LEARNING MODULE

IN
COMPUTER SYSTEMS
SERVICING NC-II
(The New Normal Way of Learning)

SY. 2020-2021

Handed to:

______________________________________
Name of Learner (Grade 11)

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 HOW TO USE THIS MODULE

Welcome to the Module “Performing Mensuration and Calculations”. This module contains training materials
and activities for you to complete.

The unit of competency “Perform Mensuration and Calculations” contains knowledge, skills and attitudes
required for a Computer Systems Servicing NC II course.

You are required to go through a series of learning activities in order to complete each of the learning outcomes of
the module. In each learning outcome there are Information Sheets and Activity Sheets. Follow these activities on your
own and answer the Self-Check at the end of each learning activity.

If you have questions, don’t hesitate to ask your instructor for assistance.

Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL)

You may already have some of the knowledge and skills covered in this module because you have:
o been working for some time
o already have completed training in this area.

If you can demonstrate to your instructor that you are competent in a particular skill or skills, talk to him/her about
having them formally recognized so you don’t have to do the same training again. If you have a qualification or Certificate
of Competency from previous training, show it to your instructor. If the skills you acquired are still current and relevant to
this module, they may become part of the evidence you can present for RPL. If you are not sure about the currency of your
skills, discuss it with your instructor.

AFTER COMPLETING THIS MODULE…

ask your instructor to assess your competency so you can proceed to the next common competency of this subject
which is PERFORM COMPUTER OPERATIONS where you will learn different computer program and application
operation so you can use your computer in many different tasks where you can be a productive computer user.

Result of your assessment will be recorded in your competency profile. All the learning activities are designed for
you to complete at your own pace.

Inside this module you will find the activities for you to complete followed by relevant information sheets for
each learning outcome. Each learning outcome may have more than one learning activity.

Good luck!

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 INFORMATION SHEET 2.1
COMPUTER DATA PROCESSING

Objective: In this topic, you will learn on how vital components of the computer process information especially the core
components of the system unit that store data and perform different calculations for our computer operations.

Before we dig inside the computer system, let’s review what’s the definition of COMPUTER
or COMPUTER SYSTEM?

* Maaari nating i-define ang salitang COMPUTER sa dalawang technical definition. Noong mga unang panahon na
ginagamit ang computer, limitado ang mga tasks na maaaring gawin dito in a specific given time. Habang lumilipas ang
panahon sa mundo ng teknolohiya, mas nagiging komplikado na ang kayang gawin ng mga computer at mas marami na
ang maaari nateng gawin in a single instruction or a specific given time.

Hardware & Software

• The term hardware refers to the physical components or
tangible parts of your computer such as the system unit, mouse,
keyboard, monitor etc.
• The software is the instruction that makes the computer work.
Software is held either on your computer’s hard disk, CD-
ROM, DVD or on a diskette (floppy disk) and is loaded (i.e.
copied) from the disk into the computers RAM (Random
Access Memory), as and when required.

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Types of Computers
• Mini and Mainframe Computers very powerful, used by large organizations such banks of control the entire business
operation. Very expensive!
• Personal Computers Cheap and easy to use. Often used as stand-alone

Img src - https://www.em360tech.com/tech-news/ibm-launches-new-cloud-

Hardware Components ready-mainframe-computer/
IBM launches new 'cloud-ready' mainframe computer (EM360)
• Input Devices – “How to tell the computer what to do”
• Processing Devices – “Brain of the computer”
• Storage Devices – “How it saves data and programs”
• Output Devices – “Where we see the results of what we are doing.”

Computer Data Processing Diagram

Img Src: https://www.tutorialspoint.com/computer_concepts/computer_concepts_hardware_software_concept.htm

* Ipinapakita sa diagram sa kung paano ang processing of instructions at information sa isang computer. Once na
ang user ay nag-INPUT ng mga data, ito ay iva-validate ng CPU as PROCESSING device then pansamantalang
mapupunta sa RAM (random access memory) at hino-hold ng RAM lahat ng running applications sa computer while
the CPU are processing them. That’s what we call PRIMARY STORING of data. Kung mapapansin mo habang ikaw
ay gumagamit ng computer, pwede kang magtype ng document using MS Word habang ikaw ay nakikinig ng music
using a music player app at habang ikaw ay gumagamit ng web browser. Kayang i-handle ng RAM sabay-sabay
ang lahat ng nagru-run na applications. May option ang user na permanently i-save lahat ng data na pumapasok
sa RAM. SECONDARY STORING of data or permanenteng storing naman ang tawag natin sa prosesong iyon. Lahat
ng resulta ng processing of data ay nakikita naten sa mga OUTPUT DEVICES.

