5 More about Polynomials

5 More about Polynomials (3) (1) : (6 x 4 y ) (6 x 7 y )

3y
20 ( 8)
12
y 4
Review Exercise 5 (p. 5.5)
By substituting y = 4 into (2), we have
3x 2( 4) 10
1. (a) f (0) (0) 2 4(0) 9
3x 10 8
0 0 9
x 6
9
The solution is x = 6, y = 4.

(b) f (2) (2) 2 4(2) 9 6. (a) 3ab 6 a 2b

4 8 9 3ab(1 2 a )
5
(b) a(3 y 1) x 3xy
(c) f ( 3) ( 3) 2 4( 3) 9 a(3 y 1) x(3 y 1)
9 12 9 (3 y 1)(a x)
30
7. (a) x3 4x 2 2x 8
2. (a) f (1) 6(1)3 3(1) 1 2
x ( x 4) 2( x 4)
6 3 1 ( x 4)( x 2 2)
4
(b) 4a 10bc 5c 8ab
(b) f ( 2) 6( 2) 3 3( 2) 1 4a 8ab 5c 10bc
48 6 1 (4a 8ab) (5c 10bc)
41 4a(1 2b) 5c(1 2b)
(1 2b)(4a 5c)
3
1 1 1
(c) f 6 3 1
2 2 2 8. (a) x 2 4 x 12
6 3 ( x 2)( x 6)
1
8 2
1
(b) 4a 2 7ab 15b 2
4
(4a 5b)(a 3b)

3. h(3) 14
2
9. (a) 8x 2 2
(3) 4(3) a 14
2(4 x 2 1)
9 12 a 14
2(2 x 1)(2 x 1)
a 7

(b) 16a 2 80ab 100b 2

4. 2 x y 5 ......(1)
4(4a 2 20ab 25b 2 )
x 3 y 10 ......(2)
From (1), we have 4[(2a) 2 2(2a)(5b) (5b) 2 ]
y 5 2x ......(3) 4(2a 5b) 2
By substituting (3) into (2), we have
x 3(5 2 x) 10
10. (a) 1 64 x 3
x 15 6 x 10
5x 5 1 ( 4 x)3
x 1 (1 4 x)[12 (1)(4 x) ( 4 x) 2 ]
By substituting x = 1 into (3), we have (1 4 x)(1 4 x 16 x 2 )
y 5 2(1)
3
The solution is x = 1, y = 3. (b) 16a 3 54b 3
2(8a 3 27b3 )
5. 6x 7 y 8 ......(1) 2[(2a )3 (3b)3 ]
3x 2 y 10 ......(2) 2(2a 3b)[(2a ) 2 (2a )(3b) (3b) 2 ]
(2) 2 : 6x 4 y 20......(3) 2(2a 3b)(4a 2 6ab 9b 2 )

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NSS Mathematics in Action (2nd edition) 4A Full Solutions

49a 2 Activity
11.
7 a 28ab
(7 a ) 2 Activity 5.1 (p. 5.19)
7 a(1 4b) 1.
Remainder
7a (by long Value of f(a)
1 4b division)
f (1) 3(1) 2 (1) 4
2x 2
( y 1) 2 (a) 2
12. 2
3( y 1) 3 6x
f ( 1) 3( 1) 2 ( 1) 4
2x2 ( y 1) 2 (b) 0
3( y 1)3 0
3 6x
x f (2) 3(2)2 (2) 4
(c) 6
9( y 1) 6
f ( 2) 3( 2)2 ( 2) 4
(d) 10
x2 x x 1 10
13.
y y2 y
x( x 1) y ( y 1) 2. Yes, the remainder of f ( x) ( x a) is equal to f (a).
y x 1
x( y 1) Activity 5.2 (p. 5.30)
1. (a) ma

5 (b) nc
14. 4
x 1
4( x 1) 5 2. (a) 1, 3
x 1
(b) 1, 2
4x 4 5
x 1
3. x 1, x 2, x 1, x 2, 3x 1, 3x 2, 3x 1, 3x 2
4x 1
x 1
4. x 1 or x 2 or 3 x 1

6x2 18 x 5. ( x 1)(x 2)(3x 1)

15.
3 x x 3
6x2 18 x Maths Dialogue
x 3 x 3
6 x 2 18 x Maths Dialogue (p. 5.14)
1. (a) When the degree of the remainder is less than that of
x 3
the divisor, the division process should stop.
6 x( x 3)
x 3 1
6x (b) x
2
2x 1 2x2 2x 1
4x 6x
16. 2x2 x
2 x 3 3x 2
4 x(3 x 2) 6 x(2 x 3) x 1
(2 x 3)(3 x 2) 1
x
2
12 x 2 8 x 12 x 2 18x
(2 x 3)(3 x 2) 1
10 x 2
1 1
(2 x 3)(3 x 2) Quotient x , remainder
2 2

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 5 More about Polynomials

1 5 (b) 2x2 x 3
2. x
2 4 3 2
x 2x x 3x
2x 1 x2 3x 2 3
2x
1
x2 x x2 3x
2
2
5 x
x 2 3x
2
5 5 3x
x
2 4 Quotient 2 x 2 x 3
3 Remainder 0
4
x 5 3
Quotient , remainder (c) 3x 2 4 x 3
2 4 4 3
2x 6x 8x 2 6x 1
6x3
Maths Dialogue (p. 5.34)
1. The factor theorem is not applicable when the polynomial 8x 2 6x 1
has no linear factor(s). 8x 2

2. (a) 4x 8
4x 4
1 6x 1
6x
(2 x 4 ) 2 2(2 x 4 ) 1
(2 x 4
1) 2 1
2
Quotient 3x 4x 3

(b) x 4
5x 2
9 Remainder 1
4 2
(x 6x 9) x 2
Classwork (p. 5.15)
2 2
(x 3) x2 (a) By division algorithm, we have
( x2 3 x)( x 2 3 x) f ( x ) ( 2 x 3)(2 x 3) 4
(x 2
x 3)( x 2 x 3) ( 2 x 3) 2 4
2
4x 12 x 9 4

Classwork 4 x 2 12 x 13

Classwork (p. 5.7) (b) By division algorithm, we have

1 f ( x) (3x 4)(5 x 1) ( 2)
1. 2 x 2 , 3x3 xy, 0.6
2 (3x 4)(5 x) (3x 4)(1) 2
15x 2 20 x 3x 4 2
2. Coefficient of Constant Degree of
x4 x3 x2 x term polynomial 15x 2 23x 2
(a) 4 6 3 1 5 4
(b) 5 0 2 1 7 4 Classwork (p. 5.20)
(c) 0 2 0 4 5 3 (a) f(3)
(d) 0 0 1 2 0 2
(b) f(4)
Classwork (p. 5.11)
(a) 3x 2 (c) f( 1)
x 3x 2 2 x
(d) f( 7)
3x 2
2x Classwork (p. 5.21)
2x 1
(a) f
3
Quotient 3x 2
Remainder 0 2
(b) f
5

1
(c) f
4

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NSS Mathematics in Action (2nd edition) 4A Full Solutions

5 Alternative Solution
(d) f
2 4d 2 3d 1
) d 3
Classwork (p. 5.38) 3 2
4d 3d d
(a) H.C.F. a 2 2
) 12d 9d 3
L.C.M. a5 3 2
4d 9d 8d 3

(b) a 5b a5 b Quick Practice 5.4 (p. 5.13)

3 2
ab a3 b2 2x2 x 2
H.C.F. a 3 b x 3 2 x3 5x2 5x 2
3
ab 2x 3
6x2
L.C.M. a 5 b 2 x2 5x 2
5 2
ab x 2
3x
2x 2
(c) ab2c 2 a b2 c2
2x 6
a 3c a 3 c
8
H.C.F. a c
ac Quotient 2 x 2 x 2 , remainder 8

L.C.M. a 3 b 2 c 2
Quick Practice 5.5 (p. 5.13)
a 3b 2 c 2 2 x2 5x 5
2 x 2 4 x3 6x2 0x 3
Quick Practice 3
4x 4x2
Quick Practice 5.1 (p. 5.7) 10 x 2 0x 3
( 3t 2 7t ) (2t 2 2t 9) 10 x 2 10 x
3t 2 7t 2t 2 2t 9 10 x 3
3t 2 2t 2 7t 2t 9 10 x 10
t2 5t 9 7
Alternative Solution Quotient 2x 2
5 x 5 , remainder 7
3t 2 7t 0
) 2t 2 2t 9 Quick Practice 5.6 (p. 5.13)
t 2
5t 9 5x 3
x 2 x 1 5 x3 2 x 2 4 x 3
Quick Practice 5.2 (p. 5.8) 5 x3 5 x 2 5x
( 3 x 3 8 x 2 x) ( x 2 2 x 3 5 x 2) 3x 2
9x 3
3x 3 8x 2 x x2 2x3 5x 2 3x 2
3x 3
3x 3 2x3 8x 2 x2 x 5x 2
12 x 6
x3 7x2 6x 2 Quotient 5x 3 , remainder 12 x 6
Alternative Solution
3x3 8 x 2 x 0 Quick Practice 5.7 (p. 5.14)
) 2 x3 x2 5x 2 x 2
3x 2 0 x 2 3x3 6 x 2 x 1
x3 7 x2 6x 2
3x3 0x2 2x
2
Quick Practice 5.3 (p. 5.9) 6x x 1
(1 3d 4d 2 )(d 3) 6x2 0x 4
(1 3d 4d 2 )(d ) (1 3d 4d 2 )(3) x 3
d 3d 2
4d 3
3 9d 12d 2
Quotient x 2 , remainder x 3
4d 3 3d 2 12d 2 d 9d 3
4d 3 9d 2 8d 3 Quick Practice 5.8 (p. 5.16)
Let p(x) be the required polynomial.
By division algorithm, we have

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 5 More about Polynomials

3x3 8 x 2 6 p( x) (3 x 2 2 x 4) 2 Quick Practice 5.12 (p. 5.23)

(3 x 3 8 x 2 6) 2 Let f ( x) 25x 3 sx 2 10 x 6.
p ( x) By the remainder theorem,
3x 2 2 x 4
1
3x3 8 x 2 8 f 4
5
3x 2 2 x 4
3 2
( x 2)(3x 2 2 x 4) 1 1 1
25 s 10 6 4
3x 2 2 x 4 5 5 5
x 2 1 s
2 6 4
The required polynomial is x + 2. 5 25
s 1
Quick Practice 5.9 (p. 5.16) 25 5
By division algorithm, we have
s 5
ax3 5 x 2 8 x (2 x 2 x 3)(3x 1) (bx 3)
(2 x 2 x 3)(3x) (2 x 2 x 3)( 1) bx 3 Quick Practice 5.13 (p. 5.23)
3
6x 3x 2 9x 2x2 x 3 bx 3 Let f ( x) 6 x 2 4 x 1.
6 x3 5 x 2 (b 10) x By the remainder theorem,
3
By comparing the coefficient of x on both sides, 3
f (b)
a 6 2
2 3
By comparing the coefficient of x on both sides, 6b 4b 1
8 b 10 2
2 1
b 2 6b 4b 0
2
2
12b 8b 1 0
Quick Practice 5.10 (p. 5.20)
(6b 1)(2b 1) 0
Let f ( x) x 3 x 2 6 x 5.
(a) By the remainder theorem, 1 1
b or b
remainder f (2) 6 2
( 2) 3 ( 2) 2 6( 2) 5
Quick Practice 5.14 (p. 5.24)
8 4 12 5
Let f ( x) x 3 cx 2 dx 8.
3
When f(x) is divided by x 2,
remainder 14
(b) By the remainder theorem,
f (2) 14
remainder f ( 4)
(2)3 c(2) 2 d (2) 8 14
( 4) 3 ( 4) 2 6( 4) 5
8 4c 2 d 8 14
64 16 24 5
2c d 7 ......(1)
51
When f(x) is divided by x + 1,
remainder 17
Quick Practice 5.11 (p. 5.22)
f ( 1) 17
Let f ( x) 9 x 3 3x 2 4.
(a) By the remainder theorem, ( 1) 3 c( 1) 2 d ( 1) 8 17
1 1 c d 8 17
remainder f
3 c d 8 ......(2)
3 2 (1) + (2): 3c 15
1 1
9 3 4 c 5
3 3
1 1 By substituting c = 5 into (2), we have
4 5 d 8
3 3
4 d 3

(b) By the remainder theorem, Quick Practice 5.15 (p. 5.27)

2 (a) f (2) 2(2)3 9(2) 2 12(2) 4
remainder f
3 16 36 24 4
3 2
2 2 0
9 3 4 x 2 is a factor of f(x).
3 3
8 4
4
3 3
0

153
NSS Mathematics in Action (2nd edition) 4A Full Solutions

(b) f ( 1) 2( 1)3 9( 1)2 12( 1) 4 (b) f ( 3) 0

2 9 12 4 By the factor theorem, x + 3 is a factor of f(x).
By long division,
27
2x2 x 1
0
x + 1 is not a factor of f(x). x 3 2x 7 x2 2x 3
3

2 x3 6x2
3 2
1 1 1 1 x2 2x 3
(c) f 2 9 12 4
2 2 2 2 2
x 3x
1 9
6 4 x 3
4 4
0 x 3
2x 1 is a factor of f(x). f ( x) ( x 3)(2 x 2 x 1)
( x 3)( x 1)(2 x 1)
Quick Practice 5.16 (p. 5.28)
Let f ( x) 2 x 3 x 2 kx 3.
f(x) is divisible by 2x 1, Quick Practice 5.19 (p. 5.31)
i.e. 2x 1 is a factor of f(x). f (1) (1)3 6(1) 2 11(1) 6 0
1 x 1 is a factor of f(x).
f 0
2 By long division,
3 2 x2 5 x 6
1 1 1
2 k 3 0
2 2 2 x 1 x3 6 x 2 11x 6
1 1 k x3 x2
3 0
4 4 2 5 x 2 11x 6
k 7
5x2 5x
2 2
k 7 6x 6
6x 6
Quick Practice 5.17 (p. 5.29) f ( x) ( x 1)( x 2 5 x 6)
f(x) is divisible by 2x 3, ( x 1)( x 3)( x 2)
i.e. 2x 3 is a factor of f(x).
3
f 0 Quick Practice 5.20 (p. 5.32)
2
2
f (1) 2(1) 3 13(1) 2 13(1) 10 12 0
3 3
2 p q 0 f ( 1) 2( 1) 3 13( 1) 2 13( 1) 10 18 0
2 2 3 2
f (2) 2(2) 13(2) 13(2) 10 0
9 3
p q 0 x 2 is a factor of f(x).
2 2
By long division,
9 3 p 2q 0
2x2 9x 5
3 p 2q 9 ......(1)
When f(x) is divided by x + 2, x 2 2 x 3 13x 2 13x 10
remainder 21 2 x3 4x2
f ( 2) 21 9 x 2 13x 10
2( 2) 2 p ( 2) q 21 9 x 2 18x
8 2p q 21
5 x 10
2p q 29 ......(2)
5 x 10
(1) 2 (2) : 7 p 49
p 7 f ( x) ( x 2)(2 x 2 9 x 5)
( x 2)( x 5)(2 x 1)
By substituting p = 7 into (2), we have
2(7) q 29
q 15 Quick Practice 5.21 (p. 5.33)
(a) 4 x 3 6 x 2 28x 30 2(2 x 3 3x 2 14 x 15)
Quick Practice 5.18 (p. 5.29) Let f ( x) 2 x 3 3x 2 14 x 15.
3 2
(a) f ( 3) 2( 3) 7( 3) 2( 3) 3 f (1) 2(1) 3 3(1) 2 14(1) 15 0
54 63 6 3 x 1 is a factor of f(x).
0

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 5 More about Polynomials

By long division, Quick Practice 5.24 (p. 5.40)

2x2 x 15 (a) 6 x 2 4 x 2 2(3x 2 2 x 1)
x 1 2 x 3 3 x 2 14 x 15 2(3x 1)( x 1)
2 x3 2x2 (1 3x) 2 (3x 3) 3(3x 1) 2 ( x 1)
H.C.F. (3x 1)( x 1)
x 2 14 x 15
x2 x L.C.M. 6(3x 1)2 ( x 1)
15 x 15
15 x 15 (b) x3 x x( x 2 1)
3 2 3 2
4x 6x 28x 30 2(2 x 3x 14 x 15) x( x 1)( x 1)
2( x 1)(2 x 2 x 15) x2 3x 4 ( x 1)( x 4)
3 2
2( x 1)( x 3)(2 x 5) x 8x 16 x x( x 2 8 x 16)
x( x 4) 2
(b) 4 x3 6 x 2 28x 30 0 H.C.F. 1
2( x 1)( x 3)(2 x 5) 0 (by (a)) L.C.M. x( x 1)( x 1)( x 4) 2
x 1 0 or x 3 0 or 2 x 5 0
5 Quick Practice 5.25 (p. 5.40)
x 1 or x 3 or x
2 (a) (i) f (3) (3)3 4(3) 2 4(3) 3
27 36 12 3
Quick Practice 5.22 (p. 5.38) 0
(a) 4a3b2c 22 a3 b 2 c
(ii) f (3) 0 (by (a))
6a 4c 2 2 3 a4 c2
x 3 is a factor of f(x).
H.C.F. 2 a 3 c By long division,
2a 3 c f ( x) ( x 3)( x 2 x 1)
L.C.M. 2 2 3 a 4 b 2 c 2
12a 4 b 2 c 2 (b) f ( x) ( x 3)( x 2 x 1)
3
g ( x) x 1
(b) ( x 5)(5 x 1)3 ( x 5) (5 x 1)3 ( x 1)( x 2 x 1)
(5 x 1) 2 ( x 5) 2 (5 x 1) 2 ( x 5) 2 H.C.F. x 2
x 1
H.C.F. (5 x 1) 2 L.C.M. ( x 3)( x 1)( x 2 x 1)
L.C.M. ( x 5) (5 x 1) 3 ( x 5) 2
( x 5)(5 x 1) 3 ( x 5) 2 Quick Practice 5.26 (p. 5.44)
16b 1 6b 9b 2
(a) 2
Quick Practice 5.23 (p. 5.39) 1 2b 3b 2 6b
(a) 5(2 x 1)( x 1) 5 (2 x 1) ( x 1) 8 16b (1 3b) 2
10(2 x 1)3 2 5 (2 x 1)3 (1 b)(1 3b) 2(1 3b)
25( x 1)3 (2 x 1) 52 (2 x 1) ( x 1)3 8b
1 b
H.C.F. 5(2 x 1)

