Fourier Series

BBVNJ Donnan ] sinusoid

periodic
>

The sinusoid is the most simple and useful

periodic function. The Fourier series is a
technique for expressing a periodic function in
terms of sinusoids. Once the function is
expressed in terms of sinusoids, the phasor
method is applied to analyze the circuits.
Fourier’s genius came up with the insight that
any practical periodic function can be
represented as a sum of sinusoids.
1
 Trigonometric Fourier Series
A periodic function f(t) satisfies
f(t) = f(t+nT) period
↳

where n is integer and T is the period of the

function.
According to the Fourier theorem, any
practical periodic function of frequency 0 can
be expressed as an infinite sum of sine or
cosine functions that are integral multiples of
0.

2
 Trigonometric Fourier Series
b&oÑyWo=o=
annuli > Dc Wo -
-
l Wo Wo >
Iwo

Thus, f(t) can be expressed as i

f(t) = a0 + a01cos 0t + b01sin 0t +a02cos2 0t +
b2sin2 0t +a3cos3 0t + b3sin3 0t + … or
→
f t a0 an cos n 0t bn sin n 0t ←
n 1
DC
AC *

now
! where 0 = 2 /T is called the fundamental
71in frequency in radians per second. The sinusoid
sin n 0t or cos n 0t is called the nth harmonic
of f(t).
3
 Trigonometric Fourier Series
A function that can be represented by a Fourier
series must meet certain requirements. These
conditions on f(t) to yield a convergent Fourier
series are as follows:
1. f(t) is single-valued everywhere.
2. f(t) has a finite number of finite discontinuities
in any one period.
3. f(t) has a finite number of maxima and minima
in any one period.
t T
4. The integral 0
f t dt for any t0
t
0
MoWT
4
 Trigonometric Fourier Series
A major task in Fourier series is the
determination of Fourier coefficients a0, an
and bn. The following trigonometric integral
are very helpful in Fourier analysis. For any
integers m and n, T iTwÑNnsW9w

{
sin n 0 tdt 0 imo

0
T i
""

cos n 0 tdt 0 HUH

5
Trigonometric Fourier Series
T

/
sin n 0t cos m 0tdt 0
0
T
sin n 0t sin m 0tdt 0, m n

=
0
T
cos n 0t cos m 0tdt 0, m n
0
T T
2
sin n 0tdt M=n

0 2
T T
2
cos n 0 tdt M=n

0 2
6
 Trigonometric Fourier Series
integral f- ( t ) =
ao +
§ Canoosnwottbnsinnwot )
n> 1
,

yay Find a0 by integrating both sides of Fourier

equation over one period
T T
u
f t dt a0 an cos n 0t bn sin n 0t dt
0 0 n 1
T T T
a0 dt an cos n 0 tdt bn sin n 0 tdt
0 n 1 0 0
to I
T T
f t dt a0 dt a0T
0 0
1T
a0 f t dt V7
Go
T 0
7
 Trigonometric Fourier Series
To evaluate an, multiplying both sides of
Fourier equation by cos m 0t and integrate
over one period.
T T
f t cos m 0 tdt a0 an cos n 0t bn sin n 0t cos m 0 tdt
0 0 n 1
T T T

0 1.
a0 cos m 0 tdt
n 1 0
an cos n-
0 t cos m 0 tdt
-

0
bn sin n
!
0 t cos m 0 tdt dt

T T
f t cos m 0 tdt an ,m n
0 2
2T
an f t cos n 0 tdt *
T0
8
 Trigonometric Fourier Series
In a similar manner, bn is obtained by
multiplying both sides of Fourier equation by
sin m 0t and integrating over one period
2T
bn f t sin n 0tdt *
T0
Be aware that since f(t) is periodic, it may be
more convenient to carry the integrations
above from –T/2 to T/2 or generally from t0
to t0+T instead of 0 to T.
9
 Trigonometric Fourier Series
fct) §g( ancssnwot
=
bnsinmwot
ao +
+ )

:
An alternative form of Fourier equation is the
amplitude-phase form
f t a0 An cos n 0t n
n 1

since cos( + ) = cos cos - sin sin

a0 An cos n 0t n a0 An cos n cos n 0t An sin n sin n 0t

n 1 n 1

10
 Trigonometric Fourier Series
Equating the coefficients of the series
expansions in Fourier equation shows that
an = Ancos n, bn = -Ansin n
Or A 2 2 1 bn
n a b ,
n n n tan
an

To avoid any confusion in determining n, it

may be better to relate the terms in complex
form as
11
 Trigonometric Fourier Series
On

An n an jbn 11111111 no
.

