Pollution control & safety Management- (3140509)

Semester – IV (CHEM)
Chapter Name: Introduction to MSDS

Q- Distinction between Fires and Explosions

The major distinction between fires and explosions is the rate of energy release. Fires

release energy slowly, whereas explosions release energy rapidly, typically on the order of
microseconds.
Fires can also result from explosions, and explosions can result from fires.

Q- write Risk assessment methodology. Explain any one in detail.

• review probability mathematics, including the mathematics of equipment failure,
• show how the failure probabilities of individual hardware components contribute to the
failure of a process,
• describe two probabilistic methods (event trees and fault trees),
• describe the concepts of layer of protection analysis (LOPA), and
• describe the relationship between quantitative risk analysis (QRA) and LOPA.
Q- Advantages and Disadvantages of Fault Trees

DISADVANTAGE
• The main disadvantage of using fault trees is that for any reasonably complicated process
the fault tree will be enormous. Fault trees of this size require a considerable amount of
time, measured in years, to complete.
• Furthermore, the developer of a fault tree can never be certain that all the failure modes
have been considered.
• Fault trees developed by different individuals are usually different in structure. The
different trees generally predict different failure probabilities.
• If the fault tree is used to compute a failure probability for the top event, then failure
probabilities are needed for all the events in the fault tree. These probabilities are not
usually known or are not known accurately.
ADVANTAGE
• It begins with a top event. This top event is selected by the user to be specific to the failure
of interest.
• Fault trees are also used to determine the minimal cut sets. The minimal cut sets provide
enormous insight into the various ways for top events to occur. This, of course, increases
the reliability of the system significantly.
• The entire fault tree procedure enables the application of computers. Software is available
for graphically constructing fault trees, determining the minimal cut sets, and calculating
failure probabilities

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 Pollution control & safety Management- (3140509)
Semester – IV (CHEM)
Chapter Name: Introduction to MSDS

Q-Detonation and Deflagration

The damage effects from an explosion depend highly on whether the explosion results from a
detonation (the action of causing a bomb or explosive device to explode) or a deflagration (the
action of heating a substance until it burns away rapidly).
The difference depends on whether the reaction front promoted above or below the speed of
sound in the unreacted gases. For ideal gases the speed of sound or sonic velocity is a function
of temperature only and has a value of 344 m/s (1129 ft/s) at 20°C.

Figure 6-13 shows the physical differences between a detonation and a deflagration for a
combustion reaction that occurs in the gas phase in the open.

Distance--→
In a detonation, the reaction front moves at a speed greater than the speed of sound, driving the
shock front immediately preceding it. Both fronts move at the same speed.

Distance--→
For a deflagration the reaction front propagates at a speed less than the speed of sound. The
pressure front moves at the speed of sound in the unreacted gas and moves away from the
reaction front.
Figure 6-13 Comparison of detonation and deflagration gas dynamics. The explosion is initiated
to the far left.

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 Pollution control & safety Management- (3140509)
Semester – IV (CHEM)
Chapter Name: Introduction to MSDS

Consider the reaction front as producing a series of individual pressure fronts. These pressure
fronts move away from the reaction front at the speed of sound and accumulate together in a
main pressure front. The main pressure front will continue to grow in size as additional energy
and pressure fronts are produced by the reaction front. The pressure fronts produced by
detonations and deflagrations are markedly different.

For a deflagration the energy from the reaction is transferred to the unreacted mixture by heat
conduction and molecular diffusion. These processes are relatively slow, causing the reaction
front to propagate at a speed less than the sonic velocity.

The behaviours of the reaction and pressure fronts differ from those shown in Figure 6-13
depending on the local geometry constraining the fronts. Different behaviours occur if the fronts
propagate in a closed vessel, a pipeline, or through a congested process unit. The gas dynamic
behaviour for complex geometries is beyond the scope of this text. A deflagration can also
evolve into a detonation. This is called a deflagration to detonation transition (DDT). The
transition is particularly common in pipes but unlikely in vessels or open spaces. In a piping
system energy from a deflagration can feed forward to the pressure wave, resulting in an increase
in the adiabatic pressure rise. The pressure builds and results in a full detonation.