L.C.M. 2 5 2 ( 2 x 1) 3 ( x 1) ( x 1) 3 x 2 4 x 2 12 x
(b) 2
3
50( 2 x 1) ( x 1)( x 1) 3 x 7 x 12 2x2 8
x 2 4 x( x 3)
( x 3)( x 4) 2( x 2 4)
(b) 4(2 x y ) 2 (3x 2 y ) 22 (2 x y ) 2 (3x 2 y ) 2
x 2 4 x( x 3)
6(3x 2 y ) 2 2 3 (3x 2 y ) 2
( x 3)( x 4) 2( x 2)( x 2)
8(2 x y )3 (3x 2 y ) 23 (2 x y )3 (3x 2 y ) 2x
H.C.F. 2(3x 2 y ) ( x 4)( x 2)

L.C.M. 23 3 (2 x y )3 (3x 2 y)2

24(2 x y )3 (3x 2 y)2

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NSS Mathematics in Action (2nd edition) 4A Full Solutions

Quick Practice 5.27 (p. 5.44) 4x 6 x 2

(b)
x 1 3x 2 2 x 1 4 x 2 9 3x 2 5 x 2
(a) 2
3x x 3x 1 2(2 x 3) x 2
x 1 (3 x 1)( x 1) (2 x 3)(2 x 3) ( x 2)(3 x 1)
x(3 x 1) 3x 1 2 1
x 1 3x 1 2 x 3 3x 1
x(3 x 1) (3 x 1)( x 1) 2(3 x 1) 2x 3
1 (2 x 3)(3 x 1) (2 x 3)(3 x 1)
x(3 x 1) 2(3 x 1) (2 x 3)
(2 x 3)(3x 1)
3r 9 r 3 3r 2 6x 2 2x 3
(b)
2r 7 r 3 2r 2 5r 3
2
(2 x 3)(3 x 1)
3(r 3) r 2 (r 3) 4x 1
(2r 1)(r 3) (2r 1)(r 3) (2 x 3)(3 x 1)
3(r 3) (2r 1)(r 3)
(2r 1)(r 3) r 2 (r 3) Quick Practice 5.30 (p. 5.46)
3 4x 2 1
r2 4 x 2 25 y 2 2 x 5 y 2 x 5 y
4x 2 1
Quick Practice 5.28 (p. 5.45) (2 x 5 y )(2 x 5 y ) 2 x 5 y 2 x 5 y
1 6 4x 2( 2 x 5 y ) 2x 5 y
(a)
x 4 x 2 6x 8 (2 x 5 y )(2 x 5 y ) (2 x 5 y )(2 x 5 y ) (2 x 5 y )(2 x 5 y )
1 6
4 x 2( 2 x 5 y ) ( 2 x 5 y )
x 4 ( x 2)( x 4)
(2 x 5 y )(2 x 5 y )
x 2 6
4 x 4 x 10 y 2 x 5 y
( x 2)( x 4) ( x 2)( x 4)
(2 x 5 y )(2 x 5 y )
x 4 6 x 15 y
( x 2)( x 4) (2 x 5 y )(2 x 5 y )
3(2 x 5 y )
8 1 (2 x 5 y )(2 x 5 y )
(b)
25 16 x 2 4x 2
5x 3
8 1 2x 5 y
(5 4 x)(5 4 x) x(5 4 x)
8x 5 4x
Quick Practice 5.31 (p. 5.47)
x(5 4 x)(5 4 x) x(5 4 x)(5 4 x) A B
R.H.S.
5 4x x 3 3x 5
x(5 4 x)(5 4 x) A(3x 5) B ( x 3)
1 ( x 3)(3 x 5)
x(5 4 x) (3 A B ) x (3B 5 A)
( x 3)(3x 5)
By comparing the like terms in the numerators on both sides,
Quick Practice 5.29 (p. 5.46)
we have
6 2x 1
(a) 2 3A B ......(1)
6x 3 2x 2 7 x 4
2 2 5 A 3B ......(2)
6 2x 1
3 (1) (2) : 4 4 A
3(2 x 1) (2 x 1)( x 4)
A 1
2 1
2x 1 x 4 By substituting A = 1 into (1), we have
2 3(1) B
2( x 4) 2x 1
B 1
(2 x 1)( x 4) (2 x 1)( x 4)
2( x 4) (2 x 1)
(2 x 1)( x 4)
2x 8 2x 1
(2 x 1)( x 4)
9
(2 x 1)( x 4)

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 5 More about Polynomials

Quick Practice 5.32 (p. 5.47) 2. (a) By division algorithm, we have

1 4x 2 x 4 4 x 3 8 x 2 a ( x 2 2)(4 x b) ( 8 x 9)
x 2 2x x 2 4 2x 2 x ( x2 2)(4 x) ( x 2 2)(b) 8 x 9
1 2(2 x 1) x 4 3
4x 8 x bx2 2b 8 x 9
x( x 2) ( x 2)( x 2) x(2 x 1)
4 x3
2b 9 bx2
1 2( x 4)
x( x 2) x( x 2)( x 2) By comparing the coefficient of x 2 on both sides,
b 8
x 2 2x 8
x( x 2)( x 2) x( x 2)( x 2) By comparing the constant term on both sides,
a 2( 8) 9
3x 6
a 7
x( x 2)( x 2)
3( x 2)
x( x 2)( x 2) (b) 2x2
3 2 x 4 4x 3 8x 2 7
x( x 2) 4x 3 8x 2
7
Further Practice Quotient 2x 2 , remainder 7

Further Practice (p. 5.9)

Further Practice (p. 5.24)
1. ( x 2 2 x 1)(1 x) 3
1. Let f ( x) x 99 2 x 1.
( x2 2 x 1)(1) ( x 2 2 x 1)( x) 3 By the remainder theorem,
x 2
2x 1 x 3
2x 2
x 3 remainder f ( 1)
x3 x2 2x2 2x x 1 3 ( 1) 99 2( 1) 1
x3 x2 3x 2 1 2 1
2
2. (3x 3 4 x 5 x 2 ) ( x 2 1)(2 x 1)
2. Let f ( x) 3x 2 6 x 1.
3x3 4 x 5 x 2 [( x 2 1)(2 x) ( x 2 1)( 1)]
By the remainder theorem,
3x3 4x 5 x2 (2 x3 2 x x 2 1) f ( a) 1 a
3 2 3
3x 4x 5 x 2x 2x x2 1 3( a) 2 6( a) 1 1 a
3 3 2 2
3x 2x x x 4x 2x 5 1 3a 2
6a 1 1 a
x3 2x 4 3a 2 5a 2 0
(a 2)(3a 1) 0
Further Practice (p. 5.17)
1
1. (a) 3x 2 a 2 or a
3
3x 2 0 x 1 9 x 3 6x 2 0x 4
3
9x 0 x 2 3x
3. By the remainder theorem,
6x 2 3x 4 1 1
f g
6x 2
0x 2 2 2
3 2 3 2
3x 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
k 4 2 7 4 2 k 3
Quotient 3 x 2 , remainder 3x 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
k 1 1 k
1 1 7 3
(b) 3 x 2 ( 2 3 x) 4 8 2 2 2
5
6x2 9x3 4 k 5
3
8
9x 6x2 4 k 8
3x 2
3x 2 9 x 3 6x 2 0x 4 Further Practice (p. 5.30)
9x 3
6x 2 1. Let f ( x) x 2 2ax 4 .
4 f(x) is divisible by x + a,
2
i.e. x + a is a factor of f(x).
Quotient 3x , remainder 4

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NSS Mathematics in Action (2nd edition) 4A Full Solutions

f ( a) 0 (b) L.H.S. f ( x) g ( x)
( a) 2
2a ( a ) 4 0 2( x 1)( x 6) ( x 1)( x 2)(2 x 3)
a2 2a 2 4 0 2( x 1) 2 ( x 2)( x 6)(2 x 3)
a2 4 0 R.H.S. H.C.F. L.C.M .
(a 2)(a 2) 0 ( x 1) 2( x 1)( x 2)( x 6)(2 x 3)
a 2 or a 2 2( x 1)2 ( x 2)( x 6)(2 x 3)
L.H.S. = R.H.S.
2. x 2 is a common factor of f(x) and g(x). f ( x) g ( x) H.C.F. L.C.M.
f (2) 0 and g (2) 0
Further Practice (p. 5.48)
f (2) 0
5x 3 y xy y
(2) 2
p(2) q 0 1.
5 x 2 8 x 3 x 2 2 xy x 2 y
4 2p q 0 5x 3 y y ( x 1)
2p q 4 ......(1) ( x 1)(5 x 3) x( x 2 y ) x 2 y
g (2) 0 x( x 2 y ) y
1
(2) 3 p(2) q 0 y x 2y
8 2p q 0 x
2 p q 8 ......(2)
(1) (2) : 4 p 4 3x 9 2 10
2.
p 1 x 2 6x 9 2 x x2 x 6
By substituting p = 1 into (1), we have 3( x 3) 2 10
2(1) q 4
( x 3) 2 x 2 ( x 2)( x 3)
q 6
3 2( x 3) 10
Further Practice (p. 5.40) x 3 ( x 2)( x 3) ( x 2)( x 3)
1. (a) 4 x 2 12 x 9 (2 x 3) 2 3 2x 4
3 3 x 3 ( x 2)( x 3)
(6 x 9) [3(2 x 3)]
3 2( x 2 )
33 (2 x 3)3
x 3 ( x 2)( x 3)
9 x 32 x 4
4
3 2
H.C.F. 1
x 3 x 3
L.C.M. 33 x 4 ( 2 x 3) 3 5
27 x 4 ( 2 x 3) 3 x 3

(b) 2x 2 xy y 2 ( x y)(2 x y) x 3x 1 2 x 10
3.
4x 2
4 xy y 2
(2 x y ) 2 x 5 x 2 10x 25 x 1

2 x3 x 2 y 2 xy 2 y3 x 2 (2 x y) y 2 (2 x y) x 3x 1 2( x 5)
x 5 ( x 5) 2 x 1
( x 2 y 2 )(2 x y )
( x y)( x y )(2 x y) x( x 5) 3x 1 2( x 5)
H.C.F. 2 x y ( x 5) 2 ( x 5) 2 x 1
x 2 2 x 1 2( x 5)
L.C.M. ( x y)( x y)(2 x y) 2
( x 5) 2 x 1
(x 1) 2 2
2. (a) f ( x) 4 x 2 14x 12
x 5 x 1
2( x 2 7 x 6) 2( x 1)
2( x 1)( x 6) x 5
g (1) 2(1) 3 9(1) 2 13(1) 6 30 0
g ( 1) 2( 1) 3 9( 1) 2 13( 1) 6 0 Exercise
x + 1 is a factor of g(x).
By long division, Exercise 5A (p. 5.9)
Level 1
g ( x) ( x 1)(2 x 2 7 x 6)
1. (3x 2 4 x 12) (2 x 2 4 x 12)
( x 1)( x 2)(2 x 3)
3x 2 4 x 12 2 x 2 4 x 12
H.C.F. x 1
3x 2 2x 2 4 x 4 x 12 12
L.C.M. 2( x 1)( x 2)( x 6)(2 x 3) 2
5x 24

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 5 More about Polynomials

2. (x3 2x 2 5 x 18) (4 x 3 12 x 2 9 x 5) 12. ( x 2 8)(1 4 x 2 x 2 )

3 2 3 2
x 2x 5 x 18 4 x 12 x 9x 5 ( x 2 8)(1) ( x 2 8)( 4 x) ( x 2 8)(2 x 2 )
3 3 2 2
x 4x 2x 12 x 5 x 9 x 18 5 x 2 8 4 x 3 32 x 2 x 4 16 x 2
3 2
5x 10 x 4 x 13 8 32 x x 2 16 x 2 4x3 2x4
8 32 x 15 x 2 4x3 2x4
2 2
3. (4 x x 8) (3x x 2)
4x 2 x 8 3x 2 x 2 Level 2
4 x 2 3x 2 x x 8 2 13. (1 x 3x 2 ) (1 3x x 2 ) (3 x 2 )
2 2
x2 2x 6 1 x 3x 1 3x x 3 x2
2
1 1 3 x 3x 3x x2 x2
4. (x3 x 2 3x 10) (2 x 3 5 x 2 2 x 6) 1 4 x 5x 2
x3 x 2 3x 10 2 x 3 5 x 2 2x 6
x 3
2x3 x 2 5 x 2 3x 2 x 10 6 14. (5 5 x 2 x 3 ) (4 x 2 6 x 1) (2 5 x 4 x 3 )

x3 4 x 2 5x 4 5 5x 2 x3 4x 2 6x 1 2 5x 4x3
5 1 2 6x 5x 5x 2 4x2 x3 4x3
2 3
5. ( 5 x 2 10 3x) (14 x 2 x 3 2 x 2 8) 6 x 9x 5x
2 3 2
5x 10 3x 14 x 2 x 2x 8
2x 3
5x 2
2x 2
3x 14 x 10 8 15. ( 2 x 3 x2 x 1) (3x 5 x 3 4) (3x 3 5 x 2 )
3 2 3
2 x 3 7 x 2 11x 2 2x x x 1 3x 5 x 4 3x 3 5 x 2
1 4 3 x 3x 3x x 2 5x 2 2x 3 5x 3
2 3
6. (3x 3 7 x 6 x 2 9) (18 5 x 3 7 x 6x 2 ) 7 x 6x 7x
3 2 3 2
3x 7x 6x 9 18 5 x 7x 6x
16. ( x 2)(x 4)(3x 4)
3x 3 5 x 3 6 x 2 6 x 2 7 x 7 x 9 18
[( x 2)( x) ( x 2)( 4)](3x 4)
2x3 9
(x2 2 x 4 x 8)(3x 4)
2
(x 2 x 8)(3x 4)
7. (2 x 8 x 2 5) ( x 3 6 x 2 20 2 x)
(x2 2 x 8)(3x) ( x 2 2 x 8)( 4)
2 x 8x 2 5 x 3 6 x 2 20 2 x
3 2 2
3x 6x 24 x 4 x 8 x 32
x 3 8x 2 6 x 2 2 x 2 x 5 20
3 2 3x 3 6 x 2 4x 2 24 x 8 x 32
x 14 x 4 x 15
3x 3 10 x 2 16 x 32

8. (25 x 3 5 x 2 3x) (12 x 5 x 2 3x 3 7)

17. (2x 1)(1 2x)(2 2x)
25 x 3 5 x 2 3x 12 x 5 x 2 3x 3 7
[(2 x 1)(1) (2 x 1)( 2 x)](2 2 x)
x 3 3x 3 5 x 2 5 x 2 3x 12 x 25 7
(2 x 1 4 x 2 2 x)(2 2 x)
4 x 3 15x 18
( 4x 2 4 x 1)(2 2 x)
( 4x 2 4 x 1)(2) ( 4 x 2 4 x 1)( 2 x)
9. (2 3x)(6 x 2 ) 2
8x 8x 2 8x 3 8x 2 2x
(2 3x)(6) (2 3x)( x 2 )
8x 3 8x 2 8x 2 8x 2 x 2
12 18x 2 x 2 3x 3
8 x 3 16 x 2 10 x 2

10. (5 2 x)(6 2 x x 2 )
18. ( x 2)(2 x 5) ( x 2 3)
(5 2 x)(6) (5 2 x)( 2 x) (5 2 x)( x 2 )
[( x 2)(2 x) ( x 2)( 5)] ( x 2 3)
30 12 x 10 x 4 x 2 5x 2 2x3
(2 x 2 4 x 5 x 10) x 2 3
30 2 x x2 2x3
2x 2 x 10 x 2 3
2
2x x2 x 10 3
11. ( 2 x x 2 3)(3 x) 2
x x 7
( 2x x2 3)(3) ( 2 x x 2 3)( x)
2
6 x 3x 9 2x2 x 3 3x
9 6 x 3x 3x 2 2x2 x3
2 3
9 9x x x

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NSS Mathematics in Action (2nd edition) 4A Full Solutions