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 ACTIVITY SHEET 2.1
COMPUTER DATA PROCESSING

A. Give examples of computer hardware components according to their classification of functionality.

1. Input Devices

2. Processing Devices

3. Storage Devices

4. Output Devices

5. Firmware Devices

B. Site an example of computer or mobile phone tasks where the data processing happen.

(Input, Processing, Storing and Output Process)

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 INFORMATION SHEET 2.2
Types of Components and Objects to be measured

Objective: After learning about how a computer system processes data, you must identify and understand the functions of
vital components of computer system and how to analyze and measure the data they hold and process for the whole computer
operation.

In this lesson, you will study about vital components of the computer system:
• 2.2.1 - CPU (Central Processing Unit)
• 2.2.2. - RAM or Computer Memory (Random Access Memory)
• 2.2.3 - HDD (Hard Disk Drive)

INFORMATION 2.2.1
CPU (Central Processing Unit)

Main Function - A central processing unit (CPU) is the electronic circuitry within a computer that carries out the instructions
of a computer program by performing the basic arithmetic, logical, control and input/output (I/O) operations specified by
the instructions. CPU is mainly considered as the brain of the computer system.

Leading Brands - Intel & AMD

• Intel – Intelligence (Leap Ahead)
• AMD – Advanced Micro Devices (Smarter Choice)

CPU Brands and Generation

Intel Family
- Pentium I, II, III and IV - Core Solo
- Celeron - Core 2 Duo
- Pentium M & Celeron M for mobile devices - Core i3, i5, i7 - latest
- Pentium Dual Core

AMD Family
- Athlon - Turion
- Duron - Llano
- Sempron - FX
- Opteron - Ryzen

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Intel CPU vs AMD CPU User Specification Comparison Table

User Requirement AMD Intel

Price Cheaper More Expensive
Power Consumption Less Efficient More Efficient
Cooling Factor Heats up faster Runs cooler for a longer duration
Performance Speed Not very fast Faster
Gaming Multimedia Better Good
Performance : Price Good : Low Good : High

Components of CPU

1. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) – to EXECUTE data

- An arithmetic unit, or ALU, enables computers to perform
mathematical operations on binary numbers or 1s and 0s (Ito ang
bahalang mag-interpret sa CPU kung papaano nito babasahin lahat
ng information na pumapasok dito). They can be found at the heart
of every digital computer and are one of the most important parts of
a CPU.

2. Control Unit (CU) – to DECODE data

- The control unit of the CPU contains circuitry that uses electrical
signals to direct the entire computer system to carry out stored
program instructions. The control unit does not execute program
instructions; rather, it directs other parts of the system to do so. (Ito
ang linkage mula ALU to MMU or vice-versa)

3. Memory Management Unit (MMU) – to FETCH data

- Most high-end microprocessors (in desktop, laptop, server Img Src:
computers) have a memory management unit, translating logical https://arith-matic.com/notebook/arithmetic-logic-unit-
introduction
addresses into physical RAM addresses, providing memory
protection and paging abilities, useful for virtual memory.
(Ito ang linkage mula CPU to RAM or vice-versa)

A paging file or virtual memory is a hidden and optional system storage file on a hard disk. This simply temporarily expands
the physical RAM of the computer.

4. Cache (CPU Memory)

- A hardware or software component that stores data so that future requests for that data can be served faster; the
data stored in a cache might be the result of an earlier computation or a copy of data stored. Cache memory is
used to reduce the average time to access data from the main memory.
(Halimbawa, madalas mong gamitin sa computer ang MS Word, naka-store na sa cache ang data ng application
ng MS Word kaya mabilis na lang itong mag-oopen sa computer mo.)