Q- Sprinkler Systems
The system consists of an array of sprinkler heads connected to a water supply. The heads are
mounted in a high location (usually near ceilings) and disperse a fine spray of water over an
area when activated. The heads are activated by a variety of methods.
Once activated, the sprinklers cannot be turn ed off unless the main water supply is stopped.
This approach is called a wet pipe system.
These systems are used for storage areas, laboratories, control rooms, and small pilot areas.
Another approach activates the entire sprinkler array from a common control point.
The control point is connected to an array of heat and or smoke detectors that start the sprinklers
when an abnormal condition is detected. If a fire is detected, the entire sprinkler array within an
area is activated, possibly in areas not even affected by the fire. This approach is called a deluge
system. This system is used for plant process areas and larger pilot plants. Sprinkler systems
can cause considerable water damage when activated, depending on the contents of the building
or process structure. Statistically, the amount of water damage is never as great as the damage
from fires in areas that should have had sprinklers. Sprinkler systems require maintenance to
ensure that they remain in service and have an adequate and uninterrupted water supply.
There are various fire classes that require different sprinkler designs.

Antifreeze sprinkler system: a wet pipe system that contains an antifreeze solution and that is
connected to a water supply.
Deluge sprinkler system: open sprinklers and an empty line that is connected to a water supply
line through a valve that is opened upon detection of heat or a flammable material.

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 Pollution control & safety Management- (3140509)
Semester – IV (CHEM)
Chapter Name: Introduction to MSDS

Dry pipe sprinkler system: a system filled with nitrogen or air under pressure. When the
sprinkler is opened by heat, the system is depressurized, allowing water to flow into the system
and out the open sprinklers.
Wet pipe sprinkler system: a system containing water that discharges through the opened
sprinklers via heat.
Combined systems: The NFPA standards specify acceptable methods for combining the above
requirements.

Q- Types of Explosions

1. Detonation and Deflagration

2. Confined Explosions
3. Blast Damage Resulting from Overpressure
4. TNT Equivalency
5. TNO Multi-Energy Method
6. Energy of Chemical Explosions
7. Energy of Mechanical Explosions
8. Missile Damage
9. Blast Damage to People
10.Vapor Cloud Explosions
11.Boiling-Liquid Expanding-Vapor Explosions

Q-How Toxicants Enter Biological Organisms

Toxicants enter biological organisms by the following routes:

• ingestion: through the mouth into the stomach,
• inhalation: through the mouth or nose into the lungs,
• injection: through cuts into the skin,
• dermal absorption: through skin membrane.

Inhalation is the easiest to quantify by the direct measurement of airborne concentrations;

the usual exposure is by vapor, but small solid and liquid particles can also contribute.
Injection, inhalation, and dermal absorption generally result in the toxicant entering the
bloodstream unaltered. Toxicants entering through ingestion are frequently modified or excreted
in bile.
Toxicants that enter by injection and dermal absorption are difficult to measure and
quantify.
Some toxicants are absorbed rapidly through the skin.

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 Pollution control & safety Management- (3140509)
Semester – IV (CHEM)
Chapter Name: Introduction to MSDS

The blood-level concentration is a function of a wide range of parameters, so large variations in

this behaviour are expected. Injection usually results in the highest blood-level con-centration,
followed by inhalation, ingestion, -and absorption. The peak concentration generally occurs
earliest with injection, followed by inhalation, ingestion, and absorption.
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract, the skin, and the respiratory system play significant roles in the
various routes of entry

Gastrointestinal Tract
Food or drink is the usual mechanism of exposure. Airborne particles (either solid or liquid) can
also lodge in the mucus of the upper respiratory tract and be swallowed.
Skin
The skin plays important roles in both the dermal absorption and injection routes of entry.
Injection includes both entry by absorption through cuts and mechanical injection with
hypodermic Needles
Respiratory System
The upper and lower respiratory tracts respond differently to the presence of toxicants. The
upper respiratory tract is affected mostly by toxicants that are water soluble. Toxicants in the
lower respiratory tract affect the alveoli by physically blocking the transfer of gases (as with
insoluble dusts) or reacting with the wall of the alveoli to produce corrosive or toxic substances.