The plot of the amplitude An of the harmonics

versus n 0 is called the amplitude spectrum of
f(t); the plot of the phase n versus n 0 is the
phase spectrum of f(t). Both the amplitude
and phase spectra form the frequency
spectrum of f(t). Ñbrosow
822

12
 Trigonometric Fourier Series
To evaluate the Fourier coefficients a0, an and
bn, we often need to apply the following
integrals; 1
cos atdt sin at

{
a
1
sin atdt cos at
f formula a
1 1
t cos atdt 2
cos at t sin at
a a
1 1
t sin atdt 2
sin at t cos at
a a

13
Trigonometric Fourier Series

:
:

14
EXAMPLE 17.1
ao , an ,bn
Determine the Fourier series of the waveform
shown in Figure. Obtain the amplitude and phase
spectra. An ai+bi = Anton
tan" by
Xn
-
=

an

1 octa ,
fit
{
,

) :

0
,
let <2
Solution:

The Fourier series is given by Eq. (17.3), namely,

f(t)=a 0 + (a n cos nω0 t+b n sin nω0 t) (17.1.1)

n=1

First, we describe the waveform as

1, 0<t<1
f(t)= (17.1.2)
0, 1 < t <2

Oi
and f(t) = f (t+T). Since T = 2, ωo = 2π/T = π. Thus,
-

T 1 2
1 1 1 1 1
a0 =
T0
f(t)dt=
2 0 1 !
1dt+ 0dt = t =
2 0 2
(17.1.3)
 T
2
an = f(t)cos nω0 tdt
T0
1 2
2
= 1cos nπtdt+ 0cos nπtdt (17.1.4)
2 0 1
C

1
= sin nπt
nπ
1

0
1
nπ
:
sin nπ = 0
 T
2
bn = f(t)sin nω0 tdt
T0
1 2
2
= 1sin nπtdt+ 0sin nπtdt
2 0 1
1
1
=- cos nπt (17.1.5)
nπ 0

1 S

cos nπ = (-1)n
-

=-G (cos nπ-1),

nπ
2 odd
1 , n = odd bn
÷ n
L
-
-
- -

= 1-(-1) n = nπ ,

nπ
0, n = even
The Fourier series is rissole.ñÉñwaño
1 2 2 2
→ f(t)= + sin πt+ sin 3πt+ sin 5πt+... (17.1.6)
2 π 3π 5π
1 2 1
f(t)= + sin nπt, n = 2k-1 (17.1.7)
2 π k=1 n

←
Dd
Figure 17.2.2 Evolution of a square wave form its Fourier components. 20
Figure 17.3 Truncating the Fourier series at N=11; Gibbs phenomenon.
- 21
 Finally, let us obtain the amplitude and phase spectra for the signal in
Fig. 17.1. Since an = 0
D= 1 :
0-64
An -
.

¥ =

2
2 2 , n = odd n' 3 An
=
3-9
= -0.21

A n = a n +b n = b n = nπ (17.1.8)
:

0, n = even M :
Ji Au .

2g,
= 0.13

and IOÑUWOOM

bn
-1 -90°, n = odd
φ n =-tan = (17.1.9)
an 0, n = even
I
 Amplitude
spectrum

phase spectrum

Figure 17.4 For Example 17.1: (a) amplitude and (b) phase spectrum of the
function show in Fig. 17.1.
EXAMPLE 17.2

Obtain the Fourier series for the periodic function

in Figure and plot the amplitude and phase
Octa
spectra.
{
t ;
T- 2
fit
, =

0
; 14<2
Solution:

