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Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

Learning Outcomes
• explain the choice of the main classes of materials
(metals, ceramics, glass, plastics, fibres) in the
production of common household items, in terms of
their properties
• estimate and measure accurately length, volume and
mass (including volume and mass of liquids and
solids but not of gases) of matter using appropriate
instruments (metre rule, measuring tape, vernier
callipers, measuring cylinder, displacement can,
electronic balance) and methods

THEME A: DIVERSITY
Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

Learning Outcomes
• calculate density using the formula and use the
appropriate unit
• predict whether an object will sink or float by
comparing its density with that of its surrounding
medium
• classify a number of common everyday objects and
recognise that there are many ways of classifying the
same group of objects
• use data on the properties of different materials to
evaluate their uses

THEME A: DIVERSITY
Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

Learning Outcomes
• communicate findings on classification and justify
reasons
• display the habit of sustainable use of materials
• evaluate the environmental impact of excessive use
of paper and disposal of plastics
• demonstrate precision and accuracy in making
measurements (taking into consideration parallax
and zero errors)

THEME A: DIVERSITY
Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

THEME A: DIVERSITY
Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

What
properties
does ice have
that make it
suitable for
making an
igloo?

THEME A: DIVERSITY
Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

2.1 What Is Matter?


• Everything around us is made of matter.
• Matter is anything that has mass and volume.
• Mass is the amount of matter something has; the
larger the mass, the more matter it has.
• Volume is the amount of space something occupies.

THEME A: DIVERSITY
Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

Some things that exist are not matter.


Can you suggest some examples of
these?

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Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

2.2 Classifying Matter


• Sorting things into groups is called classification.
• There is a great diversity of both living and non-
living things in the world. Classifying these things
helps us to understand them more easily.

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Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

How do we classify?
• In order to classify objects, we do the following:

THEME A: DIVERSITY
Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

 There is usually more than one way to classify the


same group of objects.

THEME A: DIVERSITY
Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

Ways to classify non-living things


 There are many ways
to classify non-living
things.
 One method is to
classify them as solids,
liquids and gases.
These groups are
called the three states
of matter.

THEME A: DIVERSITY
Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

Ways to classify non-living things


• Another way is to classify non-living things based
on the different kinds of materials they are made of.
• A material is a substance that is used for making
objects.
• There are many kinds of materials in the world.
They may be divided into five main groups –
metals, plastics, glass, ceramics and fibres.

THEME A: DIVERSITY
Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

Five groups of materials

THEME A: DIVERSITY
Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

1. Look at some objects in your classroom or in your


home. It is possible to classify them in different
ways. Classify them according to (a) colour, (b) the
kinds of materials used to make them and (c) some
other features of your own choice.
2. Plastics have replaced traditional materials for
making many objects. For example, plastic bags are
now more commonly used compared to paper bags.
Give five other examples of objects that are made of
materials different from the traditional ones.

THEME A: DIVERSITY
Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

2.3 What Physical Properties Do


Materials Have?
• Materials may be classified into the five groups
based on some common physical properties.
• A physical property is one that can be observed
without changing the substance of the object.

THEME A: DIVERSITY
Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

Physical properties of materials


Physical property Explanation

Strength Ability to support a heavy load without


breaking or tearing
Hardness Ability to scratch another material
Flexibility Ability to bend without breaking and return to
its original shape
Electrical conductivity Measure of how easily electricity passes
through it
Heat (thermal conductivity) Measure of how easily heat passes through it
Melting point Temperature at which the material changes
state from a solid to a liquid
Boiling point temperature at which the material changes
state from a liquid to a gas

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Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

Experiment: Strength
Drag each weight to the apparatus shown.

THEME A: DIVERSITY
Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

Experiment: Electrical conductivity


Drag each object to the circuit.
Which material is a good conductor of electricity?

THEME A: DIVERSITY
Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

Experiment: Heat conductivity


Which object is a better heat
conductor?
Note: Right click on animation to
zoom in.

THEME A: DIVERSITY
Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

What is the melting point of ice?


What forms when ice melts?

THEME A: DIVERSITY
Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

Some properties of the five groups of materials

THEME A: DIVERSITY
Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

Some properties of the five groups of materials

THEME A: DIVERSITY
Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

1. Can all objects be classified into the five


main groups of materials described in this
chapter? Explain.
2. What physical property is involved when
you: (a) use gloves to hold a hot plate?
(b) bend a plastic toy?
(c) use a penknife to cut cardboard?

