neutrosophic logic and neutrosophic sets [24-25] has been developed in 1995 by
Smarandache. Since then, it is applied to various areas, such as decision making
problems[38-43]. The NS is a set wither all member of the universe has a rate of accuracy,
uncertainity and falsity and that deceit in ]0-, 1[, the abnormal system interval [26].
Obviously, this’s the extension to the normal interval [0, 1] as in the IFS. Additionally, the
confusion present here, such that, indefinity cause, is separate of accuracy and falsity
values, when the integrated confusion is reliant of the rates of belongingness and non-
belongingness in IFSs [27]. Furthermore, regarding the mentioned example around expert
description, it can be shown as 𝑥(0: 5; 0: 2; 0: 6) by NSs.
2. Preliminary
In the subsection, we present defined notions containing neutrosophic sets, bipolar
neutrosophic
sets and interval valued bipolar neutrosophic sets.
2.1 Neutrosophic Sets [28]

Let E be a universe. A neutrosophic sets A over E is defined by
A   x, TA ( x), I A ( x), FA ( x) : x  E
where TA ( x), I A ( x) ve FA ( x) are called truth-membership function, indeterminacy-

membership
function and falsity-membership function, respectively. They are respectively defined by
TA ( x) : E   0 ,1  , I A ( x) : E   0 ,1  , FA ( x) : E   0 ,1 
such that
0  TA ( x)  I A ( x)  FA ( x)  3 .
2.2. Single Valued Neutrosophic Set [29]
Let E be a universe. A(SVN-set) overE is a neutrosophic set over E, but the truth-
membership function, indeterminacy-membership function and falsity-membership
function are respectively defined by
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TA ( x) : E  0,1 , I A ( x) : E  0,1 , FA ( x) : E  0,1

such that 0  TA ( x)  I A ( x)  FA ( x)  3 .
2.3. Bipolar Neutrosophic Set [30]
A BNS A in X is defined as an object of the form

A  x, T 
( x), I  ( x), F  ( x), T  ( x), I  ( x), F  ( x), : x  X 
where
T  ( x), I  ( x), F  ( x) : X  0,1 , T  ( x), I  ( x), F  ( x) : X   1,0
The positive membership degree T ( x), I ( x), F ( x) denotes the truth membership,
  
indeterminate membership and false membership of an element x  X corresponding to a

bipolarneutrosophic set A and the negative membership degree T ( x), I ( x), F ( x) denotes
  
the truthmembership, indeterminate membership and false membership of an element

x  X to someimplicit counter-property corresponding to a bipolar neutrosophic set A.
2.4. Interval Valued Bipolar Neutrosophic Set [31]
An IVBNS A in X is defined as an object of the form

A  TL ( x), TR ( x)  ,  I L ( x), I R ( x)  ,  FL ( x), FR ( x)  , TL ( x), TR ( x)  ,  I L ( x), I R ( x)  ,  FL ( x), FR ( x) 
where TL , TR , I L , I R , FL , FR : X  0,1 and TL , TR , I L , I R , FL , FR : X   1,0 .

           
2.5. The Operations for IVBNNs [31]
Let A1  T1L , T1R  ,  I1L , I1R  ,  F1L , F1R  , T1L , T1R  ,  I1L , I1R  ,  F1L , F1R  and
A2  T2L , T2R  ,  I 2L , I 2R  ,  F2L , F2R  , T2L , T2R  ,  I 2L , I 2R  ,  F2L , F2R  be two interval
valued bipolar neutrosophic number. Then the operations for IVBNNs are defined as
below;
i.
1  1  T   ,1  1  T    ,  I   ,  I    ,  F   ,  F    ,
 L R   L R   L R 
 A1 
   T   ,   T    ,     I   ,    I    ,  (1  1  ( F  )  ), (1  1  ( F  )  ) 
 L R   L R   L R

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Volume I
ii.
T   , T    , 1  1  I   ,1  1  I    , 1  1  F   ,1  1  F    ,
 L R   L R   L R 
A1 
 (1  1  (T  )  ), (1  1  (T  )  )  ,     I   ,    I    ,     F   ,    F   
 L R
  L R
  L R

iii.
T1L  T2L  T1L .T2L , T1R  T2R  T1R .T2R  ,  I1L .I 2L , I1R .I 2R  ,
 F1L .F2 L , F1R .F2 R  ,  T1L .T2 L , T1R .T2 R  ,

       
A1  A2 
 ( I1L  I 2L  I1L .I 2L ), ( I1R  I 2R  I1R .I 2R )  ,  ( F1L  F2L  F1L .F2L ), ( F1R  F2R  F1R .F2R ) 
iv.
T1L .T2 L , T1R .T2 R  ,  I1L  I 2 L  I1L .I 2 L , I1R  I 2 R  I1R .I 2 R  ,

           
 F1L  F2 L  F1L .F2 L , F1R  F2 R  F1R .F2 R  ,  (T1L  T2 L  T1L .T2 L ), (T1R  T2 R  T1R .T2 R )  ,
               
A1  A2 
 I1L .I 2L , I1R .I 2R  ,  F1L .F2L , F1R .F2R 
where   0 .
3 Outranking relations of IVBNNs
A pseudo-criterion is a criterion including preference and indifference thresholds. The

definition of the pseudo-criterion[32-33] was provided by Roy. The pseudo-criterion is a
function g j such that it is linked to two criterion functions, q j (.) and p j (.) . In other words,
a function g j and threshold functions together constitute the pseudo-criterion. It should
satisfy conditions as follow: (b, b)  B  B , g j (b)  g j (b), g j (b)  p j ( g j (b)) and
g j (b)  q j ( g j (b)) are unreducing monotone functions of g j (b) , and
p j ( g j (b))  q j ( g j (b)) for all b  B , where q j ( g j (b)) and p j ( g j (b)) are the greatest and
smallest performance difference, for which the situation of indifference holds on to
criterion g j between two actions b and b . According to the definition, for the pseudo-
criterion between two IVBNs we can give Definition 3.1 as follows.
3.1. Relation Between Two IVBNs
Given two IVBNs 𝑎 and 𝑏, where

a   aL

, aR

 ,  aL

, aR

 , aL

, aR

 ,  aL

, aR

 ,  aL

, aR

 , aL

, aR

 and
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b   bL

, bR

 ,  bL

, bR

 , bL

, bR

 ,  bL

, bR

 ,  bL

, bR

 , bL

, bR

 . Let
g (a)   aL


 aR

   aL  aR    aL  aR    aL  aR   aL  aR   aL  aR  ,
g (b)   bL

 bR

   bL  bR    bL  bR    bL  bR   bL  bR   bL  bR  ,
g (Tab )   aL

 aR

   aL  aR    bL  bR    bL  bR  ,
g ( I ab )   bL

 bR

   bL  bR    aL  aR    aL  aR  and
g ( Fab )  bL

 bR

  bL  bR   aL  aR   aL  aR  . Assume that
g (a, b)  g (a)  g (b)  g (Tab )  g ( I ab )  g ( Fab ) .
Let’s assume that p and q are respectively are the option criterion and the indifference
criterion. Relations exist between the two IVBNs are defined as follows:
(1) In case that p<g(a,b), suddenly a is fully approved to b, symbolized as P(a,b) or a  s b .
(2) In case that q  g (a, b)  p , suddenly a is defectively approved to b, symbolized as Q
(a,b) or a  wb .
(3) In case that  q  g (a, b)  q , suddenly a is indifferent to b, symbolized as I(a,b) or
a  ıb .
Obviously, the common three circumstances with regard to similarities among two IVNNs
a and b are a active, weak and indifference influence similarity. Here, a actively influences
b in case that it’s fully preferred to b. Unless, a defectively influences b.
Numerical Example. Let’s assume that p and q are respectively the preference criterion
and the indifference criterion, and let p = 0.4, q = 0.2.
(1) If a  0.5,0.8 , 0.3,0.4 , 0.1,0.2 ,  0.2, 0.1 ,  0.5, 0.2 ,  0.8, 0.7 and
b  0.5,0.6 , 0.4,0.5 , 0.2,0.4 ,  0.4, 0.2,  0.9, 0.5,  0.7, 0.6
 are two IVBNs, then g(a,b)=0.5>p. Accordingly, a and b fascinate first condition, namely,
a is defectively chosen to b.
(2) If a  0.3,0.8 , 0.3,0.9 , 0.1,0.3 ,  0.7, 0.6 ,  0.6, 0.2 ,  0.4, 0.1 and
b  0.4,0.7 , 0.6,0.8 , 0.3,0.4 ,  0.9, 0.5 ,  0.4, 0.3 ,  0.8, 0.1

are two IVBNs, then q  g (a, b)  0.3  p .Accordingly, a and b fascinate second condition,
namely, a is defectively chosen, to b.
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(3) If a  0.3,0.9 , 0.1,0.8 , 0.2,0.5 ,  0.8, 0.7 ,  0.5, 0.1 ,  0.4, 0.3 and
b  0.3,0.8 , 0.3,0.9 , 0.1,0.3 ,  0.7, 0.6 ,  0.6, 0.2 ,  0.4, 0.1

are two IVBNs, then –q<g(a,b)=-0.1<q. Accordingly, a and b satisfy I(a, b), namely,a is
indifferent to b.
Property 1 Assume that a, b and c are IVBNs, if a  s b and b  s c , then a  s c :
Proof In accordance with Definition 3.1, if a  s b then g(a,b)>p, that is, g(a)-g(b)>p.
Similarly, if b  s c then g(b)-g(c)>p.Therefore, g(a)-g(b)+g(b)-g(c)>2p. Thus, g(a)-
g(c)>p.Based on Definition 3.1, a  s c is obtained and, thus, we have easily proven that the
property 1 is true.
Property 2 Assume that a, b and c are IVBNs, formerly the conclusions can be obtained as
follows.
(1) The active influence similarities are classified into:
(1a) There is no reflexivity, that is, a  IVBNs, a  s ;
a
(1b) There is no symmetry, namely, a, b  IVBNs, a  s  b  s ;

b a
(1c)There is transitivity, namely, a, b, c  IVBNs, a  s , b  s  a  s .

b c c
(2) The defective influence similarities are classified into:

(2a) There is no reflexivity, namely, a  IVBNs, a  w ;
a
(2b) There is no symmetry, that is, a, b  IVBNs, a  w  b  w ;

b a
(2c)There is no transitivity, namely, a, b, c  IVBNs, a  w , b  w 

b c
 aw .
c
(3) The indifference similarities are classified into:

(3a) There is reflexivity, that is, a  IVBNs, a ıa ;
(3b) There is symmetry, namely, a, b  IVBNs, a ıb  b ı a ;
(3c)There is no transitivity, namely, a, b, c  IVBNs, a ıb , b ı c 
 a ı.
c
g(a)-g(a)=0<q<p , a  s a , a  wa , a ı a holds in accordance with 3.1.

Hereby, (1a), (2a) and (3a) are accurate.
Likewise, in case that a  s b , formerly g (a )  g (b)  p  g (b)  g (a )   p . Accordingly,
b  saand (1b) is correct, in the fact (2b) and (3b). In accordance with Property 1 and
Property 2, (1c) is correct. In addition to this, (2c) and (3c) have to be proven.
3.3. Binary Comparison of Two Sets
Let options A and B be clusters of IVBNs, A  a1 , a2 , a3 ,..., am  , and
B  b1 , b2 , b3 ,..., bm  , ai , b j  IVBNs(i, j  1, 2,..., m) . Sets A and B can be binary compared
using the following notations.:
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Editors:
The number of the criteria P(ai , b j ) is represented by nP ( A, B) ,

The number of the criteria Q(ai , b j ) is represented by nQ ( A, B) ,
The number of the approach I (ai , bj )  ( g (ai , bj )  0) is represented by nI ( A, B) ,
When two options A and B are considered, the succeeding expressions give an idea about
the outperforming similarity [34]:
(1) A outperforms B, symbolized as AOB, i.e, the investigator may present adequate
reasons to decision-makers in relation to the proposition “A is somewhat approximate B”.
(2) A doesn’t outperform B, i.e, there is no reason enough to validate proposition ‘‘A is
somewhat approximate B’’, but it doesn’t mean that ‘‘B is somewhat approximate A’’,
where the symbols “I” and “R” represent indifference and incomparability, respectively.
Moreover, There are two cases for the preference relation. They’re active option and
defective option, symbolized as A  s B and A  w B jointly.
Depend on [35], the rules of influence were build up thusly.
3.4. Number of Criteria
Let’s conclude that there are m criteria in total. Then:

(1) A  s B : (a) for no threshold B is closely approved to A;
(b) If the number of approach for that B is defectively approved in similar to A is lesser or
fit the number of approach for that A is closely approved to B; and (c) and in case that the
number of approach, for that the achievement of B is greater than that of A, is closely
lesser to the number of approach for that the achievement of A is greater than such of
option B.
A  s B  nP ( B, A)  0 ve nQ ( B, A)  nP ( A, B) ve nQ ( B, A)  nI ( B, A)  nI ( A, B)  nQ ( A, B)  nP ( A, B).
(2) A  w B : (a) in case that concealed by no approach B is closely approved to A; (b) in
case that the number of approach, for that the achievement of B is preferable to such of A,
is closely lesser to the number of criteria for which the achievement of A is preferable to
that of option B; (c) in case that the further position needed for the similar A S B carry on
isn’t documented; and (d) in case that there’s a particular threshold for that B is closely
approved to A, formerly A is closely approved to B in somewhat limited of the approach.
A  wB  nP ( B, A)  0 ve nQ ( B, A)  nI ( B, A)  nI ( A, B)  nQ ( A, B)  nP ( A, B) ve not A  s Bveya nP ( B, A)  1 ve nP ( A, B )  m / 2.
Numerical Example. consider that the option criterion is p = 0.4 and the nonchalance
criterion is q = 0.2. For alternatives B1 and B2, the decision maker must decide according to
three criteria. The achievement of all threshold in similar to all option is as shown in the
following:
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Volume I
 a,  0.3, 0.9 ,  0.1, 0.8 , 0.2, 0.5 ,  0.8, 0.7  ,  0.5, 0.1 ,  0.4, 0.3 , 
 
B1   B11 B12 B13    b,  0.3, 0.8 ,  0.3, 0.9 , 0.1, 0.3 ,  0.7, 0.6 ,  0.6, 0.2 ,  0.4, 0.1 , 
 
 c,  0.4, 0.5 ,  0.5, 0.6 ,  0.3, 0.5 ,  0.4, 0.2 ,  0.9, 0.5 ,  0.7, 0.6 
 a,  0.2, 0.8 ,  0.3, 0.6 ,  0.3, 0.6 ,  0.3, 0.2 ,  0.6, 0.2 ,  0.5, 0.4 ,
 
B2   B21 B22 B23    b,  0.4, 0.7  ,  0.5, 0.7  ,  0.2, 0.3 ,  0.2, 0.1 ,  0.8, 0.3 ,  0.9, 0.8 ,
 
 c,  0.4, 0.7  ,  0.6, 0.8 ,  0.3, 0.4 ,  0.9, 0.5 ,  0.4, 0.3 ,  0.8, 0.1 
In accordance with 3.1,

g ( B11 , B21 )  1, g ( B21 , B11 )  1  p, g ( B22 , B12 )  2.4  p ve g ( B13 , B23 )  1.9  p . Hence,
P( B21 , B11 ), P( B22 , B12 )ve P( B13 , B23 ) . That is, the relationship between alternatives
B1 and B2 is that with regard to the former two criteria, B2 is strictly preferred to B1 , while
B1 is closely
approved to B2 with respect to the third threshold. For the pair ( B1 , B2 ) ;
nP ( B1, B2 )  1, nQ ( B1, B2 )  0, nI ( B1, B2 )  0, nP ( B2 , B1 )  2, nQ ( B2 , B1 )  0 ve nI ( B2 , B1)  0.
As reported by definition 3.4, B2 wB1 ; consequently B2 is defectively afflicted by B1 .
For ease of presentation, let ns ( Ai ) show the number that has active influence relation
among the optione Ai , for which Ai s Ak between the pair ( Ai , Ak ) (k=1,2,3,...,n) .

Similarly, nw ( Ai ) represents the number for which Ai wAk ,for k=1,2,3,...,n.
Definition 3.6.The rule of the outperforming similarity among ( Ai , Ak ) are build up as :
(1) If ns ( Ai )  ns ( Aj ) , then it implies Ai outranking Aj , denoted Ai Aj .
(2) If ns ( Ai )  ns ( Aj ) , and nw ( Ai )  nw ( Aj ) , then Ai Aj .
Aj
(3) If ns ( Ai )  ns ( Aj ) , nw ( Ai )  nw ( Aj ) and Ai s , then Ai Aj .
Afterwards, the sequence among a partly or full order of choices is settled.
4 An outperforming method for MCDM with IVBNSs
In this section, an outperforming approach for MCDM problems where the outperforming
tests of IVBNSs are utilizing is suggested.
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Suppose such the MCDM rating/choosing problem among IVBNSs amount to n

options A   A1 , A2 , A3 ,..., An  and all option is calculated by m criteria
C  c1 , c2 , c3 ,..., cm  . The calculation of all option according to their threshold is turn into
R  ( Aij )nm , where Aij   Aij , Aij , Aij ,  Aij , Aij , Aij
     
in the IN decision matrix is a
threshold value , symbolized as IVBNN, where the positive membership degree
 Aij , Aij ,  Aij shows the accuracy, uncertainity and falsity-membership function such the
option Ai fascinates the criterion c j , and the negative membership degree  Aij , Aij ,  Aij
  
shows the truth-membership, indeterminacy-membership and falsity-membership function

that the option Ai fascinates the criterion c j . Let the option threshold for each criterion
P   p1 , p2 , p3 ,..., pm  and the indifference threshold Q  q1 , q2 , q3 ,..., qm  .
Let’s see the given procedure used to rate and choose the best option(s) is
summarized.
Procedure 1 Let G be performance matrix and c j each criterion of every alternative Ai .
Compute G. Then, the performance value of Ai on c j is symbolized as g ( Ai ) j . By

utilizing 3.1, G can be evaluated:
Procedure 2 Let D be difference matrix. Compute D. Then,

The difference value g ( Ai , Ak ) j describes the performance difference between two
Ai and Ak on c j . Conforming to the score function the rate of all option as to every c j
criterion, g ( Ai , Ak ) j  g ( Ai ) j  g ( Ak ) j (i, k  1,2,.., n; j  1,2,..., m) . Consequently, D can
be formulated as:
Procedure 3 Achieve the binary relationship between two the IVBNNs as to c j for Ai .
Definitely, the difference value g ( Ai , Ak ) j should be analyzed along the option

criterion p j and nonchalance criterion q j to regulate the similarities. By 3.1, in case that
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g ( Ai , Ak ) j  p j , then Aij  s A . Moreover, if q j  g ( Ai , Ak ) j  p j , then Aij  w A and if

kj kj
q j  g ( Ai , Ak ) j  q j , then Aij  ı A .
kj
Procedure 4 By utilizing definition 3.3, count the number of outperforming relations

nP ( Ai , Ak ), nQ ( Ai , Ak ) ve nI ( Ai , Ak ) for the pair-wise ( Ai , Ak ) respecting every criteria.
Definitely, any
pair-wise ( Ai , Ak ) nP ( Ai , Ak ) represents the number when Aij  s
Akj
for j=1,2,...,m . Likewise,
nQ ( Ai , Ak ) represents the number when Aij ı A and nI ( Ai , Ak ) represents the number
kj
ı kj and g ( Ai , Ak ) j  0 for j=1,2,...,m .

A
when Aij
Procedure 5 As reported by definition 3.4, complete the outperforming relations between
( Ai , Ak ) .
Procedure 6 Count ns ( Ai ) and nw ( Ai ) for alternative Ai .
Procedure 7 As reported by definition 3.6 choose the alternative(s) with the best
outperforming relations and the largest ns ( Ai ) . If two or more have the maximum of
ns ( Ai ) , then compare nw ( Ai ) . consequently, the alternatives with the best outperforming
relations are extracted.
Procedure 8 Rerun procedure 4–7 for the halting alternatives as far as the remainder is
empty.
Procedure 9 Choose the alternative(s). The whole or limited order for Ai is finally
settled.
5. MCDMP
In this section, to denote the utilization of the requested decision-making approach and its
capability, a numerical examples of MCDMPs along options are furnished.
5.1. Numerical Example
A MCDMP familiarized from Refs. [36-37] will be utilized. There is a group along four
desirable options to lend capital: B1 , B2 , B3 and B4 . The lending company must take a
decision according to the succeeding three criteria: c1 , c2 and c3 . The option criterion
P  0.2,0.2,0.2 and the nonchalance criterion Q  0.1,0.1,0.1 . The four desirable
options are to be calculated concealed by the upon three approach, and the calculated rates
are to be turn into IVBNNs, as indicated in the succeeding IN decision matrix D:
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Editors:
Procedure 1 Compute G:
 1.1  0.5 0.8 
 1.2 1.1 0.7 
G 
 0.7  0.3 1.6 
 
 0.3  0.9  1.2 
Procedure 2 Compute D.
The difference value g (Bi , Bk ) j between the two alternatives Bi and Bk on c j fascinates
g (Bi , Bk ) j  g (Bi ) j  g (Bk ) j (i, k  1,2,.., n; j  1,2,..., m) . Finally, D can be constructed as
indicated in Table 1.
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Procedure 3 Achieve the binary similarity among the two IVBNNs on c j for Ai . Analyze
g (Bi , Bk ) j along p j and q j , and formely, the conclusions can be indicated in Table 2.
119
Editors:
Procedure 4 Evaluate the number of all outperforming similarity of every Ai along the
other options for every c j , as seen in Table 3.
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Procedure 5
As reported by
3.4, determine
the
outperforming
relations as
seen in Table
4.
Procedure 6 Count ns ( Bi ) for all alternative Bi as seen in Table 5.
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Editors:
Procedure 7 As reported by 3.6 choose the best outperforming alternative(s).