The function is described as

t, 0 < t < 1
f(t)=
0, 1 < t < 2
Since T = 2, ωo = 2π/T = π . Then
T 1 2
1 1 1 t2 1 1
a0 = f(t) dt = tdt+ 0dt = = (17.2.1)
T0 2 0 1
2 2 0 4
I
r

ao
 T
2
an = f(t)cos nω0 tdt
T0
1 2
2
= tcos nπtdt+ 0cos nπtdt (17.2.2)
2 0 1
1
1 t
= 2 2 cos nπt+ sin nπ
n π nπ 0

at
odd

1 ( 1) n 1 ¥2,2 's

2 2
(cos n 1) 0
n π n 2 π2
¥ 0
;
even
 T
2
bn = f(t)sin nω0 tdt
T0
1 2
2
= t sin nπtdt+ 0 sin nπtdt (17.2.3)
2 0 1
1
1 t
= 2 2 sin nπt- cos nπt
¥
but IT
odd
n π nπ 0 ;

c- 15
cos nπ (-1) n+1
=0- = , ;
even

nπ nπ -

1 (-1) n -1 (-1) n+1

→ f(t)= + cos nπt+ sin nπt
4 n=1 (nπ) 2 nπ
 To obtain the amplitude and phase spectra, for even -

harmonics, an = 0, bn = -1/nπ, so that

1
An n = a n -jb n = 0+j (17.2.4)
nπ
Hence,
'

tai
1 C- go )
-
= -

An = bn = , n=2,4...
nπ
(17.2.5)
°
n =90 , n=2,4...
-

For odd harmonics, an = -2/(n²π²), bn = 1/(nπ) so that

2 1
An n = a n -jb n = - 2 2 -j (17.2.6)
n π nπ
 Odd
That is,
4 1
A n = a 2n +b 2n = +
n 4π4 n 2π2
(17.2.7)
1
(E)
2 2
= 4+n π , n=1,3,...
On
'
tan
-

2 2
n π
: -

while φ lies in the third quadrant, so that =

-
tan
/ ÷÷÷ ) .
-

tail in -7
-

nπ -1
= tañ
'
n

n = 180°+tan , n = 1,3,... (17.2.8)

2
Iwo & As
Plot An and φn for different values of nωo=nπ to obtain
the amplitude spectrum and phase spectrum
Figure 17.8 For Example 17.2 (a) amplitude spectrum, (b) phase spectrum.
 Symmetry Considerations
One may wonder if a method exists whereby
one can know in advance that some Fourier
coefficients would be zero and avoid
unnecessary work involved in the tedious
process of calculation. Such a method exist; it
is based on recognizing the existence of
symmetry. In this section, three types of
symmetry were discussed : (1) even symmetry
(2) odd symmetry and (3) half-wave symmetry
31
 Symmetry Considerations
Even Symmetry
A function f(t) is even if its plot is symmetrical
about the vertical axis, that is A

D&D
f(t) = f(-t)

32
 Symmetry Considerations
A main property of an even function fe(t) is
that : T /2 T /2
f e t dt 2 f e t dt
T /2 0

Because integrating from –T/2 to 0 is the same

as integrating from 0 to T/2. Utilizing this
property, the Fourier coefficients for an even
function become

33
 Symmetry Considerations

{
even
2 T /2
a0 f t dt
T 0
4 T /2
an f t cos n 0 tdt
T 0
bn 0

34
 Symmetry Considerations
To confirm these equations, the property of
even function is applied in evaluating the
Fourier coefficients.
1 T /2 1 0 T /2
a0 f t dt f t dt f t dt
T T /2 T T /2 0

35
 Symmetry Considerations
Variables are changed for the integral over the
interval –T/2 < t < 0 by letting t = -x, so that dt
= -dx, f(t) = f(-t) = f(x), since f(t) is an even
function, and when t= -T/2, x= T/2. Then,
1 0 T /2
a0 f x d x f t dt
T T /2 0

1 T /2 T /2
f x d x f t dt
T 0 0

2 T /2
a0 f t dt
T 0
36
 Symmetry Considerations
Similarly,

2 0 T /2
an f t cos n 0 tdt f t cos n 0 tdt
T T /2 0

Apply f(t)= f(-t) and cos(-n

-
0t) = cos n 0t.