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 Img Src:
https://vivadifferences.com/difference-between-cache-memory-and-virtual-
memory-in-computer-architecture/

CPU Implementations and Structure

1. Integer Rate (Data Amount)

- Every CPU represents numerical values in a specific way. The terms 32-bit and 64-bit refer to the way a
computer's processor (also called a CPU), handles information. The 64-bit version of Windows handles large
amounts of random-access memory (RAM) more effectively than a 32-bit system.
(Tumutukoy ito sa amount or volume ng data na kayang ihandle ng isang CPU in a specific time. Kung ikaw ay
may CPU na ang minimum clock rate or speed na 3 GHz (gigahertz), mas compatible ang 64-bit na integer rate
to maximize your CPU performance. Pwede naman na 32-bit ang mga CPU na may clock rate na 3GHz ngunit
hindi magagamit ang full capacity or speed nito.)

2. Clock Rate (CPU Speed and Capacity)

- The speed at which a microprocessor executes instructions. Every computer contains an internal clock that
regulates the rate at which instructions are executed and synchronizes all the various computer components. The
CPU requires a fixed number of clock ticks (or clock cycles) to execute each instruction. The faster the clock, the
more instructions the CPU can execute per second. Clock speeds are expressed in megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz
(GHz).
(Nowadays, common na ang mga CPU na may 3 GHz pataas na clock rate or speed)

3. Parallelism (Advanced Platform of Data Processing)

- Parallel computing is one of the most important technologies when it comes to building faster computers and
software. Being able to compute in parallel allows us to expand and scale the computing power dramatically.
Parallel computing is one of the biggest leaps in the computing world and it can jump over the barriers of heat
that limits the current technologies.

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Types of Parallel Computing
o Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) - means that all parallel units share the same instruction, but they carry
it out on different data elements.
(example: Dragon boat Water Sport)
o Multiple Instruction Multiple Data (MIMD) - means that parallel units have separate instructions, so each of them
can do something different at any given time.
(example: Football, Basketball)

Img Src:
https://computing.llnl.gov/tutorials/parallel_comp/

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 ACTIVITY SHEET 2.2.1
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

Instructions: Answer the following questions. Use a separate sheet of paper.

1. How important is the CPU in a computer system in processing instructions from the user and for the whole
computer operation?

(Gaano kaimportante ang isang CPU sa pagtanggap ng mga instructions mula sa gumagamit ng computer?)

2. Among the two leading brands of CPUs, which do you prefer to use for your computer? What user
specifications will you consider in choosing a CPU brand?

(Alin sa dalawang brand ng CPU ang mas gusto mong gamitin? Anong mga factors ang iyong pinili?)

3. Inspect the CPU of your mobile device. What is the brand name and specifications of your mobile device’s
CPU?

(Kung ikaw ay gumagamit ng mobile phone, i-check mo ang CPU details nito. Ano ang brand name ng iyong
CPU at gaano ito kabilis?)

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 INFORMATION 2.2.2
RAM (Random Access Memory)

Difference between RAM and ROM

A ROM chip is non-volatile storage and does not require a constant source of power to retain information stored on it.
When power is lost or turned off, a ROM chip will keep the information stored on it. In contrast, a RAM chip is volatile
and requires a constant source of power to retain information. When power is lost or turned off, a RAM chip will lose the
information stored on it.
(Non-volatile storage – kahit nakaturned-off ito, hindi mawawala ang mga data and files na pumapasok dito
Volatile storage – once na mainterrupt or mamatay ang power within the device, mawawala lahat ng data na pumasok
dito)

Other differences between a ROM and a RAM chip include:

• A ROM chip (BIOS) is used primarily in the start-up process of a computer, whereas a RAM chip is used in the
normal operations of a computer after starting up and loading the operating system.
• Writing data to a ROM chip is a slow process, whereas writing data to a RAM chip is a faster process.
• A RAM chip can store multiple gigabytes (GB) of data, up to 16 GB or more per chip. A ROM chip (BIOS)
typically stores only several megabytes (MB) of data, up to 4 MB or more per chipset version.

