N18/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M

Markscheme

November 2018

Chemistry

Higher level

Paper 2

23 pages
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This markscheme is the property of the International

Baccalaureate and must not be reproduced or distributed to any
other person without the authorization of the IB Global Centre,
Cardiff.
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Question Answers Notes Total

1. a i nCuSO4 «  0.0800 dm3  0.200 mol dm–3 »  0.0160 mol AND
3.26 g
nFe «  »  0.0584 mol ✔
55.85 g m ol1
2

CuSO4 is the limiting reactant ✔ Do not award M2 if mole calculation is not shown.

1. a ii ALTERNATIVE 1: Accept answers in the range 8586 %.

« 0.0160 mol  63.55 g mol–1  » 1.02 «g» ✔ Award [2] for correct final answer.

« 0. 87 2 g  100  » 85.5 «%» ✔

1.0 2 g

2
ALTERNATIVE 2:
0.872 g
«  » 0.0137 «mol» ✔
63.55 g m ol –1
0.0137 m ol
«  100  » 85.6 «%» ✔
0.0160 m ol
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Question Answers Notes Total

1. b i ALTERNATIVE 1:
q  «80.0 g  4.18 J g–1 K–1  7.5 K » 2.5  103 «J»/2.5 «kJ» ✔
2.5 kJ
«per mol of CuSO4   1.6  102 kJ mol–1»
0.0160 mol
«for the reaction» H 1.6  102 «kJ» ✔
Award [2] for correct final answer.

ALTERNATIVE 2: 2
q  «80.0 g  4.18 J g–1 K1  7.5 K » 2.5  103 «J»/2.5 «kJ» ✔
0.872
« nCu   0.0137 mol »
63.55
2.5 kJ
«per mol of CuSO4   1.8  102 kJ mol–1»
0.0137 mol
«for the reaction» H 1.8  102 «kJ» ✔

1. b ii density «of solution» is 1.00 g cm–3 The mark for “reaction goes to completion”
OR can only be awarded if 0.0160 mol was used
in part (b)(i).
specific heat capacity «of solution» is 4.18 J g–1 K–1/that of «pure» water
Do not accept “heat loss”.
OR 1
reaction goes to completion
OR
iron/CuSO4 does not react with other substances ✔

(continued…)
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(Question 1b continued)

Question Answers Notes Total

1. b iii ALTERNATIVE 1:
Accept values in the range 4.1–5.5 «kJ».
«0.2 °C  100  » 3 %/0.03 ✔
7.5 °C Award [2] for correct final answer.
«0.03  160 kJ»  «±» 5 «kJ» ✔
2
ALTERNATIVE 2:

«0.2 °C  100  » 3 %/0.03 ✔

7.5 °C

«0.03  180 kJ»  «±» 5 «kJ» ✔

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Question Answers Notes Total

1. c i

initial concentration is zero AND concentration increases with time ✔

decreasing gradient as reaction proceeds ✔

1. c ii «draw a» tangent to the curve at time  0 ✔ Accept suitable diagram.

«rate equals» gradient/slope «of the tangent» ✔ 2

1. c iii piece has smaller surface area ✔ Accept “chance/probability” instead of “frequency”.
Do not accept just “fewer collisions”.
lower frequency of collisions 2
OR
fewer collisions per second/unit time ✔
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Question Answers Notes Total

1. d Anode (positive electrode): Accept “4OH – (aq)  O2 (g)  2H2O (l)  4e –”
2H2O (l)  O2 (g)  4H (aq)  4e– ✔ OR “Fe2+ (aq)  Fe3+ (aq)  e –” for M1.

Cathode (negative electrode):

2H2O (l) 2e–  H2 (g) 2OH – (aq) Accept “Fe2+ (aq)  2e–  Fe (s)” OR
OR “SO42- (aq)  4H+ (aq)  2e–  2H2SO3(aq)  H2O (l)”
for M2. 2
2H  (aq)  2e–  H2 (g) ✔
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Question Answers Notes Total

2. a «in 100 g sample» 62.02 g
AND 10.43 g 1
12.01 g mol1 1.01 g mol
OR
«in 100 g sample» 5.164 mol C AND 10.33 mol H ✔

27.55 % 3

OR
1.722 mol O ✔

«empirical formula» C3H6O ✔

2. b «absorption at wavenumber 17001750 cm–1» C=O/carbonyl ✔ Do not accept “ketone” or “aldehyde”. 1

2. c «m/z » 58 ✔ 1

2. d

1
CH3COCH3 / ✔
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Question Answers Notes Total

3. a i 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p5 Accept 3d before 4s.
OR 1
[Ar] 4s2 3d10 4p5 ✔

3. a ii Accept double-headed arrows.