37
 Symmetry Considerations
2 0 T /2
an f x cos n 0x dx f t cos n 0t dt
T T /2 0

2 0 T /2
f x cos n 0x dx f t cos n 0t dt
T T /2 0

2 T /2 T /2
f x cos n 0x dx f t cos n 0t dt
T 0 0

4 T /2
an f t cos n 0t dt
T 0

38
 Symmetry Considerations
2 0 T /2
For bn, b f t sin n 0tdt f t sin n 0tdt
n
T T /2 0

Apply f(-t) = f(t) and sin (-n 0t) = -sin (n 0t)

2 0 T /2
bn f x sin n 0x dx f t sin n 0 tdt
T T /2 0

2 0 T /2
f x sin n 0 xdx f t sin n 0 tdt
T T /2 0

2 T /2 T /2
f x sin n 0 xdx f t sin n 0 tdt
T 0 0
0
39
 Symmetry Considerations
Odd Symmetry
A function of f(t)is said to be odd if its plot is
antisymmetrical about the vertical axis:
f(-t) = -f(t)

: 40
 Symmetry Considerations
An odd function f0(t) has this major
T /2
characteristic: f t dt 0
0
T /2

because integration from –T/2 to 0 is the

negative of that from 0 to T/2.
a0 0, an 0
4 T /2
bn f t sin n 0 tdt
T 0

41
 Symmetry Considerations
With f(t) = -f(t), it is easy to see that a0 = 0, an
= 0 and bn becomes
2 0 T /2
bn f x sin n 0x dx f t sin n 0 tdt
T T /2 0

2 0 T /2
f x sin n 0 xdx f t sin n 0 tdt
T T /2 0

2 T /2 T /2
f x sin n 0 xdx f t sin n 0 tdt
T 0 0

4 T /2
bn f t sin n 0 tdt
T 0
-

42
 Symmetry Considerations
It is interesting to note that any periodic
function f(t) with neither even or odd
symmetry may be decomposed into even and
odd parts.
1 1
f t f t f t f t f t fe t f0 t
2 2
even odd

f t a0 an cos n 0t bn sin n 0t fe t f0 t
n 1 n 1

43
 Symmetry Considerations
Also, note the following properties of odd and
even functions:
1. The product of two even functions is also an
even function
2. The product of two odd functions is an even
function
3. The product of an even function and an odd
function is an odd function

44
 Symmetry Considerations
4. The sum (or difference) of two even
functions is an even function
5. The sum (or difference) of two odd
functions is an odd function
6. The sum (or difference) of an even function
and an odd function is neither even or odd.

45
 Symmetry Considerations
Half-Wave Symmetry
A function is half-wave symmetric if
T
> f t f t
2
which means that each half-cycle is the mirror
image of the next half-cycle.

46
 Symmetry Considerations
Notice that functions cos n 0t and sin n 0t
satisfy this equation for odd values of n and
therefore possess the half-wave symmetry
when n is odd.

:/
÷
" :
:-. !

i
.

- fit )

47
 Symmetry Considerations
The Fourier coefficients become
a0 0

l
4 T /2
f t cos n 0tdt , n(odd )
an T 0
0, n(even)
4 T /2
f t sin n 0tdt , n(odd )
bn T 0
0, n(even)

48
 Symmetry Considerations
Apply the property of half-wave symmetric
functions in evaluating Fourier coefficients.
Thus, a 1 T / 2 f t dt 1 0 f t dt T / 2 f t dt
0
T T /2 T T /2 0

Variables are changed for integral over the

interval –T/2<t<0 by letting x = t + T/2 so that
dx = dt when t = -T/2, x = 0 and when t = 0, x =
T/2. Also, f(x-T/2) = -f(x)

49
Symmetry Considerations

1 T /2 T T /2
a0 f x dx f t dt
T 0 2 0

1 T /2 T /2
f x dx f t dt 0
T 0 0

50
 Symmetry Considerations
Similarly,

2 0 T /2
an f t cos n 0 tdt f t cos n 0tdt
T T /2 0

2 T /2 T T T /2
an f x cos n 0 x dx f t cos n 0 tdt
T 0 2 2 0

Since f(x-T/2) = -f(x) and

-

51
 Symmetry Considerations
→
cosnwox -

nWoI
¥1 } )
=
cosnwot "

T
-

cos n 0 x cos n 0t n
2 = csscoot - na

n
cos n 0 t cos n sin n 0 t sin n 1 cos n 0t
¥
! -

leads to 2 n T /2
an 1 1 f t cos n 0 tdt
T 0

4 T /2
f t cos n 0tdt , n(odd )
an T 0
0, n(even)

52
Symmetry Considerations

Éodd

ago

53
Symmetry Considerations
"
t
ms

54
Symmetry Considerations

55
EXAMPLE 17.3

Find the Fourier series expansion of f(t) given in

Figure below. Odd an ao →
-
-
-0
-

↳ b. to

← I
7/2
oath

:|
fit , : ;
; gates
-1 set 4
; <
Solution:

The function f(t) is an odd function. Hence a₀=0=an. The period is T=4, and
ω₀=2π/T=π/2, so that

É
4 T/2
bn = f(t) sin nω0 t dt
T 0

g
1 2
4 nπ nπ
= 1 sin t dt + 0 sin t dt
4 0
o
2 1
2
2 nπt 1 2 nπ
=- cos = 1-cos
nπ 2 0 nπ 2
fit )
: ao t £ ( an cssnwot + bnsmnwot )
Hence, h : I

2 1 nπ nπ
f(t) = 1-cos sin t
π n=1 n 2 2

which is a Fourier sine series.

a-
EXAMPLE 17.4

Determine the Fourier series for the half-wave rectified cosine function shown in
Fig. 17.15.
by ao

Evey ao =/
0
an -10

Figure 17.15 A half-wave rectified cosine function; for Example 17.4.

Soultion:

This is an even function so that bn=0. Also, T = 4, ω₀=2π/T = π/2. Over a period,

0, Two -2<t<-1
→ π
f(t) = cos t, -1<t<1
2
0, 1<t<2
2 2 π
!
T/2 1 2
→ a0 = f(t) dt = cos t dt + 0 dt
T 0 4 0 2 1

12 π 1 1
=
2π
sin t =
2 0 π ☐ →
ao

4 T/2 4 1 π nπt
an = f(t) cos nω0 t dt = cos t cos dt + 0
T 0 4 0 2 2
But cos A cos B =½[cos(A+B)+cos(A-B)]. Then
d
1 1 π π
an = cos (n+1)t+cos (n-1)t dt
2 0 2 2
For n=1,

I
1
1 1 1 sin πt 1
a1 = [cos πt + 1]dt = +t =
2 0 =
2 π 0 2
a
For n>1,

1 π 1 π
an = sin (n+1) + sin (n-1)
π(n+1) 2 π(n-1) 2

For n=odd(n=3,5,7,…),(n+1) and (n-1) are both even, so

π π 94--0
sin (n+1) = 0 = sin (n-1), n = odd
2 2 -
For n = even (n = 2,4,6,…), (n+1) and (n-1) are both odd. Also,
π π nπ
sin (n+1) = -sin (n-1) = cos =(-1) n/2 , n = even
2 2 2 -

Hence,
(-1) n/2 -(-1) n/2 -2(-1) n/2
an = + = 2
, n=even
π(n+1) π(n-1) π(n -1)
Thus,
:f(t) =
1
π
1 π 2
+ cos t -
2
(-1) n/2
2
2 π n=even (n -1)
cos
nπ
2
t

To avoid using n = 2,4,6,… and also to ease computation, we can replace n by 2k,
where k = 1,2,3,… and obtain

1 1 π 2 (-1) k
f(t) = + cos t - 2
cos k t
π 2 2 π k 1 (4k -1)

which is a Fourier cosine series.

EXAMPLE 17.5

Calculate the Fourier series for the function in Fig. 17.17.

Half wauefaooiaaigb.io
%n+nFqban+
=/ o
,

ii
'

Figure 17.17 For Example 17.5.

Solution:

The function is half-wave odd symmetric, so that ao = 0 = an. It is described over

half the period as

f(t)=t, -1 < t < 1

T = 4, ω₀ = 2π/T = π/2. Hence,

4 T/2
bn = f(t) sin nω0 t dt
T 0

Instead of integrating f(t) from 0 to 2, it is more convenient to integrate from -1

to 1.
1
4 1 nπt sin nπt/2 t cos nπt/2
bn = t sin dt = 2 2
-
4 -1 2 n π /4 nπ/2 -1

4 nπ nπ 2 nπ nπ
= sin - sin - - cos - cos -
n 2 π2 2 2 nπ 2 2
8 nπ
= sin
n 2 π2 2
since sin(-x) = -sin x is an odd function, while cos(-x) = cos x is an even function.
Using the identities for sin nπ/2 and cos nπ/2 in Table 17.1,

8 (n-1)/2
bn = 2 2
(-1) , n = odd = 1,3,5,...
n π

Thus,

nπ
f(t) = b n sin t
n=1 2
Where bn is given above.
 Circuit Application
Steps for Applying Fourier Series:
1. Express the excitation as a Fourier series
2. Transform the circuit from the time domain
to the frequency domain
3. Find the response of the DC and AC
components in the Fourier series
4. Add the individual DC and AC responses
using the superposition principle.
65
 Circuit Application

For the periodic voltage source as shown in

Figure, the Fourier series is expressed as
j
v t V0 Vn cos n 0t n
n 1

66
 Circuit Application
This Fourier series representation may be
regarded as a set of series-connected
sinusoidal sources as shown in the figure.