THEME A: DIVERSITY
Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

2.4 What Is Density?


• The density of a substance is the mass of the
substance per unit volume.

• Density describes how the mass of a substance


changes with its volume.

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Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

• Both the iron and wooden cube have the same


volume of 1 cm3.
• However, the iron cube is heavier than the wooden
cube. This difference is due to their masses.
• The cubes have different masses as they are made
of materials of different densities.

THEME A: DIVERSITY
Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

How do we measure length?


 Length is a physical quantity needed for us to
calculate area and volume.
 The SI unit of length is the metre (m).
 Short lengths are measured in centimetres (cm) or
millimetres (mm).
 Long distances are measured in kilometres (km).

THEME A: DIVERSITY
Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

Convert the following lengths

THEME A: DIVERSITY
Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

1. What is the SI unit of length?


2. Convert the following lengths:
(a) 2.6 km = ___________ m
(b) 3.2 m = ___________ cm
(c) 25 cm = ___________ mm

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Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

What instruments do we use to


measure length?
• Metre rule
• Measuring tape
• Vernier callipers

THEME A: DIVERSITY
Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

Metre rule
• A metre rule measures short lengths.
• We must place our eyes vertically (90°) above it to
obtain a correct reading. Wrong eye position leads
to a parallax error. This will give an inaccurate
reading.

Correct way Wrong way

THEME A: DIVERSITY
Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

Measuring tape
• A measuring tape is used to measure longer lengths
and lengths of curved surfaces.
• The metre rule and measuring tape have marks
dividing them into centimetres and millimetres.
The smallest division is 1 mm.
• Thus, the metre rule and the measuring tape are
accurate to 1 mm (or 0.1 cm).

THEME A: DIVERSITY
Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

Vernier callipers
• Vernier callipers are used to measure internal and
external lengths of objects very accurately. They are
accurate to 0.1 mm (or 0.01 cm).
• The main scale has divisions of 1 mm and the
vernier scale has divisions of 0.1 mm.

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Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

Zero error
• If the jaws are closed but the zero marks on the
main scale and the vernier scale are not in line,
there is an error known as the zero error.

• The readings will differ from the actual length.


To get the correct value, the zero error is added or
subtracted from the reading.

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Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

1. Which instrument would you choose to measure


the following lengths? Give a reason.
(a) A length between 10 cm and 100 cm
(b) A length between 0 and 10 cm very accurately
(c) The circumference of a can

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Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

2. (a) Write down the readings indicated in the


diagrams below.

(b) What precaution must we take when reading a


metre rule and why?

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Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

3. In the diagrams below, what are the lengths


measured by the vernier callipers?

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Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

How do we determine volume?


• In order to determine density, we need to know
how to determine volume.
• The amount of space a substance occupies is called
its volume.
• The SI unit of volume is the cubic metre (m3).
For smaller volumes, we can use cubic centimetres
(cm3) instead.

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Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

Volumes of regular solids


• The volumes of solids with regular shapes (V ) are
calculated using formulae.

THEME A: DIVERSITY
Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

Volumes of liquids
• A measuring cylinder can also be used to measure
the volume of a liquid.
• Volumes of liquids can be measured in litres (l),
millilitres (ml) or cubic centimetres (cm3).

THEME A: DIVERSITY
Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

Volumes of liquids
• In a measuring cylinder, the liquid surface is a little
curved. This curved shape is called a meniscus.
• When you take a reading from a measuring cylinder,
your eye must be at
the same level as the
bottom of the meniscus
meniscus. This helps
wrong reading of
us to avoid parallax 78 cm3
errors. correct reading of
77 cm3

wrong reading of
74 cm3

THEME A: DIVERSITY
Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

Volumes of irregular solids


• A measuring cylinder can be used to find the volume
of an irregular solid.
• The solid is lowered into a measuring cylinder and
water level before and after noted.
• The volume of the object is the volume of the water
displaced.

THEME A: DIVERSITY
Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

Drag the shell into the measuring cylinder


and observe what happens

THEME A: DIVERSITY
Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

Volumes of irregular solids


• To measure the volume of a larger,
irregular object that will not fit
into a measuring cylinder,
a displacement can filled with
water is used.
• When an object is lowered into the
can, the water it displaces flows
out of the can.
• The volume of this water is
measured to obtain the volume of
the object.