Q- INERTING

Inerting is the process of adding an inert gas to a combustible mixture to reduce the concentration of oxygen
below the limiting oxygen concentration (LOC). The inert gas is usually nitrogen or carbon dioxide, although
steam is sometimes used. For many gases the LOC is approximately lo%, and for many dusts it is approximately
8%.
Inerting begins with an initial purge of the vessel with inert gas to bring the oxygen concentration down to safe
concentrations. A commonly used control point is 4% below the LOC, that is, 6 % oxygen if the LOC is 10%.
After the empty vessel has been inerted, the flammable material is charged. An inerting
system is required to maintain an inert atmosphere in the vapor space above the liquid. Ideally this system should
include an automatic inert gas addition feature to control the oxygen concentration below the LOC. This control
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 Pollution control & safety Management- (3140509)
Semester – IV (CHEM)
Chapter Name: Introduction to MSDS

system should have an analyzer to continuously monitor to add inert gas when the oxygen concentration
approaches the LOC. More frequently, however, the inerting system consists only of a regulator designed to
maintain a fixed positive inert pressure in the vapor space; this ensures that inert gas is always flowing out of
the vessel rather than air flowing in. The analyser system, however, results in a significant savings in inert gas
usage without sacrificing safety.
Consider an inerting system designed to maintain the oxygen concentration below 10%.
As oxygen leaks into the vessel and the concentration rises to 8%, a signal from the oxygen sensor opens the
inert gas feed valve. Once again the oxygen level is adjusted to 6%. This closed loop control system, with high
(8%) and low (6%) inerting set points, maintains the oxygen concentration at safe levels with a reasonable
margin of safety. NFPA recommendations are described at the end of this section.
There are several purging methods used to initially reduce the oxygen concentration to
the low set point: vacuum purging, pressure purging, combined pressure-vacuum purging, vacuum and pressure
purging with impure nitrogen, sweep-through purging, and siphon purging.

Pressure Purging
Vessels can be pressure-purged by adding inert gas under pressure. After this added gas is diffused throughout
the vessel, it is vented to the atmosphere, usually down to atmospheric pressure. More than one pressure cycle
may be necessary to reduce the oxidant content to the desired concentration.
Combined Pressure-Vacuum Purging
In some cases both pressure and vacuum are available and are used simultaneously to first evacuated or
pressurized.
Vacuum and Pressure Purging with Impure Nitrogen
The equations developed for vacuum and pressure purging apply to the case of pure nitrogen only. Many of the
nitrogen separation processes available today do not provide pure nitrogen; they typically provide nitrogen in
the 98% + range.

On site emergency planning

On site emergency planning is an integral part of the overall loss control programme and is essential for our
organization.
The same is important for effective management of an accident to minimize the losses to the people and
property, both in and around the facility.
The important aspect in emergency management is to prevent by technical and organizational measures, the
unintentional escape of hazardous materials out of the facility and minimize accidents and losses.
Emergency planning demonstrates the organizational commitment to the safety of employees and increases our
organization’s safety awareness.
OBJECTIVE
• What are the hazards and risk in the plant
• What and how to do in the event of an emergency; and
• Preparations for potential and unexpected incidents at the workplace.

The types of emergencies to plan for include fire, explosion, toxic releases,
injuries and rescues in the hazardous events. Plan improves local, district,
state and national capacity to respond to disasters and public health
emergencies, scaling up the actions with vulnerable communities in health
promotion, disease prevention and disaster risk reduction.
plan is informed of its relevant provisions.
The occupier will prepare the emergency plan required –
(a) In the case of a new industrial activity, before that activity is commenced;

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 Pollution control & safety Management- (3140509)
Semester – IV (CHEM)
Chapter Name: Introduction to MSDS

(b) In the case of an existing industrial activity within 90 days of commencing into
operation of these rules.

