PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION - The languages acquired while growing up

are known as mother tounge which also be

referred to as first language.
Lesson 1. Nature of Language Language of Learning – the process of learning
Language – a system of conventional spoken, your second language, this take place at school or
manual, or written symbols by means of which any environment outside home.
human beings, as a member of social groups and - People learn languages by studying formally
participants of its culture. in school or informally on their own.\
- Language can only be produced or utilized Language Contact – is the social and linguistic
into the maximum extent by humans. phenomenon by which speakers of different
- Language has diversity languages interact with one another, leading to a
- Animals cannot make use of language. transfer of linguistic features.
(Can only imitate)
Language Change – is the result of language
3 Main Compositions of Language contanct in which 2 or more speakers from different
speech communities interact or communicate with
 Grammar – the structure of
each other by adapting to each other’s language
language/ system of rules
finding their common good.
 Phonology – the sound system (way
to pronounce each letter or words) TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
 Lexicon – vocabulary ( words used
in a language) Communication – exchange of thoughts, ideas,
concepts, and views between and among two or
Speech Community – It is a term in sociolinguistic more people.
and linguistic anthropology used to describe a
group of people who share the same language, - The act of transferring information from one
speech characteristic and ways of interpreting place, person or group to another.
communication. - Every communication involves (at least) one
sender, a message and a recipient.
- A speech community is a group of people
who share rules for conducting and Context – the circumstances or environment in
interpreting at least one variety of language which communication takes place, which may
or dialect. include the following:
- The term can be applied to a neighborhood,
 The physical or actual setting
a city, a region, or a nation.
 The value position of a speaker/listener
Process of Learning  Relevance or appropriateness of message
conveyed
Learning Acquisition – the process of learning your
first language/ mother tounge. This usually takes Classification of Communication
place at home.
1. Communication Mode
- The process by human acquire the capacity 2. Context
to perceive and comprehend language. 3. Purpose and Style
- One of the quintessential human traits,
because non-human do not communicate Type of Communication according to MODE
by using language. a.) Verbal and Non-verbal Communication
 - Is a type of communication where two or Formal Structures - Allows communication to take
more people communicate with each other place via designated channels of message flow
by speaking and gestures between position in the organization.
- Blending of these two types is effective
communication.  Downward Communication – Flows from
b.) Visual Communication upper to lower positions.
- Uses visual to convey information and or  Upward Communication – the message is
messages. delivered from the lower to the upper
- Ex. Signs, symbols, imagery, maps, chart, positions.
etc. - Bottom-up
 Horizontal Communication – Lateral in
Types of Communication according to approach.
CONTEXT - Takes places among people belonging to
the same level but coming from different
a.) Intrapersonal Communication
departments or units
- The Latin Prefix intra- means within or
 Crosswise Communication – A type of
inside
communication where two different
- It means talking to oneself
departments/branches collaborate for a
b.) Interpersonal Communication
common cause.
- Latin Prefix inter- means between, among,
- Diagonal in nature
and together.
- Involves 2 or more people Organizational Communication
- An interactive exchange takes place.
 Organizational Culture – The culture of each
Types of Speech under Interpersonal organization
Communication - Based on the organization’s history and
development.
 Conversation – is a communication situation
- Develop its own core values, vision, and
where a person wants to establish or
mission statements, goals and objective.
deepen one’s relationship with the other
individual (less formal and profound) Type of Organizational Communication in an
 Transactional – is a type of communication Informal Structure
situation that aims to accomplish or resolve
something at the end of the conversation  Informal/ Grapevine Communication –
(formal or serious) comes from unofficial channels of message
 Extended Communication – a type of flow (meaning the source of information is
communication that involves the use of hard to pinpoint or can’t be traced).
electronic media/ devices. - This type of communication involves
 Organizational Communication – focuses on different levels of organization and occurs
the communication that takes place among due to dissatisfaction of some employees
group of people with the same objectives or accompanied by uncertainty and other
goal. negative factors that are against the
 Intercultural Communication – company rules.
communication between or among people
Types of Communication according to
having different linguistic, religious, ethnic,
PURPOSE AND STYLE
social and professional backgrounds.
 Formal Communication – Employs formal
Types of Organizational Communication in a
language delivered orally or in written forms
Formal Structure
- To inform, to entertain, and to persuade.
- Ex. Public Talks, Speech
  Informal Communication – does not employ 2. Lasswell’s Communication Model – Was
a formal language. conceptualized in 1948.
- It involves a personal and ordinary - Described communication being focused on
conversation with friends, family members the following Ws:
or acquintances. - Who says, What in, Which channel, to
- Ex. Conversation with family and friends. Whom, with What
- Similar to Aristotle’s model in the sense of
Communication Models and Principles both are linear and have the same
components with the addition of two:
Communication Models – help you to understand
medium and effect.
how a communication process works.

