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    Alkali-Metals 2

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    Japhet Charles Japhet Munnah
    The document summarizes the properties and characteristics of alkali metals. It discusses that alkali metals are soft, silvery and highly reactive metals that readily lose their outer electron to form cations. Their densities decrease and atomic radii increase down the group. Their reactivity and melting points also increase. Common alkali metals include lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium and cesium. Their compounds have various industrial and pharmaceutical uses such as in batteries, glass, soaps and medicines.

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    Alkali-Metals 2

    Uploaded by

    Japhet Charles Japhet Munnah
    66 views38 pages
    The document summarizes the properties and characteristics of alkali metals. It discusses that alkali metals are soft, silvery and highly reactive metals that readily lose their outer electron to form cations. Their densities decrease and atomic radii increase down the group. Their reactivity and melting points also increase. Common alkali metals include lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium and cesium. Their compounds have various industrial and pharmaceutical uses such as in batteries, glass, soaps and medicines.

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    The document summarizes the properties and characteristics of alkali metals. It discusses that alkali metals are soft, silvery and highly reactive metals that readily lose their outer electron to form cations. Their densities decrease and atomic radii increase down the group. Their reactivity and melting points also increase. Common alkali metals include lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium and cesium. Their compounds have various industrial and pharmaceutical uses such as in batteries, glass, soaps and medicines.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    66 views38 pages

    Alkali-Metals 2

    Uploaded by

    Japhet Charles Japhet Munnah
    The document summarizes the properties and characteristics of alkali metals. It discusses that alkali metals are soft, silvery and highly reactive metals that readily lose their outer electron to form cations. Their densities decrease and atomic radii increase down the group. Their reactivity and melting points also increase. Common alkali metals include lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium and cesium. Their compounds have various industrial and pharmaceutical uses such as in batteries, glass, soaps and medicines.

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    Alkali Metals 
     

     
    The alkali metals are a group of chemical
    elements in the periodic table with very
    similar properties: they are all shiny, soft,
    silvery, highly reactive metals at standard
    temperature and pressure and readily lose
    their outermost electron to
    form cations with charge.
     

    • Lower densities than other metals


    • One loosely bound valence electron
    • Largest atomic radii in their periods
    • Low ionization energies
    • Low electronegativities
    • Highly reactive
     

    The alkali metals generally become more dense down


    the group.

    Element Density (g/cm3)

    Lithium 0.53
    Sodium 0.97
    Potassium 0.86
    Rubidium 1.53
    Caesium 1.87
     

    All alkali metals have 1 electron in their outer shell.

    lithium
    2,1

    sodium
    2,8,1

    potassium
    2,8,8,1
     

    The reactivity of alkali metals increases


    down the group. 

       y
       t Li
       i
       v
       i
       t
       c Na  The size of each element’s 
       a
       e
       r
     
    atoms, and the number of 
       n
    K
       i
      full electron shells,
       e
       s
       a
    Rb increases down the group.
       e
       r
       c Cs
       n
       i
     

    The melting point of alkali metals decreases


    down the group.

    Element °
    Melting point ( C)

    Lithium 181

    Sodium 98

    Potassium 64

    Rubidium 39

    Caesium 28
     

    When alkali metals are heated and added to a jar of 


    oxygen, they burn fiercely with a coloured flame.

     lithium   sodium   potassium 


     burns with a red   burns with an  burns with a
    flame orange flame lilac flame
     

    • is a soft, silver-white metal that belongs to


    the alkali metal group of chemical elements.

    • Lithium and its compounds have several


    industrial applications, including heat-resistant
    glass and ceramics, high strength-to-
    weight alloys used in aircraft, lithium
     batteries and lithium-ion batteries.
     

    • Compounds Available:

    Lithium Acetate (LiCH3COO)


    Synonym: Acetic Acid Lithium Salt
    Use: buffer for gel electrophoresis of DNA and RNA

    Lithium Oxide (Li2O)


    Synonym: Lithium Monoxide, Lithia
    Use: flux for ceramic glazes
     

     
    Lithium Nitrate (LiNO3 )
    Use: manufacture of red colored fireworks and flares

    Lithium Aluminate (LiAlO2)


    Synonym: lithium aluminium oxide, Lithium
    alumanoylolate
    Use: inert electrolyte support material of molten
    carbonate fuel cells

    Lithium Perchlorate (LiClO4 )


    Synonym: Perchloric acid, lithium salt
    Use: source of oxygen in chemical oxygen generators
     

    • Pharmaceutical Preparations:

    Lithium Citrate (Li3C6H5O7)

    Litarex –  is an international brand name for 


    lithium citrate used to treat and prevent
    episodes of mania in people with bipolar 
    disorder (manic depressive disorder).
     

    Lithium Carbonate ( Li2CO3 )

    Eskalith is commonly prescribed to treat bipolar 


    disorder (also known as manic depression).
     

    • It is a soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal and is


    a member of the alkali metals; its only
    stable isotope is Na.

    • Various industries including petroleum, chemicals,


    soaps, textiles and paper have found sodium
    compounds extremely beneficial for their processes.
     