THEME A: DIVERSITY
Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

Solve this problem!


You want to find the volume of a large potato, but it is
too big to fit into a measuring cylinder. How then can
you find its volume? Can you suggest more than one
way?
• Cut the potato into small pieces and place in a
measuring cylinder of water. Read the increase in
volume.
• Alternatively, place the whole potato in a filled
displacement can and collect the water that overflows
in a measuring cylinder to obtain the volume of the
potato.

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Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

1. (a) What is the SI unit and symbol of volume?


(b) What other units of volume are used in the
laboratory?
(c) What units of volume are used in daily life?
2. Which instrument is used in the laboratory to
measure the volume of a liquid? Describe how you
read the volume using this instrument.

THEME A: DIVERSITY
Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

How do we measure mass?


• The mass of an object is the amount of matter it has.
• The SI unit of mass is the kilogram (kg). Smaller
masses are measured in grams (g) or milligrams
(mg). Large masses are measured in tonnes (t).
• An electronic
balance is
commonly used
to measure mass.

THEME A: DIVERSITY
Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

Convert the following masses

THEME A: DIVERSITY
Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

1. What is mass and what is its SI unit?


2. (a) Convert 2.6 kg to grams.
(b) Convert 300 g to kilograms.

THEME A: DIVERSITY
Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

How do we determine density?


• Density is the mass of a substance per unit volume.

• The SI units of mass and volume are kg and m3


respectively. Therefore the SI unit of density is
kg/m3. However, the most commonly used unit of
density is g/m3.
• Objects that are made of the same substance have the
same density.

THEME A: DIVERSITY
Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

The density of ice is about 0.9 g/cm3.


Explain what this means.

THEME A: DIVERSITY
Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

Densities of some substances

THEME A: DIVERSITY
Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

The density equation


The density equation can be written in three different
ways. Click on each section to explore the relationships.

THEME A: DIVERSITY
Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

Look at Figure 2.29. Generally, what


inferences can you make about the
densities of substances in different
states?

THEME A: DIVERSITY
Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

1. The mass of a piece of copper is 500 g. Its volume


is found to be 56.2 cm3. What is its density?
2. The density of glass is 2.5 g/cm3. What is the mass
of 10 cm3 of glass?

THEME A: DIVERSITY
Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

THEME A: DIVERSITY
Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

Extra: Instrument for measuring the density


of a liquid
• The hydrometer is an
instrument that can measure
the density of a liquid directly.
• The commercial value of many
liquids, including sugar
solutions and alcoholic
beverages such as beer and
wine, depends directly on their
density. As a result hydrometers
are used extensively.

THEME A: DIVERSITY
Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

Why do objects float or sink?


• An object floats if its density is less than that of the
medium it is in.
• A beach ball filled with air (object), which is less
dense than water (medium), floats. A bowling ball,
which is denser than water, will sink.

THEME A: DIVERSITY
Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

Since ice floats on water, what can


we infer about the densities of ice
and water?

THEME A: DIVERSITY
Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

Applications of floating and sinking


• Modern airships are filled with helium gas. As helium
is less dense than air, an airship can rise into the air.
When the helium is released, the airship becomes
denser than air and sinks.

THEME A: DIVERSITY
Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

Applications of floating and sinking


• The steel hull of a ship is hollow and contains a lot of
air. This makes the density of the ship less than the
density of water. Thus, the ship floats on water.

THEME A: DIVERSITY
Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

Applications of floating and sinking

THEME A: DIVERSITY
Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

1. If there is a hole in the bottom of a ship, it will sink.


Why?
2. A balloon filled with carbon dioxide gas falls when
released into the air. Which gas has a higher density
— carbon dioxide or air? Explain.
3. Fish have swim bladders which enable them to
adjust the amount of air in their bodies. This
adaptation is useful when the density of seawater
around them changes slightly. Explain why.

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Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

2.5 Choosing the Best Materials


• Different materials have different properties. How
a material is used depends on its properties. Some
materials are more suitable than others to make
an object.
• When we choose a material for making an object,
there are many questions we should consider:
– Should the material be weak or strong?
– Should the material have a low or high density?
– Should the material be a good or poor heat
conductor?

THEME A: DIVERSITY
Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

Look at Figure 2.35.