- Visual presentation that identifies, classifies,

and describes various parts of a process.
- Communication process starts with the
transmission of a message by Harold Laswell – was an influential social scientist
communicator and ends with reciever’s who contributed to the field of political science
feedback. through research on political psychology,
- Often abstract; it is a representation of a quantitative methods and public policy.
real world phenomenon applied to different
forms. 3. Shannon-Weavers Communication of Model
- The interplay of variables in the model – conceptualized in 1949 for the functioning
represented graphically. of radio and television as a serving model
Conceptual Models for Human for technical communication.
Communication - Later adopted in the field of communication.
- In this model, other components such as
1. Aristotle’s Model of Communication – noise, reception, destination, and feedback
emphasized that there are 3 variables in the have been identified.
communication process. - Other terms such as information source for
the senderm transmitter for the
encoder,decoder(reception) and receiver
(destination) were introduce.

Shannon and Weaver – in 1948, Shannon was an

- The most basic and common of all
American mathematician, Electronic engineer and
communication models.
Weaver was an American Scientist both of them
- It highlights publick speaking.
join together to write an article in “Bell System
- The speaker variable is very important;
Technical Journal” called “ A Mathematical Theory
without the speaker, there will be no speech
of Communication” and also as “ Shannon- Weaver
to be produced.
model of Communication”
- Depending on the profile of the audience,
the speaker adjust his/hel speech to
consider the audience.

Aristotle – was one of the greatest philosophers

who ever lived and the first genuine scientist in
history.
4. Berlo’s SMCR Communication Model
- He made pioneering contribution to all fields - Was conceptualized in 1960, probably the
of philosophy and science. most well-known among the communication
models
 - Initially Berlo’s model was called SMCR - The fourth variable is reciever, the one who
which stands for sender of the message, decodes the message.
sent through a channel or medium to a
receiver. However, it was modified later on General Principles of Effective Communication
to include noise, hence the acronym is 1. Know your purpose in communicating:
SMCRN. o To inform
David Kenneth Berlo – 1929- 1996, was the o To entertain
eleventh president of Illinois State University. o To persuade
2. Know your audience:
o Age
o Educational background
o Profession
o Culture
3. Know your topic
4. Adjust your speech or writing to the context
of the situation; the environment in which
- The source being the originator of the your speech or writing is to be delivered
message cast as the encoder determines the kind of language you will
- The encoder should practice communication use.
skills such as; listening, speaking, reading,
writing Principles of Effective Communication
- The speaker’s attitude toward the audience
1. Be clear with your purpose – know by heart
or the subject as well as his/her knowledge
your objective in communicating.
about the topic on hand likewise counts
2. Be complete with the message you deliver –
along with the social system that his/her is
make sure that your claims are supported
in which includes values, beliefs, and
by facts and essential information.
practices and culture.
3. Be concise – Do not be wordy with your
- The second variable which is the message
statements; brevity is a must.
include;
4. Be natural with your delivery – use
 Contents
appropriate gestures and movements.
 Elements such as the language
5. Be specific and timely with your feedback –
used and gestured employed;
inputs are most helpful when provided on
 Treatment or the manner by which
time.
the message is transmitted
 Structure which refers to the Principles of Effective Written Communication:
arrangement of parts or flow of the 7Cs
message
- The code shows how the message is sent: 1. Be clear – Always be guided by your
that is, the language (verbal code) used and purpose in communicating your message.
the accompanying gestures (non verbal 2. Be concise – Always stick to the point and
code) employed be brief by focusing your main point.
- The third variables which is channel refers 3. Be concrete – Support your claims with
to different senses: enough facts.
 Seeing 4. Be correct – Observe grammatical
 Hearing correctnes and spelling; always have time to
 Smelling revise and edit your work.
 Tasting 5. Be coherent – Provide logical statements
 Touching connected to the topic at hand.
 6. Be complete – Include all necessary and
relevant information.
7. Be courteous – Your tone should be friendly
to eliminate confusion and misinterpretation.

Ethics of Communication

- Communication ethics emphasizes that

moral influence the behavior of an
individual, group, or organization thereby
affecting their communication.
- Note that one’s behavior should be
regulated by honesty, decency, truthfulness,
sincerity, and moral uprightness.

Ethical Considerations in an Organization for

Effective Communication

 Establish an effective value system that will

pave the way for the development of your
integrity as a person.
 Provide complete and accurate information.
 Disclose vital information adequately and
appropriately.

- Observing a code of ethics is essential as it

determines the kind of behavior that is
proper and desirable over one that is
displeasing and offensive.

- A code of ethics set the standards to be

observed by a person or a company that will
create a good reputation or a positive image
not only for an individual but also for the
organization.

Mecailah O. Poloyapoy