19. (3x 2) 2 3x(1 2 x) (b) Coefficient of x2 = 5

2 2 a 3 5
(9 x 12 x 4) 3x 6 x
2
a 8
9x 6 x 2 12 x 3x 4
2
Constant term = 12
3x 15x 4
6 b 12
b 18
20. ( x 3)( x 3) 2( x 3 x2 3x 3)
2 3 2
(x 9) 2( x x 3x 3) 26. (a) (2x a)(bx 1) 2( x 3)
x 2 9 2 x3 2x2 6x 6 [(2 x a)(bx) (2 x a)( 1)] 2( x 3)
2 x3 x2 2x2 6x 9 6 (2bx 2 abx 2 x a) 2 x 6
3 2 2
2x 3x 6x 3 2bx abx 2 x a 2 x 6
2bx 2 abx 2 x 2 x a 6
21. (2 x 1)( x 2 3x 1) (1 x 2 ) 2bx 2 (ab 4) x (6 a)
[(2 x 1)( x 2 ) (2 x 1)( 3x) (2 x 1)( 1)] (1 x 2 )
(2 x 3 x 2 6 x 2 3x 2 x 1) 1 x 2 (b) Coefficient of x2 = 6
3 2 2 2b 6
(2 x 7x x 1) 1 x
3 2 b 3
2x 7x x 1 1 x2
Constant term = 2
3 2
2x 7x x2 x 1 1 6 a 2
3 2
2x 8x x 2 a 8
The coefficient of x (8)(3) 4
22. (5 x)(2 x 2 3x 1) x(5 x 4) 20
[(5 x)(2 x 2 ) (5 x)( 3x) (5 x)(1)] x(5 x 4)
(10 x 2 2 x 3 15x 3x 2 5 x) 5 x 2 4x Exercise 5B (p. 5.17)
Level 1
2 3 2 2
10 x 2x 15x 3x 5 x 5x 4x 1. x 2
3 2 2 2
2x 10 x 3x 5x 15x x 4 x 5 2x 2x 2 4x 3
2 x 3 8 x 2 12 x 5 2x 2
4x 3
23. (3x 2 1)(3x 1) (1 x)(2 x 2 x 1) 4x
[(3 x 2 1)(3 x) (3 x 2 1)( 1)] 3
[(1 x)(2 x 2 ) (1 x)( x) (1 x)(1)] Quotient x 2 , remainder 3
(9 x 3 3 x 3 x 2 1) (2 x 2 2x3 x x 2 1 x)
9 x 3 3x 3x 2 1 2 x 2 2x3 x x2 1 x 2. 2x2 x 3
9x 3
2x 3
3x 2
2x 2
x 2
3x x x 1 1 4x 8x3 4 x 2 12 x 7
7 x 3 5x 2 8x3
4 x 2 12 x 7
2 2
24. (2 x x 1)( x 1) 2 x (3 x) 4x2
2 2 2
[(2 x x 1)( x) (2 x x 1)( 1)] 2 x (3 x) 12 x 7
3 2 2
(2 x x x 2x x 1) 6 x 2 2x3 12 x
2x3 x2 x 2x 2 x 1 6x 2 2x3 7
2x3 2x3 x2 2x 2 6x 2 x x 1 Quotient 2x 2
x 3 , remainder 7
3x 2 2 x 1
The degree of the polynomial is 2.
3. 2x 2 7
The claim is disagreed.
3 2
x 2x 0x 7x 2
25. (a) (x2 ax) ( x 2 6) (3x b) 2x3
x2 ax x2 6 3x b 7x 2
2 2
x x ax 3x 6 b 7x
2x2 (a 3) x (6 b) 2
2
Quotient 2x 7 , remainder 2

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 5 More about Polynomials

4. 6x 7 Quotient 2 x 1 , remainder 2
x 2 6x2 5 x 14
6 x 2 12 x 10. 2x2 3
3 2
7 x 14 2x 3 4x 6x 6x 1
7 x 14 4 x3 6 x 2
Quotient 6 x 7 , remainder 0 6x 1
6x 9
5. x 2
4x 1 8
2
x 3 x 3
x 2
11x 6 Quotient 2x 3 , remainder 8
3 2
x 3x
11. x 2 3x 2
4 x 2 11x 6 3
3x 1 3x 8x2 9 x 1
4 x 2 12 x
3x3 x2
x 6
x 3 9x2 9x 1
3 9 x 2 3x

Quotient x2 4 x 1 , remainder 3 6x 1
6x 2
3
6. 3x 2 1
2
x 4 3 x 3 12 x 2 x 3 Quotient x 3x 2 , remainder 3
3 2
3x 12 x
12. 2x2 3x 4
x 3
3
x 4 2x 3 4x 0x 2 x 5
1 4x3 6x 2
Quotient 3 x 2 1 , remainder 1 6x 2 x 5
2
6x 9x
7. 2x2 x 1 8x 5
x 4 2 x3 9x2 5 x 15 8 x 12
2 x3 8 x 2 17

x 2
5 x 15 Quotient 2x2 3x 4 , remainder 17
2
x 4x
13. 3x 2 2 x 1
x 15
3
x 4 4 x 2 12 x 2x 2 0x 9
12 x 3 6x 2
19
Quotient 2x2 x 1 , remainder 19 8x 2 0x 9
8x 2 4x
8. x 4 4x 9
3x 5 3x 2
7 x 16 4x 2
3x 2 5x 7
2
12 x 16 Quotient 3 x 2 x 1 , remainder 7
12 x 20
4 14. By division algorithm, we have
the required dividend
Quotient x 4 , remainder 4 (2 x 3)(3x 2) 18
(2 x 3)(3x) (2 x 3)( 2) 18
9. 2x 1
6 x 2 9 x 4 x 6 18
2x 1 4x 2 0x 1
6 x 2 5 x 12
4x 2 2x
2x 1
2x 1
2

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NSS Mathematics in Action (2nd edition) 4A Full Solutions

15. By division algorithm, we have Level 2

the required dividend 20. 2x 5
(3x 4)(2 x 5) ( 6)
x 2 3x 4 2 x3 x2 24 x 18
(3x 4)(2 x) (3x 4)( 5) 6
2 x3 6 x 2 8x
6 x 2 8 x 15x 20 6 2
5x 16 x 18
6 x 2 23x 14
5 x 2 15x 20
16. By division algorithm, we have x 2
the required dividend Quotient 2 x 5 , remainder x 2
(6 x 5)( x 2 3 x 2) 7
(6 x 5)( x 2 ) (6 x 5)( 3 x) (6 x 5)(2) 7 21. 3x 5
6 x 3 5 x 2 18 x 2 15 x 12 x 10 7 3x 2 2 x 1 9 x3 9 x 2 16 x 4
6 x 3 23x 2 27 x 3 9 x3 6x2 3x
2
15x 13x 4
17. Let p(x) be the divisor. 2
15x 10 x 5
By division algorithm, we have
3 x 2 4 x 7 p( x) ( x 2) ( 3) 3x 1

(3x 2
4 x 7) ( 3) Quotient 3x 5 , remainder 3x 1
p ( x)
x 2
3x 2 4 x 7 3 22. 7x 9
x 2 x2 2 x 7 x3 5 x 2 12 x 3
3x 2 4 x 4 7 x 3 14 x 2
x 2 9 x 2 12 x 3
(3x 2)( x 2)
9 x 2 18x
x 2
3x 2 6x 3
The required divisor is 3 x 2. Quotient 7 x 9 , remainder 6 x 3

18. Let p(x) be the divisor.

By division algorithm, we have 23. 2x 3
4 x 2 12 x 2 p ( x) (2 x 1) 3 4x2 x 2 8 x 3 10 x 2 9x 1

( 4 x 2 12 x 2) 3 8 x3 2x2 4x
p( x) 2
2x 1 12 x 5x 1
4 x 2 12 x 5 12 x 2 3x 6
2x 1 2x 5
(2 x 1)(2 x 5)
Quotient 2 x 3 , remainder 2x 5
2x 1
(2 x 5)
24. x 1
2x 5
x2 x 1 x3 0x 2 0x 1
The required divisor is 2 x 5.
x3 x2 x
19. Let p(x) be the divisor. x 2
x 1
By division algorithm, we have
2
x 3 3 x 2 3 x 2 p ( x) ( x 2) 28 x x 1

(x 3
3 x 2) 28 3x 2 2
p( x) Quotient x 1 , remainder 2
x 2
x 3 3 x 2 3 x 26
x 2 25. 5x 1
( x 2)( x 2 5 x 13) 3x 2 x 1 15x 3 8 x 2 0x 4
x 2 15x 3 5 x 2 5 x
x 2 5 x 13
3x 2 5 x 4
The required divisor is x 2 5x 13.
3x 2 x 1
4x 3
Quotient 5x 1 , remainder 4x 3

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 5 More about Polynomials

26. ( x 3 4 x 2 5) ( 5 x 3 8 x 2 5) 29. (a) Let p(x) be the required polynomial.

3 2 3 2
By division algorithm, we have
x 4x 5 5x 8x 5
x 3 2 x 5 p ( x) ( x 3) (13x 1)
3 3 2 2
x 5x 4x 8x 5 5
( x3 2 x 5) (13x 1)
4 x 3 12 x 2 p( x)
x 3
2x 6
x 3 2 x 5 13x 1
2x 2 0x 1 4 x 3 12 x 2 0x 0
x 3
4x3 0x 2 2x x 3 11x 6
12 x 2
2x 0 x 3
12 x 2
0x 6 ( x 3)( x 2 3 x 2)
x 3
2x 6
x 2 3x 2
Quotient 2 x 6 , remainder 2x 6
The required polynomial is x 2 3x 2.

27. 1 2x( x 1) (b) 2x 6

1 2x2 2x x 2 3x 2 2 x 3 12 x 2 19 x 7
2x 2 2x 1 2x3 6x 2 4x
2x 2 2
6x 23x 7
2x 2 2 x 1 4 x 3 0 x 2 5x 3
6 x 2 18x 12
4x3 4x 2 2x
5 x 19
2
4x 3x 3 Quotient 2 x 6 , remainder 5 x 19
4x 2 4x 2
x 5 30. By division algorithm, we have
Quotient 2 x 2 , remainder x 5 3x3 5 x 2 x p ( x 2 x 6)(3x 2) (qx 18)
( x2 x 6)(3x) ( x 2 x 6)( 2) (qx 18)
28. (a) By division algorithm, we have 3x 3
3x 2
18x 2 x 2
2 x 12 qx 18
f ( x) ( x 2 x 1)(4 x 6) (6 x 12)
3x3 5 x 2 (q 16) x 6
(x2 x 1)(4 x) ( x 2 x 1)( 6) (6 x 12) By comparing the constant term on both sides,
3 2 2
4x 4x 4x 6x 6 x 6 6 x 12 p 6
4x3 4x 2 6x 2 4 x 6 x 6 x 6 12 By comparing the coefficient of x on both sides,
3 2 1 q 16
4x 2x 4x 6
q 17

(b) 2x 2 2x 1 31. By division algorithm, we have

3 2
2x 1 4x 2x 4x 6 x 3 px 2 qx 13
4x3 2x 2 ( x2 4 px 6)( x 3) ( x 5)
4x 2
4x 6 ( x2 4 px 6)( x) ( x 2 4 px 6)(3) ( x 5)
2 3 2 2
4x 2x x 4 px 6 x 3x 12 px 18 x 5
2x 6 x3 (4 p 3) x 2 (12 p 7) x 13
2x 1 By comparing the coefficient of x 2 on both sides,
5 p 4p 3
Quotient 2 x 2 2 x 1 , remainder 5 3p 3
p 1
By comparing the coefficient of x on both sides,
q 12( 1) 7
5

32. By division algorithm, we have

2 x 3 3x 2 ax 4
( x 2 bx 2)(2 x 3) (12 x c)
( x 2 bx 2)(2 x) ( x 2 bx 2)(3) (12 x c)
2x3 2bx 2 4 x 3 x 2 3bx 6 12 x c
3
2x (2b 3) x 2 (3b 8) x (c 6)

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NSS Mathematics in Action (2nd edition) 4A Full Solutions

By comparing the coefficient of x2 on both sides, Put x = 3.

3 2b 3 3(3) 3 16(3) 2 a(3) b (3 1)(3 3) Q(3) (3 2)
b 3 63 3a b 5
By comparing the coefficient of x on both sides, 3a b 68......(2)
a 3( 3) 8 (2) (1):
1 (3a b) (a b) 68 16
By comparing the constant term on both sides, 2a 52
4 c 6 a 26
c 10 By substituting a = 26 into (1), we have
26 b 16
33. (a) 2x 7 b 10
x 1 2x2 9x k
2x2 2x 36. Let Q(x) and R be the quotient and the remainder
respectively.
7x k By division algorithm, we have
7x 7 ax3 bx 2 1 ( x 2 3x) Q( x) R
k 7 ax3 bx 2 1 R x( x 3) Q( x)
Quotient 2 x 7 , remainder k 7 Put x = 0.
a(0)3 b(0) 2 1 R 0
(b) Remainder = 3 0 0 1 R 0
k 7 3 R 1 ......(1)
k 4 Put x = 3.
a( 3)3 b( 3) 2 1 R 0
34. (a) By division algorithm, we have 27a 9b 1 R 0 ......(2)
f ( x) (3x 1)(2 x 3) (k 9)
By substituting (1) into (2), we have
(3x 1)(2 x) (3x 1)( 3) (k 9) 27a 9b 1 1 0
6x2 2x 9x 3 k 9 b 3a
6x 2
11x k 6 When a 2, b 3( 2) 6;
when a 1, b 3( 1) 3;
(b) g ( x) f ( x) (3x 1) when a 1, b 3(1) 3 .
(3x 1)(2 x 3) (k 9) (3x 1) Possible values of a and b are a = 2, b = 6 or
(3x 1)(2 x 3 1) (k 9) a = 1, b = 3 or a = 1, b = 3 (or any other
reasonable answers with b = 3a).
(3x 1)(2 x 2) (k 9)
By division algorithm, 37. By division algorithm, we have
quotient 2x 2 , remainder k 9 f ( x) (5x 4) Q1 ( x) ( 1) (1 )
Alternative Solution f ( x) g ( x) (5x 4) Q2 ( x) (2)
g ( x) f ( x) (3x 1) where Q1(x), Q2(x) are polynomials in x.
(6 x 2 11x k 6) (3x 1) (1) (2):
6 x 2 11x k 6 3x 1 f ( x) [ f ( x) g ( x)] [(5 x 4) Q1 ( x) ( 1)]
(5 x 4) Q2 ( x)
6 x2 8x k 7
2x 2 g ( x) (5 x 4)[Q1 ( x) Q2 ( x)] 1
3x 1 6 x 2 8 x k 7 (5 x 4) h( x) 1
where h(x) = Q1(x) Q2(x).
6x2 2x
Let h( x) 1,
6x k 7 then g ( x) (5x 4)( 1) 1 5x 3.
6x 2 Let h( x) 0,
k 9 then g ( x) (5x 4)(0) 1 1.
Quotient 2 x 2 , remainder k 9 Let h( x) 1,
then g ( x) (5x 4)(1) 1 5x 5.
35. Let Q(x) be the quotient. The two possible polynomials g(x) is 5x + 3 or 1 or
By division algorithm, we have 5x 5 (or any other reasonable answers with
3x3 16x2 + ax + b = (x 1)(x 3) Q(x) + (x + 2) g ( x) (5x 4) h( x) 1 , where h(x) is a polynomial in x)
Put x = 1.
3(1) 3 16(1) 2 a(1) b (1 1)(1 3) Q(1) (1 2)
13 a b 3
a b 16......(1)

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Exercise 5C (p. 5.24) 8. Let f ( x) 12 x 3 9 x 2 x 1.

Level 1 By the remainder theorem,
1. Let f ( x) x 3 8 x 7. 2
By the remainder theorem, remainder f
3
remainder f (3)
3 2
(3) 3 8(3) 7 2 2 2
12 9 1
27 24 7 3 3 3
32 2
4 4 1
9 3
7
2. Let f ( x) x 3 7 x 2 5 x 1.
9
By the remainder theorem,
remainder f (2)
(2) 3 7(2) 2 5(2) 1 9. Let f ( x) 9 x 3 3x 2 1.
8 28 10 1 By the remainder theorem,
1
27 remainder f
3
3 2
1 1
3. Let f ( x) 2 x 3 x 2 7 x 1. 9 3 1
By the remainder theorem, 3 3
remainder f ( 1) 1 1
1
3
2( 1) ( 1) 2
7( 1) 1 3 3
1
2 1 7 1
9
10. Let f ( x) 4 x 3 x 2 x 2.
By the remainder theorem,
4. Let f ( x) 2 x 3 3x 2 4 x 5.
1
By the remainder theorem, remainder f
4
remainder f ( 3)
3 2
2( 3) 3 3( 3) 2 4( 3) 5 1 1 1
4 2
54 27 12 5 4 4 4
20 1 1 1
2
16 16 4
19
5. Let f ( x) 3x 3 3x 2 x 1.
8
By the remainder theorem,
remainder f ( 2)
3( 2) 3 3( 2) 2 ( 2) 1 11. Let f ( x) 16 x 3 8 x 2 4 x.
24 12 2 1 By the remainder theorem,
39 1
remainder f
2
3 2
6. Let f ( x) 3x 3 7 x 4. 1 1 1
16 8 4
By the remainder theorem, 2 2 2
remainder f (1) 2 2 2
3(1) 3 7(1) 4 2
3 7 4
8 12. Let f ( x) 27 x 3 18x 2 6 x 5.
By the remainder theorem,
7. Let f ( x) 8 x 3 2 x 1. 4
remainder f
By the remainder theorem, 3
3 2
1 4 4 4
remainder f 27 18 6 5
2 3 3 3
1
3
1 64 32 8 5
8 2 1 19
2 2
1 1 1
1

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NSS Mathematics in Action (2nd edition) 4A Full Solutions

13. Let f ( x) 4 x 3 3x 2 1. 18. Let f ( x) kx 3 3x 2 3x 4.

By the remainder theorem, By the remainder theorem,
1 2
remainder f f 2
2 3
3 2 3 2
1 1 2 2 2
4 3 1 k 3 3 4 2
2 2 3 3 3
1 3 8 4
1 k 2 4 2
2 4 27 3
9 8 16
k
4 27 3
k 18
14. Let f ( x) x 3 2 x 2 x 1.
By the remainder theorem, 19. Let f ( x) 2 x 3 ax 2 11.
3 By the remainder theorem,
remainder f
2 f (a) 3
3
3
3
2
3 2(a) 3 a(a) 2 11 3
2 1
2 2 2 2a 3 a 3 11 3
27 9 3 a3 8
1
8 2 2 a 2
5
8
20. Let f ( x) x 3 ax 2 2 x 2.
By the remainder theorem,
15. Let f ( x) 2 x 3 kx 2 5 x 4. f ( a) a
By the remainder theorem, 3 2
( a) a( a) 2( a) 2 a
f (2) 6
a3 a3 2a 2 a
2(2) 3 k (2) 2 5(2) 4 6
a 2
16 4k 10 4 6
4k 24
21. By the remainder theorem,
k 6 f ( 1) 3
( 1) 3 2( 1) 2 k ( 1) c 3
3 2
16. Let f ( x) 3x 7 x kx 5. 1 2 k c 3
By the remainder theorem, k c 2
f ( 3) 4 When k = 1,
3 2
3( 3) 7( 3) k ( 3) 5 4 1 c 2
81 63 3k 5 4 c 3
3k 27 When k = 1,
( 1) c 2
k 9
c 1
When k = 3,
17. Let f ( x) 8x 3 2 x 2 5x k. ( 3) c 2
By the remainder theorem, c 1
1 The possible values of k and c are k = 1, c = 3 or
f 5
2 k = 1, c = 1 or k = 3, c = 1 (or any other
3 2 reasonable answers with k + c = 2).
1 1 1
8 2 5 k 5
2 2 2 Level 2
1 5 22. Let f ( x) 4 x 2 ( x 2) 10 x 9.
1 k 5
2 2 By the remainder theorem,
k 8 5
remainder f
2
2
5 5 5
4 2 10 9
2 2 2
25
25 9
2
7
2