Q- Off-site Emergency Plan

The main objective of the plan are
• To save lives and injuries.
• To prevent or reduce property losses and
• To provide for quick resumption of normal situation or operation.
➢ Risk Assessment
Risk assessment is most essential before preparing any off-site emergency plan. Hazardous factories and their
hazard identification, other hazard prone areas, specific risks, transportation risk, storage risks, pollution risks
by air and water pollution, catastrophic risks such as disasters, natural calamities, acts of god, earthquake,
landslide, storm, high wind, cyclone, flood, scarcity, heavy rain, lightening, massive infection, heavy fire, heavy
explosion, volcano, heavy spill, toxic exposure, environmental deterioration etc., risks from social disturbances,
risks from the past accidents must be considered while carrying out risk assessment for a particular area (district)
from which the offsite emergency plan is to be prepared.
➢ Central Control Committee
As the offsite plan is to be prepared by the Government, a Central Control Committee shall be formed under the
Chairmanship of the District Collector. Other officers from Police, Fire Service, Factory Inspectorate, Medical
Department shall be incorporated as members of the Central Control Committee. Under the Central Control
Committee, the following committees shall be constituted under the control of the District Collector.
• Incident and Environment Control Committee.
• Fire Control Committee.
• Traffic control, Law and order, Evacuation and Rehabilitation
Committee.
• Medical help, Ambulance and Hospital Committee.
• Welfare, Restoration and Resumption Committee.
• Utility and Engineering Services Committee.
• Press, Publicity and Public Relations Committee.
The Offsite Emergency Plan shall be prepared by the District Collector in consultation with the factory
management and Govt. agencies. The plan contains up to date details of outside emergency services and
resources such as Fire Services, Hospitals, Police etc. with telephone number. The district authorities are to be
included in the plan area.
• Police Department.
• Revenue Department.
• Fire Brigade.
• Medical Department.
• Municipality.
• Gram panchayat.
• Railway Department
• Telephone Department.
• Factory Department.
• Electricity Department.
• Pollution Control Department.
• Explosive Department.
• Press and Media.
Hazop study is to be carried out by a team of experts. The team should consist of
• Mechanical Engineer.
• Chemical Engineer.

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 Pollution control & safety Management- (3140509)
Semester – IV (CHEM)
Chapter Name: Introduction to MSDS

• R & D Chemist.
• Works Manager.
• Project Manager.
• Outside experts.
• Safety Officer/ Manager.

Q-Safety Permit

Safety permit or a safe work permit is an authorization, usually written and on prescribed forms for various
reasons. This may include hazardous works, material handling and stowing, occupying a building or a sensitive
area, access to certain confined and hazardous spaces that require special protection with an aim to safeguard
and protect users, employees in a workplace, or considering the safety of the general public.

Safety permits or safe work permits are mandatory by law in some districts, or are practiced in some countries,
states and industries for the protection of the employees and others from associated hazards. In works or
handling and stowing some chemicals and materials, or while occupying some buildings, these permits are
essential. This is an administrative monitoring and control procedure to identify and implement a safe work
system that was developed and to eliminate or control of hazards.

A safety permit or a safe work permit is usually a written document stating what, exactly, is to be done, the
possible hazards involved and the preventive measures to be taken. It is also a written record that authorizes
specific work, location for work and time period during which the work is to be done. It ensures that the
employees are informed about the hazards and that they take appropriate preparations before they start their
work. It functions as an agreement between the issuer and the receiver that the conditions, preparations,
precautions and limitations that need to be clearly understood before work begins.

The following are examples of work and conditions of work that generally need a safety permit or a safe work
permit:

• Entering into a confined space such as tanks, reservoirs, drainage systems, etc.
• Entering into a flammable, fireworks or explosive hazard area
• Electrical work involving high voltage
• Handling and stowing hazardous materials, radioactive materials and chemicals
• Excavations, earth filling and certain work in marshlands
• Construction work
• Hot work such as welding and cutting
• Lockout tagout systems
• Use and occupying buildings

A safety permit or a safe work permit generally states the following:

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 Pollution control & safety Management- (3140509)
Semester – IV (CHEM)
Chapter Name: Introduction to MSDS

• Type and description of work and associated hazards

• Time of start and finish
• Specific location of the work or access to hazardous areas and limits
• Materials and equipment used and in safe working conditions
• Contractors or workers’ identity and competence
• Information about hazardous and harmful substances in the workplace
• Need for protection (PPE, ventilation, fire, exposure and radiation protection)
• Emergency procedures and rescue of personnel
• Any other special instruction

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 Pollution control & safety Management- (3140509)
Semester – IV (CHEM)
Chapter Name: Introduction to MSDS

Do you keep floors and aisles clear?