It is obvious to see that B2 is the best alternative.
Procedure 8 Rerun procedure 4 to 7 for the halting alternatives as far as the remainder is
empty.
The method is repeatedly rerunned, and finally B1 , B3 and B4 are settled.
Procedure 9 According to the above procedures, select the best alternatives and the final
order is as certained as B2 B1 B3 B4 .
6. Conclusion
Interval valuable bipolar neutrosophic sets are a new branch of neutrosophic sets.
There are some problems in real scientific and engineering utilizations such that these
problems contain undetermined, incomplete and inconsistent information. Interval-valued
bipolar neutrosophic sets can be applied to overcome such problems. In this chapter, an
approach was presented to figure out MCDM problems using IVBNSs. As a result, an
outperforming way to solve MCDM problems using IVBNSs was developed depend on
the ELEKTRE IV. Hence, a few outperforming relations for IVBNSs were introduced, and
also the properties related to the outperforming relations were reviewed categorically. On
the other hand, two examples were utilized to denote the application of the method.
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30.Deli, I., Ali, M., Smarandache, F. (2015, August). Bipolar neutrosophic sets and their
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31.Deli, I., Şubaş, Y., Smaradache, F., & Ali, M. (2016). Interval valued bipolar neutrosophic sets
and their application in pattern recognition. arXivpreprint arXiv:1601.01266.
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42. Sahin, M., Olgun, N., Uluçay, V., Kargın, A., & Smarandache, F. (2017). A new similarity
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Chapter Ten
A New Approach Distance Measure of Bipolar
Neutrosophic Sets and Its Application to Multiple
Criteria Decision Making
Memet Sahin, Vakkas Uluçay* Harun Deniz
1
Email: mesahin@gantep.edu.tr, vulucay27@gmail.com, h.deniz@msn.com.
Abstract
A bipolar neutrosophic set (BNS) is an instance of a single- valued neutrosophic set. To do this, we firstly
propose distance measure between two BNSs is defined by the full consideration of positive membership
function and negative membership function for the forward and backward differences. Then the similarity
measure, the entropy measure and the index of distance are also presented. Then, two examples are shown to
verify the feasibility of the proposed method. Finally, the decision results of different similarity measures
demonstrate the practicality and effectiveness of the developed method in this paper.
Keywords: Single-valued neutrosophic sets, Single-valued bipolar neutrosophic sets,

decision making.
1. Introduction
The MCDM is an important part of modern decision science and relate to many complex
factors, such as economics, psychological behavior, ideology, military and so on. In many
real-life decisions making problems can be modelling with fuzzy set theory (Zadeh 1965)
and intuitionistic fuzzy set theory (Atanassov 1986). Because of membership functions,
these theories have some disadvantages and cannot modelling MCDM problems. Based on
the theories, Smarandache (1998) developed the neutrosophic set theory which overcomes
the disadvantage of fuzzy set theory and intuitionistic fuzzy set theory which
independently has a truth-membership degree, an indeterminacy-membership degree and a
falsity-membership degree. Also Lee (2000, 2009) bipolar fuzzy set developed to
modelling some real problems to some implicit counter-property which has positive
membership degree and negative membership degree. Many research treating imprecision
and uncertainty have been developed and studied. Since then, it is applied to various areas,
such as decision making problems (Athar 2014, Aydogdu 2015, Broumi & Smarandache
2013, Balasubramanian, Prasad & Arjunan 2015, Broumi, Deli & Smarandache 2014,
Chen, Li, Ma &Wang 2014, Chen 2014, Deli & Broumi 2015, Broumi, Bakali, Talea and
Smarandache 2017, Broumi, Bakali, Talea and Smarandache 2016, Broumi, Smarandache,
Talea and Bakali 2016, Broumi, Bakali, Talea and Smarandache 2018, Karaaslan 2016,
Majumder 2012, Majumdar & Samanta 2014, Smarandache 2005, Santhi & Shyamala
2015, Saeid 2009, Shen, Xu & Xu 2016, Sahin, Deli & Ulucay 2016, Wang, Wang, Zhang
125
Editors:
& Chen 2015, Zhang, Wang, & Chen 2016, Wu, Zhang, Yuan, Geng & Zhang 2016, Ye
2014, Ulucay, Deli & Sahin 2016, Yang, Wang & Wang 2012, Ye 2014, Jun, Kang & Kim
2009, Peng, Wang Zhang &Chen 2014, Devi &Yadav 2013, Figueira, Greco, Roy &
Slowinski 2010, bakbak 2019, Ulucay et al.2018, Ulucay et al.2018a, Ulucay et al.2018b,
Şahin et al. 2017, Şahin et al. 2018).
Recently, Deli et al. (2015) proposed bipolar neutrosophic set theory and their operations
based on bipolar fuzzy set theory and neutrosophic set theory. A bipolar neutrosophic set
theory have the positive membership degrees 𝑇 + (𝑥), 𝐼 + (𝑥), 𝐹 + (𝑥) and the negative
membership degrees 𝑇 − (𝑥), 𝐼 − (𝑥), 𝐹 − (𝑥) denotes the truth membership, indeterminate
membership and false membership of an element 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋. Then Deli et al. (2016), Şahin et
al. (2016) and Uluçay et al. (2016) presented some different similarity measure and applied
to multi-attribute decision making problems.
Clustering plays an important part in analyzing the real world, such as pattern recognition,
data mining, machine learning and so on. Over the past few decades, researchers has been
used clustering method in many fields studies (Gua, Xia, Sengür & Polat 2016, Gua &
Sengür 2015, Koundal, Gupta & Singh 2016, Roy 1991, Wu & Chen 2011).
The rest of paper is organized as follows. In Sect. 2, we review basic concepts about
neutrosophic sets and bipolar neutrosophic sets. In Sect. 3, the notions of the distance
measure, the similarity measure, the entropy measure and the index of distance are
introduced. In Sect. 4, two illustrate examples are given to show the effectiveness of the
new distance measure applied in clustering and decision making. In Sect. 5, a comparison
analysis and discussion is conducted between the proposed approach and other existing
methods, in order to verify its feasibility and effectiveness. Finally, the conclusions are
drawn.
2. Preliminaries
Definition 2.1.(Smarandache 1998) Let 𝑋 be a universe of discourse. Then a neutrosophic

set is defined as:
𝐴 = {〈𝑥, 𝑇𝐴 (𝑥), 𝐼𝐴 (𝑥), 𝐹𝐴 (𝑥)〉: 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋},
which is characterized by a truth-membership function 𝑇𝐴 : 𝑋 →]0− 1+ [, an indeterminacy-

membership function 𝐼𝐴 : 𝑋 →]0− 1+ [ and a falsity-membership function 𝐹𝐴 : 𝑋 →]0− 1+ [.
There is no restriction on the sum of 𝑇𝐴 (𝑥), 𝐼𝐴 (𝑥) and 𝐹𝐴 (𝑥), so 0− ≤ sup 𝑇𝐴 (𝑥) ≤ sup
𝐼𝐴 (𝑥) ≤ sup 𝐹𝐴 (𝑥)≤ 3+
Definition 2.2. (Wang, Smarandache, Zhang & Sunderraman 2010) Let 𝑋 be a universe of
discourse. Then a single valued neutrosophic set (SVNS) is defined as:
𝐴𝑁𝑆 = {〈𝑥, 𝐹𝐴 (𝑥), 𝑇𝐴 (𝑥), 𝐼𝐴 (𝑥)〉: 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋},
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which is characterized by a truth-membership function 𝑇𝐴 : 𝑋 → [0,1], an indeterminacy-

membership function 𝐼𝐴 : 𝑋 → [0,1] and a falsity-membership function 𝐹𝐴 : 𝑋 → [0,1].
There is no restriction on the sum of 𝑇𝐴 (𝑥) , 𝐼𝐴 (𝑥) and 𝐹𝐴 (𝑥) , so 0 ≤ sup 𝑇𝐴 (𝑥) ≤
sup 𝐼𝐴 (𝑥) ≤ sup 𝐹𝐴 (𝑥) ≤ 3 .
Definition 2.3. (Deli et al. 2015) Let 𝑋 be a universe of discourse. A bipolar neutrosophic
set ABNS in X is defined as an object of the form

ABNS  x, T  ( x), I  ( x), F  ( x), T   x  , I   x  , F  ( x) : x  X , 
where T , I , F : X  1,0 and T , I , F : X   1,0 .
     
The positive membership degree T ( x ), I ( x ), F ( x ) denotes the truth membership,

  
indeterminate membership and false membership of an element x  X corresponding to a

bipolar neutrosophic set ABNS and the negative membership degree T ( x ), I ( x ), F ( x )
  
denotes the truth membership, indeterminate membership and false membership of an

element x  X to some implicit counter-property corresponding to a bipolar neutrosophic
set ABNS .
Set- theoretic operations, for two bipolar neutrosophic set

ABNS  x, T1 ( x), I1 ( x), F1 ( x), T1  x  , I1  x  , F1 ( x) : x  X 
and

BBNS  x, T2 ( x), I 2 ( x), F2 ( x), T2  x  , I 2  x  , F2 ( x) : x  X 
are given as;
1. The subset; ABNS ⊆ BBNS if and only if
T 1 ( x)  T2 ( x) I 1 ( x)  I 2 ( x) , F 1 ( x)  F2 ( x) ,
and
T 1 ( x)  T2 ( x) , I 1 ( x)  I  2 ( x) , F1 ( x)  F2 ( x)
for all x  X .
2. ABNS = BBNS if and only if ,
T 1 ( x)  T2 ( x) , I 1 ( x)  I 2 ( x) , F 1 ( x)  F2 ( x) ,
and
T 1 ( x)  T2 ( x) , I 1 ( x)  I  2 ( x) , F1 ( x)  F2 ( x)
for all x  X .
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Editors:
3. The complement of ABNS is denoted by AoBNS and is defined by
TAc  ( x)  {1 }  TA ( x) , I Ac  ( x)  {1 }  I A ( x) , FAc  ( x)  {1 }  FA ( x)
and
TAc  ( x)  {1 }  TA ( x) , I Ac  ( x)  {1 }  I A ( x) , FAc  ( x)  {1 }  FA ( x) ,
for all x  X .
4. The intersection
 I1 ( x)  I 2  ( x) 
 x, min(T1 ( x), T2 ( x)), , max(( F1 ( x), F2  ( x)), max(T1 ( x), T2  ( x)), 
 
2 
( ABNS  BBNS )( x)    
 I1 ( x)  I 2 ( x) , min(( F  ( x), F  ( x)) : x  X


 
1 2
2
5. The union
 I1 ( x)  I 2  ( x) 
 x , max( T1

( x ), T2

( x )), , min(( F1 ( x), F2  ( x)), 
2
( ABNS  BBNS )( x)   .
min(T ( x), T ( x)), 1 I 
( x )  I 
( x )
  2
, max(( F1 ( x), F2 ( x)) : x  X 
 
 1 2
2 
Definition 2.9. (Deli et al. 2015) Let 𝑎̃1 = ⟨ 𝑇1+ , 𝐼1+ , 𝐹1+ , 𝑇1− , 𝐼1− , 𝐹1− ⟩ and 𝑎̃2 =
⟨ 𝑇2+ , 𝐼2+ , 𝐹2+ , 𝑇2− , 𝐼2− , 𝐹2− ⟩ be two bipolar neutrosophic number. Then the operations for
BNNs are defined as below;
i. 𝜆𝑎̃1 = ⟨ 1 − (1 − 𝑇1+ )𝜆 , (𝐼1+ )𝜆 , (𝐹1+ )λ , −(−𝑇1− )𝜆 , −(−𝐼1− )𝜆 , −(1 − (1 − (−𝐹1− ))𝜆 )⟩

ii. 𝑎̃1𝜆 = ⟨ (𝑇1+ )𝜆 , 1 − (1 − 𝐼1+ )𝜆 , 1 − (1 − 𝐹1+ )𝜆 , −(1 − (1 −
(−𝑇1− ))𝜆 ), −(−𝐼1− ) 𝜆 , −(−𝐹1− )𝜆 ⟩
iii. 𝑎̃1 + 𝑎̃2 =
⟨ 𝑇1+ +𝑇2+ −𝑇1+ 𝑇2+ , 𝐼1+ 𝐼2+ , 𝐹1+ 𝐹2+ , −𝑇1− 𝑇2− , −(−𝐼1− −𝐼2− −𝐼1− 𝐼2− ), −(−𝐹1− −𝐹2− −𝐹1− 𝐹2− ) ⟩
iv. 𝑎̃1 . 𝑎̃2 = ⟨ 𝑇1+ 𝑇2+ , 𝐼1+ +𝐼2+ − 𝐼1+ 𝐼2+ , 𝐹1+ +𝐹2+ − 𝐹1+ 𝐹2+ , −(−T1− − 𝑇2− −
𝑇2− 𝑇2− ), −𝐼1− 𝐼2− , −𝐹1− 𝐹2− ⟩
where   0 .
3. Distance Measure of Bipolar Neutrosophic Sets
In this section, we defined distance measure two between bipolar neutrosophic sets that
are based on Clustering method by extending the studies in (Huang 2016).
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Definition3.1. For two bipolar neutrosophic 𝐴1 and 𝐴2 in a universe of discourse 𝑋 =

{𝑥1 𝑥2 , … , 𝑥𝑛 } which are denoted by 𝐴1 =
+ + + − − −
⟨𝑥𝑖 ,T1 (𝑥𝑖 ), I1 (𝑥𝑖 ), F1 (𝑥𝑖 ), T1 (𝑥𝑖 ), I1 (𝑥𝑖 ), F1 (𝑥𝑖 ) ⟩ and +
𝐴2 = ⟨𝑥𝑖 ,T2 (𝑥𝑖 ),
+ (𝑥 ), + (𝑥 ), − (𝑥 ), − (𝑥 ), − (𝑥 ) ⟩
I2 𝑖 F2 𝑖 T2 𝑖 I2 𝑖 F2 𝑖 .The bipolar neutrosophic weighted distance
measure are defined by
𝑑𝜆 (𝐴1 , 𝐴2 )
1
𝜆 𝜆
𝑛 4
= [∑ 𝜔𝑗 (∑ 𝛽𝑖 𝜑𝑖 (𝑥𝑗 )) ] (1)
𝑗=1 𝑖=1
where 𝜆 > 0, 𝛽𝑖 ∈ [0,1] and ∑4𝑖=1 𝛽𝑖 = 1, 𝜔𝑗 ∈ [0,1] and ∑𝑛𝑗=1 𝜔𝑗 = 1
|𝑇1+ (𝑥𝑗 ) − 𝑇2+ (𝑥𝑗 )| |𝐼1+ (𝑥𝑗 ) − 𝐼2+ (𝑥𝑗 )| |𝐹1+ (𝑥𝑗 ) − 𝐹2+ (𝑥𝑗 )|
𝜑1 (𝑥𝑗 ) = ( + + )−
6 6 6
|𝑇1− (𝑥𝑗 ) − 𝑇2− (𝑥𝑗 )| |𝐼1− (𝑥𝑗 ) − 𝐼2− (𝑥𝑗 )| |𝐹1− (𝑥𝑗 ) − 𝐹2− (𝑥𝑗 )|
( + + )
6 6 6
2+𝑇1+ (𝑥𝑗 )−𝐼1+ (𝑥𝑗 )−𝐹1+ (𝑥𝑗 ) 2+𝑇2+ (𝑥𝑗 )−𝐼2+ (𝑥𝑗 )−𝐹2+ (𝑥𝑗 )
𝑚𝑎𝑥 { , }
6 6
𝜑2 (𝑥𝑗 ) = ( 2+𝑇1+ (𝑥𝑗 )−𝐼1+ (𝑥𝑗 )−𝐹1+ (𝑥𝑗 ) 2+𝑇2+ (𝑥𝑗 )−𝐼2+ (𝑥𝑗 )−𝐹2+ (𝑥𝑗 )
)
−𝑚𝑖𝑛 { , }
6 6
2+𝑇1− (𝑥𝑗 )−𝐼1− (𝑥𝑗 )−𝐹1− (𝑥𝑗 ) 2+𝑇2− (𝑥𝑗 )−𝐼2− (𝑥𝑗 )−𝐹2− (𝑥𝑗 )
𝑚𝑎𝑥 { , }
6 6
−( 2+𝑇1− (𝑥𝑗 )−𝐼1− (𝑥𝑗 )−𝐹1− (𝑥𝑗 ) 2+𝑇2− (𝑥𝑗 )−𝐼2− (𝑥𝑗 )−𝐹2− (𝑥𝑗 )
)
−𝑚𝑖𝑛 { , }
6 6
|𝑇1+ (𝑥𝑗 ) − 𝑇2+ (𝑥𝑗 ) + 𝐼2+ (𝑥𝑗 ) − 𝐼1+ (𝑥𝑗 )| |𝑇1− (𝑥𝑗 ) − 𝑇2− (𝑥𝑗 ) + 𝐼2− (𝑥𝑗 ) − 𝐼1− (𝑥𝑗 )|
𝜑3 (𝑥𝑗 ) = −
4 4
|𝑇1+ (𝑥𝑗 ) − 𝑇2+ (𝑥𝑗 ) + 𝐹2+ (𝑥𝑗 ) − 𝐹1+ (𝑥𝑗 )|

𝜑4 (𝑥𝑗 ) =
4
|𝑇1 (𝑥𝑗 ) − 𝑇2− (𝑥𝑗 ) + 𝐹2− (𝑥𝑗 ) − 𝐹1− (𝑥𝑗 )|
−
−
4
Proposition3.2. The distance measure 𝑑𝜆 (𝐴1 , 𝐴2 ) for 𝜆 > 0 satisfies the following
properties:
(H1) 0 ≤ 𝑑𝜆 (𝐴1 , 𝐴2 ) ≤ 1;
(H2) 𝑑𝜆 (𝐴1 , 𝐴2 ) = 0 if and only if 𝐴1 = 𝐴2 ;
(H3) 𝑑𝜆 (𝐴1 , 𝐴2 ) = 𝑑𝜆 (𝐴2 , 𝐴1 );
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Editors:
(H4) If 𝐴1 ⊆ 𝐴2 ⊆ 𝐴3 , 𝐴3 is a bipolar neutrosophic in X, then 𝑑𝜆 (𝐴1 , 𝐴3 ) ≥ 𝑑𝜆 (𝐴1 , 𝐴2 )

and
𝑑𝜆 (𝐴1 , 𝐴3 ) ≥ 𝑑𝜆 (𝐴2 , 𝐴3 ).
Proof: It is easy to see that 𝑑𝜆 (𝐴1 , 𝐴2 ) satisfies the properties (𝐻1) − (𝐻3). Therefore, we
only prove (H4).
Let 𝐴1 ⊆ 𝐴2 ⊆ 𝐴3 , then
T1+ (𝑥𝑖 ) ≤ T2+ (𝑥𝑖 ) ≤ T3+ (𝑥𝑖 ), T1− (𝑥𝑖 ) ≥ T2− (𝑥𝑖 ) ≥ T3− (𝑥𝑖 ) ,
I1+ (𝑥𝑖 ) ≤ I2+ (𝑥𝑖 ) ≤ I3+ (𝑥𝑖 ), I1− (𝑥𝑖 ) ≥ I2− (𝑥𝑖 ) ≥ I3− (𝑥𝑖 ) , and
F1+ (𝑥𝑖 ) ≥ F2+ (𝑥𝑖 ) ≥ F3+ (𝑥𝑖 ) , F1− (𝑥𝑖 ) ≤ F2− (𝑥𝑖 ) ≤ F3− (𝑥𝑖 ), for every 𝑥𝑖 ∈ 𝑋. Then, we obtain
the following relations:
|𝑇1+ (𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝑇2+ (𝑥𝑖 )| ≤ |𝑇1+ (𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝑇3+ (𝑥𝑖 )|, |𝑇2+ (𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝑇3+ (𝑥𝑖 )| ≤ |𝑇1+ (𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝑇3+ (𝑥𝑖 )|,
|𝑇1− (𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝑇2− (𝑥𝑗 )| ≤ |𝑇1− (𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝑇3− (𝑥𝑖 )|, |𝑇2− (𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝑇3− (𝑥𝑖 )| ≤ |𝑇1− (𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝑇3− (𝑥𝑖 )|,
|𝐼1+ (𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝐼2+ (𝑥𝑖 )| ≤ |𝐼1+ (𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝐼3+ (𝑥𝑖 )| , |𝐼2+ (𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝐼3+ (𝑥𝑖 )| ≤ |𝐼1+ (𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝐼3+ (𝑥𝑖 )|,
|𝐼1− (𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝐼2− (𝑥𝑖 )| ≤ |𝐼1− (𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝐼3− (𝑥𝑖 )| , |𝐼2− (𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝐼3− (𝑥𝑖 )| ≤ |𝐼1− (𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝐼3− (𝑥𝑖 )|,
|𝐹1+ (𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝐹2+ (𝑥𝑖 )| ≤ |𝐹1+ (𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝐹3+ (𝑥𝑖 )| , |𝐹2+ (𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝐹3+ (𝑥𝑖 )| ≤ |𝐹1+ (𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝐹3+ (𝑥𝑖 )|,
|𝐹1− (𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝐹2− (𝑥𝑖 )| ≤ |𝐹1− (𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝐹3− (𝑥𝑖 )| , |𝐹2− (𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝐹3− (𝑥𝑖 )| ≤ |𝐹1− (𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝐹3− (𝑥𝑖 )|,
hence,
|𝑇1+ (𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝑇2+ (𝑥𝑖 )| + |𝐼1+ (𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝐼2+ (𝑥𝑖 )| + |𝐹1+ (𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝐹2+ (𝑥𝑖 )| +
|𝑇1− (𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝑇2− (𝑥𝑗 )| + |𝐼1− (𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝐼2− (𝑥𝑖 )| + |𝐹1− (𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝐹2− (𝑥𝑖 )| ≤
|𝑇1− (𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝑇3− (𝑥𝑖 )| + |𝐼1− (𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝐼3− (𝑥𝑖 )| + |𝐹1− (𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝐹3− (𝑥𝑖 )|,
|𝑇2− (𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝑇3− (𝑥𝑖 )| + |𝐼2− (𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝐼3− (𝑥𝑖 )| + |𝐹2− (𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝐹3− (𝑥𝑖 )| ≤
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|𝑇1− (𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝑇3− (𝑥𝑖 )| + |𝐼1− (𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝐼3− (𝑥𝑖 )| + |𝐹1− (𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝐹3− (𝑥𝑖 )|,
2 + 𝑇1+ (𝑥𝑗 ) − 𝐼1+ (𝑥𝑗 ) − 𝐹1+ (𝑥𝑗 ) 2 + 𝑇2+ (𝑥𝑗 ) − 𝐼2+ (𝑥𝑗 ) − 𝐹2+ (𝑥𝑗 )
≤
6 6
+ + +
2 + 𝑇3 (𝑥𝑗 ) − 𝐼3 (𝑥𝑗 ) − 𝐹3 (𝑥𝑗 )
≤
6
2 + 𝑇1− (𝑥𝑗 ) − 𝐼1− (𝑥𝑗 ) − 𝐹1− (𝑥𝑗 ) 2 + 𝑇2− (𝑥𝑗 ) − 𝐼2− (𝑥𝑗 ) − 𝐹2− (𝑥𝑗 )
≤
6 6
− − −
2 + 𝑇3 (𝑥𝑗 ) − 𝐼3 (𝑥𝑗 ) − 𝐹3 (𝑥𝑗 )
≤
6
𝑇2+ (𝑥𝑗 ) − 𝑇1+ (𝑥𝑗 ) + 𝐼1+ (𝑥𝑗 ) − 𝐼2+ (𝑥𝑗 ) 𝑇3+ (𝑥𝑗 ) − 𝑇1+ (𝑥𝑗 ) + 𝐼1+ (𝑥𝑗 ) − 𝐼3+ (𝑥𝑗 )
0≤ ≤
4 4
𝑇2− (𝑥𝑗 ) − 𝑇1− (𝑥𝑗 ) + 𝐼1− (𝑥𝑗 ) − 𝐼2− (𝑥𝑗 ) 𝑇3− (𝑥𝑗 ) − 𝑇1− (𝑥𝑗 ) + 𝐼1− (𝑥𝑗 ) − 𝐼3− (𝑥𝑗 )
0≤ ≤
4 4
𝑇2+ (𝑥𝑗 ) − 𝑇1+ (𝑥𝑗 ) + 𝐹1+ (𝑥𝑗 ) − 𝐹2+ (𝑥𝑗 ) 𝑇3+ (𝑥𝑗 ) − 𝑇1+ (𝑥𝑗 ) + 𝐹1+ (𝑥𝑗 ) − 𝐹3+ (𝑥𝑗 )
0≤ ≤
4 4
𝑇2− (𝑥𝑗 ) − 𝑇1− (𝑥𝑗 ) + 𝐹1− (𝑥𝑗 ) − 𝐹2− (𝑥𝑗 ) 𝑇3− (𝑥𝑗 ) − 𝑇1− (𝑥𝑗 ) + 𝐹1− (𝑥𝑗 ) − 𝐹3− (𝑥𝑗 )
0≤ ≤
4 4
𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴1 𝐴3 𝐴2 𝐴3 𝐴1 𝐴3
𝜑𝑖 (𝑥𝑗 ) ≤ 𝜑𝑖 (𝑥𝑗 ), 𝜑𝑖 (𝑥𝑗 ) ≤ 𝜑𝑖 (𝑥𝑗 ), 𝑖 = 1,2,3,4 𝑗 = 1,2, … , 𝑛,
𝑑𝜆 (𝐴1 , 𝐴3 ) ≥ 𝑑𝜆 (𝐴1 , 𝐴2 ) and 𝑑𝜆 (𝐴1 , 𝐴3 ) ≥ 𝑑𝜆 (𝐴2 , 𝐴3 ) for 𝜆 > 0.
Definition3.3. For two bipolar neutrosophic 𝐴1 and 𝐴2 in a universe of discourse 𝑋 =

{𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , … , 𝑥𝑛 } which are denoted by 𝐴1 =
+ + + − − −
⟨𝑥𝑖 ,T1 (𝑥𝑖 ), I1 (𝑥𝑖 ), F1 (𝑥𝑖 ), T1 (𝑥𝑖 ), I1 (𝑥𝑖 ), F1 (𝑥𝑖 ) ⟩ and 𝐴2 =
⟨𝑥𝑖 ,T2 (𝑥𝑖 ), I2 (𝑥𝑖 ), F2 (𝑥𝑖 ), T2 (𝑥𝑖 ), I2 (𝑥𝑖 ), F2 (𝑥𝑖 ) ⟩ . The bipolar neutrosophic weighted
+ + + − − −
similarity measure are defined by

𝜗𝜆 ( 𝐴1 , 𝐴2 ) = 1 −
𝑑𝜆 (𝐴1 , 𝐴2 ). (2)
Proposition3.4. The similarity measure 𝜗𝜆 ( 𝐴1 , 𝐴2 ) for 𝜆 > 0 satisfies the following

properties;
(HD1) 0 ≤ 𝜗𝜆 ( 𝐴1 , 𝐴2 ) ≤ 1;
(HD2) 𝜗𝜆 ( 𝐴1 , 𝐴2 ) = 1 if and only if 𝐴1 = 𝐴2 ;
(HD3) 𝜗𝜆 ( 𝐴1 , 𝐴2 ) = 𝜗𝜆 ( 𝐴2 , 𝐴1 );
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(HD4) If 𝐴1 ⊆ 𝐴2 ⊆ 𝐴3 , 𝐴3 is a bipolar neutrosophic in 𝑋, then 𝜗𝜆 ( 𝐴1 , 𝐴2 ) ≥ 𝜗𝜆 ( 𝐴1 , 𝐴3 )

and
𝜗𝜆 ( 𝐴2 , 𝐴3 ) ≥ 𝜗𝜆 ( 𝐴1 , 𝐴3 ).
Definition3.5. Let 𝐸 be a set-to-the point mapping: 𝐸: bipolar neutrosophic →[0,1], then 𝐸

is an entropy measure if it satisfies the following conditions:
(E1) 𝐸(𝐴1 ) = 0 (minimum) if and only if 𝐴 or 𝐴1 𝑐 is a crisp set;
(E2) 𝐸(𝐴1 ) = 1(maximum) if and only if 𝐴1 = 𝐴1 𝑐 T1+ (𝑥𝑖 ) = F1+ (𝑥𝑖 ), T1− (𝑥𝑖 ) = F1− (𝑥𝑖 ),
I1+ (𝑥𝑖 ) = I1− (𝑥𝑖 ) = 0.5 for all 𝑥𝑖 ∈ 𝑋
(E3) 𝐸(𝐴1 ) ≤ 𝐸(𝐴2 ) if 𝐴1 is less fuzzy than 𝐴2 ,
T1+ (𝑥𝑖 ) ≤ T2+ (𝑥𝑖 ), F2+ (𝑥𝑖 ) ≤ F1+ (𝑥𝑖 ), for T2+ (𝑥𝑖 ) ≤ F2+ (𝑥𝑖 ) and I1+ (𝑥𝑖 ) = I2+ (𝑥𝑖 ) = 0.5
T1− (𝑥𝑖 ) ≥ T2− (𝑥𝑖 ), F2− (𝑥𝑖 ) ≥ F1− (𝑥𝑖 ), for T2− (𝑥𝑖 ) ≥ F2− (𝑥𝑖 ) and I1− (𝑥𝑖 ) = I2− (𝑥𝑖 ) = 0.5
or
T1+ (𝑥𝑖 ) ≥ T2+ (𝑥𝑖 ), F2+ (𝑥𝑖 ) ≥ F1+ (𝑥𝑖 ), for T2+ (𝑥𝑖 ) ≥ F2+ (𝑥𝑖 ) and I1+ (𝑥𝑖 ) = I2+ (𝑥𝑖 ) = 0.5
T1− (𝑥𝑖 ) ≤ T2− (𝑥𝑖 ), F2− (𝑥𝑖 ) ≤ F1− (𝑥𝑖 ), for T2− (𝑥𝑖 ) ≤ F2− (𝑥𝑖 ) and I1− (𝑥𝑖 ) = I2− (𝑥𝑖 ) = 0.5
(E4) 𝐸(𝐴1 ) = 𝐸(𝐴1 𝑐 ).
Remark: In some cases, we do not only think about the distance between 𝐴1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴2 , but
also we need to consider the distance between 𝐴1 and 𝐴2 𝑐 . So we can define the index of
distance for two bipolar neutrosophic 𝐴1 and 𝐴2 as follows.
Definition3.6. For two bipolar neutrosophic 𝐴1 and 𝐴2 , the index of distance is defined by
𝑑𝜆 (𝐴1 , 𝐴2 )
𝐼𝜆 (𝐴1 , 𝐴2 ) = .
𝑑𝜆 (𝐴1 , 𝐴2 𝑐 )
Proposition3.7. The index of distance 𝐼𝜆 (𝐴1 , 𝐴2 ) for two bipolar neutrosophic 𝐴1 and 𝐴2
satisfies the following properties:
(𝐼1) 𝐼𝜆 (𝐴1 , 𝐴2 ) = 0 if and only if 𝐴1 = 𝐴2 ;
(𝐼2) 𝐼𝜆 (𝐴1 , 𝐴2 ) = 0 if and only if 𝑑𝜆 (𝐴1 , 𝐴2 ) = 𝑑𝜆 (𝐴1 , 𝐴2 𝑐 );
(𝐼3) 𝐼𝜆 (𝐴1 , 𝐴2 ) → +∞, 𝐴1 = 𝐴2 𝑐 , these means 𝐴1 and 𝐴2 are completely different;
(𝐼4) 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐴1 = 𝐴2 = 𝐴2 𝑐 , the entropy measure of 𝐴1 and 𝐴2 reaches its maximum value;
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Volume I
(𝐼5) 𝐼𝜆 (𝐴1 , 𝐴2 ) < 1 means compare with 𝐴2 𝑐 𝐴1 is more similar to 𝐴2 ;
(𝐼5) 𝐼𝜆 (𝐴1 , 𝐴2 ) > 1 means compare with 𝐴2 𝑐 𝐴1 is less similar to 𝐴2 .
4. Practical Examples
In this section, two examples are given to demonstrate the application of the proposed
distance measure.
4.1. Clustering Method Based on the Distance (Similarity) Measure of BNSs and an
Example
In this subsection, we introduced a method for a MADM problem with bipolar

neutrosophic information. Some of it is quoted from (Ye 2014).
Step1. By use of Equations 1 and 2, we can calculate the similarity measure degree of
bipolar neutrosophic set. Then we have a similarity matrix 𝐶 = (𝑠𝑖𝑗 )𝑚𝑥𝑚 , where
𝑠𝑖𝑗 = 𝑠𝑗𝑖 = 𝜗𝜆 (𝐴𝑖 , 𝐴𝑗 ) for 𝑖, 𝑗 = 1,2, … , 𝑚.
Step2. The process of building the composition matrices is repeated until it holds that
𝑘 𝑘+1
𝐶 → 𝐶2 → 𝐶4 → ⋯ → 𝐶2 = 𝐶2
𝑘
𝐶 2 is an equivalent matrix, where
′
𝐶 2 = 𝐶 ∘ 𝐶 = (𝑠𝑖𝑗 )𝑚𝑥𝑚 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑘 {min(𝑠𝑖𝑘 , 𝑠𝑘𝑗 )}𝑚𝑥𝑚 ,
for 𝑖, 𝑗 = 1,2, … , 𝑚.
𝑘
Step3. For the equivalent matrix 𝐶 2 ≜ 𝐶̅ = (𝑠̅𝑖𝑗 )𝑚𝑥𝑚 , we can construct a 𝛼-cutting matrix
𝐶𝛼̅ = (𝑠̅𝑖𝑗
𝛼
)𝑚×𝑚 of 𝐶̅ , where
𝛼
0 , 𝑠̅𝑖𝑗 < 𝛼;
𝑠̅𝑖𝑗 ={
1 , 𝑠̅𝑖𝑗 ≥ 𝛼 ;
for 𝑖, 𝑗 = 1,2, … , 𝑚 and 𝛼 is the confidence level with 𝛼 ∈ [0,1].
Step4. Classify 𝐴𝑖 by choosing different level 𝛼. Line 𝑖 and 𝑘 of 𝐶𝛼̅ are called 𝛼 -
congruence if 𝑠̅𝑖𝑗
𝛼 𝛼
= 𝑠̅𝑘𝑗 for all 𝑗 = 1,2, … , 𝑚. Then 𝐴𝑖 should fall into the same category
as 𝐴𝑘 .
Example4.1.1 A car seller is going to classify four different cars of 𝐴m (𝑚 = 1,2,3,4).

Every car has four evaluation factors (attributes): (1) 𝑥1 , fuel consumption; (2) 𝑥2 ,
coefficient of friction; (3) 𝑥3 , price; (4) 𝑥4 , comfortable degree. The characteristics of each
car under the four attributes are represented by the form of bipolar neutrosophic data are as
follows:
Step1. Construct the decision matrix provided by the customer as;
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Editors:
Table 1: Decision matrix given by customer

x1 x2 x3 x4
A1 〈0.5,0.7,0.2, −0.7, −0.3, −0.6〉 〈0.6,0.4,0.5, −0.7, −0.8, −0.4〉 〈0.7,0.7,0.5, −0.8, −0.7, −0.6〉 〈0.1,0.5,0.7, −0.5, −0.2, −0.8〉
A2 〈0.8,0.7,0.5, −0.7, −0.7, −0.1〉 〈0.7,0.6,0.8, −0.7, −0.5, −0.1〉 〈0.9,0.4,0.6, −0.1, −0.7, −0.5〉 〈0.5,0.2,0.7, −0.5, −0.1, −0.9〉
A3 〈0.3,0.4,0.2, −0.6, −0.3, −0.7〉 〈0.2,0.2,0.2, −0.4, −0.7, −0.4〉 〈0.9,0.5,0.5, −0.6, −0.5, −0.2〉 〈0.7,0.5,0.3, −0.4, −0.2, −0.2〉
A4 〈0.9,0.7,0.2, −0.8, −0.6, −0.1〉 〈0.3,0.5,0.3, −0.5, −0.5, −0.2〉 〈0.5,0.4,0.5, −0.1, −0.7, −0.2〉 〈0.6,0.2,0.8, −0.5, −0.5, −0.6〉
Let 𝜆 = 2 choosing the weight vectors 𝑤𝑗 = 1⁄4 (𝑗 = 1,2,3,4) and 𝛽𝑖 = 1⁄4 (𝑖 =

1,2,3,4, ), then we use similarity measure to classify the four different cars of 𝐴m (𝑚 =
1,2,3,4) by the bipolar neutrosophic clustering algorithms.
First, we utilize the distance measure to calculate the distance measures between each
pair of bipolar neutrosophic 𝐴m (𝑚 = 1,2,3,4). The results are as follows;
𝑑(𝐴1 , 𝐴2 ) = 0,062743, 𝑑(𝐴1 , 𝐴3 ) = 0,072924, 𝑑(𝐴1 , 𝐴4 ) = 0,069644,
𝑑(𝐴2 , 𝐴3 ) = 0,061299, 𝑑(𝐴2 , 𝐴4 ) = 0,034264, 𝑑(𝐴3 , 𝐴4 ) = 0,04648,
Step2. So we construct the following similarity matrix:
1 0,937257415 0,927075893 0,930356189

0,937257415 1 0,938700771 0,965735658
𝐶=[ ]
0,927075893 0,938700771 1 0,953520184
0,930356189 0,965735658 0,953520184 1
Then by Step 2
1 0,937257415 0,937257415 0,937257415

0,937257415 1 0,953520184 0,965735658
𝐶2 = [ ]
0,937257415 0,953520184 1 0,953520184
0,937257415 0,965735658 0,953520184 1
Due to 𝐶 2 ⊈ 𝐶, 𝐶 is not an equivalent matrix, we keep/continue calculating.
1 0,937257415 0,937257415 0,937257415

0,937257415 1 0,953520184 0,965735658
𝐶4 = [ ]
0,937257415 0,953520184 1 0,953520184
0,937257415 0,965735658 0,953520184 1
𝐶 2 = 𝐶 4 . That is 𝐶 2 is an equivalent matrix, denoted by 𝐶̅ .
Step3. Finally, choosing different confidence level 𝛼, we can construct a 𝛼-cutting matrix
𝐶𝛼̅ ;
𝐶𝛼̅ = (𝑠̅𝑖𝑗
𝛼
)𝑚×𝑚 of 𝐶̅ , where
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Volume I
𝛼
0 , 𝑠̅𝑖𝑗 < 𝛼;
𝑠̅𝑖𝑗 ={
1 , 𝑠̅𝑖𝑗 ≥ 𝛼 ;
1 1 1 1
(1) Let 0 ≤ 𝛼 ≤ 0,937257415 , 𝐶𝛼̅ = [ 1 1 1 1] 𝐴 (𝑚 = 1,2,3,4) can be
m
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
divided into one category {𝐴1 , 𝐴2 , 𝐴3 , 𝐴4 }.
1 0 0 0
(2) Let 0,937257415 < 𝛼 ≤ 0,953520184 , 𝐶𝛼̅ = [ 0 1 1 1] Then the cars
0 1 1 1
0 1 1 1
𝐴m (𝑚 = 1,2,3,4) can be divided into two categories {𝐴1 }, {𝐴2 , 𝐴3 , 𝐴4 }.
1 0 0 0
(3) Let 0,953520184 < 𝛼 ≤ 0,965735658 , 𝐶𝛼̅ = [0 1 0 1] Then the cars
0 0 1 0
0 1 0 1
𝐴m (𝑚 = 1,2,3,4) can be divided into three categories {𝐴1 }, {𝐴2 , 𝐴4 }, {𝐴3 }.
1 0 0 0
(4) Let 0,965735658 < 𝛼 ≤ 1 , 𝐶𝛼̅ = [ 0 1 0 0]
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
Step4. Then the cars 𝐴m (𝑚 = 1,2,3,4) can be divided into four categories
{𝐴1 }, {𝐴2 }, {𝐴3 }, {𝐴4 }.
4.2. Multi-criteria Decision Making
Example 4.2.1 A manufacturing company which wants to select the global supplier
according to the core competencies of suppliers. Now suppose that there are a set of four
𝐴 = {𝐴1 , 𝐴2 , 𝐴3 , 𝐴4 } whose core competence are evaluated by means of the following four
criteria {𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , 𝑥4 }.
𝑥1 : the level of technology innovation, 𝑥2 : the control ability of flow, 𝑥3 : the ability of
management, 𝑥4 : the level of service. Then, the weight vector for the four criteria is 𝑤 =
(0.4,0.1,0.3,0.2). When the four possible alternatives with respect to the above four criteria
are evaluated by the similar method from the expert, we can obtain the following bipolar
neutsophic decision matrix A:
𝐴
〈0.3,0.4,0.2, −0.6, −0.3, −0.7〉 〈0.8,0.6,0.3, −0.2, −0.6, −0.5〉 〈0.4,0.5,0.2, −0.5, −0.1, −0.7〉 〈0.8,0.4,0.2, −0.6, −0.3, −0.7〉
〈0.3,0.6,0.9, −0.5, −0.3, −0.5〉 〈0.3,0.3,0.1, −0.5, −0.1, −0.1〉 〈0.6,0.6,0.3, −0.6, −0.1, −0.7〉 〈0.3,0.4,0.2, −0.4, −0.2, −0.7〉
=[ ]
〈0.2,0.8,0.2, −0.6, −0.8, −0.7〉 〈0.9,0.2,0.2, −0.6, −0.6, −0.3〉 〈0.8,0.8,0.4, −0.9, −0.3, −0.8〉 〈0.6,0.4,0.2, −0.5, −0.3, −0.7〉
〈0.6,0.4,0.5, −0.2, −0.3, −0.1〉 〈0.7,0.5,0.1, −0.9, −0.3, −0.7〉 〈0.3,0.9,0.5, −0.1, −0.3, −0.5〉 〈0.3,0.4,0.9, −0.6, −0.3, −0.1〉
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by applying Definition 3.1 the distance between an alternative 𝐴𝑖 (𝑖 = 1,2,3,4) and the
alternative
𝐴∗ = 〈𝑚𝑎𝑥 {𝑇𝑖𝑗+ }, 𝑚𝑖𝑛 {𝐼𝑖𝑗+ }, 𝑚𝑖𝑛 {𝐹𝑖𝑗+ }, 𝑚𝑖𝑛 {𝑇𝑖𝑗− }, 𝑚𝑎𝑥 {𝐼𝑖𝑗− }, 𝑚𝑎𝑥 {𝐹𝑖𝑗− }〉(𝑗 = 1,2 … 𝑛).
𝐴∗ = 〈0.6,0.4,0.2, −0.6, −0.3, −0.1〉 〈0.9,0.2,0.1, −0.9, −0.1, −0.1〉 〈0.8,0.5,0.2, −0.9, −0.1, −0.5〉
〈0.8,0.4,0.2, −0.6, −0.2, −0.1〉
are as follows:
𝑑(𝐴1 , 𝐴∗ ) = 0,03308, 𝑑(𝐴2 , 𝐴∗ ) = 0,0901,
𝑑(𝐴3 , 𝐴∗ ) = 0,03383, 𝑑(𝐴4 , 𝐴∗ ) = 0,0688
with 𝜆 = 2 and 𝛽𝑖 = 1⁄4 (𝑖 = 1,2,3,4). 𝐴1 < 𝐴3 < 𝐴4 < 𝐴2 .This implies that the ranking
order of the four suppliers is 𝐴1 , 𝐴3 , 𝐴4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴2 . Therefore, the best supplier is 𝐴1 .
5. Comparison Analysis and Discussion
In order to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed decision-making

approach, a comparison analysis with single-valued neutrosophic decision method, used by
(Huang 2016), is given, based on the same illustrative example.
Clearly, the ranking order results are consistent with the result obtained in (Huang 2016);
however, the best alternative is the same as 𝐴1 , because the ranking principle is different,
these two methods produced the same best alternative whiles/whereas the bad ones differ
from each other.
As mentioned above, the bipolar single-valued neutrosophic information is a generalization

of single-valued neutrosophic information, intuitionistic fuzzy information which is a
further generalization of fuzzy information. On the one hand, a SVNS is an instance of a
neutrosophic set, which gives us an additional possibility to represent uncertain, imprecise,
incomplete, and inconsistent information that exist in the real world. On the other hand, the
clustering analysis under a bipolar single-valued neutrosophic environment is suitable for
capturing imprecise, uncertain, and inconsistent information in clustering the data. Thus,
the clustering algorithm based on the similarity measures of BSVNSs can not only cluster
the bipolar single-valued neutrosophic information but also can cluster the single-valued
neutrosophic information, intuitionistic fuzzy information and the fuzzy information.
Obviously, the proposed bipolar single-valued neutrosophic clustering algorithm is the
extension of fuzzy clustering algorithm, single-valued neutrosophic clustering algorithm
and intuitionistic fuzzy clustering algorithm. Therefore, compared with the intuitionistic
fuzzy clustering algorithm, single-valued neutrosophic clustering algorithm and the fuzzy
clustering algorithm, the bipolar single-valued neutrosophic clustering algorithm is more
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general. Furthermore, when we encounter some situations that are represented by

indeterminate information and inconsistent information, the bipolar single-valued
neutrosophic clustering algorithm can demonstrate its great superiority in clustering those
bipolar single-valued neutrosophic data.
6. Conclusion
BNSs can be applied in addressing problems with uncertain, imprecise, incomplete and
inconsistent information existing in real scientific and engineering applications. Based on
related research achievements in BNSs, we defined a new distance measure. It is a
generalization of the existing distance measures defined in (Huang 2016). Then, we also
defined a new similarity measure, an entropy measure, and an index of distance under the
single-valued neutrosophic environment. Two illustrative examples demonstrated the
application of the proposed clustering analysis method and decision-making method.
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SECTION THREE
OTHER PAPERS
Editors:
Chapter Eleven
Dice Vector Similarity Measure of Intuitionistic