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 5 More about Polynomials

23. Let f ( x) ( x 1)(2x 1)(4x 5) 2. 28. Let f ( x) kx 2 5 x 6.

By the remainder theorem, By the remainder theorem,
3 1
remainder f f (2) f
4 3
3 3 3 1
2
1
1 2 1 4 5 2 k (2) 2 5(2) 6 k 5 6
4 4 4 3 3
1 5 k 5
( 8) 2 4k 10 6 6
4 2 9 3
3 35 35
k
9 3
k 3
24. Let f ( x) x100 1.
By the remainder theorem,
remainder f (1) 29. Let f ( x) 2 x 3 kx 2 8 x 3.
By the remainder theorem,
(1)100 1
3
1 1 f ( 2) f
2
0 3 2
3 3 3
2( 2) 3 k ( 2) 2 8( 2) 3 2 k 8 3
2015
2 2 2
25. Let f ( x) x 1.
27 9
By the remainder theorem, 16 4k 16 3 k 12 3
remainder f ( 1) 4 4
7 21
( 1) 2015 1 k
4 4
1 1 k 3
2
30. Let f(x) = ax2 + bx 7 and g(x) = 2x2 + ax + b.
26. Let f ( x) x 5 x 4. 2 When f(x) is divided by x 3,
remainder 14
By the remainder theorem,
f (k ) 2 f (3) 14
2
(k ) 2
5(k ) 4 2 a(3) b(3) 7 14
2
k 5k 6 0 9a 3b 21
(k 1)(k 6) 0 3a b 7 ...... (1 )
k 1 or k 6 When g(x) is divided by x + 3,
remainder 1
g ( 3) 1
27. Let f ( x) x 2 2 x 3.
2( 3) 2a( 3) b 1
By the remainder theorem,
k 3a b 17 ...... (2)
f 11 (1) (2): 6a 24
2
2 a 4
k k
2 3 11 By substituting a = 4 into (1), we have
2 2
3(4) b 7
k2
k 8 0 b 5
4
k 2 4k 32 0
31. (a) When f(x) is divided by x + 1,
(k 8)(k 4) 0 remainder 12
k 8 or k 4 f ( 1) 12
6( 1)3 ( 1) 2 p ( 1) q 12
6 1 p q 12
p q 5 ......(1)

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NSS Mathematics in Action (2nd edition) 4A Full Solutions

When f(x) is divided by 3x 1, 33. (a) f (3) 4

8 The remainder when f(x) is divided by x 3 is 4.
remainder
9 By division algorithm, we have
1 8 f ( x) ( x 3)(2 x 2 10 x 1) 4
f
3 9 ( x 3)(2 x 2 ) ( x 3)(10 x) ( x 3)( 1) 4
3 2
1 1 1 8 2 x 3 6 x 2 10 x 2 30 x x 3 4
6 p q
3 3 3 9 2 x 3 4 x 2 31x 7
2 1 p 8
q
9 9 3 9 (b) By the remainder theorem,
p 1
q 1 remainder f
3 2
p 3q 3 ......(2) 3 2
1 1 1
(2) (1): 4 q 8 2 4 31 7
2 2 2
q 2
1 31
By substituting q = 2 into (1), we have 1 7
4 2
p ( 2) 5
29
p 3
4

(b) f ( x) 6 x 3 x 2 3 x 2 34. (a) By the remainder theorem,

By the remainder theorem,
remainder f (2) 1 1
f g
6(2) 3 (2) 2 3(2) 2 2 2
48 4 6 2 1
3
1
2
1 1
3
1
2
1
48 a b 18 3 a 9 b 9
2 2 2 2 2 2
a b a 9 b
32. (a) When f(x) is divided by x + 1, 9 3 9
8 4 8 4 2
remainder 2 b 3
f ( 1) 2 4 4
3( 1)3 m( 1) 2 ( 1) 3 2 b 3
3 m 1 3 2 f ( 2) 5
m 3 a ( 2) 3 3(2) 2 18(2) 3 5
g ( x) 3 x 3 5 x 2 3 x n 8a 12 36 3 5
When g(x) is divided by x + 1, 8a 16
remainder 3 a 2
g ( 1) 3
3( 1)3 5( 1) 2 3( 1) n 3 (b) Let h( x) f ( x) kg( x) .
3 5 3 n 3 h( x) f ( x) kg( x)
n 2 (2 x3 3 x 2 18x 3) k (2 x 3 9x2 3 x 9)
3 2
(2 2k ) x (3 9k ) x (3k 18) x (3 9k )
(b) f ( x) g ( x) 1 By the remainder theorem,
(3x 3 3x 2 x 3) (3x 3 5 x 2 3x 2) 1 h ( 4) 0
3 2
3x 3
3x 2
x 3 3x 3
5x 2
3x 2 1 (2 2k )( 4) (3 9k )( 4) (3k 18)( 4) (3 9k ) 0
8x2 4 x 0 (2 2k )( 64) (3 9k )(16) 12k 72 3 9k 0
4 x(2 x 1) 0 128 128k 48 144k 12k 72 3 9k 0
1 5k 5
x 0 or x
2 k 1

35. (a) The degree of (x 1)(x + 2) is 2.

The highest possible degree of the remainder
when P(x) is divided by (x 1)(x + 2) is 1.

(b) Let Q(x) and ax + b be the quotient and the remainder

respectively when P(x) is divided by (x 1)(x + 2).
P(x) = (x 1)(x + 2) Q(x) + (ax + b)

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 5 More about Polynomials

When P(x) is divided by x 1, 3. (a) f ( 4) ( 4) 3 5( 4) 2 3( 4) 15

remainder 4
64 80 12 15
P(1) 4
19
(1 1)(1 2) Q(1) [a(1) b] 4
0
a b 4 (1 ) x + 4 is not a factor of f(x).
When P(x) is divided by x + 2,
remainder 28 (b) f ( 5) ( 5) 3 5( 5) 2 3( 5) 15
P( 2) 28 125 125 15 15
( 2 1)( 2 2) Q( 2) [a( 2) b] 28 0
2a b 28 (2) x + 5 is a factor of f(x).
(1) (2): 3a 24
3 2
a 8 1 1 1 1
4. (a) f 16 4 24 9
By substituting a = 8 into (1), we have 2 2 2 2
8 b 4 2 1 12 9
b 12 0
The remainder when P(x) is divided by 2x + 1 is a factor of f(x).
(x 1)(x + 2) is 8x 12.
3 2
36. (a) Let f(x) = x99 + k. 3 3 3 3
(b) f 16 4 24 9
By the remainder theorem, 2 2 2 2
f ( 1) 1 54 9 36 9
( 1) 99 k 1 0
1 k 1 2x 3 is a factor of f(x).

k 2 3 2
1 1 1 1
5. (a) f 4 3 25 6
4 4 4 4
(b) From (a), when x = 9, the remainder when 999 + 2 is
divided by 9 + 1 is 1. 1 3 25
6
Let Q be the quotient when 999 + 2 is divided by 16 16 4
10. 0
999 2 10Q 1 4x 1 is a factor of f(x).
999 10Q 1 3 2
3 3 3 3
10(Q 1) 9 (b) f 4 3 25 6
4 4 4 4
The remainder when 999 is divided by 10 is 9.
27 27 75
6
Exercise 5D (p. 5.34) 16 16 4
Level 1 99
1. (a) mx n x 1 x+1 2x 1 2x + 1 4
Value of 0
5
n 0 2 0 4x + 3 is not a factor of f(x).
f 2
m
6. Let f(x) = 3x3 + kx2 8x 4.
(b) By the factor theorem, x 1 and 2x + 1 are factors of x 2 is a factor of f(x).
f(x). f (2) 0
3(2)3 k (2) 2 8(2) 4 0
2. (a) f ( 1) ( 1) 3 2( 1) 2 5( 1) 6
24 4k 16 4 0
1 2 5 6
4k 4
0
k 1
x + 1 is a factor of f(x).

f (3) (3) 3 2(3) 2 5(3) 6 7. Let f(x) = 6x3 + 13x2 2kx + 3.

(b)
x + 3 is a factor of f(x).
27 18 15 6
f ( 3) 0
24 3 2
6( 3) 13( 3) 2k ( 3) 3 0
0
162 117 6k 3 0
x 3 is not a factor of f(x).
6k 42
k 7

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NSS Mathematics in Action (2nd edition) 4A Full Solutions

8. Let f(x) = kx3 x2 7x + 6. (b) By long division,

f(x) is divisible by 2x 3, x2 3x 2
i.e. 2x 3 is a factor of f(x). x 5 x 3
8 x 2 17 x 10
3
f 0 x3 5x2
2
3 2 3 x 2 17 x 10
3 3 3
k 7 6 0 3 x 2 15 x
2 2 2
27 9 21 2 x 10
k 6 0
8 4 2 2 x 10
27 27 g ( x) ( x 5)( x 2 3 x 2)
k
8 4 ( x 5)( x 1)( x 2)
k 2

13. (a) f (2) 3(2)3 5(2) 2 4(2) 4

9. Let f(x) = 3x3 + 7x2 4kx 2k.
f(x) is divisible by 3x + 1, 24 20 8 4
i.e. 3x + 1 is a factor of f(x). 0
1
f 0
3 (b) f (2) 0
3 2
1 1 1 x 2 is a factor of f(x).
3 7 4k 2k 0 By long division,
3 3 3
1 7 4k 3x 2 x 2
2k 0
9 9 3 x 2 3x3 5 x 2 4x 4
2 2 3x 3
6x 2
k
3 3
x2 4x 4
k 1
x2 2x
2x 4
10. Let f ( x) x 3 ax 2 x 4.
x a is a factor of f(x). 2x 4
f (a) 0 f ( x) ( x 2)(3 x 2 x 2)
(a) 3
a(a) 2
(a) 4 0 ( x 2)( x 1)(3 x 2)
3 3
a a a 4 0
3 2
a 4 4 4 4 4
14. (a) h 3 4 75 100
3 3 3 3
11. Let f ( x) 2 x 3 ax 2 4 x 10. 64 64
100 100
f(x) is divisible by 2x a, 9 9
i.e. 2x a is a factor of f(x). 0
a
f 0
2 4
3 2 (b) h 0
a a a 3
2 a 4 10 0
2 2 2 3x + 4 is a factor of h(x).
a 3 3
a By long division,
2a 10 0 x2 25
4 4
2a 10 3x 4 3x 4 x 2 75x 100
3

a 5 3x3 4x2
75x 100
3 2
12. (a) g ( 5) ( 5) 8( 5) 17( 5) 10 75x 100
125 200 85 10 h( x ) (3 x 4)( x 2 25)
0 (3 x 4)( x 5)( x 5)
x + 5 is a factor of g(x).
15. Let f(x) = x3 4x2 + 5x 2.
f(1) = (1)3 4(1)2 + 5(1) 2=0
x 1 is a factor of f(x).

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 5 More about Polynomials

By long division, By long division,

x2 3x 2 x2 2x 15
3
x 1 x 3
4x 2
5x 2 x 2 x 4 x 2 11x 30
x3 x2 x3 2x2
2
3x 5x 2 2 x 2 11x 30
3x 2 3x 2x2 4x
2x 2 15x 30
2x 2 15x 30
x3 4 x 2 5 x 2 ( x 1)( x 2 3x 2) x3 4 x 2 11x 30 ( x 2)( x 2 2 x 15)
( x 1)( x 2)( x 1) ( x 2)( x 3)( x 5)
( x 2)( x 1) 2
19. Let f(x) = x3 + ax2 x b.
16. Let f(x) = x3 3x2 6x + 8. x + 2 is a factor of f(x).
f(1) = (1)3 3(1)2 6(1) + 8 = 0 f ( 2) 0
3 2
x 1 is a factor of f(x). ( 2) a( 2) ( 2) b 0
By long division, 8 4a 2 b 0
x2 2x 8 4a b 6
x 1 x3 3x 2 6x 8 When a = 3,
4( 3) b 6
x3 x2
b 18
2x2 6x 8 When a = 1,
2x 2
2x 4( 1) b 6
b 10
8x 8
When a = 1,
8x 8 4(1) b 6
x3 3x 2 6 x 8 ( x 1)( x 2 2 x 8) b 2
( x 1)( x 4)( x 2) The possible values of a and b are a = 3, b = 18
or a = 1, b = 10 or a = 1, b = 2 (or any other
reasonable answers with 4a b = 6).
17. Let f(x) = x3 9x2 + 15x + 25.
f (1) (1)3 9(1) 2 15(1) 25 32 0 Level 2
f ( 1) ( 1)3 9( 1) 2 15( 1) 25 0 20. Let f(x) = x3 4x2 + kx + 6.
(a) x 3 is a factor of x3 4x2 + kx + 6.
x + 1 is a factor of f(x).
f (3) 0
By long division,
x2 10 x 25 (3)3 4(3) 2 k (3) 6 0
27 36 3k 6 0
x 1 x3 9 x 2 15x 25
3k 3
x3 x2
k 1
10 x 2 15x 25
10 x 2 10 x (b) By long division,
25 x 25 x2 x 2
25 x 25 x 3 x3 4x2 x 6
x3 9 x 2 15x 25 ( x 1)( x 2 10 x 25) x 3
3x 2

( x 1)( x 5)2 x2 x 6
2
x 3x
18. Let f(x) = x3 + 4x2 11x 30. 2x 6
f (1) (1)3 4(1) 2 11(1) 30 36 0 2x 6
3 2
f ( 1) ( 1) 4( 1) 11( 1) 30 16 0 x3 4x2 x 6 ( x 3)( x 2 x 2)
f (2) (2)3 4(2) 2 11(2) 30 28 0 ( x 3)( x 2)( x 1)
f ( 2) ( 2)3 4( 2) 2 11( 2) 30 0
x + 2 is a factor of f(x). 21. Let f(x) = 8x3 + mx2 25x + 6.
(a) f(x) is divisible by 4x 1,
i.e. 4x 1 is a factor of f(x).

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NSS Mathematics in Action (2nd edition) 4A Full Solutions

1 24. Let f(x) = 5x3 6x2 29x + 6.

f 0
4 f (1) 5(1)3 6(1) 2 29(1) 6 24 0
3 2
1
3
1
2
1 f ( 1) 5( 1) 6( 1) 29( 1) 6 24 0
8 m 25 6 0
4 4 4 f (2) 5(2)3 6(2) 2 29(2) 6 36 0
1 m 25 f ( 2) 5( 2)3 6( 2) 2 29( 2) 6 0
6 0
8 16 4 x + 2 is a factor of f(x).
m 1 By long division,
16 8 5 x 2 16 x 3
m 2
x 2 5 x3 6x2 29 x 6
3 2
5x 10 x
(b) By long division,
2x 2
x 6 16 x 2 29 x 6
2
16 x 32 x
4 x 1 8 x 3 2 x 2 25x 6
3x 6
8x3 2 x 2
3x 6
4 x 2 25 x 6
5x3 6 x 2 29 x 6 ( x 2)(5 x 2 16 x 3)
4x2 x
( x 2)( x 3)(5 x 1)
24 x 6
24 x 6
25. Let f ( x) 3x 3 13x 2 51x 35.
8x3 2x2 25 x 6 ( 4 x 1)(2 x 2 x 6)
f (1) 3(1) 3 13(1) 2 51(1) 35 0
( 4 x 1)( x 2)(2 x 3)
x 1 is a factor of f(x).
By long division,
22. Let f ( x) 2 x 3 13x 2 8 x 7. 3x 2 16 x 35
f (1) 2(1) 3 13(1) 2 8(1) 7 0 x 1 3x3 13x 2 51x 35
x 1 is a factor of f(x). 3x3 3x 2
By long division,
16 x 2 51x 35
2 x 2 15x 7
16 x 2 16 x
x 1 2 x 3 13x 2 8x 7
35x 35
3 2
2x 2x
35x 35
15 x 2 8x 7
3 x 3 13x 2 51x 35 ( x 1)(3 x 2 16 x 35)
2
15x 15x ( x 1)( x 7)(3 x 5)
7x 7
7x 7
26. Let f ( x) x3 4x 2 x 6.
2 x 3 13x 2 8x 7 ( x 1)(2 x 2 15 x 7)
f (1) (1) 4(1) 2 (1) 6 0
3

( x 1)( x 7)(2 x 1)
x 1 is a factor of f(x).
By long division,
23. Let f ( x) 5 x3 4 x 2 11x 2. x2 5x 6
3
f (1) 5(1) 4(1) 2 11(1) 2 12 0 x 1 x3 4x2 x 6
3 2
f ( 1) 5( 1) 4( 1) 11( 1) 2 0 x 3
x2
x + 1 is a factor of f(x). 5x2 x 6
By long division,
5x2 5x
5x2 9 x 2
6x 6
x 1 5 x3 4 x 2 11x 2
6x 6
5 x3 5 x 2
x3 4x2 x 6 ( x 1)( x 2 5 x 6)
9 x 2 11x 2 ( x 1)( x 2)( x 3)
9x2 9x
2x 2
27. 3x3 3x 2 24 x 36 3( x3 x 2 8 x 12)
2x 2
Let f ( x) x3 x2 8 x 12.
5 x 3 4 x 2 11x 2 ( x 1)(5 x 2 9 x 2) 3
f (1) (1) (1) 2 8(1) 12 4 0
( x 1)( x 2)(5 x 1) 3 2
f ( 1) ( 1) ( 1) 8( 1) 12 18 0
f (2) (2)3 (2) 2 8(2) 12 0