67
 Circuit Application
The response to the DC component can be
determined in the frequency domain by
setting n = 0 or = 0 as shown in Fig.

Do

68
 Circuit Application
The response to the AC component is
obtained by applying the phasor techniques as
shown in Figure
Nz /

NIE

N :3

69
 Circuit Application
Finally, following the principle of
superposition, adding all the individual
responses. superposition
→
i t i0 t i1 t i2 t ...

I0 I n cos n 0t n
n 1

70
EXAMPLE 17.6

Let the function f(t) in Example 17.1 be the voltage source vs(t) in the circuit of
Fig. 17.20. Find the response vo(t) of the circuit.

vsÉ~{ I. jwi

Figure 17.20 For Example 17.6.

Solution: Vsct ) a

tg +

¥ L -

90°
phaser
From Example 17.1, Is sin → as

1 2 1
→
☐
vs (t) =
2
+
π k=1 n
sin nπ t, n = 2k - 1

where ωn = nω₀ = nπ rad/s.

Response jωn L j2nπ

>
V0 = Vs = Vs
Equation R+jωn L 5+j2nπ a

For the dc component (ωn = 0 or n = 0)

-

VDC 1
☐
Vs =
2 -
V0 = 0
This is expected, since the inductor is a short circuit to dc. For the nth harmonic,
-

→ 2
Vs = -90° (17.6.1)
nπ

and the corresponding response is

V0 =
2nπ
/ 90°
§ 2
90°
25+4n π 2 2
tan -1 2nπ/5 nπ
-
1

g (17.6.2)
Magnitude
4 -tan -1 2nπ/5 Vs
=
ft 25+4n 2 π 2 to time domain

In the time domain, fcoswt h

+
%)
g
4 2nπ -1
vo (t) = cos nπt - tan , n = 2k - 1
k=1
2 2
25+4n π 5
The first three terms (k = 1,2,3 or n = 1,3,5) of the odd harmonics in the summation
give us

Vo(t) = 0.4981 cos(πt – 51.49˚) + 0.2051 cos(3πt – 75.14˚) + 0.1257 cos(5πt – 80.96˚)
+ …V
EXAMPLE 17.7

Find the response i0(t) in the circuit in Fig. 17.23 if the input voltage v(t) has the
Fourier series expansion
2(-1)n
v(t) = 1+ 2
(cos nt - n sin nt)
n=1 1+n
cos nt -
nsinnt
from :
Acoswt + Bsinwt = C cos cart 4) -

it
e)
I
B-
-

C- . A&t Bd

/ Ba )
"
a- = tan

r
Int
IÉ÷} .

Figure 17.23 For Example 17.7

Solution:

Using Eq. (17.13), we can express the input voltage as

n cos Clent -1 4)
2(-1)
v(t) = 1+ cos (nt + tan -1n)
1+n 2
n=1

?
n
mi

=1 - 1.414cos(t+45°) + 0.8944cos(2t+63.45°)

÷
- 0.6345cos(3t+71.56°) - 0.4851cos(4t+78.7°) + ...

We notice that ω0 = 1, ωn = n rad/s. the impedance at the source is

jωn 8 8+jωn 8
Z = 4+jωn 211 4 = 4+ =

at
←
4+jωn 2 2+jωn

The input current is

V 2+jωn
I= = V
Z 1- 8+jωn 8
Where V is the phasor form of the source voltage v(t). By current division,
4 V
current I0 = CI =
4+jωn 2 4+jωn 4
Divider ↳
Since ωn = n, I0 can be expressed as ⇐÷s tail:-)
€F+¢nÑ
V
I0 =
4 1+n 2 tan -1 n
magnitude
For the dc component (ωn = 0 or n = 0)
V 1
V=1 I0 = =
4 4
For the nth harmonic,

2(-1) n
V= tan -1 n
1+n 2
so that

1 2(-1) n (-1) n
I0 = tan -1n =
4 1+n 2 tan -1n 1+n 2 2(1+n 2 )