Trapezoidal Fuzzy Multi-Numbers and Its Application
in Architecture
1Derya BAKBAK, 2Vakkas ULUÇAY
1
TBMM Public relations building 2nd Floor, B206 room Ministries, Ankara06543-Turkey;
2
Köklüce neighbourhood, Araban, Gaziantep27310-Turkey
E-mail: derya.bakbak@tbmm.gov.tr, vulucay27@gmail.com
Abstract
This paper presents a study on the development of a intuitionistic fuzzy multi-criteria
decision-making model for the evaluation of end products of the architectural of material,
design and application. The main aim of this study is to present a novel method based on
multi-criteria decision making Intuitionistic trapezoidal fuzzy multi-number. Therefore,
Dice vector similarity measure is defined to develop the Intuitionistic Trapezoidal Fuzzy
Multi-Numbers, the application of architecture are presented.
Keywords: Intuitionistic Trapezoidal Fuzzy Multi-Numbers, Dice vector similarity

measure, multi-criteria decision making, architecture.
1.Introduction
In parallel with changing and developing technology, architecture and interior architecture
areas have a rapidly rising graphic within the context of material, design and application.
Within this context, for the purpose of producing design alternatives in a shorter time and
introducing more preferences to the user, new expression procedures, in other words digital
environments have been initiated to be used. Prior to designing the space, the interaction
and communication between the space and its user should be solved, the person is
continuously in communication with the space where he is. Therefore, the method
proposed in this study will help decision-making in the most appropriate to space. In 1965,
Zadeh [35] proposed fuzzy sets to handle imperfect, vague, uncertain and imprecise
information as a fuzzy subset of the classical universe set A. Soon after the definition of
fuzzy set, the set has been successfully applied in engineering, game theory, multi-agent
systems, control systems, decision-making and so on. In the fuzzy sets, an element in a
universe has a membership value in [0, 1]; however, the membership value is inadequate
for providing complete information in some problems as there are situations where each
element has different membership values. For this reason, a different generalization of
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fuzzy sets, namely multi-fuzzy sets, has been introduced. Yager [38] first proposed multi-
fuzzy sets as a generalization of multisets and fuzzy sets. An element of a multi-fuzzy set
may possess more-than-one membership value in [0, 1] (or there may be repeated
occurrences of an element). Some Works on the multi-sets have been undertaken by
Sebastian and Ramakrishnan [19], Syropoulos [20, 21], Maturo [8], Miyamoto [6, 7] and
so on. Recently, research on fuzzy numbers, with the universe of discourse as the real line,
has studied. For example, Thowhida and Ahmad [25] introduced some arithmetic
operations on fuzzy numbers with linear membership functions. Chakrabort and Guha [4]
developed some arithmetic operations on generalized fuzzy numbers by using extension
principle. Alim et al. [1] developed a formula for the elementary operations on L-R fuzzy
number. Roseline and Amirtharaj [15] proposed a method of ranking of generalized
trapezoidal fuzzy numbers and developed generalized fuzzy Hungarian method to find the
initial solution of generalized trapezoidal fuzzy transportation problems. Also, same
authors in [16] introduced a method of ranking of generalized trapezoidal fuzzy numbers
based on rank, perimeter, mode, divergence and spread. Meng et al. [9] solved a multiple
attribute decision-making problem with attribute values within triangular fuzzy numbers
based on the mean area measurement method. Surapati and Biswas [18] examined a multi-
objective assignment problem with imprecise costs, time and ineffectiveness instead of its
precise information in fuzzy numbers. Wang [29] studied preference relation with
membership function representing preference degree to compare two fuzzy numbers, and
relative preference relation is constructed on the fuzzy preference relation to rank a set of
fuzzy numbers. Sinova et al. [23] proposed a characterization of the distribution of some
random elements by extending the moment-generating function in fuzzy numbers. Riera
and Torrens [14] developed a method on discrete fuzzy numbers to model complete and
incomplete qualitative information. Different studies for fuzzy numbers in the recent
literature have been researched. For example; on in disaster responses, emergency decision
makers [17], on existence, uniqueness, calculus and properties of triangular
approximations of fuzzy numbers [2], on two-dimensional discrete fuzzy numbers [30], on
ranking generalized exponential trapezoidal fuzzy numbers [12], on probabilistic approach
to the arithmetics of fuzzy numbers [24], on matrix games with pay-offs of triangular fuzzy
numbers [3], on defuzzification of generalized fuzzy numbers [11], on fuzzy linguistic
model based on discrete fuzzy numbers [13], on possibilistic characterization function of
fuzzy number [22] and so on.
2. Preliminary
Let us start with some basic concepts related to fuzzy set, multi-fuzzy set, intuitionistic
fuzzy set[37], intuitionistic fuzzy multiset and intuitionistic fuzzy numbers.
Definition 2.1[35] Let X be a non-empty set. A fuzzy set F on X is defined as:
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Editors:
F  { x, F (x) : x  X} where F : X  [0,1] for x  X .
Definition 2.2[34] t-norms are associative, monotonic and commutative two valued
functions t that map from [0,1]  [0,1] into [0,1]. These properties are formulated with the
following conditions:
1. t (0, 0)  0 and t ( x1 ,(x),1)  t(1, x1 (x))  x1 (x)
2. If x1 (x)  x3 (x) and x2 (x)  x4 (x) , then t ( x1 (x), x2 (x))  t( x3 (x), x4 (x)) ,
3. t ( x1 (x), x2 (x))  t( x2 (x), x1 (x)) ,
4. t ( x1 (x),t( x2 (x), x3 (x)))  t(t( x1 (x), x2 )(x), x3 (x))
Definition 2.3[34] s -norm are associative, monotonic and commutative two placed
functions s which map from [0,1]  [0,1] into [0,1]. These properties are formulated with
the following conditions:
1. s(1,1)  1 and s( x1 (x),0)  s  0, x1 (x)   x1 (x) ,
2. If x1 (x)  x3 (x) and x2 (x)  x4 (x) , then s( x1 (x), x2 (x))  s( x3 (x), x4 (x)) ,
3. s( x1 (x), x2 (x))  s( x2 (x), x1 (x)) ,
4. s( x1 (x), s( x2 (x), x3 (x)))  s( s( x1 (x), x2 )(x), x3 (x)) .
t -norm and t -conorm is related in a sense of logical duality. Typical dual pairs of non-
parametrized t -norm and t -conorm are compiled below:
1. Drastic product: tw (  x1 (x),  x2 (x))  


1 2
1

 min  x (x),  x (x) ,max  x (x),  x (x)  1
2

 0 otherwise
2. Drastic sum: sw (  x1 (x),  x2 (x))  


1 2
1

 max  x (x),  x (x) ,min  x (x),  x (x)  0
2

 1 otherwise
3. Bounded product:

t1 ( x1 (x), x2 (x))  max 0, x1 (x)  x2 (x)  1 
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4. Bounded sum:

s1 ( x1 (x), x2 (x))  min 1, x1 (x)  x2 (x) 
5. Einstein product:
 x (x). x (x)
t1.5 (  x1 (x),  x2 (x))  1 2
2  [  x (x)   x (x)   x (x). x (x)]

1 2 1 2
6. Einstein sum:
 x (x)   x (x)
s1.5 (  x1 (x),  x2 (x))  1 2
1   x (x). x (x)
1 2
7. Algebraic product:
t2 ( x1 (x), x2 (x))  x1 (x).x2 (x)
8. Algebraic sum:
s2 ( x1 (x), x2 (x))  x1 (x)  x2 (x)  x1 (x).x2 (x)
9. Hamacher product:
 x (x). x (x)
t2.5 (  x1 (x),  x2 (x))  1 2
 x (x)   x (x)   x (x). x (x)

1 2 1 2
10. Hamacher Sum:
 x (x)   x (x)  2. x (x). x (x)

s2.5 (  x1 (x),  x2 (x))  1 2 1 2
1   x (x). x (x) 1 2
11. Minimum:

t3 (  x1 (x),  x2 (x))  min  x1 (x),  x2 (x) 
12. Maximum:

s3 ( x1 (x), x2 (x))  max x1 (x), x2 (x) 
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Definition 2.4 [19] Let X be a non-empty set. A multi-fuzzy set G on X is defined as

 x,   where G : X  [0,1] for all i  1,2,..., p and
i
G 1
G (x), G2 (x),..., Gi (x),... : x  X
x X
Definition 2.5[32] Let  Ai , viA [0,1] (i 1,2,..., p) and a, b, c, d  such that
a  b  c  d . Then, an intuitionistic trapezoidal fuzzy multi-number (ITFM number)
a   a, b, c, d  ; 1A , A2 ,..., Ap  ,  v1A , vA2 ,..., vAp  is a special intuitionistic fuzzy multi-set on
the real number set , whose membership functions and non-membership functions are
defined as follows, respectively:
 (x  a) Ai / (b  a) a xb
 i
 , b xc
 A (x)   A
i
 (d  x) A / (d  c)
i
cxd
0, otherwise

 (b  x)  viA ( x  a)
 , a xb
 (b  a )
v i ,
 bxc
viA (x)   A
 (x  c)  v A (d  x) c  x  d
i
 (d  c)

1,
 otherwise.
Note that the set of all ITFM-number on will be denoted by  .
Definition 2.6 [32] Let A   a1 , b1 , c1 , d1 ; 1A , A2 ,..., Ap  ,  v1A , vA2 ,..., vAp  ,
B  a2 , b2 , c2 , d2 ; 1A , A2 ,..., Ap  ,  v1A , vA2 ,..., vAp    and   0 be any real number. Then,
1. A  B   a1  a2 , b1  b2 , c1  c2 , d1  d2 ;  s(1A ,B1 ), s( A2 ,B2 ),..., s( AP ,BP )  , t (v1A , v1B ), t (vA2 , vB2 ),..., t (vAP , vBP )  .
2. A  B  a1  a2 , b1  b2 , c1  c2 , d1  d2 ;  s(1A ,B1 ), s( A2 ,B2 ),..., s( AP ,BP )  , t (v1A , v1B ), t (vA2 , vB2 ),..., t (vAP , vBP )  .
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3.
  a1a2 , b1b2 , c1c2 , d1d 2  ;
 (d1  0, d 2  0)
 t ( 1A , 1B ), t ( A2 , B2 ),..., t ( Ap , Bp )  ,  s(v1A , v1B ), s(v A2 , vB2 ),..., s(v AP , vBP ) 


  a1d 2 , b1c2 , c1b2 , d1a2  ;
A.B   (d1  0, d 2  0)
 t ( A , B ), t ( A , B ),..., t ( A , B )  ,  s(v A , vB ), s(v A , vB ),..., s(v A , vB ) 
1 1 2 2 p p 1 1 2 2 P P

  d1d 2 , c1c2 , b1b2 , a1a2  ;
 (d1  0, d 2  0)
 t ( A , B ), t ( A , B ),..., t ( A , B )  ,  s(v A , vB ), s(v A , vB ),..., s(v A , vB ) 
1 1 2 2 p p 1 1 2 2 P P
4.
  a1 / d 2 , b1 / c2 , c1 / b2 , d1 / a2  ;
 (d1  0, d 2  0)
 t ( 1A , B1 ), t ( A2 , B2 ),..., t ( Ap , Bp )  ,  s(v1A , v1B ), s(v A2 , vB2 ),..., s(v AP , vBP ) 


  d1 / d 2 , c1 / c2 , b1 / b2 , a1 / a2  ;
A/ B   (d1  0, d 2  0)
 t ( A , B ), t ( A , B ),..., t ( A , B )  ,  s(v A , vB ), s(v A , vB ),..., s (v A , vB ) 
1 1 2 2 p p 1 1 2 2 P P

  d1 / a2 , c1 / b2 , b1 / c2 , a1 / d 2  ;
 (d1  0, d 2  0)
 t ( A , B ), t ( A , B ),..., t ( A , B )  ,  s(v A , vB ), s(v A , vB ),..., s(v A , vB ) 
1 1 2 2 p p 1 1 2 2 P P
5.
 A   a1 ,  b1 ,  c1 ,  d1  ; 1  (1 1A ) ,1  (1  A2 ) ,...,1  (1  Ap )  ,  (v1A ) , (vA2 ) ,..., (vAP )  (  0)
6.
 
A   a1 , b1 , c1 , d1  ;  ( 1A ) ,( A2 ) ,...,( AP )  , 1  (1  v1A ) ,1  (1  v A2 ) ,...,1  (1  v Ap )   (  0)
Definition 2.7 [32] Let A  a1 , b1 , c1 , d1 ; 1A , A2 ,..., Ap  ,  v1A , vA2 ,..., vAp  ,Then,
normalized ITFM-number of A is given by
 a1 b1 c1 d1  1 2
 ;  A , A ,..., A  ,  vA , vA ,..., vA 
1 2
A  , , , p p
 a1  b1  c1  d1 a1  b1  c1  d1 a1  b1  c1  d1 a1  b1  c1  d1 
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Example 2.8 Assume that A  3,5,6,7;  0.03,0.02,...,0.08 ,  0,001,0,003,...,0,004   .

Then normalized ITFM-number of A can be written as
3 5 6 7
A   , , ,  ;  0.03,0.02,...,0.08 ,  0,001,0,003,...,0,004   .
 21 21 21 21
Definition 2.9[36] Let X  (x1 ,x 2 ,...,x n ) and Y  (y1 ,y 2 ,...,y n ) be the two vectors of length
n where all the coordinates are positive. Then the Dice similarity measure between two
vectors (Dice 1945) is defined as follows:
n
2 xi yi
2 X .Y
D(X, Y)   n
İ 1
n
X 22  Y 2
2
x   y
i 1
2
i
i 1
2
i
n n
where X.Y= x y
İ 1
i i is the inner product of the vectors X and Y and X 2  x
İ 1
2
and
n
Y 2  y 2
are the Euclidean norms of X and Y (also called the L2 norms).However, it
İ 1
is undefined if xi  yi  0 for i  1,2,..., n . In this case, let the measure value be zero when
xi  yi  0 for i  1,2,..., n .
The Dice similarity measures at isfies the following properties
(P1) 0  D (X, Y)  1 ;
(P2) D (X, Y)  D(Y, X)
(P3) D (X, Y)  1 if and only if X  Y ,i.e. xi  yi , for i=1,2,...,n.
The Dice similarity measure in vector space can be extended to the following expected
Dice similarity measure for intuitionistic trapezoidal fuzzy numbers.
3. Dice Vector Similarity Measure Based on Multi-Criteria Decision Making with

ITFMN
Definition 3.1 Let A   a1 , b1 , c1 , d1 ; 1A , A2 ,..., Ap  ,  v1A , vA2 ,..., vAp  ,
B  a2 , b2 , c2 , d2 ; 1A , A2 ,..., Ap  ,  v1A , vA2 ,..., vAp  be two ITFMNs in the set of real
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numbers . Then; Dice similarity measure between ITFMN A and B denoted D(A, B) is
defined as;
 1 
 1  d (A, B) . 
1 n  
D(A, B)   j 1
n  2.(  1
A ( x j 
). 1
B ( x j )  ...   p
A ( x j 
). p
B ( x j )).( v1
A ( x j ).v 1
B ( x j )  ...  v A
p
( x j ).v p
B ( x j )) 
 1 2 
  ( A ) ( x j )  ...  ( AP ) 2 ( x j )  ( BP ) 2 ( x j )  .  (v1A ) 2 ( x j )  ...  (v AP ) 2 ( x j )  (vBP ) 2 ( x j )  
 
d (A, B)  P(A)  P(B)
a1  2a2  2a3  a4 b  2b2  2b3  b4

P (A)  , P (B)  1
6 6
Example3.2 Let A  1,3,5, 7 ;  0.3, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6  ,  0.2, 0.1, 0.4, 0.5  ,
B   2, 6, 7,8 ;  0.1, 0.5, 0.7, 0.8 ,  0.3, 0.6, 0.7, 0.5  be two ITFMNs in the set of real
numbers . Then; Dice similarity measure between ITFMN A and B
d (A, B)  P(A)  P(B)  3  6  3
1  6  10  7 18
P (A)   3
6 6
2  10  14  8 36
P (B)   6
6 6
D (A, B) 
1 n  1 2.(0,3.0,1  0, 2.0,5  0, 4.0, 7  0, 6.0,8).(0, 2.0,3  0,1.0, 6  0, 4.0, 7  0,5.0,5) 

  . (0,3)2  0, 2 2  0, 4 2  0, 6 2  ...  (0,3)2  (0, 6) 2  0, 7 2  0,5 2 
4 j 1  1  3           
1 1 2.  0,5785  1,157 1,157

 . .    0.0195
4 1 3 3, 69 4.4.3, 69 59, 04
Proposition3.3 Let D(A, B) be a Dice similarity measure between normalized ITFMN's A

and B. Then we have,
i. 0  D(A,B)  1
ii. D(A,B)  D(B,A)
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iii. D(A,B)  1 for A  B
Definition 3.4 Let A   a1 , b1 , c1 , d1 ; 1A , A2 ,..., Ap  ,  v1A , vA2 ,..., vAp  ,
B  a2 , b2 , c2 , d2 ; 1A , A2 ,..., Ap  ,  v1A , vA2 ,..., vAp  two ITFMNs in the set of real numbers
n
and wi  [0,1] be the weight of each element x j for j  (1, 2,..., n ) such that w
i 1
j  1.
Then; Dice similarity measure between normalized ITFMN A and B denoted Dw (A, B) is
defined as;
 1 
 1  d (A, B) . 
1 n  
Dw (A, B)   j 1 
n 2.w j .( ( x j ). B ( x j )  ...   A ( x j ). B ( x j )).(v A ( x j ).vB ( x j )  ...  v A ( x j ).vB ( x j )) 
1 1 p p 1 1 p p
 1 2 A 
  ( ) ( x j )  ...  ( P ) 2 ( x j )  ( P ) 2 ( x j )  .  (v1 ) 2 ( x j )  ...  (v P ) 2 ( x j )  ( v P ) 2 ( x j )  
 A A B A A B 
d (A, B)  P(A)  P(B)
a1  2a2  2a3  a4 b  2b2  2b3  b4

P (A)  , P (B)  1
6 6
Example3.5 Let A  0.2,0.3,0.5,0.6;  0.1,0.4,0.6,0.7  , 0.2,0.5, 0.6,0.8

,
B  0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.5 ;  0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.7  ,  0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4  be two normalized ITFMNs in
the set of real numbers and wi be the weight of each element xi for i  (1, 2)
n
w1  0.3, w2  0.7 such that  wi  1. Then; Dice similarity measure between normalized
i 1
ITFMN A and B is;
d (A, B)  P(A)  P(B)  0.4  0.3  0.1
0.2  0.6  0.10  0.6 0.24

P (A)    0.4
6 6
0.1  0.4  0.8  0.5 0.18

P (B)    0.3
6 6
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1 2.(0,3).(0,1.0, 2  0, 4.0,3  0,6.0, 4  0,7.0,7).(0, 2.0,1  0,5.0, 2  0,6.0,3  0,8.0, 4)

Dw (A, B)  .
(1  0.1) (0,1) 2  (0, 4) 2  (0,6) 2  (0,7) 2  ...  (0,1) 2  (0, 2) 2  (0,3)2  (0, 4) 2
1 2.(0,7).(0,1.0, 2  0, 4.0,3  0,6.0, 4  0,7.0,7).(0, 2.0,1  0,5.0, 2  0,6.0,3  0,8.0, 4)

. .
(1  0.1) (0,1) 2  (0, 4) 2  (0,6) 2  (0,7) 2  ...  (0,1) 2  (0, 2) 2  (0,3)2  (0, 4) 2
1 2.(0,3).(1,19) 1 2.(0,7).(0,5394)
 .  .
1,1 3,39 1,1 3,39
 0, 3938
Proposition3.6 Let Dw (A, B) be a weighted Dice similarity measure between normalized

ITFMN's A and B, w j  [0,1] be the weight of each element xi such that nj 1 w j  1 Then
weighted Dice vector similarity measure between ITFMN’s A and B;
i. 0  Dw (A, B)  1
ii. Dw (A, B)  Dw (B,A)
iii. Dw (A, B)  1 for A  B i.e. (A  B ,A  B ,…, A  B )

1 1 2 2 p p
Proof 3.7
i. It is clear from Definition 3.3
ii.
 1 
 1  d (A, B) . 
1 n  
Dw (A, B)   j 1  
n 2.w j .( 1
( x j 
). 1
( x j )  ...   p
( x j 
). p
( x j )).( v1
( x j ).v 1
( x j )  ...  v p
( x j ).v p
( x j ))
 1 2 A B A B A B A B

 A A B A A B 
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Editors:
 1 
 1  d ( B, A) . 
1 n  
  j 1  
n 2.w j .( B ( x j ). A ( x j )  ...   B ( x j ). A ( x j )).(vB ( x j ).v A ( x j )  ...  vB ( x j ).v A ( x j ))
1 1 p p 1 1 p p
 1 2 
  ( ) ( x j )  ( 1 ) 2 ( x j )  ...  ( P ) 2 ( x j )  ( P ) 2 ( x j )  .  (v1 ) 2 ( x j )  ...  (v P ) 2 ( x j )  (v P ) 2 ( x j )  
 B A B A B B A 
 Dw (B,A)
iii.
Dw ( A, B) 
 1 
 1  d (A, B) . 
1 n  
n
 j 1  2. w j .( 1
( x j 
). 1
( x j )  ...   p
( x j 
). p
( x j )).( v 1
( x j ).v1
( x j )  ...  v p
( x j ).v p
( x j )) 
A B A B A B A B
 1 2 
  ( ) ( x j )  ( 1 ) 2 ( x j )  ...  ( P ) 2 ( x j )  ( P ) 2 ( x j )  .  (v1 ) 2 ( x j )  ...  (v P ) 2 ( x j )  (v P ) 2 ( x j )  
 A B A B A A B 
 1 
 . 
a1  2b1  2c1  d1 a1  2b1  2c1  d1
n  1  
  6 6 
j 1  
2w j ( A ( x j ). A ( x j )   A ( x j ). A ( x j )  ....   A ( x j ) A ( x j ))
1 1 2 2 p p
 
 ( 1 ) 2 ( x )  ( 1 ) 2 ( x )  ( 2 ) 2 ( x )  ( 2 ) 2 ( x )  ...  ( P ) 2 ( x )  ( P ) 2 ( x ) 
 A j A j A j A j A j A j 
 1 2 w j  (1A )2 ( x j )  ( A2 )2 ( x j )  ....  ( Ap )2 ( x j )  
n
  . 

j 1 1  0
 2  ( 1 2
A
) ( x j )  ( 2 2
A
) ( x j )  ....  ( p 2
A
) ( x j )  