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 5 More about Polynomials

x 2 is a factor of f(x). (b)

By long division, 4x4 3x3 2x2 x 0
x2 x 6 x( x 1)(4 x 2
x 1) 0 (by (a))
x 2 x3 x 2 8 x 12 x 0 or x 1 0 or 4 x 2 x 1 0
3 2
x 2x 1 12 4(4)( 1)
2 x 0 x 1 x
x 8 x 12 2(4)
2
x 2x 1 17
6 x 12 8
6 x 12
3x3 3x 2 24 x 36 3( x 3 x 2 8 x 12) 30. Let f ( x) x 3 4 x 2 ax b.
3( x 2)( x 2
x 6) x 2 and x + 5 are factors of f(x).
3( x 3)( x 2) 2 f (2) 0
(2) 3 4(2) 2 a(2) b 0
8 16 2a b 0
28. (a) 6 x3 14 x 2 8 2(3x3 7 x2 4)
3 2
2a b 24 ......(1)
Let f ( x) 3x 7x 4.
f ( 5) 0
f (1) 3(1)3 7(1) 2 4 6 0
( 5) 34( 5) 2 a( 5) b 0
f ( 1) 3( 1) 7( 1) 2 4 3
0 125 100 5a b 0
x + 1 is a factor of f(x). 5a b 25 ......(2)
By long division,
(1) + (2): 7 a 49
3x 2 4 x 4
a 7
x 1 3x3 7 x2 0x 4 By substituting a = 7 into (1), we have
3
3x 3x 2 2( 7) b 24
4x2 0x 4 b 10
4x2 4x
4x 4 31. Let f ( x) ax 3 5 x 2 bx 6.
4x 4 f(x) is divisible by x 1 and 2x + 3,
i.e. x 1 and 2x + 3 are factors of f(x).
6 x3 14 x 2 8 2(3x3 7 x2 4)
3
2( x 1)(3x 4 x 4) 2 f (1) 0 and f 0
2
2( x 1)( x 2)(3x 2) f (1) 0
a(1)3 5(1) 2 b(1) 6 0
(b) 6 x 3 14 x 2 8 0 a 5 b 6 0
2( x 1)( x 2)(3x 2) 0 (by (a)) a b 1 ......(1)
x 1 0 or x 2 0 or 3x 2 0 3
f 0
2 2
x 1 x 2 x
3 3 2
3 3 3
a 5 b 6 0
2 2 2
4 3 2 3 2
29. (a) 4x 3x 2x x x( 4 x 3x 2 x 1) 27 45 3
a b 6 0
Let f ( x) 4 x3 3x 2 2 x 1. 8 4 2
f (1) 4(1)3 3(1) 2 2(1) 1 0 27 3 21
a b
x 1 is a factor of f(x). 8 2 4
By long division, 27a 12b 42 ......(2)
4x2 x 1 (2) 12 (1): 15a 30
3 2 a 2
x 1 4x 3x 2x 1
3 2 By substituting a = 2 into (1), we have
4x 4x
2 b 1
2
x 2x 1 b 1
2
x x
x 1 32. Let f ( x) x3 px q.
x 1 2
x x 2 ( x 1)( x 2)
4 x 4 3x3 2x2 x x( 4 x 3 3 x 2 2 x 1)
x 2 x 2 is a factor of f(x),
x( x 1)(4 x 2 x 1) x + 1 and x 2 are factors of f(x).

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NSS Mathematics in Action (2nd edition) 4A Full Solutions

f ( 1) 0 and f (2) 0 34. f(x) is divisible by x + 2,

f ( 1) 0 i.e. x + 2 is a factor of f(x).
f ( 2) 0
( 1)3 p( 1) q 0
1 p q 0 7( 2) 2 a( 2) b 0
p q 1 ......(1) 28 2a b 0
f (2) 0 2a b 28 ......(1)
When f(x) is divided by x + 3,
(2)3 p(2) q 0 remainder 23
8 2p q 0 f ( 3) 23
2p q 8 ......(2)
7( 3) 2a ( 3) b 23
(1) + (2): 3 p 9
63 3a b 23
p 3
3a b 40 ......(2)
By substituting p = 3 into (1), we have (2) (1): a 12
3 q 1
By substituting a = 12 into (1), we have
q 2 2(12) b 28
b 4
33. (a) Let f ( x) 2 x 3 px 2 25x q.
2
2x 7 x 4 ( x 4)(2 x 1) 35. (a) x + 5 is a factor of g(x).
f(x) is divisible by 2 x 7 x 4 , 2 g ( 5) 0
x + 4 and 2x 1 are factors of f(x). s( 5)3 9( 5) 2 t ( 5) 5 0
1 125s 225 5t 5 0
f ( 4) 0 and f 0
2 25s t 44 ...... (1)
f ( 4) 0 When g(x) is divided by x + 1,
remainder 8
2( 4)3 p( 4) 2 25( 4) q 0
g ( 1) 8
128 16 p 100 q 0
16 p q 28 ......(1) s( 1)3 9( 1) 2 t ( 1) 5 8
s 9 t 5 8
1
f 0 s t 4 ...... (2)
2
3 2 (1) (2): 24s 48
1 1 1
2 p 25 q 0 s 2
2 2 2
By substituting s = 2 into (2), we have
1 p 25
q 0 2 t 4
4 4 2
t 6
p 49
q
4 4
(b) By long division,
p 4q 49 ......(2)
2x2 x 1
4 (1) (2): 63 p 63
3 2
p 1 x 5 2x 9x 6x 5
3 2
By substituting p = 1 into (1), we have 2x 10 x
16(1) q 28 x2 6x 5
q 12 2
x 5x

(b) By long division, x 5

x 3 x 5
2x2 7 x 4 2 x3 x2 25x 12 g ( x) ( x 5)(2 x 2 x 1)
2 x3 7 x2 4x ( x 5)( x 1)(2 x 1)
6x2 21x 12 ( x 5)( x 1) x2 4x 5
2 2
6x 21x 12 ( x 1)(2 x 1) 2x x 1
Quotient x 3 ( x 5)(2 x 1) 2 x 2 11x 5
The possible quadratic polynomials such that
g(x) is divisible by the polynomials are
x2 + 4x 5, 2x2 x 1 or 2x2 + 11x + 5.

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 5 More about Polynomials

36. (a) f(x) is divisible by x 4, By long division,

i.e. x 4 is a factor of f(x). x2 2x 4
f (4) 0 x 2 x3 0 x2 8x 8
2(4) 3
a(4) 2 5(4) b 0 x3 2x2
128 16a 20 b 0
2x2 8x 8
16a b 148 ......(1)
When g(x) is divided by 2x 3, 2x2 4x
remainder 10 4x 8
3 4x 8
g 10
2 f ( x) g ( x) 0
3 2
3 3 3 ( x 2)( x 2 2 x 4) 0
b 88 10 a
2 2 2 x 2 0 or x 2 2 x 4 0
27 3
b 18 a 8 10 ( 2) ( 2) 2 4(1)( 4)
8 2 x 2 or x
2(1)
27 3
b a 0 2 20
8 2 (or 1 5)
4a 9b 0 ......(2) 2
(1) 4 (2): 37b 148 2 20
b 4 or (or 1 5)
2
By substituting b = 4 into (2), we have
4 a 9( 4) 0
Exercise 5E (p. 5.41)
a 9 Level 1
1. a3b5 a3 b5
3 3 a 4b a4 b
(b) f g
2 2 H.C.F. a 3 b
3 2
3 3 3 a 3b
2 9 5 4 ( 10)
2 2 2 L.C.M. a 4 b 5
27 81 15 a 4b 5
4 10
4 4 2
0 2. 2x2 y 4 z 2 x2 y4 z
2x 3 is a factor of f(x) g(x). 2 2 2 2
y z y z
37. (a) x + 2 is a common factor of f(x) and g(x). H.C.F. y2 z
f( 2) = 0 and g( 2) = 0
y2z
f ( 2) 0
( 2) 3 p( 2) 2 q( 2) 8 0 L.C.M. 2 x2 y4 z2
2 4 2
8 4 p 2q 8 0 2x y z
2 p q 0 ......(1)
g ( 2) 0 3. 3a 4bc 2 3 a4 b c2
3 2
( 2)
p( 2) 10( 2) 4q 0 12a 3b 2c 22 3 a 3 b 2 c
8 4 p 20 4q 0 H.C.F. 3 a 3 b c
p q 3 ......(2) 3a 3bc
(1) (2): p 3
L.C.M. 22 3 a 4 b2 c 2
By substituting p = 3 into (2), we have
12a 4 b 2 c 2
3 q 3
q 6
4. 6x2 y 4 z 2 3 x2 y4 z
(b) f ( x) g ( x) 0 8x 2 yz 3 23 x 2 y z3
2
[x 3
3x 2
( 6) x 8] [ x 3
3x 2
10 x 4( 6)] 0 H.C.F. 2 x y z
3 2 3 2 2
x 3x 6x 8 x 3x 10 x 24 0 2 x yz
2 x 3 16 x 16 0 L.C.M. 23 3 x 2 y4 z3
3
x 8x 8 0 24x 2 y 4 z 3

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NSS Mathematics in Action (2nd edition) 4A Full Solutions

5. 2 pqr 2 2 p q r2 H.C.F. ( x 2) (2 x 7)
4 pq 2 2
p q ( x 2)(2 x 7)
8 pqr 23 p q r L.C.M. ( x 2) 2 (2 x 7) 2
H.C.F. 2 p q ( x 2) 2 (2 x 7) 2
2 pq

L.C.M. 23 p q r2 12. 4( x y )( x 5 y ) 2 22 ( x y) ( x 5 y)2

2 2
8 pqr 2( x y ) (5 y x) 2 (x y)2 ( x 5 y)
3
8( x 5 y )( x y ) 2 ( x y ) ( x 5 y )
6.
3
12x y z 2 2
2 2
3 x 3
y 2
z 2 H.C.F. 2( x y )( x 5 y ) (or 2( x y)(5 y x))
16xy 3 z 24 x y 3 z L.C.M. 8( x y)2 ( x 5 y)2 (or 8( x y)2 (5 y x)2 )
2 3 2 2 3
20xy z 2 5 x y z
H.C.F. 22 x y2 z 13. 3x 15 3( x 5)
4 xy 2 z 5 x 25 5( x 5)
4 3 3 3 H.C.F. x 5
L.C.M. 2 3 5 x y z
3 3 3 L.C.M. 3 5 ( x 5)
240x y z
15( x 5)

7. m(m 1)5 m (m 1)5

14. 2a 2 6a 2a(a 3)
m (m 2) m3 (m 2)2
3 2

a 2 9 (a 3)(a 3)
H.C.F. m
H.C.F. a 3
L.C.M. m3 (m 2) 2 (m 1) 5 L.C.M. 2 a (a 3) (a 3)
m3 (m 2) 2 (m 1) 5 2a(a 3)(a 3)

8. ( x 3)( x 2)3 ( x 3) ( x 2)3 15. x2 2 x 8 ( x 2)( x 4)

2 2
( x 3) ( x 2) ( x 3) ( x 2) x 2 8x 16 ( x 4)2
H.C.F. ( x 3) ( x 2) H.C.F. x 4
( x 3)( x 2)
L.C.M. ( x 2)( x 4)2
2 3
L.C.M. ( x 3) ( x 2)
( x 3) 2 ( x 2) 3 16. 8x 2 2 x 3 (2 x 1)(4 x 3)
32x 2 18 2(16x 2 9) 2(4 x 3)(4 x 3)
9. 12( x y)2 ( x 2 y) 22 3 ( x y)2 ( x 2 y) H.C.F. 4 x 3
15( x y)( x 2 y)3 3 5 ( x y) ( x 2 y)3 L.C.M. 2(2 x 1)(4 x 3)(4 x 3)
H.C.F. 3 ( x y ) ( x 2 y )
3( x y )( x 2 y )
17. 3x 2 6 x 3 3( x 2 2 x 1) 3( x 1) 2
L.C.M. 2 2
3 5 (x y) 2
( x 2 y) 3
6x 2
12 x 18 6( x 2
2 x 3)
60( x y) 2 ( x 2 y)3 6( x 1)( x 3)
2 3( x 1)( x 3)
10. (3x 1)( x 3)2 (3x 1) (3x 1) ( x 3)2 (3x 1) H.C.F. 3( x 1)
( x 3)(3x 1)2 (3x 1)3 (3x 1)3 ( x 3) (3x 1)2 L.C.M. 2 3 ( x 1) 2 ( x 3)
H.C.F. (3x 1) ( x 3) (3x 1) 6( x 1) 2 ( x 3)
(3x 1)( x 3)(3x 1)

L.C.M. (3x 1)3 ( x 3)2 (3x 1)2 18. x3 8 x3 23 ( x 2)( x 2 2 x 4)

3 2 2
(3x 1) ( x 3) (3x 1) 4x 2
20 x 24 4( x 2
5 x 6)
22 ( x 2)( x 3)
11. ( x 2)(2 x 7) 2 ( x 2) ( 2 x 7 ) 2
H.C.F. x 2
( x 2)(2 x 7) ( x 2) ( 2 x 7 ) L.C.M. 2 2 ( x 2) ( x 3) ( x 2 2 x 4)
2 2
( x 2) (2 x 7) ( x 2) ( 2 x 7) 4( x 2)( x 3)( x 2
2 x 4)

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 5 More about Polynomials

19. Yes, because the exponent of z in the L.C.M. of the two 25. (a) f (1) (1) 3 4(1) 2 (1) 6 0
polynomials must not be less than that in the H.C.F. of the
x 1 is a factor of f(x).
two polynomials.
By long division,
Level 2 x2 5x 6
3
20. x3 27 x 3
3 3
( x 3)( x 2
3x 9) x 1 x 4x2 x 6
18 2 x 2 2(9 x 2 ) x3 x2
2(3 x)(3 x) 5x2 x 6
2 2
(3 x) (3 x) 5x2 5x
H.C.F. 1 6x 6
L.C.M. 2 ( x 3) (3 x) 2 ( x 2 3x 9)
6x 6

2( x 3)(3 x) 2 ( x 2 3x 9) f ( x) ( x 1)( x 2 5 x 6)
( x 1)( x 2)( x 3)

21. 45x 2 30 x 20 5(9 x 2 6 x 4) g ( x) 3 x 4 6 x 2 3

54 x3 16 2(27 x3 8) 2(3x 2)(9 x 2 6 x 4) 3( x 4 2 x 2 1)
6 x 2 13x 6 (2 x 3)(3x 2) g (1) 3[(1) 4 2(1) 2 1] 0
H.C.F. 1 x 1 is a factor of g(x).
By long division,
L.C.M. 2 5 (3 x 2) (2 x 3) (9 x 2 6 x 4)
x3 x2 x 1
2
10(3 x 2)(2 x 3)(9 x 6 x 4) x 1 x 4
0x 2x2 0x 1
3

x4 x3
2
22. 8a 4b 4(2a b) 2 ( 2a b) x3 2x2 0x 1
8a 2 2b 2 2(4a 2 b 2 ) 2 ( 2 a b) ( 2a b) x 3
x2
8a 2 8ab 2b 2 2(4a 2 4ab b 2 ) 2 ( 2a b) 2 x2 0x 1
H.C.F. 2 (2a b)
x2 x
2( 2 a b )
x 1
L.C.M. 2 2 ( 2a b) 2 ( 2a b) x 1
4( 2 a b ) 2 ( 2 a b ) x2 2x 1
3
x 1 x x2 x 1
23. 9b 2 12ab 4a 2 (3b 2a) 2 x3 x2
3b 3
ab 2 2
2a b b(3b ab 2a ) 2 2
2x2 x 1
b (3b 2a) (b a) 2x2 2x
18b3 15ab2 18a 2b 3b(6b 2 5ab 6a 2 ) x 1
3 b (3b 2a) (2b 3a) x 1
H.C.F. 3b 2a g ( x) 3( x 1)( x 3 x2 x 1)
2 2 2
L.C.M. 3 b (3b 2a ) ( 2b 3a ) (b a ) 3( x 1) ( x 2 x 1)
3b(3b 2a ) 2 (2b 3a )(b a ) 3( x 1) 2 ( x 1) 2
Alternative Solution
24. (a) f ( x) x3 x2 x 1 f ( x) x3 4 x 2 x 6
x 2 ( x 1) ( x 1) ( x 3 1) (4 x 2 x 5)
2
( x 1)( x 1) ( x 1)( x 2 x 1) ( x 1)(4 x 5)
( x 1)( x 1)( x 1) ( x 1)( x 2 x 1 4 x 5)
( x 1)( x 1) 2 ( x 1)( x 2 5 x 6)
g ( x) x3 x ( x 1)( x 2)( x 3)
x( x 2 1) g ( x) 3 x 4 6x2 3
x( x 1)( x 1) 3( x 4
2 x 2 1)
3( x 2 1) 2
(b) H.C.F. ( x 1)( x 1)
3[( x 1)( x 1)]2
L.C.M. x( x 1)( x 1) 2 3( x 1) 2 ( x 1) 2

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NSS Mathematics in Action (2nd edition) 4A Full Solutions

(b) H.C.F. x 1 (b) f ( x) x2 5 x 4( 6)