Do you rest boxes, cords, cables, and hoses on surfaces above
floor level?
Do you put items away when they’re not in use?
Do you keep items out of harm’s way when temporarily setting
them aside?
Do you keep sharp tools in sheaths?
Do you cover or sand rough, splintered surfaces or edges?
Do you keep flammable liquids in properly covered containers?
Do you use extension cords only temporarily?
Do you keep dust and lint from building up on machinery and work
surfaces?
Do you dispose of flammable rags in tightly, closed metal
containers that are emptied daily?
Do you keep chemical containers closed when not in use?
Do you inspect chemical containers regularly for leaks?
Do you clean up small chemical spills immediately, following the
MSDS procedures and company policy?
Do you report larger chemical spills for handling by trained
responders?
Do you clean up nonchemical spills immediately—or block off the
area to prevent slipping hazards?
Do you keep food, drink, cigarettes, and personal items off work
surfaces?
Do you keep cords, wires, and ropes straight and untangled?
Do you keep lights clean, since dirty bulbs don’t give off much light
and can be a fire hazard?
Do you throw trash away promptly and properly in the right
containers?
Do you report broken flooring, loose boards, or other similar
problems?
Do you leave time for cleanup at end of shifts?
10007700

Inform Supervisors of Unsafe Conditions

If you see something that could potentially hurt someone, remove the object or clean the area
if you can do so safely. Otherwise, inform your supervisor. Since your supervisor is legally
obligated to keep you and your fellow employees’ working environment safe, they must take
action.

Use Equipment, Machines, and Tools Properly

Misusing tools and machines is the most prevalent cause of workplace injuries. When

using equipment, make sure that you are using each piece of equipment for its

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 Pollution control & safety Management- (3140509)
Semester – IV (CHEM)
Chapter Name: Introduction to MSDS

intended purpose and are using it correctly. Furthermore, regularly clean and inspect

equipment to ensure that it is safe.

Wear Safety Equipment (PPE)

When cleaning up messes and using equipment, make sure you wear the proper safety

equipment. Making sure you wear the proper safety equipment and checking that your

safety equipment is undamaged significantly lowers your likelihood of getting injured.

Prevent Slips and Trips

As the second most prevalent cause of nonfatal occupational injuries, it is vital to

ensure that aisles are clear and spills are cleaned to prevent employees from tripping
or slipping. If you are dealing with a liquid, use drip pans and guards. Clean up any
spills immediately to keep conditions safe. Also, check your workplace to make sure
there are no holes, loose boards, or nails projecting from the floor. If any of these
characteristics exist, replace the damaged flooring. In areas that cannot easily be
cleaned, consider installing anti-slip flooring.

Keep Work Areas and Emergency Exits Clear

Make sure to remove any clutter blocking emergency exits, equipment shutoffs, and

areas that you are working. A cluttered work area can lead to not having enough space

to use tools and pick up heavy objects properly. Furthermore, if an exit is obstructed,

you may not be able to quickly escape if an emergency occurs. Placing equipment in

proper storage areas after use will help keep the work area and emergency exits clear.

Eliminate Fire Hazards

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 Pollution control & safety Management- (3140509)
Semester – IV (CHEM)
Chapter Name: Introduction to MSDS

If you are using combustible materials in the work environment, only keep the amount

you need for the task at hand. When you are not using the flammable material, store

the chemical in an assigned safe storage area away from sources of ignition. Also, store

combustible waste in metal receptacles and dispose of it daily.

Avoid Tracking Hazardous Materials

To ensure that hazardous materials are not accidentally tracked into other areas, make

sure that work area mats are maintained and kept clean. Prevent cross-contamination

by using different cleaning materials—such as mops—for various spills, and change

clothes if you spill toxic materials on them. Also, if you work with toxic materials, do

not wear your work clothes home.

Prevent Objects from Falling

To keep objects from falling, use protections such as nets, toe boards, and toe rails. In

addition, stack boxes straight up and down, and place heavy objects on lower shelves.

Furthermore, keep stacked objects out of the way of aisles and work areas.

Use Correct Posture when Lifting

To avoid injuring your back when you are trying to pick up an item, keep your back

straight, use your legs to lift, and pick up the item without stooping or twisting.

Whenever possible, use mechanical aids such as a conveyor belt, wheelbarrow, or

forklift.

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 Pollution control & safety Management- (3140509)
Semester – IV (CHEM)
Chapter Name: Introduction to MSDS

Take Work Breaks From Time to Time

Many work-related injuries occur when a worker is tired and cannot adequately

observe dangers in their surroundings. By taking regular breaks, you are able to stay

more alert when working.

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