 1.
4. ITFM-number Multi-criteria Decision Making Method
In this section, we define ITFMN-multi-criteria decision making method based on Dice

vector similarity measure for intuitionistic trapezoidal fuzzy multi-numbers.
Definition 4.1 Let 𝑈 = (𝑢1 , 𝑢2 , … , 𝑢𝑚 ) be a set of alternatives, 𝐴 = (𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , … , 𝑎𝑛 ) be the

set of criteria, 𝑤 = (𝑤1 , 𝑤2 , … , 𝑤𝑛 )𝑇 be the weight vector of the 𝑎𝑗 (𝑗 = 1,2 … , 𝑛) such that
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𝑤𝑗 ≥ 0 and  w j  1 and bij   aij , bij , cij , dij  ; ij1 ,ij2 ,...,ijp  ,  vij1 , vij2 ,..., vijp  be
n
j 1 mxn
the decision matrix in which the rating values of the alternatives. Then
a1 a2 an
u1  b11 b12 b1n 
 
u2  b21 b22 b2 n 
bij    
m n
 
um  bm1 bm 2 bmn 
 
 
is called a ITFM-number multi-criteria decision making matrix of the decision maker.
Also; r  is positive ideal ITFM-numbers solution of decision matrix bij  as form:

mxn
r   1,1,1,1 , 1,1,...,1 ,  0,0,...,0 
and r  is negative ideal ITFM-numbers solution of decision matrix bij  as form:

mxn
r   1,1,1,1 ,  0,0,...,0  , 1,1,...,1
Algorithm:
Step1. Give the decision-making matrix bij  for decision;

mxn
Step2.Calculate the weighted Dice vector similarity 𝑆𝑖 between positive ideal (or negative
ideal) ITFMN solution r  and ui  aij , bij , cij , dij  ; ij1 ,ij2 ,...,ijp  ,  vij1 , vij2 ,..., vijp  and
i  1, 2,..., m  as;
 1 
 1  d (A, B) . 
1 n  
Dw (A, B)   j 1 
n 2.w j .( 1A ( x j ). B1 ( x j )  ...   Ap ( x j ). Bp ( x j )).(v1A ( x j ).v1B ( x j )  ...  v Ap ( x j ).vBp ( x j )) 
 1 2 
 A A B A A B 
Step3. Determine the non-increasing order of Si  Dwi (u i , r )  i  1,2,..., m  ,

 j  1,2,..., n 
Step4. Select the best alternative.
Now, we give a numerical example as follows;
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Example 4.2 Architecture means the design of structures. It means designing and shaping
structures in a way. It requires great imagination. Then it should be transferred to paper. At
this stage, there may be some difficulties, and in terms of time and design, it will be
difficult to put the design literally on paper. So it would be best to use computer-aided
programs. Let's consider the entrance door of Gaziantep Zoo (Figure-1) drawn by Dr.
Derya BAKBAK [39].
Figure-1: Entrance Door of Gaziantep Zoo
Ezgi Architecture Company wants to choose computer-aided programs that will draw
similar shapes to the entrance gate of Gaziantep zoo. Therefore, Ezgi Architecture
Company wants to buy the best of four computer-aided programs. Four types of programs
(alternatives) 𝑢𝑖 (𝑖 = 1,2,3,4) are available. The Ezgi architecture company takes into
account two attributes to evaluate the alternatives; 𝑐1 =2D; 𝑐2 =3D use the ITFMN values
to evaluate the four possible alternatives 𝑢i (i = 1, 2, 3, 4) under the above two attributes.
Also, the weight vector of the attributes 𝑐𝑗 (𝑗 = 1,2) is ω = (0.2,0.5,0.1,0.2)T . Then,
Algorithm
Step1.Constructed the decision matrix provided by the Ezgi Architecture Company as;
Table 2: Decision matrix given by Ezgi Architecture Company
𝑐1 𝑐2
u1 0.3,0.5,0.7,0.9;  0.4,0.5,0.6  ,  0.2,0.5,0.8 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9;  0.1, 0.4, 0.7  ,  0.3, 0.4, 0.5
u2 0.2,0.3,0.5,0.6;  0.2,0.3,0.8 ,  0.1,0.4,0.6  0.1, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5;  0.2, 0.4, 0.7  ,  0.2, 0.5, 0.8
u3 0.1, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6;  0.3, 0.4, 0.5 ,  0.2, 0.3, 0.7  0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6;  0.1, 0.4, 0.7  ,  0.2, 0.5, 0.8
u4 0.2, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7;  0.3, 0.4, 0.6 ,  0.2, 0.1, 0.3 0.2,0.3,0.5,0.6;  0.1,0.2,0.5 ,  0.2,0.3,0.4 
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Step2.Computed the positive ideal ITFM-numbers solution as;
r   1,1,1,1 , 1,1,...,1 ,  0,0,...,0 
Step3.Calculated the weighted Dice vector similarity measures, Si  Dwi (u i , r ) as;


The Proposed
Measure value Ranking order
method
Dwi (u1 , r  )  0,1302
Dwi (u 2 , r  )  0,3341
Si  Dwi (u i , r  ) Dwi (u 3 , r  )  0,0685 S2  S1  S4  S3
Dwi (u 4 , r  )  0,1197
Step4. So the Ezgi architecture company will select the computer-aided program u 2 . In any
case if they do not want to choose u 2 due to some reasons they second choice will be u1 .
5. Conclusions
In this paper, we developed a multi-criteria decision making for intuitionistic trapezoidal

fuzzy multi-number based on weighted Dice vector similarity measures and applied to a
numerical example in order to confirm the practicality and accuracy of the proposed
method. In the future, the method can be extend with different similarity and distance
measures in neutrosophic set.
6. References
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Chapter Twelve
Improved Hybrid Vector Similarity Measures And Their
Applications on Trapezoidal Fuzzy Multi Numbers
Memet Sahin, Vakkas Uluçay* Fatih S. Yılmaz
1
Email: mesahin@gantep.edu.tr, vulucay27@gmail.com, fatihy.27@hotmail.com.
Abstract
In this chapter, we put forward some similarity measures for Trapezoidal Fuzzy Multi Numbers (TFMN)
such as; Jaccard similarity measure, weighted Jacard similarity measure, Cosine similarity measure, weighted
cosine similarity measure, Hybrid vector similarity measure and weighted Hybrid vector similarity measure.
Also we investigate the propositions of the similarity measures. Moreover, a multi-criteria decision-making
method for TFMN is improved based on these given similarity measures. Then, a practical example is shown
to approve the feasibility of the new method. As a result, we compare the proposed method with the existing
methods in order to show the effectiveness and efficiency of the developed method in this study.
Keywords: Trapezoidal Fuzzy Multi Numbers, Jacard similarity measure, Cosine

similarity measure, Hybrid vector similarity measure, Decision making.
1.Introduction
Multi attribute decision making has got much interest to the investigators because it has
obtained excellent admission in the fields of operations research, engineering, and
management, signal processing etc. We see multi attribute decision making problems
under a lot of conditions, in which the number of possible options and actions need to be
selected based on a set of predefined attributes. Many of research works have been done on
multi attribute decision making problems, in which the ratings of alternatives and/or
attribute values are explained in terms of crisp numbers such as interval numbers, fuzzy
numbers, interval-valued fuzzy numbers, intuitionistic fuzzy numbers, interval-valued
intuitionistic fuzzy numbers, etc. But, in realistic conditions, because of time pressure,
complexity of the problem, lack of information processing capabilities, poor knowledge of
the public domain and information, decision makers cannot provide exact evaluation of
decision-parameters involved in multi attribute decision making problems. In such
situation, preference information of alternatives with respect to the attributes provided by
the decision makers may be imprecise or incomplete in nature. In the study, we suggest
Jaccard vector similarity measures for trapezoidal fuzzy multi numbers and cosine vector
similarity measure for trapezoidal fuzzy multi numbers by extending the concept of studied
in [10] and [11] to trapezoidal fuzzy multi numbers and establish some of their basic
properties. Notions of similarity, decision making, measure and algebraic etc. of
neutrosophic sets have been introduces and their applications in several areas [12-33]. And
we also proposed Hybrid vector similarity measure for trapezoidal fuzzy multi numbers
and establish some of their basic properties. Additionally we also show the application of
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these suggested similarity measures. In order to do so, the rest of the chapter is organized
as follows: Section 2 presents the preliminaries of fuzzy set, fuzzy number, multi-fuzzy set
and similarity measures including Jaccard, Cosine and Hybrid. Section 3 represents some
similarity measures for TFMNs including Jaccard similarity measure and Cosine similarity
measure. Section 4 is devoted to develop the hybrid vector similarity measures for TFMNs.
Medical diagnosis using the Jaccard, Cosine and Hybrid similarity measures is described in
Section 5 and compared the results with other existing methods to demonstrate the
effectiveness of the proposed similarity measures. Finally in Section 6, we proposed
conclusions for the effectiveness and efficiency with similarity.
2.PRELIMINARY
In this section, we proposed some basic concepts related to fuzzy set, fuzzy number, multi-
fuzzy set and similarity measures for TFMN's including Jaccard similarity measure, Cosine
similarity measure which will be used in the next sections.
Definition 2.1[1]Let X be a non-empty set. A fuzzy set F on X is defined as:
Definition 2.2[2] t-norms are associative, monotonic and commutative two valued
functions t that map from [0,1]  [0,1] into [0,1]. These properties are formulated with the
following conditions:
1. t (0, 0)  0 and t (x1 (x),1)  t (1, x1 (x))  x1 (x)
2. If x1 (x)  x3 (x) and x2 (x)  x4 (x) then t ( x1 (x), x2 (x))  t( x3 (x), x4 (x)) ,
3. t ( x1 (x), x2 (x))  t( x2 (x), x1 (x)) ,
4. t (x1 (x), t(x2 (x), x3 (x)))  t (t ( x1 (x), x2 (x)), x3 (x))
Definition 2.3[2] s -norms are associative, monotonic and commutative two placed
functions s which map from [0,1]  [0,1] into [0,1]. These properties are formulated with
the following conditions:
1. s(1,1)  1 and s( x1 (x),0)  s  0, x1 (x)   x1 (x) ,
2. If x1 (x)  x3 (x) and x2 (x)  x4 (x) , then s( x1 (x), x2 (x))  s( x3 (x), x4 (x)) ,
3. s( x1 (x), x2 (x))  s( x2 (x), x1 (x)) ,
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4. s(x1 (x), s(x2 (x), x3 (x)))  s(s(x1 (x), x2 (x)), x3 (x)) .
t -norm and t -conorm is related in a sense of logical duality. Typical dual pairs of non-
parametrized t -norm and t -conorm are compiled below:
1. Drastic product: tw (  x1 (x),  x2 (x))   1 2

 
1

 min  x (x),  x (x) ,max  x (x),  x (x)  1
2

 0 otherwise
2. Drastic sum: sw (  x1 (x),  x2 (x))  

   
 max  x1 (x),  x2 (x) ,min  x1 (x),  x2 (x)  0
 1 otherwise
3. Bounded product:

t1 ( x1 (x), x2 (x))  max 0, x1 (x)  x2 (x)  1 
4. Bounded sum:

s1 ( x1 (x), x2 (x))  min 1, x1 (x)  x2 (x) 
5. Einstein product:
 x (x). x (x)
t1.5 (  x1 (x),  x2 (x))  1 2
2  [  x (x)   x (x)   x (x). x (x)]

1 2 1 2
6. Einstein sum:
 x (x)   x (x)
s1.5 (  x1 (x),  x2 (x))  1 2
1   x (x). x (x)
1 2
7. Algebraic product:
t2 ( x1 (x), x2 (x))  x1 (x).x2 (x)
8. Algebraic sum:
s2 ( x1 (x), x2 (x))  x1 (x)  x2 (x)  x1 (x).x2 (x)
9. Hamacher product:
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 x (x). x (x)
t2.5 (  x1 (x),  x2 (x))  1 2
 x (x)   x (x)   x (x). x (x)

1 2 1 2
10. Hamacher Sum:
 x (x)   x (x)  2. x (x). x (x)

s2.5 (  x1 (x),  x2 (x))  1 2 1 2
1   x (x). x (x)1 2
11. Minimum:

t3 (  x1 (x),  x2 (x))  min  x1 (x),  x2 (x) 
12. Maximum:

s3 ( x1 (x), x2 (x))  max x1 (x), x2 (x) 
Definition 2.4[3] Let X be a non-empty set. A multi-fuzzy set G on X is defined as
G  x,  1
G (x), G2 (x),..., Gi (x),... : x  X  where 
i
G : X  [0,1] for all i  1,2,..., p and
x X
Definition 2.5[9] Let A [0,1] (i 1,2,..., p) and a, b, c, d

i
 such that a  b  c  d .
Then, a trapezoidal fuzzy multi-number (TFM number) a   a, b, c, d  ;1A , A2 ,..., Ap is a
special fuzzy multi-set on the real number set , whose membership functions are defined
as
 (x  a1 ) Ai / (b1  a1 ) a1  x  b1

  Ai b1  x  c1
 A (x)  
i
(d1  x) A / (d1  c1 ) c1  x  d1

i
 0 otherwise

Note that the set of all TFM-number on will be denoted by  .
Definition 2.6[9] Let A   a1, b1, c1, d1  ;1A , A2 ,..., Ap , B   a2 , b2 , c2 , d 2  ;B1 ,B2 ,...,Bp
  and   0 be any real number. Then,
1. A  B   a1  a2 , b1  b2 , c1  c2 , d1  d 2  ; s(1A ,B1 ), s( A2 ,B2 ),..., s( AP ,BP )
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2. A  B   a1  d 2 , b1  c2 , c1  b2 , d1  a2  ; s(1A ,B1 ), s( A2 ,B2 ),..., s( AP ,BP )
  a1a2 , b1b2 , c1c2 , d1d 2  ;

 (d1  0,d 2  0)
t ( 1A ,B1 ), t ( A2 ,B2 ),..., t ( Ap ,Bp )

  a1d 2 , b1c2 , c1b2 , d1a2  ;
3. A.B   1 1 (d1  0,d 2  0)
t ( A ,B ), t ( A ,B ),..., t ( A ,B )
2 2 p p

  d1d 2 ,c1 c2 , b1b2 , a1a2  ;
 1 1 (d1  0, d 2  0)
t ( A ,B ), t ( A ,B ),..., t ( A ,B )
2 2 p p
  a1 / d 2 , b1 / c2 , c1 / b2 , d1 / a2  ;
 (d1  0, d 2  0)
t ( 1A , B1 ), t ( A2 , B2 ),..., t ( Ap , Bp )

  d1 / d 2 , c1 / c2 , b1 / b2 , a1 / a2  ;
4. A / B   1 1 (d1  0, d 2  0)
t ( A , B ), t ( A , B ),..., t ( A , B )
2 2 p p

  d1 / a2 , c1 / b2 , b1 / c2 , a1 / d 2  ;
 1 1 (d1  0, d 2  0)
t ( A , B ), t ( A , B ),..., t ( A , B )
2 2 p p
5.  A   a1,  b1,  c1,  d1  ;1  (1  1A ) ,1  (1   A2 ) ,...,1  (1   Ap ) (  0)
6. A  a 1

, b1 , c1 , d1  ;(1A ) ,(A2 ) ,...,(AP ) (  0)
Definition 2.7[9] Let A   a1, b1, c1, d1  : 1A ,A2 ,...,Ap   ,Then, normalized TFM-number
of A is given by
 a1 b1 c1 d1  1 2
, , ,  ; A , A ,..., A
p
A 
 a1  b1  c1  d1 a1  b1  c1  d1 a1  b1  c1  d1 a1  b1  c1  d1 
Definition 2.8: Let X  ( x1 ,x2 ,...,xn ) and Y  (y1 , y2 ,..., yn ) be the two vectors of length n
where all the coordinates are positive. The Jaccard index of these two vectors (measuring
the “similarity” of these vectors) (Jaccard 1901) is defined as
X .Y x y i i
J  n
İ 1
n n
[11]
X 2  Y 22  X .Y
2
x   y x y
i 1
2
i
i 1
2
i
İ 1
i i
162
Volume I
n
where X .Y   x y is the inner product of the vectors X and Y and where
İ 1
i i
n n
X 2   x 2 and Y
İ 1
2  y
İ 1
2
are the Euclidean norms of X and Y (also called the L2
norms).
A cosine formula (Salton and McGill 1987) is then defined as the inner product of these
two vectors divided by the product of their lengths. This is nothing but the cosine of the
angle between the vectors. The cosine measure is defined as
n
X .Y x y i i
Cos   İ 1
[10]
X 2. Y n n
2
x
i 1
2
i  y i 1
2
i
These two formulas are similar in the sense that they take values in the interval [0,l].
Jaccard formula are undefined if xi  yi  0 holds for all the i, (i  1, 2,..., n ) , and then we let
the this measure value be zero when xi  yi  0 holds for all the i, (i  1, 2,..., n ) . However,
the cosine formula is undefined if xi  0 and/or yi  0 holds for all the i, (i  1, 2,..., n ) , and
then we let the cosine measure value be zero when xi  0 and/or yi  0 holds for all the i,
(i  1, 2,..., n ) .
3. JACCARD SIMILARITY MEASURE AND COSINE SIMILARITY MEASURE FOR

TRAPEZOIDAL FUZZY MULTI NUMBERS
In this section, we introduced some similarity measures for TFMNs including Jaccard
similarity measure and Cosine similarity measure.
Definition 3.1:Let a1  a2  a3  a4 , a1 , a2 , a3 , a4  R , A   a1, a2 , a3 , a4  ;1A ,A2 ,...,Ap ,
B  b1, b2 , b3 , b4  ;B1 ,B2 ,...,Bp be two TFMNs in the set of real numbers . Then;
Jaccard similarity measure between TFMN A and B denoted J ( A, B ) is defined as;
 
1 p    j 1 a j  b j
4


k k p
( Ai )k .(Bi )k
J (A, B)   1  . p i 1 
p k 1   4   ( Ai )k 2   p (Bi )k 2   p ( Ai )k .(Bi ) k 
  i 1 i 1 i 1 
Note: Let A   a1, a2 , a3 , a4  ;1A ,A2 ,...,Ap , be a trapezoidal fuzzy multi number.
a1  a2  a3  a4 and a1 , a2 , a3 , a4 
if a2  a3 then this trapezoidal fuzzy multi number
turns to triangular fuzzy multiple number.
163
Editors:
Proposition 3.2 Let J ( A, B ) be a Jaccard similarity measure between TFMN's A and B .

Then we have,
i. 0  J (A, B)  1
ii. J (A, B)  J (B, A)
iii. J (A, B)  1 for A  B , i.e. A  B , (i=1,2…,p)

i i
Proof 3.3
i.it is clear from Definition 3.1
 
1 p    j 1 a j  b j
4


k k p
( Ai )k .(Bi )k
ii. J (A, B)   1  . p 
i 1
  i 1 i 1 i 1 
 
1 p    j 1 a j  b j
4


k k p
( Ai )k .(Bi ) k
  1 . p i 1 
  i 1 i 1 i 1 
 
1 p    j 1 b j  a j
4


k k p
(Bi )k .( Ai ) k
  1 . p i 1 
p k 1   4   (Bi ) k 2   p ( Ai )k 2   p (Bi ) k .( Ai ) k 
  i 1 i 1 i 1 
 J ( B, A) .
 
1 p    j 1 a j  b j
4


k k p
( Ai )k .(Bi )k
iii. J (A, B)   1  . p 
i 1
  i 1 i 1 i 1 
1 p   a1k  b1k  a2k  b2k  a3k  b3k  a4k  b4k ( 1A )k .(B1 )k  ( A2 )k .(B2 )k  ....  ( Ap ) k .(Bp ) k )  
  1  . 
i1 A k i1 B k i1 A k B k  
p p p
p k 1   4 ( i 2
)  ( i 2
)  ( i 2
) .(  i 2 
)

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1   a1k  a1k  a2k  a2k  a3k  a3k  a4k  a4k

p
( 1A ) k .( 1A )k  ( A2 )k .( A2 )k  ....  ( Ap )k .( Ap )k ) 
   1  . 1 2 
p k 1   4 ( A ) k  ...  ( Ap ) k2  ( 1A ) k2  ...  ( Ap ) k2  (( 1A ) k2  ...( Ap ) k2 )  
1 p
 ( 1A ) k .( 1A ) k  ( A2 ) k .( A2 ) k  ....  ( Ap ) k .( Ap ) k ) 
  
p k 1  
1  0.
( A ) k  ...  ( A ) k  ( A ) k  ...  ( A ) k  (( A ) k  ...( A ) k )  
1 2 p 2 1 2 p 2 1 2 p 2 
1 p
 (1A )k2  ( A2 )2k  ...  ( Ap )2k 
  
p k 1  (1A )k2  ( A2 )2k  ...  ( Ap )2k 
==1.
Example 3.4 Let J ( A, B ) be a Jaccard similarity measure between TFMN's

A  1,2,3,5 ;0.2,0.4,0.5,0.7 and B   2,3,4,5 ;0.3,0.1,0.6,0.4 .
 
1 p    j 1 a j  b j
4

i1 ( Ai )k .(Bi )k
k k p
J (A, B)   1  . p 
  i 1 i 1 i 1 
 1 2  2  3  3 4  5  5 
1  . 
 4 
 (0, 2.0,3  0, 4.0,1  0,5.0,6  0,7.0, 4) 


 2 2 2 2 2 2
  2 2
 
 0, 2  0, 4  0,5  0,7  0,3  0,1  0,6  0, 4   0,2.0,3  0,4.0,1  0,5.0,6  0,7.0,4  

 3 
1  . 
4


(0,06  0,04  0,30  0, 28)


  0,04  0,16  0, 25  0, 49    0,09  0,01  0,36  0,16    0,06  0,04  0,30  0,28 
 
1 0.68   0,68  0,193

 . 
 4 0.94  0,62  0,68  3,52
Definition 3.5 Let A   a1 , a2 , a3 , a4  ;1A , A2 ,..., Ap B  b1, b2 , b3 , b4  ;B1 ,B2 ,...,Bp be

,
two TFMNs in the set of real numbers and wr  [0,1] be the weight of each element for
165
Editors:
n
r  (1, 2,..., n ) such that w
r 1
r  1 . Then; Jaccard similarity measure between TFMN A and
B denoted J w (A,B) is defined as;
 
1 n p    j 1 a j  b j
4 k k  wr . i 1 ( Ai )k .(Bi )k
p
J w (A, B)   1  . p 
p r 1 k 1   4   ( Ai )k 2   p (Bi )k 2   p ( Ai ) k .(Bi ) k 
  i 1 i 1 i 1 
Proposition 3.6 Let J w (A,B) be a weighted Jaccard similarity measure between TFMN's A
and B, wr  [0,1] be the weight of each element for r  (1, 2,..., n ) such that  r 1 wr  1
n
Then weighted Jaccard vector similarity measure between TFMN’s A and B;
i. 0  J w (A, B)  1
ii. J w (A, B)  J w (B,A)
iii. J w (A, B)  1 for A  B i.e. (A  B ,A  B ,…, A  B )

1 1 2 2 p p
Proof 3.7
i. it is clear from Definition 3.5
 
1 n p    j 1 a j  b j
4 k k  wr . i 1 ( Ai ) k .(Bi ) k
p
ii. J w ( A,B )   1  . p 
p r 1 k 1   4   ( Ai ) k 2   p (Bi ) k 2   p ( Ai ) k .(Bi ) k 
  i 1 i 1 i 1 
 
1 n p    j 1 a j  b j
4 k k  wr . i 1 ( Ai )k .(Bi )k
p
  1  . p 
p r 1 k 1   4   ( Ai )k 2   p (Bi )k 2   p ( Ai ) k .(Bi ) k 
  i 1 i 1 i 1 
 
1 n p    j 1 b j  a j
4 k k  wr . i 1 (Bi )k .( Ai )k
p
  1  . p 
p r 1 k 1   4   (Bi )k 2   p ( Ai ) k 2   p (Bi ) k .( Ai ) k 
  i 1 i 1 i 1 
 J w ( B, A).
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Volume I
 
1 n p    j 1 a j  b j
4 k k  wr . i 1 ( Ai ) k .(Bi ) k
p
iii. J w ( A,B )   1  . p .
p r 1 k 1   4   ( Ai )k 2   p (Bi )k 2   p ( Ai )k .(Bi ) k 
  i 1 i 1 i 1 
1 n   a1k  b1k  a2k  b2k  a3k  b3k  a4k  b4k

p  wr .[(1A )k .(B1 )k  ( A2 ) k .(B2 ) k  ....  ( Ap ) k .(Bp ) k ] 
    1   . 1 2 
p r 1 k 1   4 p 2 1 2 p 2 1 1
 ( A )k  ...  ( A )k  (B )k  ...  (B )k  (( A ) k .(B ) k  ...( A ) k .(B ) k ) 
p p
1 n p  a1k  a1k  a2k  a2k  a3k  a3k  a4k  a4k  w .[(1 ) .(1 )  ( 2 ) .( 2 )  ....  ( Ap )k .( Ap )k ] 
   1   . 1 2 r A k p A2 k 1 A2 k A k p 2 
p r 1 k 1   4  ( A )k  ...  ( A )k  ( A )k  ...  ( A )k  ((1A )k2  ...( Ap )k2 ) 
  
