Yashodham Public School

&
JR.College
Malkapur ,Buldhana
Affiliated CBSE
Malkapur, Buldhana
English Project Report
My Favorite Sports Player
Sachin Tendulkar
Under Guidance of
Mr. Sunil Rajput
Department of English

Submitted by:-
Name:-Abhijeet Rajesh Lande
Class: - XII
(2021-2022)

Guide Internal External

Examiner Examiner
 Certificate

This is to certify that Abhijeet Rajesh Lande of

class 12th has successfully completed the
project report in English subject for class XII
practical examination of the Central Board of
Secondary Education in the year 2021-2022.

It is further certified that this project report is

an individual work of the candidate.

Signature:

Date:

Acknowledgement
I would like to express my special thanks of
gratitude to my teacher Mr. Sunil Rajput as
well as our principal ______________ who
gave me the golden opportunity to do this
wonderful project report on the topic My
Favorite sports player Sachin Tendulkar,
which also helped me in doing a lot of
research and I came to know about so
many new things. I am really thankful to
them.
Secondly I would also like to thank my
parents and friends who helped me a lot in
finalizing this project within the limited time
frame.
Date:-

Index

Objective
Introduction
Property 1
Property 2
Property 3
Property 4
Property 5
Property 6
Property 7
Property 8
Property 9
Property 10
Conclusion
Reference

Objective
To study the topic definite
integral, it's different properties
and its application in real life.

Definite integration helps a lot as

it is a great tool to find area under
curve and has various other uses
which we will learn in this project.

Introduction
To Definite Integrals
Definition: let ɸ(x) be primitive or antiderivative of a
continuous function f(x) defined on [a,b]. then the definite
integral of f(x) over [a,b] is denoted by:
b

∫ f ( x ) dx=¿ [ɸ ( b )−ɸ(b)] ¿
a

In this equation ‘a’ is the lower limit and ‘b’ is the upper
limit of integration.
b

Geometrical understanding: the definite integral ∫ f ( x ) dx represent

a

the area under curve f(x) bounded between x=a and x=b.

Property 1
Statement :-
b b

∫ f ( x ) dx=∫ f ( t ) dt
a a

Proof:- Let Φ(x) be a primitive of f(x). Then ,

 d d
dx {Φ(x)} = f(x) → dt {Φ(t)} = f(t)
b
b
Hence, ∫a f ( x ) dx=[¿Φ ( x )] a ¿ = Φ ( b )−Φ (a) --(i) and,
∫ f ( x ) dt=[¿ Φ (x)] ba ¿ = Φ ( b )−Φ (a)
b

a
--(ii)

From (i) and (ii), we obtain

b b

∫ f ( x ) dx=∫ f ( t ) dt
a a

Property 2
Statement :-
b a

∫ f ( x ) dx=−∫ f ( x ) dx
a b

Proof:- Let Φ(x) be a primitive of f(x). Then ,

b b

∫ f ( x ) dx=¿ Φ ( b )−Φ (a) ¿and, −∫ f ( x ) dt=[¿ Φ( x)] b ¿ ¿−[ Φ ( b ) −Φ ( a ) ] =Φ ( b )−Φ (a)

a a a
 b a
∴∫ f ( x ) dx=−∫ f ( x ) dx
a b

Property 3

Statement :-
b c b

∫ f ( x ) dx=∫ f ( x ) dx +∫ f ( x ) dx
a a c

Where a<c<b

Proof:- Let Φ(x) be a primitive of f(x). Then ,

b c b

∫ f ( x ) dx=¿ Φ ( b )−Φ (a) ¿and, ∴∫ f ( x ) dx +∫ f ( x ) dx ¿ [ Φ ( c )−Φ ( a ) ] +[Φ ( b )−Φ ( c ) ]=Φ ( b ) −Φ( a)

a a c

From above equations we get

b c b

∫ f ( x ) dx=∫ f ( x ) dx +∫ f ( x ) dx
a a c
 Property 4

Statement :- If f(x) is a continous function

defined on[a, b] then,
b b

∫ f ( x ) dx=∫ f ( a+b−x ) dx
a a

Proof:- Let x=a+b-t. Then, dx = - dt

Also, x=a →t=b and x=b → t=a
b a b b
∴ ∫ f ( x ) dx=−∫ f ( a+b−t ) dt →∫ f ( x ) dx=∫ f ( a+b−t ) dt
a b a a

b b
→∫ f ( x ) dx=∫ f ( a+b−x ) dt
a a

b b
Hence ,∫ f ( x ) dx =∫ f ( a+ b−x ) dx
a a

Property 5

Statement :- If f(x) is continuous function

defined on[0,a], then
a a

∫ f ( x ) dx=∫ f ( a−x ) dx
0 0
Proof:- Let x=a+b-t. Then, dx = d(a-t) → dx=-dt
Also, x=0 →t=a and x=a → t=0
a 0 a a
∴ ∫ f ( x ) dx=−∫ f ( a−t ) dt →∫ f ( x ) dx=∫ f ( a−t ) dt
0 a 0 0