✔
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Question Answers Notes Total

3. b i Structure I  follows octet rule: Accept dots, crosses or lines to represent electron
pairs.

✔
2
Structure II  does not follow octet rule:

OR ✔

3. b ii «structure I» formal charge on Br  +2 Ignore any reference to formal charge on oxygen.

OR
«structure II» formal charge on Br  0/+1 ✔ 2

structure II is preferred AND it produces formal charge closer to 0 ✔

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Question Answers Notes Total

3. c Geometry:
trigonal/pyramidal ✔

Reason:
three bonds AND one lone pair
3
OR
four electron domains ✔ Accept “charge centres” for “electron domains”.

OBrO angle: Accept answers in the range 104109°.

107° ✔

3. d i BrO3– (aq)  6e–  6H (aq)  Br – (aq)  3H2O (l) Accept reversible arrows.
correct reactants and products ✔ 2
balanced equation ✔

3. d ii BrO3– (aq)  6Fe2 (aq)  6H (aq)  Br – (aq)  3H2O (l)  6Fe3 (aq) ✔ 1

3. d iii E Öreaction  «1.44 V – 0.77 V » 0.67 «V» ✔

2
G Ö  «nFE Öreaction  – 6  96500 C mol–1  0.67 V » –3.9  105 «J» ✔

3. e both are paramagnetic ✔ Accept orbital diagrams for both ions showing
unpaired electrons. 2
«both» contain unpaired electrons ✔
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Question Answers Notes Total

4. a nuclear charge/number of protons/Zeff increases «causing a stronger pull on Accept “atomic number” for “number of
the outer electrons» ✔ protons”. 2
same number of shells/«outer» energy level/shielding ✔
4. b isoelectronic/same electronic configuration/«both» have 2.8 ✔
2
more protons in Na ✔

4. c

Sketch showing:
largest increase between third and fourth ionization energies ✔
IE1 < IE2 < IE3 < IE4 < IE5 ✔
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Question Answers Notes Total

4. d Fe2 AND smaller size/radius M1 not needed for M2.
OR
Fe2 AND higher charge density ✔ 2

stronger interaction with «polar» water molecules ✔

5. a all «species» are in same phase ✔ Accept “all species are in same state”.
1
Accept “all species are gases”.

5. b negative AND fewer moles/molecules «of gas» in the products ✔ 1

5. c G Ö «–RT ln Kc » –8.31 J K–1 mol–1  1000 K  ln 280 Award [2] for correct final answer.

OR
G Ö  – 4.7  104 «J» ✔ 2

«G Ö » – 47 «kJ» ✔

5. d G Ö < 0/spontaneous AND S Ö < 0/unfavourable ✔

2
exothermic AND H Ö «must be» negative/favourable ✔
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Question Answers Notes Total

5. e «reaction quotient/Q » [SO 3 ] 2 0.500 2
/ / 2 0.8 ✔
[SO 2 ] [O 2 ] 0.200 2  0 . 3 00
2

reaction quotient/Q/20.8/answer < Kc/280

OR 3

mixture needs more product for the number to equal Kc ✔

reaction proceeds to the right/products ✔ Do not award M3 without valid reasoning.

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Question Answers Notes Total

6. a i Butanoic acid:
CH3CH2CH2COOH (aq)  H2O (l)  CH3CH2CH2COO– (aq)  H3O (aq) ✔
2
Ethylamine:
CH3CH2NH2 (aq)  H2O (l)  CH3CH2NH3 (aq)  OH– (aq) ✔

6. a ii
Accept correct diagrams with pi clouds.
1
Diagram showing:
dotted line along O–C–O AND negative charge

6. a iii –1 ✔ 1

6. b i « 1.00  10 m ol d m
–14 2 –6
»  5.21  10–12 «mol dm–3» ✔
–3
0.001 92 m ol dm 1

(continued…)
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(Question 6b continued)

Question Answers Notes Total

6. b ii «pKb  3.35, Kb  10–3.35 4.5  10–4» Award [3] for correct final answer.