1 n p  wr .[(1A )2k  ...  ( Ap ) k2 ] 

   1  0  . 1 2
p r 1 k 1  p 2 1 2 p 2 1 2 p 2 
( A )k  ...  ( A )k  ( A ) k  ...  ( A ) k  (( A ) k  ...( A ) k ) 
1 n p  wr .[( 1A ) k2  ...  ( Ap ) k2 ] 
  
p r 1 k 1  ( 1A )k2  ...  ( Ap ) k2 

n
  wr
r 1
=1.
Example 3.8 Let A  1.2.3.4  ;0.1,0.3,0.4,0.5 B  1,2,3,5 ;0.2,0.3,0.5,0.6 be two

,
TFMNs in the set of real numbers and wi be the weight of each element for r  (1, 2)
n
w1  0.3, w2  0.7 such that  wr  1 . Then; Jaccard similarity measure between TFMN A
r 1
and B is;
167
Editors:
 11  2  2  3  3  4  5 
1  . 
 4 
 0,3.[(0,1.0,2  0,3.0,3  0,4.0,5  0,5.0,6] 
J w (A, B) 
 (0,12  0,32  0,4 2  0,52 )  (0,2 2  0,32  0,52  0,62 )  (0,1.0,2  0,3.0,3  0,4.0,5  0,5.0,6) 
 
 
 
 
 11  2  2  3  3  4  5 
1  . 
 4 

 0,7.[(0,1.0,2  0,3.0,3  0,4.0,5  0,5.0,6] 
 (0,12  0,32  0,42  0,52 )  (0,22  0,32  0,52  0,62 )  (0,1.0,2  0,3.0,3  0,4.0,5  0,5.0,6) 
 
3 0,3.0,61 3 0,7.0,61
 +
4 0,51  0,74  0,61 4 0,51  0,74  0,61
0,549 1,281
   0,714
2,56 2,56
Definition 3.9 Let A   a1 , a2 , a3 , a4  ;1A , A2 ,..., Ap
B   b1 , b2 , b3 , b4  ;B1 ,B2 ,...,Bp be
,
two TFMNs in the set of real numbers . Then; Cosine similarity measure between
TFMN A and B denoted C ( A, B ) is defined as;
1 p 
C (A, B)  


4
a .bik
k
i 1 i
.

k k
 k k
 k

min 1A  , B1   min  A2  , B2   min  A3  , B3   ... 
k 
p k 1 
 i1 (ai ) . i1 (bi )
4 k 2 4 k 2 max  1
 1
 2
 2
 3

 A k , B k  max  A k , B k  max  A k , B k  ... 
3

Proposition 3.10 Let C ( A, B ) be a Jaccard similarity measure between TFMN's A and B .
Then we have,
i. 0  C (A, B)  1
ii. C (A, B)  C (B, A)
iii. C (A, B)  1 for A  B , i.e. A  B , i=1,2,...,p

i i
Proof 3.11:
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Volume I
ii. C ( A,B ) 
1 p

4
aik .bik    ,     min    ,     min    ,     ... 
min  1A 1 2 2 3 3

B A k B A k B
i 1
. k k k k
p k 1 

4 k 2
(a ) . 
4
(b ) k 2 max    ,     max    ,     max    ,     ... 
1 1 2 2 3 3
 i 1 i i 1 i
A k B k A k
B k A k B k
1 p 
 


4
i 1 i
k
. k k k k

min B1  , 1A   min B2  ,  A2   min B3  ,  A3   ... 
b .aik k k      
p k 1 
 i1 (bi ) . i1 (ai )
4 k 2 4 k 2 max 
 B k  A k
1
,  1
 max  B k  A k
 2
,  2
 max  
 B k  A k 
3
,  3
 ...     
 C ( B, A).
iii.
1 p 

4 k
ai .bi
k
min    ,     min    ,     min    ,     ... 
1 1 2 2 3 3
 
A B A B A B
C ( A, B )  i 1
. k k k k k k
max    ,     max    ,     max    ,     ... 

1 1 2 2 3 3
p
 
4 k 2 4 k 2
k 1
 i 1
( ai ) . i 1
( bi ) A k B k A k B k
 A k B k
 a1k .b1k  a2k .b2k  a3k .b3k  a4k .b4k 

 . 
1 p  ( a1 )  ( a2 )  ( a3 )  ( a4 ) . ( b1 )  ( b2 )  ( b3 )  ( b4 )
k 2 k 2 k 2 k 2 k 2 k 2 k 2 k 2

  
k
 k
2
k
2
k

p k 1  min  A  ,  B   min  A  ,  B   min  A  ,  B   ... 
1 1 3
k
3
k
   
 A k 
B k A k B k 
 max  1  ,  1   max  2  ,  2   max  3  ,  3   ... 
A k B k    
 a1k .a1k  a2k .a2k  a3k .a3k  a4k .a4k 
 . 
1 p  ( a1 )  ( a2 )  ( a3 )  ( a4 ) . ( a1 )  ( a2 )  ( a3 )  ( a4 )
k 2 k 2 k 2 k 2 k 2 k 2 k 2 k 2

  
k
 k
2
k
2
k

p k 1  min  A  ,  A   min  A  ,  A   min  A  ,  A   ... 
1 1 3
k
3
k
   
 A k A k A k A k 
 max  1  ,  1   max  2  ,  2   max  3  ,  3   ... 
A k A k     
 (a1k )2  ( a2k ) 2  ( a3k ) 2  ( a4k ) 2 
 . 
1 p
 (( a1
k 2
)  ( a k 2
2
)  ( a k 2
3
)  ( a k 2 2
4
) ) 
  
  
p k 1  min  1A  ,  1A   min  A2  ,  A2   min  A3  ,  A3   ... 
k k k k k k
  
 A k  A k A k A k 
 max  1  ,  1   max  2  ,  2   max  3  ,  3   ... 
A k A k     
169
Editors:
 (a1k )2  ( a2k )2  ( a3k )2  ( a4k ) 2 

 (a k )2  (a k )2  (a k )2  ( a k )2 . 
1 p  1 2 3 4

 

1
 1

2 2 3 3

p k 1 min  A k ,  A k  min  A k ,  A k  min  A k ,  A k  ... 

  
 k
 k
 k k k

 max  1A  ,  1A   max  A2  ,  A2   max  A3  ,  A3   ... 
k    
1   1A k   A2 k   A3 k  ... 
p
   1. 1 
p k 1   A    1A    A3   ... 
k k k
 1.
Example 3.12 Let A   0.3,0.2,0.4,0.5 ;0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4 and

B   0.1,0.3,0.5,0.6 ;0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8 between TFMN's . Then C ( A, B ) be a cosine similarity
measure;
1 p 
C (A, B)  


4
a .bik
k
i 1 i
. k k k k

min 1A  , B1   min  A2  , B2   min  A3  , B3   ... 
k k     
p k 1 
 i1 (ai ) . i1 (bi )
4 k 2 4 k 2 max  1 1 2 2

 A k , B k  max A k , B k  max A k , B k  ... 
3 3
    
(0,3.0,1  0, 2.0,3  0, 4.0,5  0,5.0,6) (0,1  0, 2  0,3  0, 4)

 .
2 2 2
(0,3)  (0, 2)  (0, 4)  (0,5) . (0,1)  (0,3)  (0,5)  (0,6) 2 2 2 2 2 (0, 2  0, 4  0,6  0,8)
 0,47642
Definition 3.13 Let A   a1 , a2 , a3 , a4  ;1A , A2 ,..., Ap B  b1, b2 , b3 , b4  ;B1 ,B2 ,...,Bp

,
be two TFMNs in the set of real numbers and wi  [0,1] be the weight of each element
n
for i  (1, 2,..., n ) such that  w  1 . Then; Cosine similarity measure between TFMN A
i 1
i
and B denoted Cw (A, B) is defined as;
1 n 
p

4 k
ai .bi
k
   ,     min    ,     min    ,     ... 
wi .  min
1 1 2 2 3 3
   A B A B A B
C w (A, B)  i 1
. k k k k k k
p i 1 k 1  max    ,     max    ,     max    ,     ... 

1 1 2 2 3 3
 
4 k 2 4 k 2
 i 1
( ai ) . i 1
( bi ) A k B k A k B

k A k B k
170
Volume I
Proposition 3.14 Let Cw (A, B) be a weighted Cosine similarity measure between TFMN's A
and B, wi  [0,1] be the weight of each element for i  (1, 2,..., n ) such that 
n
i 1
wi  1
Then weighted Cosine vector similarity measure between TFMN’s A and B;
i. 0  Cw (A, B)  1
ii. Cw (A, B)  Cw (B,A)
iii. Cw (A, B)  1 for A  B i.e. (A  B ,A  B ,…, A  B )

1 1 2 2 p p
Proof 3.15:
ii.
1 n p

4
ai .bi
k k
    ,     min    ,     min    ,     ... 
wi . min
1 1 2 2 3 3
C w ( A, B )     i 1
.
A k B k
max    ,     max    ,     max    ,     ... 

A k B k A k B k
 
1 1 2 2 3 3
p i 1 4
( ai ) .
k 2 4
( bi )
k 2

k 1
i 1 i 1
A k B k  A k B k A k B k
 
1
 n p

4
i 1
k
ai .bi
k
.
wi .  min  A    ,     min    ,     min    ,     ... 
1
k
1
B k
2
A k B
2
k
3
A k
3
B k
p i 1 k 1  max    ,     max    ,     max    ,     ... 

1 1 2 2 3 3
 
4 k 2 4 k 2
 i 1
( ai ) . i 1
( bi ) A k B k
 A k B k A k B k
 
1 
 n p

4
i 1 i
wi .  min B1  , 1A   min B2  ,  A2   min B3  ,  A3   ... 
bk .aik
. 
k k k k k k       
p i 1 

k 1
i1 (bik )2 . i1 (aik )2 max B k , A k  max B k , A k  max B k ,  A k  ... 
4 4 1 1 2 2 3 3 
     
 Cw ( B, A).
iii.
1 n  p

4 k
ai .bi
k
    ,     min    ,     min    ,     ... 
wi . min
1 1 2 2 3 3
C w ( A, B )     i 1
.
A k B k
max    ,     max    ,     max    ,     ... 

A k B k A k B k
 
1 1 2 2 3 3
p i 1 4 k
( ai ) .
2 4
( bi )
k 2
k 1
i 1 i 1
A k B k  A k B k A k B k
171
Editors:
 a1k .b1k  a2k .b2k  a3k .b3k  a4k .b4k 

 . 
k 2 k 2 k 2 k 2 k 2 k 2 k 2 k 2
1 n p
 ( a 1
)  ( a 2
)  ( a 3
)  ( a 4
) . ( b 1
)  ( b 2
)  ( b3
)  ( b 4
) 
  
  k k
  k k
 
p i1 k 1  wi .  min  1A  , B1   min  A2  ,  B2   min  A3  ,  B3   ... 
k k  
  A k B k  
A k B k 
 max  1  ,  1   max  2  ,  2   max  3  ,  3   ... 
 A k B k  
 a1k .a1k  a2k .a2k  a3k .a3k  a4k .a4k 
 . 
n p  ( a1k ) 2  ( a2k ) 2  ( a3k ) 2  ( a4k ) 2 . ( a1k ) 2  ( a2k ) 2  ( a3k ) 2  ( a4k ) 2 
1
  
  k k
  k

k

p i1 k 1  wi .  min 1A  , 1A   min  A2  ,  A2   min  A3  ,  A3   ... 
k k  
 
  k

k
 k

k

max  1A  ,  1A   max  A2  ,  A2   max  A3  ,  A3   ...
k k
 
 ( a1k )2  ( a2k ) 2  ( a3k ) 2  ( a4k ) 2 

 . 
(( a1 )  ( a2 )  ( a3 )  ( a4 ) )
k 2 k 2 k 2 k 2 2
1 n p  
  
  k k
 k

2
k
3
k

p i 1 k 1  wi .  min  A  ,  A   min  A  ,  A   min  A  ,  A   ... 
1 1 2 3
k

 
 
  k k
 
k k k
 k

 
 (a1k )2  ( a2k ) 2  ( a3k ) 2  ( a4k ) 2 

 (a k )2  (a k )2  (a k )2  ( a k ) 2 . 
1 n p  1 2 3 4

 
  1 1
 2 2
 3
 3

p i 1 k 1  wi .  min  A k ,  A k  min  A k ,  A k  min  A k ,  A k  ... 




     
k k k k k k

 
n
 w
i 1
i
 1.
Example 3.16 Let A   0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4 ;0.2,0.3,0.5,0.6 and
B   0.1,0.2,0.4,0.5 ;0.1,0.4,0.5,0.7 be two TFMNs in the set of real numbers and wi

n
be the weight of each element for i  (1, 2) w1  0.2, w2  0.8 such that  w  1 . Then;
i 1
i
Cosine similarity measure between TFMN A and B is;
172
Volume I
1 n p 

4 k k
ai .bi    ,     min    ,     min    ,     ... 
wi .  min
1 1 2 2 3 3
   A B A B A B
C w (A, B)  i 1
. k k k k k k
p i 1 k 1  max    ,     max    ,     max    ,     ... 

1 1 2 2 3 3
 
4 k 2 4 k 2
 i 1
( ai ) . i 1
 A k B k
0, 2.(0,1.0,1  0, 2.0, 2  0,3.0, 4  0, 4.0,5) (0,1  0, 3  0,5  0,6)

 .
2 2 2
(0,1)  (0, 2)  (0,3)  (0, 4) . (0,1)  (0, 2)  (0, 4)  (0,5) 2 2 2 2 2 (0, 2  0, 4  0,5  0,7)
0,8.(0,1.0,1  0, 2.0, 2  0,3.0, 4  0, 4.0,5) (0,1  0, 3  0,5  0,6)

 .
2 2 2
(0,1)  (0, 2)  (0,3)  (0, 4) . (0,1)  (0, 2)  (0, 4)  (0,5) 2 2 2 2 2 (0, 2  0, 4  0,5  0,7)
 0,830
4. HYBRID SIMILARITY MEASURE FOR TRAPEZOIDAL FUZZY MULTI NUMBERS
In this section, we introduced some similarity measures for TFMNs including Hybrid
similarity measure.
Definition 4.1:Let A   a1 , a2 , a3 , a4  ;1A , A2 ,..., Ap B   b1 , b2 , b3 , b4  ;B1 ,B2 ,...,Bp be
,
two TFMNs in the set of real numbers . Then, hybrid vector similarity measure between
TFMN A and B, denoted HybV  A, B  , is defined as;
 p  

4

i1 ( Ai )k .(Bi )k
p
1 a kj  bkj
  
 p 
HybV  A, B    .   1 j 1
. p
k 1   4   ( Ai )k 2   p (Bi )k 2   p ( Ai )k .(Bi ) k  
   i 1 i 1 i 1 
 p 
 1
1    .    
4 k
i 1 i
. k k k k
 k k

min 1A  , B1   min  A2  , B2   min  A3  , B3   ...  
a .bik     
 p k 1 
  i1 (ai ) . i1 (bi )
4 k 2 4
 A k  B k
k 2 max  1 ,  1
 max  A k  B k
 2
,  2
max  A k  B k  
 3
,  3
 
...    
Example 4.2 Let HybV  A, B  be a hybrid vector similarity measure between TFMN's
A  2,4,5,7 ;0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8 and B  1,4,5,9  ;0.5,0.6,0.7,0.8 . Then HybV  A, B 
be a hybrid vector similarity measure;
173
Editors:
  

4
1 p   

p
a kj  bkj ( Ai )k .(Bi )k
  
 p 
HybV  A, B    . 1 j 1
. p i 1
   i 1 i 1 i 1 
 p 
 1
1    .    
4
a .bik
k
i 1 i
.
 k k
 k
 k
 
k k 
min 1A  , B1   min  A2  , B2   min  A3  , B3   ...  
 p k 1 
  i1 (ai ) . i1 (bi )
4 k 2 4 k 2 max  1
 1
 2
 2
 3
 3

 A k , B k  max A k , B k  max A k , B k  ...  
1  2  1  4  4  5  5  7  9 . 
 4 
 0, 4.  
 (0, 2.0, 5  0, 4.0, 6  0, 6.0, 7  0, 8.0, 8) 
 [(0, 2)  (0, 4)  (0, 6)  (0, 8) ]  [(0, 5)  (0, 6)  (0, 7)  (0, 8) ]  [(0, 2.0, 5  0, 4.0, 6  0, 6.0, 7  0, 8.0, 8)] 
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
 2.1  4.4  5.5  7.9 0,2  0,4  0,6  0,8 

 1  0,4  .  . 
 (22  42  52  72 ) (12  42  52  92 ) 0,5  0,6  0,7  0,8 
 
 1 (1, 4)   0,6 .  106 2 

 0, 4.  .     . 
 4 1, 54   94 123 2,6 
 0, 3639
Proposition 4.3 Let HybV  A, B  be a Hybrid similarity measure between TFMN's A and
B . Then we have,
i. 0  HybV  A, B   1
ii. HybV  A, B   HybV  B, A
iii. HybV  A, B   1 for A  B , i.e. A  B , (i=1,2,...,p)

i i
Proof 4.4:
ii.
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Volume I
 p  

4

i1 ( Ai )k .(Bi )k
p
1 a kj  bkj
  
 p 
HybV  A, B    .   1 j 1
. p
   i 1 i 1 i 1 
1 p 
1    .   

4
i 1
k
ai .bi
k
.
       min    ,     min    ,     ... 
1
min  A ,  B
k
1
k
2
A k
2
B k
3
A k
3
B k
 p k 1  max    ,     max    ,     max    ,     ... 

1 1 2 2 3 3
 
4 k 2 4 k 2
  i 1
( ai ) . i 1
 A k B k
 p  

4

i 1 (Bi )k .( Ai )k
p
1 bk  a kj
  
 p 
 .   1 j 1 j
. p
k 1   4   (Bi )k 2   p ( Ai )k 2   p (Bi )k .( Ai ) k  
   i 1 i 1 i 1 
1 p 
1    .   

4 k
b .a i
i 1 i
k
.
       min    ,     min    ,     ... 
1
min  B ,  A
k
1
k
2
B k
2
A k

3
B k
3
A k
 p k 1  max    ,     max    ,     max    ,     ... 

1 1 2 2 3 3
 
4 k 2 4 k 2
  i 1
(bi ) . i 1
( ai ) B k A k B k A k
 B k A k
 HybV  B, A .
iii.
  

4
1 p   

p
a kj  bkj ( Ai )k .(Bi )k
  
 p 
HybV  A, B    . 1 j 1
. p i 1
   i 1 i 1 i 1 
   
1   .
1 p 

4
i 1
k
ai .bi
k
.
       min    ,     min    ,     ... 
1
min  A ,  B
k
1
k
2
A k
2
B k
3
A k
3
B k
 p k 1  max    ,     max    ,     max    ,     ... 

1 1 2 2 3 3
 
4 k 2 4 k 2
  i 1
( ai ) . i 1
 A k B k
 1 p   a1  b1  a2  b2  a3  b3  a4  b4  
k k k k k k k k
( A ) k .( B ) k  ( A ) k .( B ) k  ....  ( A ) k .( B ) k )
1 1 2 2 p p
 .     1  . 1 2  
 ( A ) k  ...  ( A ) k  ( B ) k  ...  ( B ) k  (( A ) k .( B ) k  ...( A ) k .( B ) k ) 
p 2 1 2 p 2 1 1 p p
 p k 1   4
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Editors:
1 p  k k k k k k k k
a1 .b1  a2 .b2  a3 .b3  a4 .b4  min   1A k , B1 k   min   A2 k , B2 k   min   A3 k , B3 k   ... 
1    .    k 2 k 2 k 2 k 2 k 2 k 2 k 2 k 2  . 
 p k 1  (a )  (a )  (a )  (a ) . (b )  (b )  (b )  (b )  max   1A  , B1    max   A2  , B2    max   A3  , B3    ... 
  1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4  k k k k k k 
 1 p   a1k  a1k  a2k  a2k  a3k  a3k  a4k  a4k  ( A ) k .( A ) k  ( A ) k .( A ) k  ....  ( A ) k .( A ) k )
1 1 2 2 p p

 .     1  .
 1 2 p 2 

 ( A ) k  ...  ( A ) k  ( A ) k  ...  ( A ) k  (( A ) k  ...( A ) k )  
p 2 1 2 p 2 1 2
 p k 1   4
1 p  k k k k k k k
a1 .a1  a2 .a2  a3 .a3  a4 .a4
k
 min   1A k ,  1A k   min   A2 k ,  A2 k   min   A3 k ,  A3 k   ... 
 p
1    .   k 2 k 2 k 2 k 2 k 2 k 2 k 2 k 2 . 
 (a )  (a )  (a )  (a ) . (a )  ( a )  ( a )  ( a )  max   1A  ,  1A    max   A2  ,  A2    max   A3  ,  A3    ... 
 k 1
 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4  k k k k k k 
1 p  ( 1 ) .( 1 )  ( A2 ) k .( A2 ) k  ....  ( Ap ) k .( Ap ) k ) 

  .    1  0  . 1 2 A k Ap k2 p 2 

 p k 1  ( A ) k  ...  ( A ) k  ( A ) k  ...  ( A ) k  (( A ) k  ...( A ) k )  
1 2 p 2 1 2
 1 p  (a1k )2  ( a2k ) 2  ( a3k ) 2  ( a4k ) 2 min   1A k ,  1A k   min   A2 k ,  A2 k   min   A3 k ,  A3 k   ... 