In the time domain,

1 (-1) n
i o (t) = + 2
cos nt A
4 n=1 2(1+n )
Average Power and RMS Values
The voltage and current are written in
amplitude-phase form as

v t Vdc Vn cos n 0t n
n 1

i t I dc I m cos m 0t m
m 1
The average power is
1T
P vidt
T0

79
Average Power and RMS Values
1T I mVdc T
P
T 0
Vdc I dc dt
m 1 T 0 to
cos m 0t m dt

Vn I dc T

{Eim-É
cos n 0t n dt
n 1 T 0
Vn I m T
cos n 0 t n cos m 0t m dt
m 1n 1 T 0
1
P Vdc I dc Vn I n cos n m
2n 1

80
Average Power and RMS Values
The rms value of a periodic function f(t) is
given by

1T 2
Frms f t dt
T0

Substituting f(t) in amplitude-phase form

then, obtain

81
 Average Power and RMS Values
T
a02 2 a0 An cos n 0t n
2 1 0 n 1
Frms dt
T
An Am cos n 0t n cos m 0t m
n 1m 1

1T 2 1T
a0 dt 2 a0 An cos n 0 t n dt
T0 n 1 T0
1T
An Am cos n 0 t n cos m 0 t m dt
n 1m 1 T0

82
Average Power and RMS Values
Distinct integers n and m, then, obtain
2 1
Frms a02 An2
2n 1
1
Frms a02 An2
2n 1
1
Frms a02 an2 bn2
2n 1

↳ Do To

83
Example 17.8

Determine the average power supplied to the circuit in Fig. 17.26 if

i(t) = 2+10cos(t+10˚)+6cos(3t+35˚) A.
2-1 to Iii + b %%o

'
EE•Z
Figure 17.26 For Example 17.8.
Solution:

The input impedance of the network is

1 10(1/j2ω) 10
Z= 10 " = =
j2ω 10+1/j2ω 1+j20ω
Hence,

_Ko•€
}

V = IZ =
10I .
"(÷y
tan

1+400ω2 tan -1 20ω

For the dc component, ω = 0, An <
-

→ I = 2A V = 10(2) = 20V .

This is expected because the capacitor is an open circuit to dc and the entire 2-A
current flows through the resistor. For ω = 1 rad/s,
10(10 10°)
I = 10 10° V=
1+400 tan -1 20
I @ to =\
= 5 -77.14°
For ω = 3 rad/s

10(6 35°)
I = 6 35° V=
1+3600 tan -1 60
=1 -54.04°
Thus, in the time domain,

v(t) = 20+5cos(t-77.14°) + 1cos(3t-54.04°) V

-

We obtain the average power supplied to the circuit by applying Eq. (17.46), as

1
P = Vdc Idc + Vn I n cos(θ n - n )
2 n=1
Average power and RMS value
To get proper sign of n and n, we have to
compare v and i in this example with
eq.(17.42) and (17.43)
< VON
Luo, I
Nbc Ipc V, I [
1 ,

P 20(2) 5 10 cos 77.14 ( 10 )

2
1
1 6 cos 54.04 35
2
40 1.247 0.05 41.5W

87
Example 17.9

Find an estimate for the rms value of the voltage in Example 17.7

Solution:

From Example 17.7, v(t) is expressed as

ao A ,
Az
v(t) = 1 - 1.414cos(t+45°) + 0.8944cos(2t+63.45°)
-0.6345cos(3t+71.56°) - 0.4851cos(4t+78.7°) +... V
Az Aa

12
Vrms = a + 0 A 2n
2 n=1

1
= 1 + (-1.414) 2 + (0.8944) 2 + (-0.6345) 2 + (-0.4851) 2 +...
2

2
= 2.7186 = 1.649 V
This is only an estimate, as we have not taken enough terms of the series. The
actual function represented by the Fourier series is

πe t
v(t) = , -π < t < π
sinhπ
with v(t) = v(t+T). The exact rms value of this is 1.776 V.
 Exponential Fourier Series
The sine and cosine functions in the
exponential form is
1 jn 0t
cos n 0t e e jn 0t

sin n
2
1
e jn 0t e jn 0t
} Euler 's

0t
2j

Substitute this exponential form in amplitude-

phase form of Fourier equation
90
 Exponential Fourier Series
& A¥¢m cos nwot nwot
-

a. + sin

1
→
f t a0 an jbn e jn 0t
an jbn e jnw0t
2n 1

Define new coefficient cn so that

an jbn an jbn
c0 a0 , cn ,c n cn*
2 2

91
 Exponential Fourier Series
Then, f(t) becomes

f t c0 cn e jn 0t
c ne jn 0t

n 1

f t cn e jn 0t

This is the complex or exponential Fourier

series of f(t).