a a
→∫ f ( x ) dx=−∫ f ( a−x ) dx
0 0

a a
Hence ,∫ f ( x ) dx =∫ f ( a−x ) dx
0 0

Property 6

Statement :-
2a a

∫ f ( x ) dx=∫ {f ( x )+ f ( 2 a+ x ) } dx
0 0

2a

Proof:- Let I= ∫ f ( x ) dx .Then , 0

a 2a

I=∫ f ( x ) dx +∫ { f ( x ) } dx
0 0

a 2a

I=∫ f ( x ) dx + I
0
1, where I 1=∫ { f ( x ) } dx
0
--(i)
Let 2a-t=x. Then, dx= -dt. Also, x=a→ t=a and x=2a → t=0
2a 0 0
∴ I1 =∫ f ( x ) dx=∫ {f ( 2 a−t ) + f (−dt ) }=−∫ { f ( 2 a−t ) dt }=
0 a a
 a a
¿ ∫ { f ( 2 a−t ) dt }=∫ { f ( 2 a−x ) dx }
0 0

Substituting the value of I1 in (i), we get

a a a

I= ∫ {f ( x ) dx }=∫ {f ( 2 a−x ) dx }=∫ {f ( x )+ f (2 a−x)} dx

0 0 0

2a a

∫ f ( x ) dx=∫ {f ( x )+ f ( 2 a+ x ) } dx
0 0

Property 7

 Statement :- let f(x) be a continuous function of x

defined on [0,a] such that f(a-x)=f(x) , then
a a

∫ xf ( x ) dx= a2 ∫ f ( x ) dx
0 0

Proof:- Let I = ∫ x f ( x ) dx . Then ,

0

a
→ I = ∫ f ( a−x ) f ( a−x ) dx
0

a
→ I= ∫ f ( a−x ) dx f ( x ) dx
0

a a
→ I= a ∫ f ( x ) dx−∫ xf ( x ) dx
0 0

a
→ I= a ∫ f ( x ) dx−I
0

a
→ 2I = a ∫ f ( x ) dx
0

a
→ I= a
20
∫ f ( x ) dx
 Property 8

 Statement :- let f(x) be a continuous function of

defined on [-a, a], then
a a

∫ f ( x ) dx=∫ { f ( x ) + f (−x )} dx
−a 0

a 0 a

Proof:- Let I = ∫ f ( x ) dx
−a
= ∫ f ( x ) dx +∫ f ( x ) dx
−a 0
--(i)
Let x =-t. Then ,dx=-dt.
Also, x= -a→ t = a and x = 0 t = 0.

0 0 0 a
∴ = ∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ f (−t ) (−dt )=−∫ f (−t ) dt=−∫ f (−t ) dt
−a a a 0

0 a
→
−a
--(ii)
∫ f ( x )=∫ {f (−x ) } dx
0

From(i) and (ii), we get

a a

= → ∫ f ( x )∫ { f (−x ) +f ( x ) } dx
−a 0
a a

∫ f ( x ) dx=∫ { f ( x ) + f (−x )} dx
−a 0

Property 9
  Statement :- let f(x) be a continuous function defined
on [-a, a], then

{
a
a

∫ f ( x ) dx= 2∫0 f ( x ) dx ,if f ( x ) is an even function

−a
0 ,if f ( x ) is odd function
a a

Proof:- ∫ f ( x ) dx=∫ { f ( x ) + f (−x )} dx

−a 0

{
a
a
∫ { f ( x ) + f ( x)} dx ,if f (−x )=f (x)
∫ f ( x ) dx= a
0
−a
∫ {f ( x )−f ( x) }dx , if f (−x )=−f ( x )
0

{
a
a

∫ f ( x ) dx= 2∫0 f ( x ) dx ,if f (−x )=f ( x ) , if f ( x ) is an even function

−a
0 ,if f (−x )=−f ( x ) , if f ( x ) is odd function

{
a
a

∫ f ( x ) dx= 2∫0 f ( x ) dx ,if f ( x ) is an even function

−a
0 ,if f ( x ) is odd function

Property 10

Statement :- if f(x) is a continuous function defined

on [0,2a], then

{
a
2a
2∫ f ( X ) dx ,if f ( 2 a−x )=f ( x )
∫ f ( x ) dx= 0
0
0 , if f ( 2a−x )=−f ( x)

2a a

Proof:- ∫ f ( x ) dx=∫ {f ( x )+ f (2 a−x)} dx

0 0
 {
a
2a
∫ {f ( x ) + f (x)}dx , if f ( 2 a−x ) =f (x )
→∫ f ( x ) dx = 0
0 a

∫ {f ( x ) −f ( x ) } dx , if f ( 2 a−x )=−f (x)

0

{
a
2a
2 ∫ f ( X ) dx , if f ( 2 a−x ) =f ( x )
→∫ f ( x ) dx = 0
0
0 ,if f ( 2 a−x )=−f (x )

Conclusion

Definite integral is an important part of

calculus. It is widely used in maths and
physics for various uses. In math’s it is
generally used for finding area under the
curve and area bounded by two curves. In
physics it is used to find centre of mass,
center of gravity, mass and moment of
inertia of vehicles and satellites.
 Reference

I am Soham .A. Bhole of class 12th science. I

have done this project with the help of my
parents, subject teacher and friends.
I used:-
1) Microsoft Word
2) NCERT Maths Class 12th
3) R.D. Sharma Class 12th

For finalizing this project.

Thank you……