    Compounds Available:
    •

    Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3 )


    Synonym: baking soda, bread soda, cooking soda, and
     bicarbonate of soda
    Use: relieves sour stomach

    Sodium Peroxide (Na2O2 )


    Synonym: Sodium dioxide, Flocool, Solozone,Disodium
     peroxide
    Use: used to bleach wood pulp for the production of paper 
    and textiles

    Sodium Chlorate (NaClO3 )


    Synonym: Sodium chlorate(V)
    Use: used for making ClO2
     

     
    Sodium Thiosulfate (Na2S2O3)
    Synonym: Sodium hyposulfite, Hyposulphite of 
    soda
    Use: used in components of hand warmers and
    other chemical heating pads

    Sodium Silicate (Na2SiO3 )


    Synonym: Liquid glass, Waterglass
    Use: used in cements, passive fire protection,
    refractories, textile and lumber processing and
    automobile 
     

    •  Pharmaceutical Preparations:
    Sodium Sulfate (Na2SO4 ) is also known as Glauber’s Salt,
    Thenardite

    Moviprep - is an osmotic laxative indicated for cleansing of 


    the colon as a preparation for colonoscopy in adults 18
    years or older.
     

    Sodium Valproate ( C8H15 NaO2 )

    Epilim - medicine that is used mainly to


    treat epilepsy.
     

    • is a soft silvery-white alkali metal that oxidizes rapidly


    in air and is very reactive with water, generating sufficient
    heat to ignite the hydrogen emitted in the reaction.

    Uses:
    • fertilizers  –  potassium is an essential element for 
     plants. It is usually added as a chloride, sulfate ,
    nitrate or carbonate.
    • fireworks and explosives  –  as potassium nitrate and
     potassium chlorate.
    • food preservation  –  as potassium nitrate.
     

    Compounds Available:
    •

    Potassium Chlorate (KClO3)


    Synonym: Potcrate
    Use: used as an oxidizing agent, disinfectant, explosives
    and fireworks

    Potassium Sulfate (K 2SO4)


    Synonym: Potassium sulphate
    Use: used as fertilizers

    Potassium Hydroxide (KOH)


    Synonym: caustic potash
    Use: manufacture of biodiesel and soaps, petroleum
    refineries
     

     
    Potassium Carbonate (K 2CO3)
    Synonym: Potash, pearl ash
    Use: used in the production of soap and glass

    Potassium Nitrate (KNO3 )


    Synonym: Salt petre, Nitrate of potash, Vesta
     powder 
    Use: used as fertilizers, food additive, rocket
     propellant and fireworks
     

    Pharmaceutical Preparations:

    Potassium Chloride (KCl) is also


    known as Klorvess

    Aldactone  –  used to treat patients


    with hypokalemia.

    Potassium Iodide (KI) is also known


    as Iodide of Potash

    Yodefan  –  used to treat lung


    conditions or disease in which mucus
    complicates the condition. 
     

    Potassium Citrate (C6H5K 3O7 ) is also known as Kaliksir,

    Urocit-K - used to make the urine less acidic.


     

    • is highly reactive, with properties similar to those of other 


    elements in Group 1, such as very rapid oxidation in air.

    • it is used in infrared radiation producing pyrotechnic


    compositions as a colorant and an oxidizer 
    in decoys and illumination flares. It is also used as a raw
    material for preparation of other rubidium compounds
    and rubidium metal, for manufacture of catalysts and
    in scintillation counters. It finds uncommon use
    in fireworks to produce a red-violet color.
     

    • Compounds Available:

    • Rubidium Carbonate (Rb2CO3 )


    Use: used in glass making

    • Rubidium Hydroxide (RbOH)


    Use: used in scientific research

    • Rubidium Iodide (RbI)


    Use: used in infrared radiation producing pyrotechnic
    compositions as colorant and oxidizer 

    • Rubidium Nitrate (RbNO3 )


    Use: compound with a melting point of 642 °C
     

     
    • Pharmaceutical Preparation:

    • Rubidium Chloride (RbCl)


    Use: depressant
     

    •   It is a soft, silvery-gold alkali metal with a melting


     point of 28 °C (82 °F), which makes it one of only
    five elemental metals that are liquid at (or near) room
    temperature.

    • Caesium is used in atomic clocks, removing air traces


    from vacuum tubes, and in ion propulsion systems.
     

    • Compounds Available:

    • Cesium Iodide (CsI)


    Use: used as an input phosphor of an xray image intensifier 
    tube

    • Cesium Chloride (CsCl)


    Use: used in isopycnic centrifugation

    • Caesium bromide (CsBr)


    Use: used in optics as a beamsplitter component in wide
     band spectrophotometer 
     

     
    • Caesium hydroxide (CsOH)
    Use: used as a powerful base

    • Caesium nitrate (CsNO3)


    Use: same with Rb NO3
     

    • It was formerly known as eka-caesium and


    actinium K. It is one of the two
    least electronegative elements, the other 
     being caesium.
     

    Chapter Quiz  
     

    • What is the family name for the Group 1 or


    1A elements? 

    A: alkaline earth metals


    B: transition metals
    C: alkali metals
    D: halogens
     

     
    • Alkali metals have how many valence electrons?  

    A: 4
    B: 3
    C: 2
    D: 1
     

    • Because of the one valence electron, alkali


    metals are __________________ reactive. 

    A: not
    B: highly
    C: somewhat
     

     
    • Which of the alkali metals is the most
    reactive? 
    A: lithium
    B: potassium
    C: francium
    D: cesium
     

    • Lithium is used in each of the following ways


    except... 

    A: batteries
    B: medications for bipolar disorder
    C: airplane parts
    D: all of the above
     

    • 6. Also known as baking soda?


    • 7. What is the international brand name for
    lithium citrate?
    • 8. What is the synonym name of NaSO4?
    • 9. Give 1 property of Alkali Metals.
    • 10. Ehat is the flame color of Potassium?

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