«C2H5NH2  H2O  C2H5NH3  OH– »

Kb  [OH – ][CH 3 CH 2NH 3 + ]

[CH 3 CH 2NH 2 ]

OR
[OH – ] [CH3 CH 2NH3 + ]
«Kb » 4.5  10–4 
0.250
OR
3
x2
«Kb » 4.5  10 4
 ✔
0.250

« x  [OH] » 0.011 «mol dm3» ✔

1.00 × 10 –14
«pH   log » 12.04
0.011
OR
«pH  14.00  (log 0.011)» 12.04 ✔
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Question Answers Notes Total

6. c

decreasing pH curve ✔
pH close to 7 (6–8) at volume of 25 cm3 butanoic acid ✔
weak acid/base shape with no flat «strong acid/base» parts on the curve ✔
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Question Answers Notes Total

6. d Any two of:
butanoic acid forms more/stronger hydrogen bonds ✔ Accept “butanoic acid forms dimers”.
butanoic acid forms stronger London/dispersion forces ✔ Accept “butanoic acid has larger Mr /hydrocarbon
chain/number of electrons” for M2.
butanoic acid forms stronger dipole–dipole interaction/force ✔
Accept “butanoic acid has larger «permanent»
dipole/more polar” for M3. 2 max

6. e i lithium aluminium hydride/LiAlH4 ✔ 1

6. e ii butan-1-ol/1-butanol/CH3CH2CH2CH2OH ✔ 1
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Question Answers Notes Total

7. a «electrophilic» addition/AE Accept “hydrogenation”.
OR 1
reduction ✔

7. b «(286 kJ)  (1411 kJ) » 1697 «kJ» ✔ 1

7. c «1697 kJ  1561 kJ » 136 «kJ»

OR 1
Ö
«H   HÖ
f (products)   HÖ
f (reactants)   84 kJ  52 kJ » 136 «kJ» ✔
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Question Answers Notes Total

7. d Accurate:
no approximations were made in the cycle
OR
values are specific to the compounds
OR
Hess’s law is a statement of conservation of energy
OR
method is based on a law
OR
data in table has small uncertainties ✔

Approximate: 2
values were experimentally determined/had uncertainties
OR
each value has been determined to only three/four significant figures
OR
different sources have «slightly» different values for enthalpy of combustion
OR
law is valid until disproved
OR
law of conservation of energy is now conservation of mass-energy
OR
small difference between two quite large terms «leads to high percentage uncertainty» ✔
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Question Answers Notes Total

8. a angle between bonds is 60°/strained/smaller than 109.5° ✔ 1
8. b i Any two of: Accept displayed or condensed
structural formulas or skeletal formulas.
CH3COCH3 ✔
Accept CH(OH)=CHCH3 and
CH3CH2CHO ✔ CH2=C(OH)CH3.
CH2=CHCH2OH ✔
CH3OCH=CH2 ✔ 2

8. b ii no AND only one «axial/methyl/CH3» substituent «at the ring» Accept “no AND «O in the ring and»
one carbon has two H atoms”.
OR 1
no AND two «axial» substituents required «for cis/trans-isomers» ✔

8. c Chemical shift:
3.74.8 «ppm» ✔
2
Splitting pattern:
doublet ✔
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Question Answers Notes Total

9. a polarity/polar «molecule/bond»
OR 1
carbonhalogen bond is weaker than CH bond ✔

9. b primary AND Br/bromine is attached to a carbon bonded to two hydrogens Accept “primary AND Br/bromine is
OR attached to the first carbon in the chain”.
1
primary AND Br/bromine is attached to a carbon bonded to one C/R/alkyl
«group» ✔

9. c Do not allow curly arrow originating on

H in HO –.
Accept curly arrow either going from
bond between C and Br to Br in
1-bromopropane or in the transition
state.
curly arrow going from lone pair/negative charge on O in HO  to C ✔ Do not penalize if HO and Br are not at
180° to each other.
curly arrow showing Br leaving ✔
Do not award M3 if OHC bond is
representation of transition state showing negative charge, square brackets and represented.
partial bonds ✔ 4

formation of organic product CH3CH2CH2OH AND Br – ✔

9. d «Lewis» base AND donates a pair of electrons ✔ 1

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Question Answers Notes Total

9. e Any two of: Accept other reasonable answers.
choose «most» appropriate reaction «for preparing the target compound» ✔
design/discover new reactions/reagents ✔
apply this knowledge to other areas of chemistry/science ✔
«retro-»synthesis «more effective» ✔
2 max
control/predict «desired» products ✔
control rate of reaction «more effectively» ✔
satisfy intellectual curiosity ✔
predicting how changing reagents/conditions might affect reaction ✔
suggesting intermediates/transition states ✔

10. a B: reactant ✔
2
D: intermediate ✔

10. b rate  k [A][B] ✔ 1

10. c 1.80 «mol dm–3 s–1» ✔ 1