Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 39 views

    Hydraulics Engineering Lec #3:: Engr. Muhammad Usman

    Uploaded by

    Abdul Wahab
    The document discusses flow over humps and through constrictions in open channels. It explains how the water surface profile is affected by subcritical and supercritical flow over a hump based on the specific energy equation. The critical height of a hump is defined as the height where the flow depth over the hump equals the critical depth, and any hump height greater than this will cause damming action and afflux upstream.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Hydraulics Engineering Lec #3:: Engr. Muhammad Usman

    Uploaded by

    Abdul Wahab
    39 views14 pages
    The document discusses flow over humps and through constrictions in open channels. It explains how the water surface profile is affected by subcritical and supercritical flow over a hump based on the specific energy equation. The critical height of a hump is defined as the height where the flow depth over the hump equals the critical depth, and any hump height greater than this will cause damming action and afflux upstream.

    Original Title

    Lecture # 03 Flow Over Humps and through Constrictions

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    The document discusses flow over humps and through constrictions in open channels. It explains how the water surface profile is affected by subcritical and supercritical flow over a hump based on the specific energy equation. The critical height of a hump is defined as the height where the flow depth over the hump equals the critical depth, and any hump height greater than this will cause damming action and afflux upstream.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    39 views14 pages

    Hydraulics Engineering Lec #3:: Engr. Muhammad Usman

    Uploaded by

    Abdul Wahab
    The document discusses flow over humps and through constrictions in open channels. It explains how the water surface profile is affected by subcritical and supercritical flow over a hump based on the specific energy equation. The critical height of a hump is defined as the height where the flow depth over the hump equals the critical depth, and any hump height greater than this will cause damming action and afflux upstream.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 14

    Hydraulics Engineering

    Lec #3 : Flow Over Humps and through


    Constrictions

    Engr. Muhammad Usman


    Department of Civil Engineering
    Steady Flow in Open Channels

    ◼ Specific Energy and Critical Depth

    ◼ Surface Profiles and Backwater Curves in


    Channels of Uniform sections

    ◼ Flow over Humps and through Constrictions

    ◼ Hydraulics jump and its practical applications.

    ◼ Broad Crested Weirs and Venturi Flumes


    Flow Over Hump
    ◼ Hump:
    is a streamline construction provided at the bed of the channel. It
    is locally raised bed.

    Let’s examine the case of hump in a rectangular channel. We will neglect the
    head loss.
    Flow Over Hump
    ◼ For frictionless two-dimensional flow,
    sections 1 and 2 in Fig are related by 1 2 3
    continuity and momentum:
    V2
    v1 y1 = v2 y 2 V1
    y2 y3
    y1
    v12 v 2
    Z
    + y1 = 2 + y2 +Z
    2g 2g
    This equation has one negative and
    ◼ Eliminating V2 between these two two positive solutions if Z is not too
    gives a cubic polynomial equation for large. Its behavior is illustrated by
    the water depth y2 over the hump E~y Diagram and depends upon
    whether condition 1 is Subcritical
    y −Ey +
    3 2 v12 y12
    2 2 2
    =0 (on the upper) or Supercritical
    2g (lower leg) of the energy curve.
    v2 1
    where E2 = + y1 − Z
    2g
    Flow Over Hump
    ◼ The specific energy E2 is exactly Z Super-Critical
    less than the approach energy E1, 1 2 Approach

    and point 2 will lie on the same leg


    of the curve as E1.
    ◼ A sub-critical approach, Fr1 <1, will
    cause the water level to decrease at
    the hump. Supercritical approach
    flow, Fr1>1, causes a water-level
    increase over the hump.
    ◼ If the hump height reaches
    Zmax=Zc=E1-Ec, as illustrated in fig,
    the flow at the crest will be exactly
    critical (Fr=1).
    ◼ If Z= Zmax, there are no physically
    correct solutions to Eqn. That is, a
    hump too large will “choke” the
    channel and cause frictional effects,
    typically a hydraulic jump.

    These hump arguments are reversed if the channel has a depression (Z<0):
    Subcritical approach flow will cause a water-level rise and supercritical flow a fall in
    depth. Point 2 will be |Z| to the right of point 1, and critical flow cannot occur.
    Flow Over Hump

    y2 y3 y2 y3
    y1 y1
    Z Z

    y1=yo, y2>yc, y3=yo Damming Z<Zc y1=yo, y2>yc, y3=yo


    Z<<Zc
    Action
    Afflux=y1-yo

    yc y1 yc
    y3
    y1 yo
    Z Z y3

    Z=Zc y1=yo, y2=yc, y3=yo Z>Zc y1>yo, y2=yc, y3=yo


    Flow Over Hump
    ◼ As it is explained with the help of E~y Diagram, a hump of any height “Z”
    would cause the lowering of the water surface over the hump in case of
    subcritical flow in channel. It is also clear that a gradual increase in the
    height of hump “Z” would cause a gradual reduction in y2 value. That height
    of hump which is just causing the flow depth over hump equal to yc is know
    as critical height of hump Zc.

    ◼ Further increase in Z (>Zc) would cause the flow depth y2 remaining equal yc
    , thus causing the water surface over the hump to rise. This would further
    cause an increase in the depth of water upstream of the hump which mean
    that water surface upstream of the hump would rise beyond the previous
    value i.e y1>yo. This phenomenon of rise in water surface upstream with
    Z>Zc is called damming action and the resulting increase in depth upstream
    of the hump i.e y1-yo is known as Afflux.
    Flow Through Contraction
    ◼ When the width of the channel is reduced while the bed remains flat, the
    discharge per unit width increases. If losses are negligible, the specific energy
    remains constant and so for subcritical flow depth will decrease while for
    supercritical flow depth will increase in as the channel narrows.
    Flow Through Contraction
    ◼ If the degree of contraction and the flow conditions are such that upstream
    flow is subcritical and free surface passes through the critical depth yc in
    the throat.

    y1
    yc yc

    Q = Bc ycvc = Bc yc 2g (E − yc )
    2
    sin ce yc = E
    3
    2  1 
    Therefore Q = Bc E  2g E 
    3  3 
    Q = 1.705BE3/ 2 in SI Units
    Question # 10.13.1

    V12/2g
    V22/2g H.G.L

    y2 y3
    y1
    Z
    Question # 10.13.4

    V12/2g
    V22/2g H.G.L

    y2 y3
    y1
    Z
    Question # 10.35
    Question # 10.38

    B 1.5ft

    You might also like