These are pictures of
materials used in
four different
situations.
In each case, explain
why the material
used is not suitable.
Suggest a better
material.

THEME A: DIVERSITY
Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

Suggest two properties of ice that


make it suitable for building an
igloo and for keeping people
warm.

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Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

Materials, their uses and reasons for


choosing them
Material Uses Reasons for choosing the
material
Metal Aluminium drink can Strong, low density, does not
corrode easily

Copper electric wire Good conductor of electricity,


strong, does not corrode

Gold bangles Shiny, does not corrode

THEME A: DIVERSITY
Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

Material Uses Reasons for choosing the


material
Plastic Plastic bags Low density, flexible, strong

Plastic food containers Low density, easily moulded, poor


conductors of heat

Plastic electrical socket Strong, does not conduct


electricity

THEME A: DIVERSITY
Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

Material Uses Reasons for choosing the


material
Glass Glass window panes Transparent, hard

Thin protective glass Hard, does not corrode


layer on metal objects
such as refrigerators
and baths

THEME A: DIVERSITY
Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

Material Uses Reasons for choosing the


material
Ceramic Porcelain plate Poor conductor of heat

Cooking pot Poor conductor of heat, does not


corrode, high melting point

THEME A: DIVERSITY
Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

Material Uses Reasons for choosing the


material
Fibre Cotton clothes Low density, absorbs perspiration,
able to absorb dyes

Rattan chair Strong, flexible

THEME A: DIVERSITY
Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

You are involved in a food delivery business.


You need to deliver hot food to people’s homes
in boxes. Delivery can take up to 30 minutes.
What kind of material would you use for the
boxes so that your customers do not have to
warm up the food again? Explain why.

THEME A: DIVERSITY
Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

1. (a) The bottom of an electric iron is made of metal.


Why?
(b) What kind of material should be used to make
the handle? Explain.
2. Plates made of ceramic are attractive but not ideal
for children’s use. Why?
3. Which of the five groups of materials do you think
is used to make the case of a mobile phone?
Explain.

THEME A: DIVERSITY
Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

2.6 How Can We Conserve Our


Environment?
• The objects we use in our daily lives are made from a
variety of materials. However, after use, many of
these objects are thrown away.
• In Singapore, we throw away over one million
tonnes of paper waste and nearly one million tonnes
of plastic waste each year.
• The excessive use of paper and the disposal of
plastics harms the environment.

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Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

Paper
• Forests are cut down to produce paper. With forests,
we also lose many animals and plants.
• Excessive use and production of paper uses up a lot
of energy and water. It also contributes to water and
air pollution.
• Cutting down on our use of paper can lead to a
smaller environmental impact due to paper
production.

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Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

Plastics
• Plastics are useful materials because they do not
break down easily.
• However, this is bad when it comes to the
environment. Most plastics do not decompose in the
soil. They are said to be non-biodegradable, and can
take hundreds of years to break down.
• Plastic waste that ends up in the
sea kills many animals
every year.

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Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

• Apart from damaging our environment, we may also


use up the earth’s limited resources when we use too
much paper and plastics. For example, every year,
more and more of the earth’s forests are lost to
produce paper. Also, oil is used to make plastics.
• Scientists think that oil may run out in 50 years or
less.
• If we are not careful, we may run out of these
resources one day.
• Hence, it is important for us to use paper and plastics
wisely.

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Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

Conserving natural resources


• We can conserve our natural resources by practising
the 3Rs: Reduce, Reuse and Recycle.
• Reducing means using less. When we use less, we
conserve resources.
• Reusing means using things again instead of
throwing them away.
• Recycling means using old
things to make new things.

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Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

• We can show care for our environment by using


biodegradable materials.
– Biodegradable materials are decomposed (broken
down) by bacteria or other living organisms in the
soil.
– Non-biodegradable materials, such as glass and
many plastics can remain in the ground forever
with little or no change. For this reason, they
pollute the environment.
– Using biodegradable products is a simple but
effective way to care for the environment.

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Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

1. Explain why we should practice the 3Rs.


2. There are many ways to reduce the use of paper.
In a group, see how many examples you can
suggest. Compare your list with those of other
groups.

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Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

Chapter Review

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Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

Chapter Review

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Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

Chapter Review

THEME A: DIVERSITY
Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

Chapter Review

THEME A: DIVERSITY
Chapter 2 Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties

Chapter Review

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