1    .    k 2 k 2 k 2 k 2 . 
 p k 1  (a1 )  ( a2 )  ( a3 )  ( a4 ) max   A k ,  A k   max   A k ,  A k   max   A k ,  A k   ... 
1 1 2 2 3 3 
  ( a1 )  ( a2 )  ( a3 )  ( a4 ) 
k 2 k 2 k 2 k 2
  k 2 k 2 k 2 k 2
. 
 1 p  ( 1A )2k  ( A2 )2k  ...  ( Ap ) k2    1 p  ( a1 )  ( a2 )  ( a3 )  ( a4 ) 
 .    1 2 p 2 
 1    . 
 p k 1 (
 Ak )  ( 2 2
A k
)  ...  ( )
A k 


p k 1


min  
1

A k
, 
1

A k   min  
2

A k
, 
2

A k   min  
3
A k , 
3
A k   ... 

 max   A k ,  A k   max   A k ,  A k   max   A k ,  A k   ... 
1 1 2 2 3 3 

 . 1  1    . 1
 1.
Definition 4.5 Let A   a1 , a2 , a3 , a4  ;1A , A2 ,..., Ap B  b1, b2 , b3 , b4  ;B1 ,B2 ,...,Bp be

,
two TFMNs in the set of real numbers and wq  [0,1] be the weight number for
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Volume I
n
q  (1, 2,..., n ) such that w
q 1
q  1 . Then; hybrid vector similarity measure between TFMN A
and B denoted HybVw  A, B  is defined as;
 n p  

4
1 a kj  bkj  wq .i 1 ( Ai )k .(Bi )k
p
  
 p 
HybVw  A, B    .   1 j 1
. p
q 1 k 1   4   ( Ai )k 2   p (Bi )k 2   p ( Ai )k .(Bi ) k  
   i 1 i 1 i 1 
 n p 
1
1    .    
4
i 1
aik .bik
.        min   ,     min   ,     ...  
wq .  min  1A , B1
k k
2
A k
2
B k
3
A k
3
B k
 p q1 k 1 
i1 (aik )2 .
4
i1 (bik )2
4
max    ,     max    ,     max    ,     ...  
1 1 2 2 3 3
  A k B k A k B k
 A k B k
Example 4.6 Let A   0.2,0.3,0.5,0.6 ;0.1,0.4,0.5,0.6

,
B  0.1,0.3,0.4,0.6 ;0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8 be two TFMNs in the set of real numbers and
n
wq be the weight number for q  (1, 2) w1  0.4, w2  0.6 such that w i 1
q  1 . Then; hybrid
vector similarity measure between TFMN A and B is;
 n p  

4
1 a kj  bkj  wq .i 1 ( Ai )k .(Bi )k
p
  
 p 
HybVw  A, B    .  1  j 1
. p
q 1 k 1   4   ( Ai )k 2   p (Bi )k 2   p ( Ai )k .(Bi ) k  
   i 1 i 1 i 1 
1   .
 n p 
    
1 
4
i 1
aik .bik
.        min    ,     min    ,     ...  
wq .  min  1A ,  B1
k k
2
A k
2
B k
3
A k
3
B k
 p q1 k 1 

4
(a ) . k 2

4 k 2
(b ) max    ,     max    ,     max    ,     ...  
1 1 2 2 3 3
  i 1 i i 1 i
A k B k A k B k  A k B k
 1  0, 2  0,1  0, 3  0, 3  0, 5  0, 4  0, 6  0, 6 . 
 4 
 0, 3.  
0, 4.(0,1.0, 2  0, 4.0, 4  0, 5.0, 6  0, 6.0, 8)
 
 [(0,1)  (0, 4)  (0, 5)  (0, 6) ]  [(0, 2)  (0, 4)  (0, 6)  (0, 8) ]  [(0,1.0, 2  0, 4.0, 4  0, 5.0, 6  0, 6.0, 8)] 
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
177
Editors:
 1  0, 2  0,1  0, 3  0, 3  0, 5  0, 4  0, 6  0, 6 . 
 4 
0, 3.  
0, 6.(0,1.0, 2  0, 4.0, 4  0, 5.0, 6  0, 6.0, 8)
 
 [(0,1)  (0, 4)  (0, 5)  (0, 6) ]  [(0, 2)  (0, 4)  (0, 6)  (0, 8) ]  [(0,1.0, 2  0, 4.0, 4  0, 5.0, 6  0, 6.0, 8)] 
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
 0,2.0,1  0,3.0,3  0,5.0,4  0,6.0,6 0,1  0,4  0,5  0,6 

  0,7  .  .0,4. 
 (0,2)2  (0,3)2  (0,5)2  (0,6) 2  (0,1) 2  (0,3) 2  (0,4) 2  (0,6) 2 0,2  0,4  0,6  0,8 
 
 0,2.0,1  0,3.0,3  0,5.0,4  0,6.0,6 0,1  0,4  0,5  0,6 

  0,7  .  .0,6. 
 (0,2)2  (0,3) 2  (0,5) 2  (0,6) 2  (0,1) 2  (0,3) 2  (0,4) 2  (0,6) 2 0,2  0,4  0,6  0,8 
 
 0, 26823  0,55392  0,82215
Proposition 4.7 Let HybVw  A, B  be a hybrid vector similarity measure between TFMN's
A and B. wq  [0,1] be the weight number, such that 
n
q 1
wq  1 . Then we have,
i. 0  HybVw  A, B   1
ii. HybVw  A, B   HybVw  B, A
iii. HybVw  A, B   1 for A  B , i.e. A  B , (i=1,2,...,p)

i i
Proof 4.8:
ii.
 n p  

4
1 a kj  bkj  wq .i 1 ( Ai )k .(Bi ) k
p
 
HybVw  A, B    .  1    j 1
. p
 p q1 k 1   4   ( Ai )k 2   p (Bi )k 2   p ( Ai ) k .(Bi )k

 
  i 1 i 1 i 1 
178
Volume I
1  n p

4 k
ai .bi
k
wq . min     ,     min    ,     min    ,     ... 
1 1 2 2 3 3
 1    .    i 1
.
A k
 B k A k B k A k B k
p  max    ,     max    ,     max    ,     ... 

 
1 1 2 2 3 3
4 k 2 4 k 2
  q 1 k 1
i 1
( ai ) . i 1
( bi ) A k B k A k B k A k B k
 n p  

4
1 bkj  a kj  wq . i 1 (Bi )k .( Ai ) k
p
 
 p 
 .  1  j 1
. p
q 1 k 1   4   (Bi )k 2   p ( Ai )k 2   p (Bi ) k .( Ai ) k  
   i 1 i 1 i 1 
1 
 1    .   
 n p
4
i 1
b .a
k
i
k
i
.
wq .  min
    ,     min    ,     min    ,     ... 
1
B k
1
A
 k
2
B k
2
A k
3
B k
3
A k
p

  (b )
 q 1 k 1
4
i 1
k
i
2
. 
4
i 1
(a )i
k 2
max    ,     max    ,     max    ,     ...
1
B k
1
A k
2
B k
2
A k
3
B k
3
A k


 HybVw  B, A .
iii.
 n p  

4
1 a kj  bkj  wq .i 1 ( Ai )k .(Bi ) k
p
 
HybVw  A, B    .   1  j 1
. p
 p q1 k 1   4   ( Ai )k 2   p (Bi )k 2   p ( Ai ) k .(Bi )k

 
  i 1 i 1 i 1 
1  n p

4 k
ai .bi
k
wq . min     ,     min    ,     min    ,     ... 
1 1 2 2 3 3
 1    .    i 1
.
A k
 B k A k B k A k B k
p  max    ,     max    ,     max    ,     ... 

 
1 1 2 2 3 3
4 k 2 4 k 2
  q 1 k 1
i 1
( ai ) . i 1
( bi ) A k B k A k B k A k B k
1 
n p
k k
a1  b1  a2  b2  a3  b3  a 4  b4
k k k k k k
 
wq . ( A ) k .( B ) k  ( A ) k .( B ) k  ....  ( A ) k .( B ) k
1 1 2 2 p p
 
 .    1   . ( 
p   ) k  ...  ( A ) k  ( B ) k  ...  ( B ) k  (( A ) k .( B ) k  ...( A ) k .( B ) k ) 
1 2 p 2 1 2 p 2 1 1 p p
q 1 k 1 4 A
  
k k k k k k k k
a .b  a .b  a .b  a .b
. 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
  k 2  k 2 k 2 k 2 k 2 k 2 k 2 k 2
(a )  (a )  (a )  (a ) . (b )  (b )  (b )  (b )
 1
 1    .    n p
1  2 3 4 1 2 3 4
p  w .  min    ,     min    ,     min    ,     ...  

q 1 k 1
1 1 2 2 3 3
  q
 A k B k A k B k A k B k
  max    ,     max    ,     max    ,     ...  1 1 2 2 3 3
  A  k B k A k B k A k B k
179
Editors:
1   wq .  ( A ) k .( A ) k  ( A ) k .( A ) k  ....  ( A ) k .( A ) k  

k k k k k k k k 1 1 2 2 p p
n p
a1  a1  a2  a2  a3  a3  a4  a4
 .     1  . 1 2 
 ( A ) k  ...  ( A ) k  ( A ) k  ...  ( A ) k  (( A ) k  ...( A ) k )  
p 2 1 2 p 2 1 2 p 2
 p q 1 k 1   4
  
k k k k k k k k
a .a  a .a  a .a  a .a 1
.1 2 2 3 3 4 4
  k 2 k 2 k 2 
k 2 k 2 k 2 k 2 k 2
(a )  (a )  (a )  (a ) . (a )  (a )  (a )  (a )
 1
 1    .    n p
1 2 3 
4 1 2 3 4
p  w .  min    ,     min    ,     min    ,     ...  

q 1 k 1
1 1 2 2 3 3
  q A k A k
 A k A k A k A k
  max    ,     max    ,     max    ,     ...  

1 1 2 2 3 3
  A k A k  A k A k A k A k
wq . ( A ) k  ...  ( A ) k  
1 2 p 2
1 n p 
  .    1  0  . 
 p q 1 k 1  ( A ) k  ...  ( A ) k
1 2 p 2

  
  (a )  (a )  (a )  (a ) 
k 2 k 2 k 2 k 2
 (a )  (a )  (a )  (a ) .
1 2 3 4
 k 2 k 2 k 2 k 
2
 1 
n p

 1    . 
1 2 3 4
p  w .  min    ,     min    ,     min    ,     ... 

q 1 k 1
1 1 2 2 3 3
  
q A k A k A k A k A k A k
 max    ,     max    ,     max    ,     ... 

1 1 2 2 3 3
 A k A k A k A k A k A k
n n
 .  wq  1    . wq
q 1 q 1
 1.
5.Medical diagnosis using the Hybrid similarity measure
Fever, pain, weight change, fatigue, dizziness, cough, itching ... All these symptoms
can have one or more meanings. Being aware of these symptoms plays a very important
role in the early diagnosis and treatment of diseases. That is, that the individual is aware of
the symptoms of the body has a great importance in the early diagnosis and treatment of
illnesses
So, here we are to present an example of a medical diagnosis. Let 𝑃 =
{Ali, Hasan, Ezgi} be a our set of patients. And let there be a set of diseases 𝐷 =
{Measles, Cough, Flu} and let S={Backache, Stomachache, Earache} be a set of
symptoms. Our solution is to examine the patient at different time intervals (four times a
day). Let 𝜔1 = 0.6, 𝜔2 = 0.4.
180
Volume I
Table 1: Q (the relation Between Patient and Symptoms)

Q Backache Stomachache Earache
Ali 〈(0.1,0.3,0.3,0.4); 0.1,0.3,0.6,0,7〉 〈(0.2,0.4,0.4,0.5); 0.2,0.4,0.7,0.8〉 〈(0.1,0.2,0.2,0.3); 0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8〉
Hasan 〈(0.2,0.4,04,0.5); 0.2,0.4,0.7,0.8〉 〈(0.1,0.2,0.2,0.3); 0.1,0.3,0.5,0,7〉 〈(0.2,0.4,0.4,0.7); 0.2,0.4,0.6,0.7〉
Ezgi 〈(0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4); 0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8〉 〈(0.4,0.6,0.6,0.7); 0.4,0.6,0.7,0.7〉 〈(0.3,0.4,0.7,0.8); 0.1,0.3,0.6,0.9〉
Let us take the samples at four different timings in a day (in 08:30, 13:30, 18:30 and 23.30)
Table 2: R (the relation among Symptoms and Diseases)

R Measles Cough Flu
Backache 〈(0.1,0.2,0.4,0.4); 0.2,0.3,0.7,0.8〉 〈(0.1,0.2,0.5,0.6); 0.3,0.4,0.4,0.7〉 〈(0.1,0.2,0.3,0.5); 0.2,0.3,0.5,0.7〉
Stomachache 〈(0.2,0.4,0.5,0.6); 0.1,0.4,0.5,0.7〉 〈(0.2,0.2,0.5,0.7); 0.2,0.3,03,0.4〉 〈(0.3,0.4,0.5,0.6); 0.3,0.7,0.8,0.9〉
Earache 〈(0.5,0.6,0.7,0.8); 0.1,0.4,0.5,0.9〉 〈(0.1,0.2,0.5,0.6); 0.3,0.5,0.7,0.9〉 〈(0.3,0.5,0.6,0.8); 0.2,0.3,0.5,0.6〉
Table 3: The Jaccard similarity measure Q and R

Jaccard Measles Cough Flu
Ali 0,78719 0,737372 0,800518
Hasan 0,798176 0,752882 0,76456
Ezgi 0,683783 0,773332 0,728903
Optimal−Ali(Cough);Hasan(Cough); Ezgi(Measles)
Table 4: The weighted Jaccard similarity measure Q and R

Weighted Jaccard Measles Cough Flu
Ali 0,7871 0,7373 0,8005
Hasan 0,7981 0,75287 0,76455
Ezgi 0,68378 0,77332 0,72888
Table 5: The Cosine similarity measure Q and R.

Cosine Measles Cough Flu
Ali 0,82508 0,68566 0,81249
Hasan 0,88142 0,70496 0,73462
Ezgi 0,68887 0,81786 0,71412
181
Editors:
Table 6: The Weighted Cosine similarity measure Q and R

Weighted cosine Measles Cough Flu
Ali 0,82507 0,68566 0,81248
Hasan 0,88141 0,70495 0,73641
Ezgi 0,68886 0,81786 0,71412
Table 7: The Hybrid Similarty measure Q and R with   0,9 and 1    0,1
Hybrid Measles Cough Flu
Ali 0,790979 0,732201 0,801715
Hasan 0,8065 0,74809 0,761566
Ezgi 0,684292 0,777785 0,727425
Table 8: The Weighted Hybrid Similarty measure Q and R with   0,9 and 1    0,1
Weighted Hybrid Measles Cough Flu
Ali 0,790897 0,732136 0,801698
Hasan 0,806431 0,748078 0,761736
Ezgi 0,684288 0,777774 0,727404
Table 9: Hybrid Similarity measure and Weighted Hybrid Similarity measure with optimal values
Similarity measure Values Measure value
HybV  Ali, Cough   0,732201

Si  HybV  P, D    0,9 HybV  Hasan, Cough   0,74809
HybV  Ezgi, Measles   0,684292
HybVw  Ali, Cough   0,732136
Si  HybVwi  P, D    0,9 HybVw  Hasan, Cough   0,748078
HybVw  Ezgi, Measles   0,684288
6.Conclusions
In this chapter, a new hybrid similarity measure and a weighted hybrid similarity
measure for trapezoidal fuzzy multi numbers are offered and some of its basic features are
discussed. The suggested hybrid similarity measure strenghtenes the theories and
techniques for measuring the degree of hybrid similarity. This measure widely desreases
the influence of uncertain measures and ensures an highly intuitive quantification. The
182
Volume I
effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed hybrid similarity measure is verified in a

numerical example with the help of measure of error and measure of performance.
Furthermore, medical diagnosis problems have been displayed through a hypothetical case
study by using this proposed hybrid similarity measure. The authors hope that the
suggested idea can be performed in solving realistic multi-criteria decision making
problems.
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14. Uluçay, V., Deli, I., & Şahin, M. (2018). Similarity measures of bipolar neutrosophic sets
and their application to multiple criteria decision making. Neural Computing and
Applications, 29(3), 739-748.
15. Hassan, N., Uluçay, V., & Şahin, M. (2018). Q-neutrosophic soft expert set and its
application in decision making. International Journal of Fuzzy System Applications
(IJFSA), 7(4), 37-61.
16. Uluçay, V., Şahin, M., & Hassan, N. (2018). Generalized Neutrosophic Soft Expert Set for
Multiple-Criteria Decision-Making. Symmetry, 10(10), 437.
17. Şahin, M., Uluçay, V., & Broumi, S. Bipolar Neutrosophic Soft Expert Set Theory. Infinite
Study.
18. Smarandache, F., Şahin, M., & Kargın, A. (2018). Neutrosophic Triplet G-
Module. Mathematics, 6(4), 53.
19. Şahin, M., & Kargın, A. (2018). Neutrosophic Triplet Normed Ring Space. Neutrosophic
Sets and Systems, 20.
20. Sahin, M., Olgun, N., Uluçay, V., Kargın, A., & Smarandache, F. (2017). A new similarity
measure based on falsity value between single valued neutrosophic sets based on the
centroid points of transformed single valued neutrosophic numbers with applications to
pattern recognition. Infinite Study.
21. ŞAHIN, M., ECEMIŞ, O., ULUÇAY, V., & DENIZ, H. (2017). REFINED
NEUTROSOPHIC HIERARCHICAL CLUSTERING METHODS. Asian Journal of
Mathematics and Computer Research, 283-295.
22. Şahin, M., Alkhazaleh, S., & Ulucay, V. (2015). Neutrosophic soft expert sets. Applied
Mathematics, 6(01), 116.
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23. Uluçay, V., Şahin, M., Olgun, N., & Kilicman, A. (2017). On neutrosophic soft
lattices. Afrika Matematika, 28(3-4), 379-388.
24. Şahin, M., Deli, I., & Ulucay, V. (2017). Extension principle based on neutrosophic multi-
sets and algebraic operations. Journal of Mathematical Extension, 12(1), 69-90.
25. Ali, M., Smarandache, F., & Khan, M. (2018). Study on the development of neutrosophic
triplet ring and neutrosophic triplet field. Mathematics, 6(4), 46.
26. Broumi, S., Bakali, A., Talea, M., Smarandache, F., Kishore, K. K., & Şahin, R. (2018).
Shortest path problem under interval valued neutrosophic setting. Journal of Fundamental
and Applied Sciences, 10(4S), 168-174.
27. Pramanik, S., Dey, P. P., Smarandache, F., & Ye, J. (2018). Cross Entropy Measures of
Bipolar and Interval Bipolar Neutrosophic Sets and Their Application for Multi-Attribute
Decision-Making. Axioms, 7(2), 21.
28. Selvachandran, G., Quek, S., Smarandache, F., & Broumi, S. (2018). An extended
technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution (TOPSIS) with maximizing
deviation method based on integrated weight measure for single-valued neutrosophic
sets. Symmetry, 10(7), 236.
29. Şahin, M., Kargın, A., & Smarandache, F. (2018). Generalized Single Valued Triangular
Neutrosophic Numbers and Aggregation Operators for Application to Multi-attribute
Group Decision Making. Infinite Study.
30. Ye, J. (2012). Multicriteria group decision-making method using vector similarity
measures for trapezoidal intuitionistic fuzzy numbers. Group Decision and
Negotiation, 21(4), 519-530.
decision-making problems in bipolar neutrosophic sets. Neutrosophic Sets Syst, 23, 142-
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34. Şahin, M., Uluçay, V., & Menekşe, M. (2018). Some New Operations of (α, β, γ) Interval
Cut Set of Interval Valued Neutrosophic Sets. Journal of Mathematical and Fundamental
Sciences, 50(2), 103-120.
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Volume I
Chapter Thirteen
Dice Vector Similarity Measure of Trapezoidal Fuzzy
Multi-Numbers Based On Multi-Criteria Decision
Making
Memet Şahin, Vakkas Ulucay and Fatih S. Yılmaz
mesahin@gantep.edu.tr, vulucay27@gmail.com, fatihy.27@hotmail.com
ABSTRACT
The fundamental purpose of this chapter is to introduce a novel approach based on multi-criteria decision
making(MCDM) trapezoidal fuzzy multi-number. Therefore, Dice vector similarity and weighted Dice vector
similarity measure is defined to develop the Trapezoidal Fuzzy Multi-Numbers. In addition, the method is
applied to a numerical example one may supposing to confirm the practicality and certainity of the submitted
approach.
Keywords: Neutrosophic set, Trapezoidal Fuzzy Multi-Numbers, Dice vector similarity

measure, MCDM.
1.Introduction
In 1965, Zadeh [1] came up with the concept of fuzzy sets which includes claasical
universe set A to process defective, obscure, suspicious and indefinite information of fuzzy
sets. Then, the description of fuzzy set has been conveniently carried out in science and
technology, artificial intellegence, multifactor systems, computational modelling ,etc. A
membership value of fuzzy sets are [0,1] in a universe; but, it is insufficient for supplying
exact result of some problems because it may have status with distinct membership values
for each member. Therefore, a distinct combination of fuzzy sets, that is, it was suggested
the concept of multi-fuzzy sets. Yager [2] initially offered multi-fuzzy sets as a
combination of fuzzy sets with multisets. There may be more than one membership value
in [0, 1] which is a member of a multi-fuzzy set (that is, there may be recurring cases of an
element). Miyamoto [3, 4], Maturo [5], Sebastian and Ramakrishnan [6], Syropoulos [7, 8]
and others run several works on the multi-sets. Lately, intensive research has been made on
fuzzy numbers. For instance, several arithmetic processes with linear membership
functions on fuzzy numbers are improved by Thowhida and Ahmad [9]. Chakrabort and
Guha [10] and Alim et al [11] improved several arithmetic operations and a method for the
basic operations on generalized fuzzy numbers and L-R fuzzy number by utilizing
extension basis. Roseline and Amirtharaj [12] advanced generalized fuzzy Hungarian
method and approved a formula of estimating of generalized trapezoidal fuzzy numbers. In
addition, similar researchers in [13] proposed a technique of estimating of generalized
185
Editors:
trapezoidal fuzzy numbers depend on rank, perimeter, etc. Meng et al [14] analysed a
multi-attribute decision-making problem along attribute values in triangular fuzzy
numbers. Surapati and Biswas [15] viewed a multiple objective assignment problem along
uncertain costs, time and ineffectiveness in place of its exact data in fuzzy numbers. Sinova
et al. [16] put forward a classification of the handling of several haphazard factors by
expanding the occasion-developing function in fuzzy numbers. Riera and Torrens [17]
improved a way on discrete fuzzy numbers to pattern real and unreal qualitative data.
There has been several studies researched with fuzzy numbers recently. For instance; on
existence, singleness, calculus and features of triangular approachings of fuzzy numbers
[18], t-norms and s-norms with two valued functions t and s which transform from [0, 1] *
[0, 1] into [0, 1], [19], data system and operations for fuzzy multi-sets [20], optimization
by interval and fuzzy numbers [26], selecting them based on variance [27], defuzzification
of fuzzy numbers and its application in many areas can be revealed in [28], [29], and [30].
Finally, the application of NET to algebraic structures and the similarity among two
different algebraic systems can be seen in [31] and [32].
2. Preliminary
This section reviews some basic facts on the fuzzy set, fuzzy number and multi-fuzzy set.
2.1 Fuzzy Sets [1]
Let X be a non-empty set. A fuzzy set F on X is defined as:
2.2 Multi-fuzzy SetS [6]
Let X be a non-empty set. A multi-fuzzy set G on X is defined as

 x,   where G : X  [0,1] for all i  1,2,..., p and
i
G 1
G (x), G2 (x),..., Gi (x),... : x  X
x X
2.3 Trapezoidal Fuzzy Multi-number [21]
Let Ai [0,1] (i 1,2,..., p) and a, b, c, d  such that a  b  c  d . Then, a (TFM-
number) a   a, b, c, d  ;1A , A2 ,..., Ap is a special fuzzy multi-set on the real number set
, whose membership functions are defined as
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Volume I
 (x  a1 ) Ai / (b1  a1 ) a1  x  b1