92
 Exponential Fourier Series
The exponential Fourier series coefficients cn
can also be obtained directly from f(t) as
1T jn 0t
cn f t e dt
T0
where 0 = 2 /T. The plot of the magnitude
and phase of cn versus n 0 are called the
complex amplitude spectrum and complex
phase spectrum respectively.

93
 Exponential Fourier Series
The coefficients of the three forms of Fourier
series are related by
An n an jbn 2cn
b-
2 2
an bn
cn cn n tan 1 bn an
2
if only an > 0. Note that the phase n of cn is
equal to n.

94
 Exponential Fourier Series
In terms of the Fourier complex coefficients cn,
the rms value of a periodic signal f(t) can be
found as 2 1 T 2 1T jn t
Frms f t dt f t cn e 0
dt
T 0 T 0 n

1T
cn f t e jn 0t
dt
n T 0
2
cn cn* cn
n n
2 2
c0 2 cn
n 1

95
 Exponential Fourier Series
A function of the form sinx/x is known as sinc
-

function as
-

sin x
☐ sin c x
x

sinc(0) = 1
sinc(n ) = 0, n=1,2,3

96
Example 17.10

Find the exponential Fourier series expansion of the periodic function

f(t) = e t , 0 < t < 2π with f(t+2π) = f(t)
-

Solution: -4
Since T = 2π, ω₀ = 2π/T = 1. Hence,
-
-

formula → 1 T -jnω0 t 1 2π t -jnt

cn = f(t)e dt = e e dt
T 0 2π 0
1 1 (1-jn)t 2π 1
= e = e 2π e-j2πn -1
2π 1-jn 0 2π(1-jn)
But by Euler’s identity,

e-j2πn = cos2πn - jsin2πn = 1-j0 = 1

Thus,
1 2π 85
cn = e -1 =
2π(1-jn) 1-jn
The complex Fourier series is
85 jnt
f(t) = e
n=- 1-jn
We may want to plot the complex frequency spectrum of f(t). If we let
cn = cn θ n , then
tariff )
85
cn = , θ n = tan -1n
1+n 2

By inserting in negative and positive values of n, we obtain the amplitude and the
phase plots of cn versus nω₀ = n, as in Fig. 17.30.
 - - - - -

45° - - -

Figure 17.30 The complex frequency spectrum of the function in Example 17.10: (a)
amplitude spectrum, (b) phase spectrum.
Example 17.11

Find the complex Fourier series of the sawtooth wave in Fig. 17.9. Plot the
amplitude and the phase spectra.

Solution:

From Fig. 17.9, f(t) = t, 0 < t < 1, T = 1 so that ω₀ = 2π/T = 2π.

Hence,

1 T
-jnω0 t 1 1 -j2nπt
cn = f(t)e dt = te dt (17.11.1)
T 0 1 0

=
But

at
e
teat dt = 2 (at-1)+C
a
Applying this to Eq. (17.11.1) gives

e-j2nπt 1
cn = 2
(-j2nπt - 1)
(-j2nπ) 0

(17.11.2)
e-2jnπ (-j2nπ - 1) + 1
→
on =
-4n 2 π 2
Again,

e-j2πn = cos2πn - jsin2πn = 1 - j0 = 1

so that Eq. (17.11.2) becomes

-j2nπ j
cn = 2 2
= (17.11.3)
-4n π 2nπ
 This does not include the case when n = 0. When n = 0

1 T 1 1 t2 0
c0 = f(t)dt = t dt = = 0.5
T 0 1 0 2 1

Hence,

j j2nπt
f(t) = 0.5+ e (17.11.5)
n=- 2nπ
n 0
And
1
, n 0
→ cn = 2nπ , θ n = 90°, n 0 (17.11.6)
0.5, n=0

By plotting c n and θn for different n, we obtain the amplitude spectrum and the
phase spectrum shown in Fig. 17.31.
Figure 17.31 For Example 17.11 (a) amplitude spectrum, (b) phase spectrum.