2
L.C.M. 3( x 1) ( x 1) ( x 2)( x 3) 2 x 2 5 x 24
( x 3)( x 8)

f ( x) 3x 2 (3a 4) x 4a g ( x) x2 3(5) x 9( 6)
26. (a)
( x a)(3x 4) x 2 15x 54
( x 3)( x 18)
g ( x) (a 2) 2 ( x 2) 2 L.C.M. ( x 3)( x 8)( x 18)
[(a 2) ( x 2)][(a 2) ( x 2)]
(a x)(a x 4)
29. 6 x 2 yz 2 3 x2 y z
2
H.C.F. 2x y
(b) H.C.F. x a
2 x2 y
L.C.M. (x a )(3 x 4)(a x 4) 3 2
L.C.M. 12x y z
22 3 x 3 y 2 z
27. (a) x + 3 is a common factor of f(x) and g(x). The exponent of 2 in the monomial is 2.
f ( 3) 0 and g ( 3) 0 The exponent of 3 in the monomial is 0.
f ( 3) 0 The exponent of x in the monomial is 3.
The exponent of y in the monomial is 2.
2( 3) 2 2( 3) a 0
The exponent of z in the monomial is 0.
18 6 a 0 The monomial 22 30 x3 y 2 z 0
a 12
4 x3 y 2
g ( 3) 0
Alternative Solution
( 3)3 b( 3) 2 4( 3) 12 0 Let f(x) be the monomial.
27 9b 12 12 0 Product of the two polynomials = H.C.F. L.C.M.
9b 27 f ( x) 6 x 2 yz 2 x 2 y 12 x 3 y 2 z
b 3 2 x 2 y 12 x 3 y 2 z
f ( x) 4 x3 y 2
6 x 2 yz
(b) f ( x) 2x2 2 x 12 The monomial is 4x y2.
3

2
2( x x 6) 2 3
30. 12a b c 22 3 a 2 b3 c
2( x 2)( x 3)
8a 3b 2c 23 a 3 b 2 c
g ( x) x3 3x 2 4 x 12
H.C.F. 2a 2bc
( x 3)( x 2 4)
2 a2 b c
( x 2)( x 2)( x 3)
L.C.M. 72a 3b3c 2
H.C.F. ( x 3)( x 2)
23 32 a 3 b3 c 2
The exponent of 2 in the monomial is 1.
28. (a) H.C.F. of f(x) and g(x) is x + 3. The exponent of 3 in the monomial is 2.
x + 3 is a common factor of f(x) and g(x). The exponent of a in the monomial is 2 or 3.
f ( 3) 0 and g ( 3) 0 The exponent of b in the monomial is 1.
f ( 3) 0 The exponent of c in the monomial is 2.
The possible monomials
( 3) 2 a( 3) 4b 0
2 32 a 2 b c 2 or 2 32 a 3 b c 2
9 3a 4b 0
18a 2bc 2 or 18a 3bc2
3a 4b 9 ......(1)
g ( 3) 0
31. (a) H.C.F. must be a factor of the L.C.M.
( 3)2 3a( 3) 9b 0
2x + 3 must be a factor of 2 x 3 5x 2 x 6 .
9 9a 9b 0 By long division,
a b 1 ......(2) 2 x 3 5 x 2 x 6 (2 x 3)( x 2 x 2)
(1) 3 (2): b 6 (2 x 3)( x 1)( x 2)
By substituting b = 6 into (2), we have
a ( 6) 1
(b) The two polynomials are (x 1)(2x + 3) and
a 5 (x + 2)(2x + 3).

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 5 More about Polynomials

Exercise 5F (p. 5.48) x3 8 4x 8

Level 1 8.
x3 8 3x 6
6 x 18 6( x 3)
1. ( x 2)( x 2 2 x 4) 4( x 2)
3 x 2 9 x 3 x( x 3)
( x 2)( x 2 2 x 4) 3( x 2)
62
( x 2)( x 2 2 x 4) 3( x 2)
3x
2 ( x 2)( x 2 2 x 4) 4( x 2)
x 3( x 2 2 x 4)
4( x 2 2 x 4)
x2 4 (x 2)( x 2)
2.
x 2
x 2 (x 1)( x 2) 4x 2 6x 6x 4x 2
9.
x 2 1 5x 10 x 2 13x 3
x 1 2 x(2 x 3) 2 x(3 2 x)
1 5x (5 x 1)(2 x 3)
2 x 2 20 x 50 2( x 2 10 x 25) 2 x(2 x 3) (1 5 x)(2 x 3)
3. 1 5x 2 x(3 2 x)
x 2 8 x 15 ( x 3)( x 5)
2( x 5) 2 (2 x 3) 2
( x 3)( x 5) 3 2x
2( x 5) (2 x 3) 2
x 3 2x 3

xy 2 y y ( x 2) x 2 8 x 12 x 2 4 x 12
4. 10.
x 2 y 4 xy 4 y y ( x 2 4 x 4) x 2 11x 30 x 2 x 30

x 2 ( x 2 8x 12) x 2 4 x 12
( x 2) 2 x 2 11x 30 ( x 2 x 30)
1 ( x 2)( x 6) ( x 2)( x 6)
x 2 ( x 5)( x 6) ( x 5)( x 6)
( x 2) ( x 5)
x2 6x2 9x
x 5 x 2
5. 1
4x 6 4x3
x2 3 x(2 x 3)
x2 9 y2 x 3y
2( 2 x 3) 4 x3 11.
x 6 xy 9 y 2 x 2 3xy
2

3
( x 3 y )( x 3 y ) x 3y
8
( x 3 y)2 x( x 3 y )
x 3 y x( x 3 y )
x2 2x x2 2x x 3y x 3y
6.
3x 3 6 x 2 x 2 4
x
x( x 2) x( x 2)
3x 2 ( x 2) ( x 2)( x 2)
4 x 2 4 xy y 2 x 2 2 xy y 2
1 12.
2 x 2 xy y 2 8x 2 2 y 2
3( x 2)
(2 x y ) 2 ( x y) 2
( x y )(2 x y ) 2(2 x y )(2 x y)
x2 x 2 x 2 3x x y
7. 3 2 2
x x x 2x 3 2( 2 x y )
( x 1)( x 2) x( x 3)
x 2 ( x 1) ( x 1)( x 3)
x 2
x( x 1)

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NSS Mathematics in Action (2nd edition) 4A Full Solutions

1 1 2x 6 2x
13. 17.
( x 1)( x 3) ( x 3)( x 7) x2 9 2 x 2 12 x 18
x 7 x 1 2x 2( x 3)
(x 1)( x 3)( x 7) ( x 1)( x 3)( x 7) ( x 3)( x 3) 2( x 2 6 x 9)
2x 6 2x x 3
(x 1)( x 3)( x 7) ( x 3)( x 3) ( x 3) 2
2( x 3) 2 x( x 3) ( x 3)( x 3)
(x 1)( x 3)( x 7) ( x 3)( x 3) 2 ( x 3)( x 3) 2
2 2x2 6x x2 9
(x 1)( x 7) ( x 3)( x 3) 2
x2 6x 9
3x 4 ( x 3)( x 3) 2
14.
(1 x)(3 x 2) x(3 x 2) ( x 3) 2
3x 2 4(1 x) ( x 3)( x 3) 2
x(1 x)(3x 2) x(1 x)(3x 2) 1
3x 2 4 x 4 x 3
x(1 x)(3x 2)
( x 2)(3x 2) 5 3
18.
x(1 x)(3x 2) x2 x 6 2 x 2 5x 2
5 3
x 2
( x 2)( x 3) ( x 2)(2 x 1)
x(1 x)
5(2 x 1) 3( x 3)
( x 2)( x 3)(2 x 1) ( x 2)( x 3)(2 x 1)
3x 9 x 2
15. 10 x 5 3 x 9
x 2 3x x 2 2 x
( x 2)( x 3)(2 x 1)
3( x 3) x 2
7 x 14
x( x 3) x( x 2)
( x 2)( x 3)(2 x 1)
3 1
7 ( x 2)
x x
4 ( x 2)( x 3)(2 x 1)
x 7
(2 x 1)( x 3)
2 4y
16.
x y x2 y2 Level 2
2 4y A B
19. R.H.S.
x y (x y )( x y) x 3 2x 1
A(2 x 1) B( x 3)
2( x y ) 4y
( x 3)(2 x 1)
( x y )( x y ) (x y )( x y )
( 2 A B ) x ( A 3B )
2x 2 y
( x 3)(2 x 1)
( x y )( x y )
By comparing the like terms in the numerators on both
2( x y ) sides, we have
( x y )( x y ) 2 A B 5 ......(1)
2 A 3B 8 ......(2)
x y (1) 2 (2) : 7 B 21
B 3
By substituting B = 3 into (1), we have
2A 3 5
A 1

P Q
20. R.H.S.
3x 1 x 2
P( x 2) Q(3x 1)
(3x 1)( x 2)
( P 3Q) x (2 P Q)
(3 x 1)( x 2)

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 5 More about Polynomials

By comparing the like terms in the numerators on both x y 1

sides, we have 25.
(x y) 2 x( x y) x y
P 3Q 1 ......(1)
x2 y( x y) x( x y )
2 P Q 12 ......(2)
x( x y) 2 x( x y ) 2 x( x y ) 2
(2) 2 (1) : 7Q 14
x2 xy y 2 x 2 xy
Q 2
x( x y ) 2
By substituting Q = 2 into (2), we have
2 P 2 12 y2
x( x y) 2
P 5

y 2x 3x 2 y 2 1 5y
21. (6 x 2 13xy 6 y 2 ) 26.
y 3x 2x y x 2y x 3y x2 xy 6 y 2
y 2 x 3x 2 y 2( x 3 y ) x 2y 5y
[(2 x 3 y )(3x 2 y)]
y 3x 2 x y ( x 2 y )( x 3 y ) ( x 2 y )( x 3 y ) ( x 2 y )( x 3 y )
(2 x y ) 3x 2 y 1 2x 6 y x 2 y 5 y
y 3x 2 x y (2 x 3 y)(3x 2 y ) ( x 2 y )( x 3 y )
1 x 3y
(2 x 3 y )(3x y ) ( x 2 y )( x 3 y )
1
16 x 3 2 4x2 2x 1 x 2y
22.
4x2 1 2x2 x 2x
2(8 x 3 1) 4x 2 2x 1 1 x 1 x
27.
(2 x 1)(2 x 1) x(2 x 1) 2x x 2 3x 2 2 x 2 3x 2 2 x 2 x 1
2(2 x 1)(4 x 2 2 x 1) x(2 x 1) 2x 1 x 1 x
(2 x 1)(2 x 1) 2
2x 1 ( x 1)( x 2) ( x 2)(2 x 1) ( x 1)(2 x 1)
2 4x
2x 1 ( x 1)( x 1) x( x 2)
4x 2 2x 1
( x 1)( x 2)(2 x 1) ( x 1)( x 2)(2 x 1) ( x 1)( x 2)(2 x 1)
2x 1
2x 1 x 2 1 x 2 2x
23. ( x 1)( x 2)(2 x 1)
4a 2 b 2ab 2 b 3 2a 2 3ab 2b 2 2a 2 5ab 2b 2 2
a 2b a 2b 8a 3 b 3 ( x 1)( x 2)(2 x 1)
b( 4a 2 2ab b 2 ) (a 2b)(2a b) (a 2b)(2a b)
a 2b a 2b (2a b)(4a 2 2ab b 2 ) 4a 2 9 1 1
28.
b( 4a 2
2ab b )2
1 a 2b 4a 2 6a a a 3
a 2b 2a b 4a 2 2ab b 2 (2a 3)(2a 3) 1
(a 3)
b 2a(2a 3) a
2a b 2a 3 2(a 3)
2a 2a
24. 2a 3 2a 6
9 10 1 2a
( x 3)( x 6) (6 x)( x 4) ( x 3)( x 4) 9
9( x 4) 10( x 3) x 6 2a
( x 3)( x 4)( x 6) ( x 3)( x 4)( x 6) ( x 3)( x 4)( x 6)
9 x 36 10 x 30 x 6 x 1 2 x 2 3x 1 x 2 3x 2
29.
( x 3)( x 4)( x 6) x x 1 x2 2x
0 x 1 (2 x 1)( x 1) ( x 1)( x 2)
x x 1 x ( x 2)
( x 1)(2 x 1) x 1
x x
( x 1)(2 x 1 1)
x
2 x( x 1)
x
2( x 1)

181
NSS Mathematics in Action (2nd edition) 4A Full Solutions

8x 3 y3 2 x 2 xy y c2 1 c 2 8c 12
30. 1 (b)
4x 2 y2 x2 2x c 7c 6 c 5c 2 2c 8
2 3

(2 x y )(4 x 2 2 xy y 2 ) x( 2 x y ) 2x y (c 1)(c 1) (c 2)(c 6)

(by (a))
(2 x y )(2 x y ) x2 2x (c 1)(c 6) (c 1)(c 2)(c 4)
4x2 2 xy y2 2x 1
x 2x y c 4
2(4 x 2 2 xy y2 )
2x y 35. (a) Let f ( x) x 3 10 x 2 32 x 32 and
g ( x) 2 x3 11x 2 10 x 8 .
1 1 1 f (4) (4) 3 10(4) 2 32(4) 32
31.
x2 1 x2 4 x2 x 2 64 160 128 32
1 1 1 0
( x 1)( x 1) ( x 2)( x 2) ( x 1)( x 2) g ( 4) 2(4) 3 11(4) 2 10(4) 8
128 176 40 8
( x 2)( x 2) ( x 1)( x 1)
( x 1)( x 2) 0
( x 1)( x 1)( x 2)( x 2)
x 4 is a common factor of x3 10x2 + 32x 32
x2 4 x2 1 and 2x3 11x2 + 10x + 8.
( x 1)( x 2)
3 (b) By long division,
( x 1)( x 2) f ( x) ( x 4)( x 2 6 x 8)
( x 4)( x 2)( x 4)
x 1 ( x 2)( x 4) 2
32.
1 g ( x) ( x 4)(2 x 2 3x 2)
x
x ( x 4)(2 x 1)( x 2)
x 1
x2 2x 8 8x 4
x2 1
x 10 x 2 32 x 32 2 x 3 11x 2 10 x 8
3

x
( x 2)( x 4) 4(2 x 1)
x
( x 1) ( x 2)( x 4) 2 ( x 4)(2 x 1)( x 2)
x2 1
x 2 4
x
( x 1) ( x 2)( x 4) ( x 4)( x 2)
( x 1)( x 1)
x 2 4
x
( x 2)( x 4)
x 1
x 2
( x 2)( x 4)
a b
1
33. b a
1 1 x 4
a b
a2 b2 x y
36. (a) a 1 1
ab x y
b a x y x y
ab x y x y
a 2 b2 ab 2x
ab b a x y
(a b)(b a ) ab
ab b a x y
a 1 1
a b x y
x y x y
3 2 x y x y
34. (a) (i) Let f (c) c 5c 2c 8 .
2y
f (1) (1) 3 5(1) 2 2(1) 8
x y
1 5 2 8
0
c 1 is a factor of c3 + 5c2 + 2c 8.
(ii) By long division,
c 3 5c 2 2c 8 (c 1)(c 2 6c 8)
(c 1)(c 2)(c 4)

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 5 More about Polynomials

x y By comparing the constant term on both sides,

(b) b 1 1
x y k 5
x y x y
x y x y 4. (a) 2x 6
2x x 3 2x 2
0x 5
x y 2x 2
6x
x y 6x 5
b 1 1
x y 6 x 18
x y x y 13
x y x y Quotient 2 x 6 , remainder 13
2y
x y (b) 2x
2
2x 1 4x 2x 3
2x 2x 4x 2
2x
(c) b 1 a 1 x y x y
(by (a) and (b)) 3
b 1 a 1 2y 2y
Quotient 2 x , remainder 3
x y x y
2x 2x
2y 2y 5. Let f ( x) x 2 2 x k .
By the remainder theorem,
x2
f ( 3) 4
y2
( 3) 2 2( 3) k 4
9 6 k 4
Check Yourself (p. 5.54)
k 7
1. (a) (b)
(c) (d)
(e) 6. f ( 5) 0
x + 5 is a factor of f(x).
2. Let f ( x) x3 2x2 9 x 18 . By long division,
f ( 2) ( 2) 2( 2) 2 9( 2) 18
3
x 2 5x 6
8 8 18 18 x 5 x3 0 x 2 19 x 30
20
x3 5x 2
0
5 x 2 19 x 30
x + 2 is not a factor of x3 2 x2 9 x 18 .
5x 2 25 x
f (3) (3) 3 2(3) 2 9(3) 18
6 x 30
27 18 27 18
6 x 30
0
x 3 is a factor of x3 2 x2 9 x 18 . f ( x) ( x 5)( x 2 5x 6)
3 2 ( x 5)( x 3)( x 2)
1 1 1 1
f 2 9 18
2 2 2 2
1 1 9 7. (a) 6 x 2 yz 4 2 3 x2 y z4
18
8 2 2 10 xy 2 z 3 2 5 x y2 z3
105 3
H.C.F. 2 x y z
8
0 2 xyz 3
2x 1 is not a factor of x3 2 x2 9 x 18 . L.C.M. 2 3 5 x2 y2 z4
The answer is II.
30 x 2 y 2 z 4
3. Answer: A
By division algorithm, we have (b) x2 x 12 ( x 3)( x 4)
2 x 2 hx k (2 x 1)( x 2) 3
x2 9 ( x 3)( x 3)
2x2 x 4x 2 3 H.C.F. x 3
2 x 2 5x 5
By comparing the coefficient of x on both sides, L.C.M. ( x 3)( x 3)( x 4)
h 5

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NSS Mathematics in Action (2nd edition) 4A Full Solutions

3x 2 3x 2 5 x 2 4. x2 x
8. (a)
4x2 8x x 2 x 3
3x 2 2x 3
3 x 2 ( x 1)(3 x 2) x3 2x 2
4x2 8x
2 x2 2x 3
3x 2 8x
2
4x2 ( x 1)(3 x 2) x 2x
2 3
x( x 1) Quotient = x 2
x , remainder = 3

1 2y 5. By division algorithm, we have

(b)
2x y 4x2 y 2 f ( x) (2 x 1)(3x 2 6 x 2) 7
1 2y (2 x)(3x 2 6 x 2) (1)(3x 2 6 x 2) 7
3 2 2
2 x y (2 x y )(2 x y ) 6x 12x 4 x 3x 6x 2 7
2x y 2y 6x3 9x 2 2x 9
(2 x y )(2 x y ) (2 x y )(2 x y) The required polynomial is 6x3 9x2 2x + 9.
2x y
6. By division algorithm, we have
(2 x y )(2 x y )
3x3 4 x 2 2 x 7 g ( x) (3x 5) (14 x 12)
1
2x y (3x3 4x2 2 x 7) (14 x 12)
g ( x)
3x 5
3x3 4 x 2 12 x 5
Revision Exercise 5 (p. 5.55)
Level 1 3x 5
1. By long division,
3x 1
4 x 2 12 x 3 4 x 2 8 x 1 x2 3x 1
3
3x 5 3x 4 x 2 12 x 5
12 x 3
3x3 5x2
4x 2 8x 1
9 x 2 12 x 5
4x 2
9 x 2 15x
8x 1
Quotient = 3 x 1 , remainder = 8 x 1 3x 5
3x 5
2. x2 2x 4 (3x 5)( x 2 3x 1)
g ( x)
x 3 x3 x2 2x 5 3x 5
x 2 3x 1
x3 3x 2
The required polynomial is x2 3x + 1.
2x2 2x 5
7. Let f(x) = x3 2x2 + 6x + 1.
2x2 6x
By the remainder theorem,
4x 5 remainder f (3)
4 x 12 (3)3 2(3) 2 6(3) 1
7 27 18 18 1
Quotient = x 2 2x 4 , remainder = 7 28

3. 2x2 x 1 8. Let f(x) = 16x3 2x 3.

