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    Cell Division

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    Rosana Beatrix Gualberto
    Mitosis is the process of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and type of chromosomes as the parent nucleus. It has four main phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes, and involves two rounds of division. During meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair up and may exchange genetic material through crossing over.

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    Cell Division

    Uploaded by

    Rosana Beatrix Gualberto
    88 views50 pages
    Mitosis is the process of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and type of chromosomes as the parent nucleus. It has four main phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes, and involves two rounds of division. During meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair up and may exchange genetic material through crossing over.

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    Mitosis is the process of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and type of chromosomes as the parent nucleus. It has four main phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes, and involves two rounds of division. During meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair up and may exchange genetic material through crossing over.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    88 views50 pages

    Cell Division

    Uploaded by

    Rosana Beatrix Gualberto
    Mitosis is the process of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and type of chromosomes as the parent nucleus. It has four main phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes, and involves two rounds of division. During meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair up and may exchange genetic material through crossing over.

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    Mitosis

    • The process by which the cell nucleus


    divides into two identical cell nuclei.
    • In some Human cells interphases lasts
    15.3 hours, while mitosis lasts only .7
    hours.
    • Occurs in a series of steps
    • Prophase
    • Metaphase
    • Anaphase
    • Telophase
    • Cytokinesis
    Prophase
    • Chromosomes now called chromatids
    because they doubled to form short
    thick rods which pair up and line up in
    the center of the nucleus.
    • A centromere connects the two halves
    of the doubled chromatids.
    • Spindle fibers begin to form.
    • Spindle fiber – a fibrous structure from the
    cytoplasm which forms to the centriole.
    • Centrioles move to opposite sides of
    the cell.
    • The nuclear membrane breaks down.
    • Chromosomes
    line-up on the
    metaphase
    plate
    • Centromeres
    are attached
    to spindle
    fibers
    • Spindle fibers contract
    • Centromeres divide
    • Sister chromatids are
    pulled away from
    each other towards
    the poles
    • Now there are two identical
    sets of chromosomes.
    • The
    chromosomes
    reach the poles
    • Nuclear
    membranes form
    around the 2 new
    nuclei
    • The cytoplasm
    distributed equally Animal Plant
    between the 2 new
    cells
    • In animals, a
    cleavage furrow
    forms from outside
    in
    • In plants, a cell
    plate forms from
    inside out
    Interphase
    Prophase Metaphase

    Telophase
    Anaphase
    MEIOSIS
    Meiosis
    •The form of cell division by which gametes,
    with half the number of chromosomes, are
    produced.

    •Diploid (2n) → haploid (n)

    •Meiosis is sexual reproduction.

    •Two divisions (meiosis I and meiosis II).


    Fertilization
    •The fusion of a sperm and egg to form a zygote.
    •A zygote is a fertilized egg

    sperm
    n=23 n=23
    egg
    2n=46
    zygote
    Meiosis

    • Sex cells divide to produce gametes (sperm or egg).

    • Gametes have half the # of chromosomes.


    • Occurs only in gonads (testes or ovaries).
    Male: spermatogenesis
    Female: oogenesis

    • Meiosis is similar to mitosis with some


    chromosomal differences.
    Spermatogenesis
    n=23
    human
    sex cell
    sperm
    n=23
    n=23

    2n=46
    haploid (n)
    n=23
    diploid (2n) n=23

    n=23

    meiosis I meiosis II
    Interphase I

    • Similar to mitosis interphase.

    • Chromosomes replicate (S phase).

    • Each duplicated chromosome consist of two


    identical sister chromatids attached at their
    centromeres.

    • Centriole pairs also replicate.


    Interphase I

    • Nucleus and nucleolus visible.

    chromatin nuclear
    membrane

    cell membrane

    nucleolus
    Meiosis I (four phases)

    • Cell division that reduces the chromosome number


    by one-half.

    • four phases:
    a. prophase I
    b. metaphase I
    c. anaphase I
    d. telophase I
    Prophase I
    • Longest and most complex phase (90%).

    • Chromosomes condense.

    • Synapsis occurs: homologous chromosomes come


    together to form a tetrad.

    • Tetrad is two chromosomes or four chromatids


    (sister and nonsister chromatids).
    Prophase I - Synapsis
    Homologous chromosomes

    sister chromatids sister chromatids


    Tetrad
    Homologous Chromosomes
    • Pair of chromosomes (maternal and paternal) that are similar
    in shape and size.
    • Homologous pairs (tetrads) carry genes controlling the same
    inherited traits.
    • Each locus (position of a gene) is in the same position on
    homologues.
    • Humans have 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes.

    a. 22 pairs of autosomes
    b. 01 pair of sex chromosomes
    Karyotype
    • A method of organizing the chromosomes of a cell in
    relation to number, size, and type.
    Homologous Chromosomes

    eye color eye color


    locus locus

    hair color hair color


    locus locus

    Paternal Maternal
    Humans have 23 Sets of Homologous Chromosomes
    Each Homologous set is made up of 2 Homologues.
    Homologue

    Homologue
    Autosomes
    (The Autosomes code for most of the offspring’s traits)

    In Humans the
    “Autosomes”
    are sets 1 - 22
    Sex Chromosomes
    The Sex Chromosomes code for the sex of the offspring.
    ** If the offspring has two “X” chromosomes it will be a female.
    ** If the offspring has one “X” chromosome and one “Y” chromosome it will be a male.

    In Humans the
    “Sex
    Chromosomes”
    are the 23rd set

    XX chromosome - female XY chromosome - male


    Boy or Girl? The Y Chromosome “Decides”

    Y chromosome
    X chromosome
    Crossing Over

    • Crossing over (variation) may occur between nonsister


    chromatids at the chiasmata.

    • Crossing over: segments of nonsister chromatids


    break and reattach to the other chromatid.

    • Chiasmata (chiasma) are the sites of crossing over.


    Crossing Over - variation
    nonsister chromatids Tetrad

    chiasmata: site variation


    of crossing over
    Sex Chromosomes

    XX chromosome - female XY chromosome - male


    Prophase I
    spindle fiber centrioles

    aster
    fibers
    Metaphase I
    • Shortest phase

    • Tetrads align on the metaphase plate.


    Metaphase I

    OR

    metaphase plate metaphase plate


    Anaphase I
    •Homologous chromosomes separate
    and move towards the poles.

    •Sister chromatids remain attached at


    their centromeres.
    Anaphase I
    Telophase I
    • Each pole now has haploid set of chromosomes.

    • Cytokinesis occurs and two haploid daughter cells


    are formed.
    Telophase I
    Meiosis II

    • No interphase II
    (or very short - no more DNA replication)

    • Remember: Meiosis II is similar to mitosis


    Prophase II

    • same as prophase in mitosis


    Metaphase II

    • same as metaphase in mitosis

    metaphase plate metaphase plate


    Anaphase II

    • same as anaphase in mitosis


    • sister chromatids separate
    Telophase II

    • Same as telophase in mitosis.

    • Nuclei form.

    • Cytokinesis occurs.

    • Remember: four haploid daughter cells


    produced.

    gametes = sperm or egg


    Telophase II
    Meiosis
    n=2

    sex cell sperm


    n=2
    n=2

    2n=4
    haploid (n)
    n=2
    diploid (2n) n=2

    n=2

    meiosis I meiosis II
    Fertilization

    • The fusion of a sperm and egg to form a zygote.


    • A zygote is a fertilized egg

    sperm
    n=23 n=23
    egg
    2n=46
    zygote

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