GENERAL BIOLOGY 1

ENERGY TRANSFORMATION
WEEK 1 AND 2

 Q and A Activity
1. What are the different forms of energy?
-the different forms of energy are Kinetic, Thermal, Light,
Potential and chemical.
2. What are the laws of energy transformation and cite examples.
- 1st Law
The energy of the Universe is constant
nd
2 Law
Every energy transfer or transformation increases the energy
of the Universe.
3. How does the cell go about the continuous release of heat during
ATP hydrolysis?
- The hydrolysis of ATP can be coupled to energy requiring rxn
within cells. The inorganic phosphate released during the
hydrolysis of ATP can be used to phosphorylate other compounds.
-
 Q and A Activity
1. How do plants cope with the change in season? Give a detailed description and
explanation.
- Plants can respond to the change of season by losing their leaves,
flowering, or breaking dormancy. For example, in the fall, the days start to get
shorter. Trees can sense that there is less sunlight. The plant is stimulated by
the shortening of the day. Chemical messages tell the leaves to change colors and
fall. Not all plants use daylight as a cue.

2. How do plants capture the sun’s energy?

- Through Chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is what absorbs the sun's energy and
turns it into chemical energy.

3. What happens to light when it hits an object?

- When light hits an object, it is transmitted, absorbed, and/or reflected.
The light on the left is reflected, the light in the middle is absorbed and the
light on the right is transmitted.

PERFORMANCE ACTIVITY

Learning Process Activity:

Provide the best answer in the blank.
1. What wavelength of light is most important to life on earth?
- Visible Light
2. What color/s of light does chlorophyll absorb? What color does it reflect?
- red (long wavelength) and the blue (short wavelength). Green light is
not absorbed but reflected, making the plant appear green.
3. What composes a photosystem?
- Photosystem I and Photosystem II
4. In what part of the photosystem does the first step of light reaction take
place?
- Photosystem II
5. Differentiate the two types of photosystem.
- Photosystem II— functions first in the light reaction of
photosynthesis. The chlorophyll in the reaction center of Photosystem II
effectively absorbs light with a wavelength of 680nm and thus called P680.
 - Photosystem I—was discovered first. Its reaction-center has a
chlorophyll a called P700 because it is effective in absorbing light with a
wavelength of 700nm.

Q & A Activity:
1. What are the two kinds of reactions in photosynthesis?
- Light reactions and Calvin Cycle(Dark Reaction)
2. What are the basic stages of the Calvin cycle?
-carbon fixation, reduction phase, and regeneration phase.
3. What are the reactants and products of photosynthesis?
- Reactants are CO2, H20 and Sunlight while the product is C6H12O6 or
Glucose

Directions: Fill-in the table below for the major events and features of
photosynthesis. The option table is given for you to answer the needed materials
and end products of photosynthesis.
Major Events and Features of Photosynthesis
REACTION NEEDED MATERIALS END PRODUCTS
SERIES
1. Light-dependent a. Light-energy, pigment a. Electrons
reactions (take (chlorophyll)
place in the
thylakoid
membrane)
a. Photochemical b. Electrons, NADP+, b.NADPH,O2
reactions H20, electron acceptors
b. Electron
transport
c. Chemiosmosis c. Proton Gradient, ADP c.ATP
+P ATP synthase
2. Carbon fixation 2 Ribulose biphosphate, 2 Carbohydrates, ADP +
reactions (take CO2, ATP, NADPH P, NADP +
place in stroma)

Learning Process Activity:

Write T if the statement is true and F if the statement is false.
___T___1. In photosynthesis, water is oxidized and oxygen is released.
____F__2. Has electron transport chain located within the ribosomes, where ATP is
produced by chemiosmosis.
___T___3. Has enzyme-catalyzed reactions within the semi-fluid interior.
___F___4. Water is reduced to a carbohydrate.
___T___5. In photosynthesis, oxygen is reduced to water.