RAM/Memory Modules ROM/BIOS Chipset

www.extremetech.com%2Fgaming%2F222483-how-much-ram-
do-you-need-should-you-upgrade-it-and-will-it-speed-up-your- www.thoughtco.com%2Fthmb%2FMD60rQXj26YCOYr8
pc&psig=AOvVaw32Dvs6gKmIXpU3VSOO2Wb0&ust=15890089 1vhnFdZpRKc%3D%2F1129x847%2Fsmart%2Ffilters%3
27201000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAIQjRxq Ano_upscale()%2FAmiga_1200_Kickstart_3.0_ROMs-
56b429575f9b5829f82c66bd.jpg&imgrefurl=https%3A
%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.c

*Nabanggit sa page 3 na ang RAM o memory ay ang primary storage ng ating computer. It stores lahat ng processing
data from the CPU at sa memory naka-stay lahat ng running applications in the computer. Kapag mas Malaki ang
capacity ng memory (4 GB above) mas malaki ang tendency na magrun ang mga programs ng mabilis para sa ating
computer.

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 Types of RAM

Width
No. of
Type (Integer Usage / Description
Pins
Rate)
SD RAM Older and slower type.
168 64 bit
(Synchronous
Dynamic)
Advanced RAM. Only used for very few Pentium 4’s with certain Intel
chipsets.
Rambus
184 16 bit
RAM

DDR RAM (Double Data Rate) – common type of RAM nowadays

A faster version of SD RAM. Used both for Athlon and

DDR RAM 184 64 bit
Pentium 4’s.
DDR2 New version of DDR RAM with higher clock frequencies. 1,8 Volt.
204 /240 64 bit
RAM
DDR3 It is the higher-speed successor to DDR and DDR2 ; 1.35 V or 1.5 V
204/240 64 bit
RAM

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 ACTIVITY SHEET 2.2.2
Random Access Memory

Instructions: Answer the following questions. Use a separate sheet of paper.

1. How important is the RAM in a computer system in handling instructions from the user and for the whole
computer operation?
(Gaano naman kaimportante ang isang RAM para sa paghandle ng mga instructions at running programs
para sa computer?)

2. Why RAM or computer memory is the primary storage of the computer?

(Bakit sinasabing primary or pangunahing storage ng computer ang isang RAM?)

3. Inspect your mobile phone’s RAM specification. How does your mobile phone’s RAM responds to the
running applications?
(Tingnan ang RAM details ng iyong mobile device kung ikaw ay gumagamit nito. Ano ang nagiging
condition ng iyong mobile device habang nag-ooperate ito ng mga programs?)

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 INFORMATION 2.2.3
HDD (Hard Disk Drive)

A hard disk drive (HDD), hard disk, hard drive or fixed disk is a data storage device used for storing and retrieving
digital information using one or more rigid rapidly rotating disks (platters) coated with magnetic material. The platters are
paired with magnetic heads arranged on a moving actuator arm, which read and write data to the platter surfaces. Data is
accessed in a random-access manner, meaning that individual blocks of data can be stored or retrieved in any order and
not only sequentially.
How hard drive works?
A hard disk is a sealed unit containing a number of platters in a stack. Hard disks may be mounted in a horizontal or a
vertical position. In this description, the hard drive is mounted horizontally. Electromagnetic read/write heads are
positioned above and below each platter. As the platters spin, the drive heads move in toward the center surface and out
toward the edge.
Four Major Components of a Hard Disk Drive
1. Platters - The platters are the circular discs inside the hard drive where the 1s and 0s that make up your files are
stored. Platters are made out of aluminum, glass or ceramic and have a magnetic surface in order to permanently
store data.
2. Spindle - The spindle keeps the platters in position and rotates them as required. The revolutions-per-minute rating
determines how fast data can be written to and read from the hard drive.
3. The Read/Write Arm - The read/write arm controls the movement of the read/write heads, which do the actual
reading and writing on the disk platters by converting the magnetic surface into an electric current.
4. Actuator - The actuator or head actuator is a small motor that takes instructions from the drive's circuit board to
control the movement of the read/write arm and supervise the transfer of data to and from the platters.

Resources:

https://www.computerhope.com/issues/ch001133.htm

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Did you know…?

https://thinkcomputers.org/the-history-of-the-hard-drive/

*Ang HDD ang pinaka-importanteng secondary storage ng ating computer. Dito napupunta lahat ng ating
mga personal files at mga program/application files especially and OS (operating system).