By the remainder theorem,
2 x 1 4 x3 0x2 x 3 1
3 remainder f
4x 2x2 2
2x2 x 3 1
3
1
16 2 3
2x2 x 2 2
2x 3 2 1 3
2x 1 4
4
9. Let g ( x) ax b , where a and b are constants and a 0 .
Quotient = 2 x 2 x 1 , remainder = 4
When f (x) is divided by 2 g ( x),
by the remainder theorem,

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 5 More about Polynomials

b f ( a) 0
remainder f 2
a 2( a) a( a) 12 0
When f (x) is divided by g (x), 2a 2 a 2 12 0
by the remainder theorem, 3(a 2 4) 0
b
remainder f a2 4 0
a
(a 2)(a 2) 0
The remainder of f ( x) 2g ( x) equals to that of
a 2 or a 2
f ( x) g ( x).
The remainder of f ( x) 2g ( x) is not twice that of
f ( x) g ( x). 15. (a) f ( 3) ( 3)3 ( 3) 2 8( 3) 12
27 9 24 12
10. Let f(x) = 3x3 + 4x2 + x + c. 0
By the remainder theorem,
x + 3 is a factor of f(x).
1
f 5
3 (b) By long division,
1
3
1
2
1 x2 4x 4
3 4 c 5 3
3 3 3 x 3 x x2 8 x 12
1 4 1 x3 3x 2
c 5
9 9 3 4x2 8 x 12
c 5 2
4x 12 x
4 x 12
11. Let f ( x) x3 2 x 2 px 4 and g ( x) 3x3 x2 x 1.
By the remainder theorem, 4 x 12
f (1) g (1) f ( x) ( x 3)( x 2 4 x 4)
3 2 3 2
(1) 2(1) p(1) 4 3(1) (1) (1) 1 ( x 3)( x 2)2
1 2 p 4 3 1 1 1
p 9 16. (a) 2x + 1 is a factor of g(x).
1
g 0
12. (a) f(3) = (3)4 3(3)3 4 2
= 81 81 4 3 2
= 4 1 1 1
2 5 k 3 0
2 2 2
x 3 is not a factor of f(x). 1 5 k
3 0
4 4 2
(b) f( 1) = ( 1)4 3( 1)3 4
k
=1+3 4 2
=0 2
x + 1 is a factor of f(x). k 4

3 2
1 1 1 1 (b) By long division,
13. (a) f 4 2 6 3
2 2 2 2 x2 2x 3
3
1 1 2x 1 2x 5x2 4 x 3
3 3
2 2 2 x3 x2
0
2x 1 is a factor of f(x). 4x2 4x 3
2
4x 2x
3 2
3 3 3 3 6x 3
(b) f 4 2 6 3
2 2 2 2 6x 3
27 9 g ( x) (2 x 1)( x 2 2 x 3)
9 3
2 2 (2 x 1)( x 3)( x 1)
6
0
17. Let f(x) = x3 2x2 7x 4.
2x + 3 is not a factor of f(x).
f (1) (1)3 2(1) 2 7(1) 4 12 0
14. Let f(x) = 2x2 ax 12. f ( 1) ( 1)3 2( 1) 2 7( 1) 4 0
f(x) is divisible by x + a, x + 1 is a factor of f(x).
i.e. x + a is a factor of f(x).

185
NSS Mathematics in Action (2nd edition) 4A Full Solutions

By long division, By long division,

x 2 3x 4 3x 2 2 x 6
x 1 x 2x2 7 x 4
3
x 1 3x 3
x2 8x 6
x3 x2 3x3 3x 2
3x 2 7x 4 2 x2 8x 6
2
3x 3x 2x2 2x
4x 4 6x 6
4x 4 6x 6
x 3 2 x 2 7 x 4 ( x 1)( x 2 3x 4) 3x 3 x2 8x 6 ( x 1)(3x2 2 x 6)
2
( x 1) ( x 4)
21. ( x 3) 2 ( x 6) ( x 3) 2 ( x 6)
18. Let f(x) = x3 + 5x2 2x 24. ( x 3) 3 ( x 2) ( x 3) 3 ( x 2)
f (1) (1)3 5(1) 2 2(1) 24 20 0
H.C.F. ( x 3)2
f ( 1) ( 1)3 5( 1) 2 2( 1) 24 18 0
f (2) (2)3 5(2) 2 2(2) 24 0 L.C.M. ( x 3) 3 ( x 2) ( x 6)
x 2 is a factor of f(x). ( x 3) 3 ( x 2)( x 6)
By long division,
x2 7 x 12 22. 4(2 x y) 2 ( x 2 y) 2 2 (2 x y) 2 ( x 2 y)
3
x 2 x 5x2 2 x 24
6(2 x y)( x 2 y) 2 3 (2 x y) ( x 2 y)3
3

x3 2x2 H.C.F. 2 (2 x y ) ( x 2 y )
7 x2 2 x 24 2(2 x y )( x 2 y )
2
7x 14 x
L.C.M. 2 2 3 ( 2 x y ) 2 ( x 2 y ) 3
12 x 24
12( 2 x y) 2 ( x 2 y)3
12 x 24
x3 5x2 2 x 24 ( x 2)( x 2 7 x 12) 23. 2 x 2 3x 2 (2 x 1) ( x 2)
( x 2)( x 3)( x 4) 2
2x 5x 2 (2 x 1) ( x 2)
H.C.F. 2 x 1
19. Let f(x) = 2x3 + 3x2 8x + 3.
L.C.M. (2 x 1) ( x 2) ( x 2)
f (1) 2(1) 3 3(1) 2 8(1) 3 0
(2 x 1)( x 2)( x 2)
x 1 is a factor of f(x).
By long division,
2 x2 5x 3 24. 2 x 2 12 x 18 2 ( x 2 6 x 9)
x 1 2 x 3x 2 8 x 3
3
2 ( x 3) 2
2 x3 2x2 2 x3 9 x 2 9x x (2 x 2 9 x 9)
5x 2
8x 3 x (2 x 3) ( x 3)
5x2 5x H.C.F. x 3

3x 3 L.C.M. 2 x ( 2 x 3) ( x 3) 2
3x 3 2 x(2 x 3)( x 3) 2
3 2 2
2x 3x 8 x 3 ( x 1)(2 x 5 x 3)
( x 1)( x 3)(2 x 1) 6x 4 2 x 2 3x
25.
6 x 9 x 3x 2 2 x
2

20. Let f(x) = 3x3 + x2 8x 6. 2(3x 2) x(2 x 3)

f (1) 3(1)3 (1)2 8(1) 6 10 0 3x(2 x 3) x(3x 2)
f ( 1) 3( 1) ( 1) 8( 1) 6 03 2 2
x + 1 is a factor of f(x). 3x

186
 5 More about Polynomials

2x 4 x 2 x 3 x 1
26. 30.
x 2 8 x 16 4 x 16 x 2 3x 2 x 2 5 x 6
2( x 2 ) x 2 x 3 x 1
( x 4 ) 2 4 ( x 4) ( x 1)( x 2) ( x 2)( x 3)
2( x 2 ) 4 ( x 4) ( x 3) 2 ( x 1) 2
( x 4) 2 x 2 ( x 1)( x 2)( x 3) ( x 1)( x 2)( x 3)
8 x 2 6x 9 x 2 2x 1
x 4 ( x 1)( x 2)( x 3)
4x 8
x2 y2 4 x 2 3xy y 2 ( x 1)( x 2)( x 3)
27. 2 2
x 2 xy y y 4x 4( x 2)
( x y )( x y ) ( x y )(4 x y ) ( x 1)( x 2)( x 3)
( x y)2 (4 x y ) 4
x y 1 ( x 1)( x 3)
x y x y
1 Level 2
y x 31. 2x 5
x 2 2 x 1 2 x3 x2 x 9
2 3 2 x3 4x2 2x
28. 2
x 2x ( x 1)( x 2) 5x 2
x 9
2 3 2
5x 10 x 5
x( x 2) ( x 1)( x 2)
11x 4
2( x 1) 3x
Quotient 2 x 5 , remainder 11x 4
x( x 1)( x 2) x ( x 1)( x 2)
x 2
32. x 1
x( x 1)( x 2)
3x 2 3x 3x 3 0 x 2 2 x 5
( x 2)
x( x 1)( x 2) 3x 3 3x 2
1 3x 2 2 x 5
x( x 1) 3x 2 3x
5x 5
1 3x 6 Quotient x 1 , remainder 5x 5
29.
x 1 x2 4
1 3( x 2)
33. 3x 9
x 1 ( x 2)( x 2) 2 3 2
x 3x 2 3x 0x 2x 0
1 3
x 1 x 2 3x 3 9 x 2 6x
x 2 3( x 1) 9x2 4x 0
( x 1)( x 2) ( x 1)( x 2) 2
9x 27 x 18
4x 1
23x 18
( x 2)( x 1)
Quotient 3x 9 , remainder 23x 18

34. x 3
2x2 0x 1 2 x3 6 x 2 0 x 3
2 x3 0 x 2 x
2
6x x 3
6x2 0x 3
x
Quotient x 3 , remainder x

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NSS Mathematics in Action (2nd edition) 4A Full Solutions

35. By division algorithm, (2) (1): 12a 36

x 2 ax 12 ( x 2)( x 1) b a 3
x 2 3x 2 b By substituting a = 3 into (1), we have
By comparing the coefficient of x on both sides, 4(3) b 2
a 3 b 14
By comparing the constant term on both sides,
12 2 b 39. (a) By division algorithm, we have
b 14 f ( x) ( x 1)(4 x 2 5 x 5) 6
( x 1)(4 x 2 ) ( x 1)(5 x) ( x 1)(5) 6
36. Let f ( x) ax 3 3x 2 8 x b.
4 x3 4 x 2 5x 2 5x 5x 5 6
When f(x) is divided by 2x,
remainder 1 4 x3 x2 1
f ( 0) 1
(b) By long division,
a (0) 3 3(0) 2 8(0) b 1
4x 1
b 1 x 2 0 x 2 4 x3 x2 0x 1
When f(x) is divided by x 2,
4 x3 0 x 2 8x
remainder 19
f (2) 19 x2 8x 1
a(2)3 3(2) 2 8(2) 1 19 x2 0x 2
8a 12 16 1 19 8x 1
8a 16 Quotient 4 x 1
a 2
40. (a) 2x 3 is a factor of f(x).
37. Let f(x) = 2x3 x2
ax + b and g(x) = bx3 2x2 x + a. 3
f 0
x 1 is a common factor of f(x) and g(x). 2
f (1) 0 and g (1) 0 3
3
3
2
3
f (1) 0 2 9 p 6 0
2 2 2
3 2
2(1) (1) a(1) b 0 27 81 3
p 6 0
a b 1 (1 ) 4 4 2
g (1) 0 3 39
p
b(1) 3
2(1) 2
(1) a 0 2 2
a b 3 (2) p 13
(1) + (2): 2a 4
a 2 (b) f ( x) 0

By substituting a = 2 into (1), we have 2 x 3 9 x 2 13x 6 0

2 b 1 By long division,
2 x3 9 x 2 13x 6 0
b 1
(2 x 3)( x 2 3x 2) 0
38. Let f(x) = ax3 11x2
+ bx + 40 and Q(x) be the quotient (2 x 3)( x 1)( x 2) 0
when f(x) is divided by x2 2x 8. 3
By division algorithm, we have x or x 1 or x 2
2
f ( x) ( x 2 2 x 8) Q( x)
( x 2)( x 4) Q( x) 41. (a) By division algorithm, we have
f(x) is divisible by x + 2 and x 4, 2 x3 px2 qx 2 (2 x 3)( x 2 x 1) r
i.e. x + 2 and x 4 are factors of f(x).
2 x3 3x 2 2x2 3x 2 x 3 r
f( 2) = 0 and f(4) = 0
f ( 2) 0 2 x3 x 2 5 x r 3
a( 2) 3 11( 2) 2 b( 2) 40 0 By comparing the coefficient of x 2 on both sides,
p 1
8a 44 2b 40 0
By comparing the coefficient of x on both sides,
4a b 2 (1 )
q 5
f (4) 0
By comparing the constant term on both sides,
a(4) 3 11(4) 2 b(4) 40 0 2 r 3
64a 176 4b 40 0 r 5
16a b 34 (2)

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 5 More about Polynomials

(b) f ( x) 5 f ( 2 1) 0
2
(2 x 3)( x x 1) 5 5 f ( 1) 0
(2 x 3)( x 2 x 1) 0 ( 1) 2 a( 1) b 0
2x 3 0 or x 2 x 1 0 a b 1 (2)
(1) + (2): 2a 4
3 ( 1) ( 1) 2 4(1)( 1)
x or x a 2
2 2(1)
By substituting a = 2 into (1), we have
1 5 1 5 2 b 3
or
2 2 b 1

42. (a) f(x) is divisible by x + 1, 45. Let Q1 ( x) and Q2 ( x) be the quotient when f(x) and
i.e. x + 1 is a factor of f(x). f(x) + g(x) are divided by x k respectively.
f ( 1) 0 By division algorithm, we have
4( 1)3 m( 1) 2 n( 1) 2 0 f ( x) ( x k )Q1 ( x) 2
4 m n 2 0 f(x) + g(x) is divisible by x k,
m n 6 ......(1) i.e. x k is a factor of f(x) + g(x).
By the remainder theorem, f ( x) g ( x) ( x k )Q2 ( x)
f( 2) 12 ( x k )Q1 ( x) 2 g ( x) ( x k )Q2 ( x)
4( 2) 3
m( 2) n( 2) 2 12 2 g ( x) ( x k )Q1 ( x) 2 ( x k )Q2 ( x)
32 4m 2n 2 12 ( x k )[Q2 ( x) Q1 ( x)] 2
2m n 11 ......(2) Let Q2 ( x) Q1 ( x) 0 , g ( x) 2
(2) (1): m 5 Let Q2 ( x) Q1 ( x) 1 , g ( x) x k 2
By substituting m = 5 into (1), we have Let Q2 ( x) Q1 ( x) 1 , g ( x) x k 2
5 n 6 The possible polynomials g(x) are 2 or x k 2
n 1 or x + k 2 (or any other reasonable answers).