WEEK 3
ACTIVITY 1
COMPARING GRAPHIC ORGANIZER
AEROBIC RESPIRATION ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
How alike?
- Both undergo glycolysis in the cytoplasm of the cell
- Both undergo substrate level phosphorylation and oxidative
phosphorylation and chemiosmosis in producing ATP molecules
- Both Split the 6 carbon glucose into two molecules of
Pyruvate, the 3 carbon molecule.
- Both involve a series of enzyme-controlled reactions that
takes place in the cytoplasm
- Both use NAD+ a redox coenzyme that becomes NADH
- Both performed by eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
 AEROBIC RESPIRATION ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
How Different?
- Maximum yield of 36 to 38 ATP - Maximum yield of 2 ATP
molecules per glucose molecules per glucose for
obligate anaerobes
- Multiple metabolic pathways - Single metabolic pathway
- Mechanism of ATP synthesis is - Partial degradation of glucose
by substrate level and without the use of oxygen
oxidative
- Electrons in NADH are - Pyruvate is broken down to
transferred to electron ethanol and carbon dioxide or
transport chain. lactate.
- Outputs are carbon dioxide, - Outputs are lactate, alcohol,
water and ATP and carbon dioxide
- O2 is the final electron - Cause burning sensation I the
acceptor of the electron muscle during strenuous
transport system. exercise.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
Aerobic respiration requires molecular oxygen to happen in the cells of most
eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Here, nutrients are split into a series of
enzyme-controlled reactions producing an estimated 36 to 38 ATP per glucose
complete breakdown. Molecular oxygen is the final acceptor of the low-energy
level electron at the end of the electron transport system that results in
the production of water. In anaerobic respiration on the other hand does not
require oxygen in splitting nutrients. Some prokaryotes that live in oxygen-
free environments such as waterlogged soil, in ponds where water does not
flow, and in the intestines of animals transfer glucose to NADH and then
pass the electrons down the electron transport chain that is joined to ATP
synthesis by chemiosmosis. Nitrate and sulfate are the final acceptors of
electrons. The end products are carbon dioxide, reduced inorganic substances
and ATP. In fermentation (as type of anaerobic respiration) there is no
electron acceptor because it has no electron transport chain. Its products
are either alcohol
(and carbon dioxide) Produce numerous products with economic and or lactate.
industrial importance through fermentation. Rapid breakdown of glucose
Electrons in NADH are transferred to electron transport chain; but in
fermentation electrons in NADH are transferred to organic molecule
Mechanism of ATP synthesis is by substrate level and oxidative
phosphorylation/chemiosmosis; but in fermentation substrate-level
phosphorylation only during glycolysis In anaerobic respiration, inorganic
substances like NO3 - or SO4 2- are the final acceptor of the electron
transport system; but in fermentation, there is no electron acceptor because
it has no electron transport system Some organisms like yeasts (eukaryotic),
many bacteria (prokaryotic) and the human muscle cells (eukaryotic) can make
enough ATP to survive in facultative anaerobes (can live in the absence or
presence of oxygen). But under anaerobic conditions lactic acid fermentation
occurs. A facultative anaerobe needs to consume the nutrient at a much
faster rate when doing the fermentation or anaerobic process
ACTIVITY 2
Directions: Accomplish the table below by comparing aerobic and anaerobic
respiration.
FACTORS AEROBIC RESPIRATION ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
Main function Production of ATP from Production of ATP
food such as without the use of
carbohydrate, lipid and oxygen
protein.
Site of Reaction Cytoplasm and Cytoplasm
mitochondrion
Production of ATP 36to 38 ATP per glucose 2 ATP per glucose
molecule
Sustainability Long Term Short- term
Production of lactic acid Does not produce Produces
Oxygen requirement Yes No
Recycling of NADH Through the electron In Lactic Acid
transport chain Fermentation
Participating cells Most cells Yeast, other fungi,
prokaryotes, muscle
cells

Directions: Compare aerobic and anaerobic respiration by accomplishing the Venn

diagram below.

Venn Diagram of Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration

Aerobic Respiration
Anaerobic Respiration

* Main function is production of

ATP from food such as carbo, lipid * Main function is production of
and protein. Similarity ATP without oxygen
* Site of Reaction is Cytoplasm and
* Site of Reaction is Cytoplasm with 2
Mitochondrion with 36-38 ATP
*both undergo ATP per glucose molecule of product
molecule product
Glycolysis
* Long term sustainability with * Both involve a * Short term sustainability with no
Oxygen as a requirement. Most series of enzyme- Oxygen requirement. Chosen cells
cells participated in this type of controlled participated in this type of
respiration. reactions respiration.
* Does not produce lactic acid.
*produce lactic acid.

Directions: Compare fermentation with anaerobic and aerobic respiration by

analyzing the diagram below.
1. What are the three kinds of enzyme-controlled reactions so that the
chemical-bond energy from a certain nutrient is released to the cell in the
form of ATP?
- Aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, and fermentation
2. What are the hydrogen electron acceptors for aerobic and anaerobic
respiration as well as in fermentation?
- aerobic respiration — molecular oxygen,
- anaerobic respiration — nitrate or sulfate,
- fermentation – pyruvate
3. These are the by-products of aerobic respiration that are considered low-
energy molecules.
- Water and carbon dioxide

Major Events and Features of Cellular Respiration

STAGE STARTING MATERIALS END PRODUCTS
1. Glycolysis (in Glucose, ATP, NAD+, ADP Pyruvate, ATP, NADH
cytosol)
2. Preparatory Pyruvate, Coenzyme A, Acetyl CoA, CO2, NADH
reaction NAD+
3. Citric acid cycle Acetyl CoA, H2O, NAD+, CO2, NADH, FADH2, ATP
FAD, ADP Pi
4. Electron NADH, FADH2, O2, ADP, Pi ATP, H2O, NAD+, FAD
transport and
chemiosmosis
B. Learning Process Activity:
Directions: Arrange the following to get the right energy flow sequence in
aerobic respiration.
NADH Electron Transport Chain Glucose ATP

GLUCOSE > NADH > ELECTRON TRANSPOT CHAIN> ATP

C. Learning Process Activity:

Directions: Identify the following statements as photosynthesis or cellular
respiration.
_Cellular Respiration _1. Energy-releasing pathways
_Photosynthesis _2. Energy-acquiring pathways