SSD Hard disk drive - Stands for "Solid State Drive."

SSD is a type of mass storage device similar to a hard disk drive (HDD). It supports reading and writing data and
maintains stored data in a permanent state even without power. Internal SSDs connect to a computer like a hard drive,
using standard IDE or SATA connections. Instead of storing data on magnetic platters, SSDs store data using flash
memory. SSDs can access data faster than the traditional HDDs.

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HDD Performance Factors:
1. Drive Form Factor (Physical Connection Types)
a. SCSI (Small Computer Systems Interface)

b. IDE/PATA (Integrated Drive Electronics / Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment)

c. SATA – Serial Advanced Technology Attachment

*common type of HDD for today’s desktop PCs

d. USB (External) – Universal Serial Bus

2. Spindle Speed - The most important factor that determines the speed of a
hard drive is the revolutions per minute (RPMs) of its spindle. The
spindle is the shaft component that runs through the middle of a platter
and creates its rotation. High-speed laptops have rotation speeds of at
least 7,200 RPMs, while some hard drives for desktops have speeds of
10,000 or even 15,000 RPMs.

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 3. Access Time - The access time of a hard drive refers to the length of time
needed for the magnetic drive heads to position themselves for a given
task. For example, when a user requests a file from the hard drive, the
head must first orient in itself in the appropriate position to access the
data from the platter.

How Computer Memory/Storage Capacity Measured?

Units of Memory Measurement in Computer (Data Storage measurement in computer) are Binary digit, Byte,
Kilobyte, Megabyte, Gigabyte, Terabyte, etc. The smallest and most commonly measured units of data storage capacity
in computers and other discs are the bit (short for binary digit).

Bit Single Binary Digit (1 or 0)

Byte 8 bits
Kilobyte (KB) 1,024 Bytes
Megabyte (MB) 1,024 Kilobytes
Gigabyte (GB) 1,024 Megabytes
Terabyte (TB) 1,024 Gigabytes
*current max. storage capacity
Available for storage devices
Petabyte (PB) 1,024 Terabytes
Exabyte (EB) 1,024 Petabytes
Zettabyte (ZB) 1,024 Exabytes
Yottabyte (YB) 1,024 Zettabytes
Xenottabyte (XB) 1,024 Yottabytes
Shilentnobyte (SB) 1,024 Xenottabytes
Domegemegrottebyte (DB) 1,024 Shilentnobytes

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 ACTIVITY SHEET 2.2.3
Hard Disk Drive

Instructions: Answer the following questions. Use a separate sheet of paper.

1. How important is the HDD in a computer system in handling files and information in the computer system?
(Gaano kaimportante ang isang HDD sa paghahandle ng mga files and information sa isang computer?)

2. What are the differences between traditional HDDs (SATA and IDE types) and the advanced type of HDD
(SSD type)?
(Ano ang pagkakaiba ng traditional na HDD sa mga SSD types na HDD ngayon? Alin ang mabilis at
secured?)

3. Inspect the storage details of your mobile phone. Write the specifications of your mobile phone’s ROM
capacity. How you manage the capacity of mobile device’s storage?
(Kung ikaw ay gumagamit ng mobile device, ilan ang capacity or size ng internal storage ng iyong device?
Paano mo namamaintain na hindi napupuno ang iyong storage?)

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 By the end of this module, you are expected to understand the different vital components
of our computer system and how each of them works for our computer system tasks. You
are now ready to operate a computer and use various types of programs and applications.
Ikaw ay inaasahang magakawa ng isang diagram or illustration (sa isang illustration board)
na nagpapakita o naglalarawan sa mga vital components na iyong napag-aralan sa module
na ito.

You just learned the functions of different vital components of our computer system. Every single
instruction you give the computer (no matter how simple your tasks are) will always undergo in a very
complicated process inside the computer core system. Every computer component has limitation in its
capabilities so as a responsible computer user, you must always observe the behavior of your computer
system especially every single component in it. Be cautious on all the events or situations happening
in your computer because we cannot assure every component will work accordingly at all times.
Maintain the good condition of each component so we can ensure the good performance of our
computer.

END OF MODULE

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