46. Let f(x) = x2016 1.

3 2
(b) f ( x) 4 x 5 x x 2 (a) By the remainder theorem,
By long division, remainder f (1)
f ( x) ( x 1)(4 x 2 x 2) (1) 2016 1
Consider 4 x 2 x 2 0. 1 1
12 4(4)( 2) 0
1 32
33 (b) x2016 1 is divisible by x 1.
252016 1 is divisible by 24.
0
The time after (252016 1) hours is 18:00.
4 x 2 x 2 0 has two unequal real roots.
i.e. The time after 252016 hours is 19:00.
f ( x) 0 has more than one real roots.
The claim is disagreed. 47. 4 x3 32 22 ( x 3 8)

43. (a) By the remainder theorem, 22 ( x 2) ( x 2 2 x 4)

remainder = f( 1+1) = f(0) = (0)3 + k = k 8x 2
32 23 ( x 2 4)
k 1 23 ( x 2) ( x 2)
Alternative solution x 2
6 x 8 ( x 2) ( x 4)
f ( x 1) ( x 1) 3 k ( x 1) ( x 1) 2 k
H.C.F. x 2
When f(x + 1) is divided by x + 1, the remainder
is k. L.C.M. 23 ( x 2) ( x 2) ( x 4) ( x 2 2 x 4)
k 1 8( x 2)( x 2)( x 4)( x 2 2 x 4)

(b) By the remainder theorem,

48. 9 x 2 12 xy 4y2 (3x 2 y ) 2
remainder = f[2(2)] = f(4) = (4)3 + 1 65
6x2 5 xy 6 y 2 (2 x 3 y )(3x 2 y )
2
44. By the remainder theorem, 9x 3xy 6 y 2 3 (3x 2 xy 2 y 2 )
remainder = f(2 1) = 4 3 ( x y ) (3x 2 y )
f(1) = 4
(1)2 + a(1) + b = 4 H.C.F. 3x 2 y
a b 3 (1 ) L.C.M. 3 ( x y ) (2 x 3 y ) (3 x 2 y ) 2
f(x + 1) is divisible by x + 2,
3( x y )(2 x 3 y )(3 x 2 y ) 2
i.e. x + 2 is a factor of f(x + 1).
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NSS Mathematics in Action (2nd edition) 4A Full Solutions

49. (a) f ( x) (2 x 2 5) 2 (3x 1) 2 3 w w

54.
(2 x 2
5 3x 1)(2 x 2
5 3x 1) 16w 2 36 2w 3 2w 3
2 2 3 w w
(2 x 3x 4)(2 x 3x 6)
4(4 w 2 9) 2w 3 2w 3
3 2
g (3) 2(3) 3(3) 5(3) 12 0 3 4w(2 w 3) 4 w(2 w 3)
x 3 is a factor of g(x). 4(2 w 3)(2w 3) 4(2 x 3)(2w 3) 4(2w 3)(2 w 3)
By long division, 24w 3
g ( x) 2 x 3 3 x 2 5 x 12 4(2 w 3)(2w 3)
( x 3)(2 x 2 3 x 4) 3(8w 1)
4(2 w 3)(2w 3)
(b) H.C.F. 2 x 2 3x 4
L.C.M. ( x 3)(2 x 2 3 x 6)(2 x 2 3 x 4) 1 2x 3 x2 x 2
55.
x x 1 4x2 9
1 2x 3 (x 1)( x 2)
50. x 4 y 2 z x4 y2 z
2
x x 1 (2 x 3)(2 x 3)
H.C.F. xy z
1 x 2
x y2 z x 2x 3
L.C.M. x4 y2 z3 2x 3 x ( x 2)
x4 y2 z3 x(2 x 3) x(2 x 3)
The exponent of x in the monomial is 1. x2 4x 3
The exponent of y in the monomial is 2. x(2 x 3)
The exponent of z in the monomial is 3.
( x 1)( x 3)
The monomial x1 y 2 z 3
x(2 x 3)
xy 2 z 3

1 1 2
56.
51. (a) L.C.M. 6 x3 30 x 2 12 x 48 x 2 6x 8 x2 4 x 4 x 2 7 x 12
6( x3 5 x 2 2 x 8) 1 1 2
6( x 1)( x 2 6 x 8) ( x 2)( x 4) ( x 2) 2 ( x 3)( x 4)
6( x 1)( x 2)( x 4) 1 2
( x 2) 2
( x 2)( x 4) ( x 3)( x 4)
(b) H.C.F. 2x 2 2( x 1) x 2 2
The possible set of the two polynomials is x 4 (x 3)( x 4)
2(x + 1), 6(x + 1)(x 2)(x 4) or ( x 2)( x 3) 2
6(x + 1)(x 2), 2(x + 1)(x 4) ( x 3)( x 4) ( x 3)( x 4)
(or any other reasonable answers). x2 5x 6 2
( x 3)( x 4)
2a 2 a 3 2a 2 2
52. x2 5x 4
2a a 1 2a a 2
2 3
4a 3
2a a 3 2
2(a 1) 2 ( x 3)( x 4)
(2a 1)(a 1) (a 1)(2a 2 a 3) ( x 1)( x 4)
( x 3)( x 4)
2a 2 a 3 2(a 1)(a 1)
x 1
(2a 1)(a 1) (a 1)(2a 2 a 3)
x 3
2
2a 1

m 2 4n 2 m 2n m 2n
53.
m 3 8n 3 m 2 n m
(m 2n)(m 2n) m 2n m
(m 2n)(m 2 2mn 4n 2 ) m 2n m 2n
m
m2 2mn 4n 2

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 5 More about Polynomials

1 1 1 b 1 a 1
57. 60.
x 2 y xy 2 x 2 y xy 2 x2 y2 b 1 a 1
1 1
1 1 1 1 1
x 1 x 1
xy ( x y ) xy ( x y ) (x y )( x y) 1 1
1 1
1 x y xy x 1 x 1
xy ( x y ) xy ( x y )( x y) xy ( x y )( x y) 1 x 1 1 x 1
1 x y xy x 1 x 1
1 x 1 1 x 1
xy ( x y ) xy ( x y )( x y )
x 1 x 1
x y x y xy x x 2
xy ( x y )( x y ) xy ( x y )( x y ) x 2 x
x y x y xy x x
xy ( x y )( x y ) ( x 2) x 2
2 y xy x2
xy ( x y )( x y ) ( x 2)( x 2)
y ( x 2)
xy ( x y )( x y )
61. (a) Let f ( x) 2 x3 9 x 2 11x 3.
x 2 3 2
x( x y )( x y ) 3 3 3 3
f 2 9 11 3
2 2 2 2
27 81 33
3 p 2 q pq 2 1 p 2q 2 3
58. 4 4 2
6 p 2q (q 1) 2 q 1 p q 0
pq(3 p q ) 1 p 2(q 1) 2x 3 is a factor of 2 x 3 9 x 2 11x 3.
2(3 p q) (q 1) 2 q 1 p q
pq p p q (b) Let x be the x-coordinate of P.
2(q 1) 2 q 1 2(q 1) PQ is parallel to the y-axis.
pq p( p q) y-coordinate of Q 2 x 2 9 x 11
2(q 1) 2 2(q 1) 2 1
Area of OPQ OP PQ
pq p 2 pq 2
1
2(q 1) 2 1.5 x (2 x 2 9 x 11)
2
p ( p 2q )
3 2 x3 9 x 2 11x
2(q 1) 2
2 x3 9 x 2 11x 3 0

1 1 (2 x 3)( x 2 3x 1) 0 (by (a))

1 1
x x 2 x 3 0 or x 2 3x 1 0
59.
1 1 ( 3) ( 3) 2 4(1)(1)
1 1 3
x x x or x
2 2(1)
1 x 1 x
x x 3 5 3 5
or
x 1 x 1 2 2
x x 3 3 5
1 x 1 x The possible x-coordinates of P are or
2 2
x 1 x 1
3 5
( x 1) 2 (1 x)( x 1) or .
2
( x 1)( x 1) ( x 1)( x 1)
x2 2x 1 x2 2x 1 Multiple Choice Questions (p. 5.58)
( x 1)( x 1) 1. Answer: D
2x 3
2( x 2 1)
x 2 x 2 2 x 3 x 2 3x 7
( x 1)( x 1)
2x3 2x 2 4x
2
3x x 7
2
3x 3x 6
2x 1
Quotient 2 x 3 , remainder 2 x 1

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NSS Mathematics in Action (2nd edition) 4A Full Solutions

2. Answer: D x + 1 is a factor of x 3 2x 2 3x 4 ,
By division algorithm, we have 3 2
i.e. x 2x 3x 4 is divisible by x + 1.
x 3 x 4 f ( x) ( x 2 2 x 3) 10
Let f 4 ( x) x3 2x 2 3x 4.
( x 3 x 4) 10
f ( x) f 4 ( 1) ( 1)3 2( 1) 2 3( 1) 4
x2 2x 3
3
x x 6 1 2 3 4
x2 2x 3 6
By long division, 0
x 2 x + 1 is not a factor of x 3 2x 2 3x 4 ,
2 3 2
x 2x 3 x 0x x 6 3 2
i.e. x 2 x 3x 4 is not divisible by x + 1.
x3 2x2 3x The answer is C.
2
2x 4x 6 6. Answer: C
2
2x 4x 6 Let f ( x) x 2 m 1 x k .
f ( x) x 2 x + 1 is a factor of f(x).
f ( 1) 0
3. Answer: B ( 1) 2 m 1
( 1) k 0
Let Q(x) be the quotient when P(x) is divided by 4x 1.
1 1 k 0
By division algorithm, we have
P( x) (4x 1) Q( x) R k 0
When P(x) is divided by 1 4x,
1 7. Answer: B
remainder P Q(x) is divisible by x + 1.
4
Q(x 1) is divisible by (x 1) + 1 = x.
1 1
4 1 Q R
4 4 8. Answer: D
0 R f( 1) = 0
R 3( 1) 2 p( 1) 1 0
3 p 1 0
4. Answer: A p 4
Let f ( x) x 3 x 2 2 x 1. f ( x) 3x 2 4x 1
By the remainder theorem, 2
f (1) 3(1) 4(1) 1
remainder f ( 2)
3 4 1
( 2 ) 3 ( 2) 2 2 ( 2) 1
8
8 4 4 1
9
9. Answer: C
f(x) is divisible by x + 2,
5. Answer: C i.e. x + 2 is a factor of f(x).
Let f1 ( x) x3 2x 2 3x 4. f ( 2) 0
f1 ( 1) ( 1) 3
2( 1) 2 3( 1) 4 2( 2) 3
a( 2) 2 b( 2) 4 0
1 2 3 4 16 4a 2b 4 0
2 2a b 6 ......(1)
0 When f(x) is divided by x 1,
remainder 3
x + 1 is not a factor of x 3 2x2 3x 4 ,
3 2 f (1) 3
i.e. x 2x 3x 4 is not divisible by x + 1.
Let f 2 ( x) x3 2x 2 3x 4. 2(1) 3 a(1) 2 b(1) 4 3
a b 9 ......(2)
f 2 ( 1) ( 1)3 2( 1) 2 3( 1) 4
(1) + (2): 3a 3
1 2 3 4
a 1
4 By substituting a = 1 into (2), we have
0 1 b 9
x + 1 is not a factor of x 3 2 x 2 3x 4 , b 8
i.e. x 3 2 x 2 3x 4 is not divisible by x + 1. f ( x) 2 x 3 x 2 8 x 4
Let f3 ( x) x3 2x 2 3x 4.
f 3 ( 1) ( 1) 3 2( 1) 2 3( 1) 4
1 2 3 4
0

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 5 More about Polynomials

1 1
3
1
2
1 14. Answer: B
f 2 8 4 2 3
2 2 2 2
x2 1 x2 x 2
1 1
4 4 2 3
4 4
( x 1)( x 1) ( x 1)( x 2)
0
2( x 2) 3( x 1)
( x 1)( x 1)( x 2) ( x 1)( x 1)( x 2)
10. Answer: C
x 1 is the H.C.F. of f(x) and g(x). x 1
x 1 is a common factor of f(x) and g(x). ( x 1)( x 1)( x 2)
f (1) 0 and g (1) 0 ( x 1)
f (1) 0 ( x 1)( x 1)( x 2)
(1) 2 a (1) b 0 1
a b 1 ......(1) ( x 1)( x 2)
g (1) 0
(1) 2
2b(1) a 0 HKMO (p. 5.59)
a 2b 1 ......(2) 1. Let f ( x) 2 x 3 5x 2 24 x 11 and g ( x) x3 7 x 22 .
3
(2) (1): b 2 g (2) (2) 7(2) 22 0
By substituting b = 2 into (1), we have x 2 is a factor of g(x).
a 2 1 By long division,
a 3 x2 2 x 11
3 2
x 2 x 0x 7 x 22
11. Answer: C x3 2x2
8x2 2 x 2 x(4 x 1)
2x2 7 x 22
2 x (4 x 1)
2x2 4x
16 x3 8 x 2 x x(16x 2 8 x 1)
11x 22
x (4 x 1) 2
11x 22
H.C.F. x ( 4 x 1)
g ( x) ( x 2)( x 2 2 x 11)
x ( 4 x 1)
By long division,
L.C.M. 2 x ( 4 x 1) 2 2x 1
2 x(4 x 1) 2
x2 2 x 11 2 x3 5 x 2 24 x 11
2 x3 4x2 22 x
12. Answer: B x 2
2 x 11
12a 2bc 22 3 a 2 b c
x2 2 x 11
H.C.F. 6abc
2
2 3 a b c x 2 x 11 is a factor of f(x).
L.C.M. 60a 2b 2c 2 a = 2, b = 11
Q a b
22 3 5 a 2 b 2 c 2
2 11
The monomial 2 3 5 a b2 c2
13
30ab2c 2
2. Let f(x) = x3 + kx2 + 3.
13. Answer: A By the remainder theorem,
x2 y2 1 f ( 3) f ( 1) 2
x3 y 3 x y ( 3) 3 k ( 3) 2 3 ( 1) 3 k ( 1) 2 3 2
( x y )( x y ) 1 9k 24 k
( x y )( x 2 xy y 2 ) x y 8k 24
1 k 3
x 2 xy y 2

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NSS Mathematics in Action (2nd edition) 4A Full Solutions

Exam Focus When 6100 is divided by 7, the remainder is 1.

6100 is not divisible by 7.
Exam-type Questions (p. 5.61) The claim is agreed.

1. (a) (i) x 2 is a factor of f(x). 3. (a) When f(x) is divided by x 2,

f (2) 0 remainder 6
i.e. (2 a )(2 b)[2(2) 1] 10 0 a(2) 3 b(2) 6
5(2 a )(2 b) 10 4a b 3......(1)
(a 2)(b 2) 2 When f(x) is divided by x 3,
(ii) a and b are integers and a < b < 0. remainder 6
a 2 2 and b 2 1 a(3) 3 b(3) 6
i.e. a 4 and b 3 9a b 2......(2)
(2) (1): 5a 5
(b) (i) f ( x) g ( x) ( x 4)( x 3)(2 x 1) 10 a 1
( x 2 x c) By substituting a = 1 into (1), we have
When f(x) g(x) is divided by x 4, 4(1) b 3
remainder 4 b 7
f (4) g (4) 4 3
f ( x) x 7 x
(4 4)(4 3)[2(4) 1] 10 (42 4 c) 4
10 12 c 4 (b) (i) x + 2 is a factor of h(x).
c 18 h( 2) 0
(ii) f ( x) g ( x) f ( 2) k 0

( x 4)( x 3)(2 x 1) 10 ( x 2 x 18) ( 2)3 7( 2) k 0

2 2 k 6
(x 7 x 12)(2 x 1) 10 x x 18
2 x 3 13x 2 17 x 12 10 x 2 x 18 (ii) h( x) 0
3 2 x3 7 x 6 0
2 x 14 x 18x 20
By long division, ( x 2)( x 2 2 x 3) 0
2 x 2 20 x 78 ( x 2)( x 1)( x 3) 0
x 3 2 x 3 14 x 2 18x 20 x 2 0 or x 1 0 or x 3 0
2x 3
6x 2 x 2 or x 1 or x 3

20 x 2 18x 20
4. Answer: A
20 x 2 60 x x + a is a factor of f(x).
78 x 20 f ( a) 0
78x 234 4( a) 2 5( a) a 0
214 4 a 2 6a 0
Quotient 2 x 2 20x 78 When f(x) is divided by x a,
2
remainder 4( a ) 5( a ) a
2. (a) (i) Let f ( x) x100 9 . 4a 2 4a
By the remainder theorem, ( 4a 2 6a ) 10a
remainder f ( 1) 0 10a
( 1)100 9 10a
1 9
10 5. Answer: D
Let Q(x) be the quotient when g(x) is divided by 2x 3.
(ii) From (i), when x = 6, the remainder when
By division algorithm, we have
6100 + 9 is divided by 6 + 1 is 10.
g ( x) (2x 3) Q( x) r
Let Q be the quotient when 6100 + 9 is
divided by 7. When g(x) is divided by 3 2x,
3
6100 9 7Q 10 remainder g
2
7(Q 1) 3
The remainder when 6100 + 9 is divided by 3 3
2 3 Q r
7 is 3. 2 2
0 r
100
(b) 6 9 7Q 10 r
6100 7Q 1

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 5 More about Polynomials

6. Answer: B F =A B+C D+E

1 x 4 =3 5+6 1+8
x 3 x 2 5x 6 = 11
F is divisible by 11.
1 x 4
35 618 is divisible by 11.
x 3 ( x 2)( x 3)
Consider the 5-digit number 61 358.
x 2 x 4 A = 6, B = 1, C = 3, D = 5 and E = 8.
( x 2)( x 3) ( x 2)( x 3) F =A B+C D+E
2 =6 1+3 5+8
= 11
( x 2)( x 3)
F is divisible by 11.
2 61 358 is divisible by 11.
x 2 5x 6 31 658 or 35 618 or 61 358 are divisible by 11.
ABCDE B = 1 and D = 5)
7. Answer: C or (B = 5 and D = 1))
x 3 8 ( x 2)( x 2 2 x 4)
4 2 2
x 16 ( x 4)( x 4)
(x2 4)( x 2)( x 2)
L.C.M. ( x 2)( x 2)( x 2 4)( x 2 2 x 4)

Investigation Corner (p. 5.64)

1. (a) (i) f ( x) F Ax 4 Bx 3 Cx 2 Dx E
( A B C D E)
A( x 4 1) B( x 3 1)
C ( x 2 1) D( x 1)
f ( 1) F A[( 1) 4 1] B[( 1)3 1]
C[( 1) 2 1] D[( 1) 1]
0
x + 1 is a factor of f(x) F.
(ii) x + 1 is a factor of f(x) F.
i.e. f(x) F is divisible by x + 1.
When x = 10,
f(10) F is divisible by 10 + 1.
Let Q be the quotient when f(10) F is divided
by 11.
f (10) F 11Q
f (10) 11Q F
If F is divisible by 11, then F = 11M where M is
an integer.
f (10) 11Q 11M
11(Q M ) , where Q + M is an
integer.
f(10) is divisible by 11.

(b) For an identity number ABCDE , since

f(10) = A 104 + B 103 + C 102 + D 101 + E
= the value of the 5- ABCDE , by the
fact in (a)(ii), if A B + C D + E is divisible by 11,
then the identity number is divisible by 11.

2. Consider the 5-digit number 31 658.

A = 3, B = 1, C = 6, D = 5 and E = 8.
F =A B+C D+E
=3 1+6 5+8
= 11
F is divisible by 11.
31 658 is divisible by 11.
Consider the 5-digit number 35 618.
A = 3, B = 5, C = 6, D = 1 and E = 8.

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