  Ai b1  x  c1
 A (x)  
i
(d1  x) A / (d1  c1 ) c1  x  d1

i
 0 otherwise

Note : The set of all TFM-number on is denoted by  .
2.4 Some Operation on TFM-number [21]
Let A   a1, b1, c1, d1  ;1A , A2 ,..., Ap , B   a2 , b2 , c2 , d 2  ;B1 ,B2 ,...,Bp   and   0 be any
real number. Then,
1. A  B   a1  a2 , b1  b2 , c1  c2 , d1  d 2  ; s(1A ,B1 ), s( A2 ,B2 ),..., s( AP ,BP )
2. A  B   a1  d 2 , b1  c2 , c1  b2 , d1  a2  ; s(1A ,B1 ), s( A2 ,B2 ),..., s( AP ,BP )
  a1a2 , b1b2 , c1c2 , d1d 2  ;

 (d1  0,d 2  0)
t ( 1A ,B1 ), t ( A2 ,B2 ),..., t ( Ap ,Bp )

  a1d 2 , b1c2 , c1b2 , d1a2  ;
3. A.B   1 1 (d1  0,d 2  0)
t ( A ,B ), t ( A ,B ),..., t ( A ,B )
2 2 p p

  d1d 2 ,c1 c2 , b1b2 , a1a2  ;
 1 1 (d1  0, d 2  0)
t ( A ,B ), t ( A ,B ),..., t ( A ,B )
2 2 p p
  a1 / d 2 , b1 / c2 , c1 / b2 , d1 / a2  ;
 (d1  0, d 2  0)
t ( 1A ,B1 ), t ( A2 ,B2 ),..., t ( Ap ,Bp )

  d1 / d 2 , c1 / c2 , b1 / b2 , a1 / a2  ;
4. A / B   1 1 (d1  0, d 2  0)
t ( A ,B ), t ( A ,B ),..., t ( A ,B )
2 2 p p

  d1 / a2 , c1 / b2 , b1 / c2 , a1 / d 2  ;
 1 1 (d1  0, d 2  0)
t ( A ,B ), t ( A ,B ),..., t ( A ,B )
2 2 p p
5.  A   a1,  b1,  c1,  d1  ;1  (1  1A ) ,1  (1   A2 ) ,...,1  (1   Ap ) (  0)
6. A  a 1

, b1 , c1 , d1  ;(1A ) ,(A2 ) ,...,(AP ) (  0)
2.5 Normalized TFM-number [21]
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Let A   a1, b1, c1, d1  : 1A ,A2 ,...,Ap   . Then,
 a1 b1 c1 d1  1 2
, , ,  ; A , A ,..., A is a
p
A 
 a1  b1  c1  d1 a1  b1  c1  d1 a1  b1  c1  d1 a1  b1  c1  d1 
normalized TFM-number of A
Numerical example: Assume that A  1,3,5,6 ;0.3,0.2,...,0.8   . Here :
1 3 5 6
A   , , ,  ;0.3,0.2,...,0.8 is a normalized TFM-number of A .
 15 15 15 15 
2.6 Dice similarity measure [22]
Let X  (x1 ,x 2 ,...,x n ) and Y  (y1 ,y 2 ,...,y n ) be the two vectors of length n where all the
coordinates are positive. Then the DSM between two vectors are given as follows:
n
2 xi yi
2 X .Y
D(X, Y)   n
İ 1
n
(14)
X 22  Y 2
2
x   y
i 1
2
i
i 1
2
i
n n
where X.Y= x y
İ 1
i i is the inner product of the vectors X and Y and X 2  x
İ 1
2
and
n
Y 2  y 2
are the Euclidean norms of X and Y ( L2 norms). However, it is undefined if
İ 1
xi  yi  0 for i  1,2,..., n . In this case, let the measure value be zero when xi  yi  0 for
i  1,2,..., n .
The DSM satisfies the following properties (22; 24,25:)
(P1) 0  D (X, Y)  1 ;
(P2) D (X, Y)  D(Y, X)
(P3) D (X, Y)  1 if and only if X  Y ,i.e. xi  yi , for i=1,2,...,n.
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Volume I
The DSM in vector space can be extended to the following expected DSM for trapezoidal
fuzzy numbers.
3. Dice Vector Similarity Measure Depend on MCDM with TFM -Numbers)
3.1 DSM between TFM-number R and S
Let R   r1 , r2 , r3 , r4  ;1R ,R2 ,...,Rp S   s1 , s2 , s3 , s4  ;S1 ,S2 ,...,Sp be two TFMNs in

,
the set of real numbers . Then; DSM between TFMN R and S denoted D( R, S ) is
defined as;
1 n  1 2( 1R ( x j ).S1 ( x j )   R2 ( x j ).S2 ( x j )  ....   Rp ( x j ).Sp ( x j )) 

D( R, S )   j 1  . 1 2 
n  1  d ( R, S ) ( ) ( x )  ( 1 ) 2 ( x )  ( 2 ) 2 ( x )  ( 2 ) 2 ( x )  ...  ( P ) 2 ( x )  ( P ) 2 ( x ) 
 R j S j R j S j R j S j 
d ( R, S )  P( R)  P(S )
r1  2r2  2r3  r4 s  2 s2  2 s3  s4
P( R)  , P( S )  1
6 6
Proposition 3.1 Let D( R, S ) be a DSM between TFMN's R and S. Then we have,
i. 0  D ( R, S )  1
ii. D( R, S )  D( S , R)
iii. D ( R, S )  1 for R  S
Numerical Example
Let R  1, 2,3, 4  ;0.3,0.2,0.4,0.6 S   3,5,7,9  ;0.2,0.3,0.4,0.5 be two TFMNs in

,
the set of real numbers . Then; DSM between TFMN R and S
d ( R, S )  P( R)  P(S )  2,5  6  3,5
1  4  6  4 15 5
P( R)     2,5
6 6 2
3  10  14  9 36
P( S )   6
6 6
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Editors:
D ( R, S ) 
1 n  1 2(0,3.0,2  0,2.0,3  0,4.0,4  0,6.0,5) 

  . 
4 j1  1  3,5 (0,3)2   0,2 2   0,2 2   0,32  (0,4) 2  (0,4) 2  0,6 2  0,5 2 
1 1 2.0,58 1,16 1,16

 . .    0.054
4 1  3,5 1,19 4.4,5.1,19 21,42
3.3 DSM within TFM-numbers
Let R   r1 , r2 , r3 , r4  ;1R ,R2 ,...,Rp S  s1 , s2 , s3 , s4  ;S1 ,S2 ,...,Sp be two TFMNs in

,
the set of real numbers and wi  [0,1] be the weight of each element xi for i  (1, 2,..., n )
n
so as to  w  1 . Subsequently; DSM within TFMN R and S denoted Dw (R, S ) is defined
i 1
i
as;
n  1 2wi ( R1 ( x j ).S1 ( x j )   R2 ( x j ).S2 ( x j )  ....   Rp ( x j )Sp ( x j )) 

Dw ( R, S )   i 1  . 1 

 1  d ( R, S ) ( R ( x j ))  (S ( x j ))  ( R ( x j ))  (S ( x j ))  ...  ( R ( x j ))  (S ( x j )) 
2 1 2 2 2 2 2 P 2 P 2
d ( R, S )  P( R)  P(S )
r1  2r2  2r3  r4 s1  2 s2  2 s3  s4
P( R)  , P( S ) 
6 6
Proposition 3.2 Let Dw ( R, S ) be a weighted DSM between normalized TFMN's R and S,

w j  [0,1] be the weight of each element x j such that nj 1 w j  1 Then weighted Dice
vector similarity measure between TFMN’s R and S;
i. 0  Dw ( R, S )  1
ii. Dw ( R, S )  Dw (S , R)
iii. Dw ( R, S )  1 for R  S i.e. (R  S ,R  S ,…,R  S )

1 1 2 2 p p
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Volume I
Proof
i.It is clear from 3.3
ii.
 
n  1 2 w ( 1
( x 
). 1
( x )   2
( x 
). 2
( x )  ....   p
( x ) p
( x )) 
Dw ( R , S )    . 1 2 j R j S j R j S j R j S j

j 1  r1  2s1  2t1  u1 r2  2s2  2t2  u2 ( R ) ( x j )  ( S ) ( x j )  ( R ) ( x j )  ( S ) ( x j )  ...  ( R ) ( x j )  ( R ) ( x j ) 
1 2 2 2 2 2 P 2 P 2
 1 6

6 
 
 
n  2w j ( S1 ( x j ). 1R ( x j )   S2 ( x j ). R2 ( x j )  ....   Sp ( x j ). Rp ( x j )) 
1
 Dw ( R , S )    . 1 2 
j 1  r2  2s2  2t2  u2 r1  2s1  2t1  u1 ( S ) ( x j )  ( 1R ) 2 ( x j )  ( S2 ) 2 ( x j )  ( R2 ) 2 ( x j )  ...  ( SP ) 2 ( x j )  ( RP ) 2 ( x j ) 
 1   
 6 6 
 Dw (S , R)
iii.
Dw (S , R)
 

n
1 2 w ( 1
( x ). 1
( x )   2
( x ). 2
( x )  ....   p
( x ) p
( x )) 
  . 1 2 j R j S j R j S j R j S j

j 1  r1  2s1  2t1  u1 r2  2s2  2t2  u2 ( R ) ( x j )  ( S1 ) 2 ( x j )  ( R2 ) 2 ( x j )  ( S2 ) 2 ( x j )  ...  ( RP ) 2 ( x j )  ( SP ) 2 ( x j ) 
 1   
 6 6 
 
n  2 w ( 1
( x ). 1
( x )   2
( x 
). 2
( x )  ....   p
( x ) p
( x )) 
1
  . 1 2 j R j R j R j R j R j R j

j 1  r1  2s1  2t1  u1 r1  2s1  2t1  u1 ( R ) ( x j )  ( 1R ) 2 ( x j )  ( R2 ) 2 ( x j )  ( R2 ) 2 ( x j )  ...  ( RP ) 2 ( x j )  ( RP ) 2 ( x j ) 
 1 6

6 
 
 1 2w j  (1R )2 ( x j )  ( R2 ) 2 ( x j )  ....  ( Rp ) 2 ( x j )  
n
  . 
j 1  1  0
 2  ( 1 2
R
) ( x j )  ( 2 2
R
) ( x j )  ....  ( p 2
R
) ( x j )  

=1.
Numerical Example
Let R   2,3,5, 6  ;0.2, 0.5, 0.6, 0.9 S  1, 2, 4,5 ;0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.7 be two TFMNs in
,
the set of real numbers and wi be the weight of each element xi for i  (1, 2)
n
w1  0.6, w2  0.4 such that  wi  1 . Then; Dice similarity measure between TFMN R and
i 1
S is;
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Editors:
d ( R, S )  P( R)  P( S )  4  3  1
2  6  10  6 24
P( R)   4
6 6
1  4  8  5 18
P( S )   3
6 6
1 2.(0,6).(0, 2.0,3  0,5.0, 4  0,6.0,5  0,9.0,7)

Dw ( R, S )  .
(1  1) (0, 2)  (0,3) 2  (0,5) 2  (0, 4) 2  (0,6) 2  (0,5) 2  (0,9) 2  (0,7)2
2
1 2.(0,4).(0,2.0,3  0,5.0,4  0,6.0,5  0,9.0,7)

 .
(1  1) (0,2)  (0,3)2  (0,5)2  (0,4) 2  (0,6)2  (0,5) 2  (0,9) 2  (0,7)2
2
1 2.(0,6).(1,19) 1 2.(0,4).(1,19)
 .  .
2 2,45 2 2,45
 0, 48
4. TFM-number MCDM Method
In this section, we define TFMN and MCDM method depend on Dice vector similarity
measure for TFM-numbers.
4.1 TFM-number MCDM Matrix
Assume that 𝑈 = (𝑢1 , 𝑢2 , … , 𝑢𝑚 ) be a set of alternatives, 𝑅 = (𝑟1 , 𝑟2 , … , 𝑟𝑛 ) be the set of

criteria, 𝑤 = (𝑤1 , 𝑤2 , … , 𝑤𝑛 )𝑇 be the weight vector of the 𝑟𝑗 (𝑗 = 1,2 … , 𝑛) such that 𝑤𝑗 ≥
𝑝
0 and ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑤𝑖 = 1 and 1
[𝑏𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚𝑥𝑛 = 〈(𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑗 , 𝑏𝑖𝑗 , 𝑐𝑖𝑗, 𝑑𝑖𝑗 ); 𝜂𝑖𝑗 2
, 𝜂𝑖𝑗 , … , 𝜂𝑖𝑗 〉 be the decision
matrix whither the ranking values of the options. Then
a1 a2 an
u1  b11 b12 b1n 
 
u2  b21 b22 b2 n 
bij    
m n
 
um  bm1 bm 2 bmn 
 
 
is called a TFM-number MCDM matrix of the decision maker.
Also; 𝑟 + is positive ideal TFM-numbers solution of decision matrix [𝑏𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛 as form:
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𝑟 + = 〈(1, 1, 1, 1); 1, 1, … ,1〉
and 𝑟 − is negative ideal TFM-numbers solution of decision matrix [𝑏𝑖𝑗 ] as form:

𝑚×𝑛
𝑟 − = 〈(0, 0, 0, 0); 0, 0, … ,0〉.
Algorithm:
Step1. Give the decision-making matrix[𝑏𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛 ; for decision;
Step2.Calculate the weightedDice vector similarity 𝑆𝑖 between positive ideal (or negative
𝑝
ideal) TFMN solution 𝑟 + and 𝑢𝑖 = 〈(𝑎𝑖 , 𝑏𝑖 , 𝑐𝑖 , 𝑑𝑖 ); 𝜂𝐴1 , 𝜂𝐴2 , … , 𝜂𝐴 〉and (𝑖 = 1,2 … , 𝑚) as;
 1 2w j ( R1 ( x j ).S1 ( x j )   R2 ( x j ).S2 ( x j )  ....   Rp ( x j )Sp ( x j )) 

Dw ( R, S )   j 1 
n
. 1
 1  d ( R, S ) ( ( x )) 2  ( 1 ( x )) 2  ( 2 ( x )) 2  ( 2 ( x )) 2  ...  ( P ( x )) 2  ( P ( x )) 2 
 R j S j R j S j R j S j 
Step3. Determine the non-increasing order of Si  Dwi (u i , r )  i  1,2,..., m  ,


 j  1,2,..., n 
Step4. Select the best option.
Let’s see the following numerical example;
Numerical Example
Let’s consider decision making problem adapted from Xu and Cia [23]. We consider Nizip
Medical who intends to stretcher. Four types of stretchers (alternatives) 𝑢𝑖 (𝑖 = 1,2,3,4) are
able to be used.. The customer takes into account four attributes to evaluate the
alternatives; 𝑎1 =collapsible stretcher; 𝑎2 =rollerstretcher; 𝑎3 =hammock stretcherand use
the TFMN values to calculate the four possible options 𝑢i (i = 1, 2, 3, 4) according to the
above four attributes. Also, the weight vector of the attributes 𝑎𝑗 (𝑗 = 1,2,3,4) is ω =
(0.2,0.5,0.1,0.2)T . Then,
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Editors:
Algorithm
Step1.Constructed the decision matrix supplied by the Nizip Medical as:
𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑟3
u1 〈(0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9); 0.4, 0.5,0.3,0.6〉 〈(0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9); 0.8, 0.9,0.6,0.3〉 〈(0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.8); 0.2, 0.5,0.2,0.1〉
u2 〈(0.2, 0.3, 0.4,0.5); 0.8,0.1,0.4,0.2〉 〈(0.5, 0.6, 0.8, 0.9); 0.1, 0.9,0.3,0.7〉 〈(0.2, 0.5, 0.8, 0.9); 0.7, 0.7,0.1,0.3〉
u3 〈(0.1, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7); 0.2, 0.6,0.2,0.5〉 〈(0.4, 0.6, 0.7, 0.9); 0.2, 0.9,0.1,0.8〉 〈(0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8); 0.8, 0.8,0.5,0.1〉
u4 〈(0.3, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8); 0.6, 0.9,0.1,0.2〉 〈(0.2, 0.3, 0.7, 0.8); 0.8, 0.3,0.2,0.4〉 〈(0.1, 0.5, 0.6, 0.8); 0.2, 0.3,0.1,0.3〉
Table 3: Decision matrix stated by Nizip Medical
Step2.Computed the positive ideal TFM-numbers solution as;
𝑟 + = 〈(1, 1, 1, 1); 1, 1, … ,1〉
Step3.Calculated the weighted Dice vector similarity measures, Si  Dwi (u i , r ) as;


The Proposed
Measure value Ranking order
method
Dwi (u1 , r  )  0,1302
Dwi (u 2 , r  )  0,3341
Si  Dwi (u i , r  ) Dwi (u 3 , r  )  0,0685 S2  S1  S4  S3
Dwi (u 4 , r  )  0,1197
Step 4. So the Medical will choose the stretcher u 2 . Nevertheless if they don’t select u 2 as
a result of a few causes an alternative choice will be u1 .
6. Conclusions
In this chapter, we developed a MCDM for trapezoidal fuzzy multi-number based on

weighted Dice vector similarity measures and applied to a numerical example in order to
confirm the practicality and accuracy of the proposed method. In the future, the method
194
Volume I
can be extend with different similarity and distance measures in intuitionistic fuzzy set and
neutrosophic set.
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196
The Neutrosophic Triplets were introduced by F. Smarandache & M. Ali in
2014 – 2016, and consequently the neutrosophic triplet group, ring, field - in
general the neutrosophic triplet structures; while the Neutrosophic Extended
Triplets were introduced by F. Smarandache in 2016 and consequently the
neutrosophic extended triplet structures:
http://fs.unm.edu/NeutrosophicTriplets.htm
Definition of Neutrosophic Triplet (NT).
A neutrosophic triplet is an object of the form <x, neut(x), anti(x)>,
for x∈ N, where
neut(x)∈ N is the neutral of x, different from the classical algebraic unitary
element if any, such that:
x*neut(x) = neut(x)*x = x
and anti(x)∈N is the opposite of x such that:
x*anti(x) = anti(x)*x = neut(x).
In general, an element x may have more anti's.
Definition of Neutrosophic Extended Triplet (NET).
A neutrosophic extended triplet is a neutrosophic triplet, defined as above,
but where the neutral ofx {denoted by eneut(x) and called "extended neutral"} is
allowed to also be equal to the classical algebraic unitary element (if any).
Therefore, the restriction "different from the classical algebraic unitary element
if any" is released.
As a consequence, the "extended opposite" of x, denoted by eanti(x), is also
allowed to be equal to the classical inverse element from a classical group.
Thus, a neutrosophic extended triplet is an object of the
form <x, eneut(x), eanti(x)>, for x∈N, whereeneut(x)∈N is the extended
neutral of x, which can be equal or different from the classical algebraic unitary
element if any, such that:
x*eneut(x) = eneut(x)*x = x
and eanti(x)∈N is the extended opposite of x such that:
x*eanti(x) = eanti(x)*x = eneut(x).
In general, for each x∈N there are may exist many eneut's and eanti's.

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Editors:

Prof. Dr. FLORENTIN SMARANDACHE

Prof. Dr. Florentin Smarandache

Associate Prof. Dr. Memet Şahin

PhD Abdullah Kargın, Department of Mathematics, Gaziantep University,

Neutrosophic Science International Association

Florentin Smarandache, Memet Şahin

Aims and Scope

SECTION ONE- NEUTROSOPHIC TRIPLET

Neutrosophic Triplet Partial Inner Product Space……………………….…..10

Memet Şahin, Abdullah Kargın

Neutrosophic Triplet Partial v-Generalized Metric Space…………………..22

Memet Şahin, Abdullah Kargın

Neutrosophic Triplet R-Module…………………………………………..…35

Necati Olgun, Mehmet Çelik

Neutrosophic Triplet Topology…………………………………………...…43

Memet Şahin, Abdullah Kargın, Florentin Smarandache

Isomorphism Theorems for Neutrosophic Triplet G – Modules………..…...54

Memet Şahin, Abdullah Kargın

Neutrosophic Triplet Lie Algebra…………………………………………...68

Memet Şahin, Abdullah Kargın

Neutrosophic Triplet b - Metric Space……..……………………………..…79

Memet Şahin, Abdullah Kargın

SECTION TWO-DECISION MAKING

Multiple Criteria Decision Making in Architecture Based on Q-Neutrosophic

Derya Bakbak, Vakkas Uluçay

An outperforming approach for multi-criteria decision-making problems with

Memet Şahin, Vakkas Ulucay, Bekir Çıngı, Orhan Ecemiş

A New Approach Distance Measure of Bipolar Neutrosophic Sets and Its

Memet Sahin, Vakkas Uluçay, Harun Deniz

SECTION THREE- OTHER PAPERS

Dice Vector Similarity Measure of Intuitionistic Trapezoidal Fuzzy Multi-

Derya Bakbak, Vakkas Uluçay

Improved Hybrid Vector Similarity Measures and Their Applications on

Memet Şahin, Vakkas Ulucay, Fatih S. Yılmaz

Dice Vector Similarity Measure of Trapezoidal Fuzzy Multi-Numbers Based

Memet Şahin, Vakkas Ulucay, Fatih S. Yılmaz

Neutrosophic Triplet Research

Neutrosophic Triplet Partial Inner Product Space

In this chapter, we obtain NT inner product space. In section 2; we give definitions of NT

2.Basic and fundamental concepts

i) There must be neutral of “x” such x#neut(x) = neut(x)#x = x, x ∈ X.

i) 𝑝𝑁 (m, n) ≥ 𝑝𝑁 (n, n)≥0

iii) 𝑝𝑁 (m, n) = 𝑝𝑁 (n, m)

Also, ((A, #), 𝑝𝑁 ) is called NTPM space (NTPMS).

1) x&2 y ∈ V and x $2 y ∈ V; for every x, y ∈ V

2) (x&2 y) &2 z= x&2 (y&2 z); for every x, y, z ∈ V

3) x&2 y = y&2 x; for every x, y ∈ V

4) (x&2 y) $2 m= (x$2 m) &2 (y$2 m); for every m∈ F and every x, y ∈ V

5) (m&1 n) $2 x= (m$2 x) &1 (n$2 x); for every m, n ∈ F and every u ∈ V

6) (m$1 n) $2 x= m$1 (n$2 x); for every m, n ∈ F and every x ∈ V

7) For every x ∈ V, there exists at least a neut(y) ∈ F such that

a) f: F X V → ℝ+ ∪{0} is a function such that f(α,x) = f(anti(α), anti(x)); for all a, b ∈ V

c) If ‖a‖=‖neut(a)‖ = 0, then a = neut(a)

f) If there exists at least k element for each a, b pair such that

Furthermore, ((NTV, ∗2 , #2 ), ‖.‖) is called NTPN space (NTPNS).

Definition 2.7: [14] Let (V, ∗2 , #2 ) be a NTVS on (F, ∗1 , #1 ) NTF. Then,

a) f: F X V X V → ℝ+ ∪{0} is a function such that f(α, a, b)= f(anti(α), anti(a), anti(a)),

b) <a, a> ≥0;

c) If a= neut(a), then <a, a> =0