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Lesson 1: SOLID, LIQUID, AND GAS

Lesson Outcomes:
1. Described characteristics of different objects based on the shape and space they occupy; and
2. Classified objects and materials as solid, liquid and gas according to some observable
characteristics.
LECTURE:
A. STATES OF MATTER: SOLID, LIQUID, GAS
All objects on earth can be classified in one of three physical forms or states such as solid, liquid
and gas.
A. Solid is a state of matter that has definite shape and definite volume. It keeps its own
size. Some common examples are marbles, ping-pong ball, marble, sponge, rock, empty bottle,
bag, pen, book, jewelries and many others.
Special Properties
a. Hardness – ability of solids to resist breaking and scraping
b. Malleability – ability of metals to be hammered into different shapes
c. Ductility – ability to its drawn into wire like copper, aluminum and steel
d. Brittleness – property that makes solids easy to break when force is applied to it.
B. Liquid – state of matter that keeps its size but takes the shape of its container.
C. Gas – state of matter that can freely change its shape and size.
B. DESCRIPTION OF THE STATES OF MATTER ACCORDING TO SHAPE

AND SPACE THEY OCCUPY
• The “state” of matter refers to the group of matter with the same properties. Materials
are grouped together according to their properties.
• If a material is grouped as solid, it has a definite shape and volume. The volume or size
of an object or material is the amount of space it occupies.
• If a material is in liquid state, it has a definite volume but follows the shape of its
container.
• A material in a gaseous state has no definite shape and volume. It has the ability to
spread filling out any available space of its container.
Lesson 2: Grouping Materials Based on Properties
Lesson Outcomes
1. Classified materials based on their ability to absorb water, float, sink and undergo decay; and
2. Identified the effects of decaying materials on one’s health and safety.
Lecture:
Properties of Matter
1. Buoyancy – the ability of materials to float in water. Some materials that float or sink exhibit
the property of buoyancy and density. This enable boast and ships to float. Density is a measure
of the amount of matter in a given volume of liquid. Formula of density (D=m/v). Example, the
mass of a metal washer is 10 grams and its volume is 20 cubic centimeters. Therefore, its density
is 0.5 g/cm3.
* If the density of an object is less than the density of the liquid, the object will float. An object
will sink if its density is greater than that of the liquid.
2. Porosity – property of material that allows it to absorb water and other liquids. A material that
is porous like dishwashing sponge is an example of absorbent material. Other porous materials
include cotton balls, gauze, blankets and pillows. Non-absorbent or non-porous materials are
those that do not absorb water like plastic bags, canisters, cans and ceramic mugs.
3. Decomposition – property of materials to break down into simpler or smaller forms of matter.
The organic matter, they can easily decay after a few days. Biodegradable are all materials that
decay. Non-biodegrable refers to those that do not decay.
Factors affecting decomposition:
1. Presence or organism or decomposers that cause decay: Decomposers can be detritivores,
fungi and bacteria. Detritivores like earthworm breakdown plant and animal materials and feed
on these. Fungi , like mushroom and ear fungi breakdown plant materials and cause decay at the
same time feeding on decayed materials. Bacteria are microorganisms that can be observed on
dead animal bodies.
2. Temperature: The warmer the temperature, the faster is the decay process.
3. Moisture: Decomposers are present in moist places.
4. Exposure to elements: Air contain bacteria and other microorganisms.
5. Salt content of the materials: Salty foods usually decays slowly because decomposers cannot
grow in a salty environment.
Lesson 3: Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter: Useful and Harmful Materials
Lesson Outcomes
1. Examined the properties of materials to determine whether useful or harmful.
Lecture:
Useful and Harmful Materials
Material products are beneficial to man because of technology because raw materials are
transformed to different products that have improved man’s way of life. However, some products
which are useful to man maybe harmful to animals and plants and the environment or the other
way around.
Important Concepts:
• Household materials and consumer products can be grouped as (1) cleaning; (2) food
preparation; (3) beautification; (4) building construction; and (5) household products.
• Materials found in products like metal container, ceramic, rubber, glass or plastic have specific
properties.
• Materials enhance or upgraded by technology because it continuously improved the quality of
products such as detergents, household cleaners, food seasoning, medicine, plastic, paints,
stainless metals and many more making human life convenient.
• Materials have beneficial effects at home and in environment. They can make work and life
easier like cooking faster; preserving food, keeping homes and clothes clean, smells good and
disinfect.
• However, materials can sometimes do harm. They contain hazardous substance that may cause
skin irritation, injury or illness during and after handling or use accidentally.
• Chemicals can contaminate food and when properly disposed of or even used, they can cause
death.
• Before buying or using any consumer products-such as food, clothing, medicine, cleaning
product, sopa and shampoo, insect repellent or pesticides.
Caution: Always read the labels or product information leaflets first.
Lesson 4: Mixtures and Their Characteristics

Learning Outcomes:
1. Define mixtures
2. Described how mixtures are formed
3. Classified mixtures as homogeneous and heterogeneous based on their observable
characteristics.
Lecture:
A mixture is made up of two or substances or materials that are put together by physical means.
In forming mixtures, no new substances and or materials are formed because mixing materials or
substances together does not change the physical properties of substances or materials. All
phases of matter can be physically and one or more phases of matter can be observed in
mixtures.
Three basic characteristics of mixtures are as follows:
1. Composition of the mixture is variable. For example, the components of the mixture of
marbles, paper clips and buttons can differ or vary.
2. Components retain their original characteristics. Marbles, paper clips, buttons, sugar and saw
dust do not lose their appearance, texture, color and shape after they are mixed together.
3. Components are easily separated by physical methods. Since no chemical reaction takes place
when mixing marbles, paper clips, and buttons as well as mixing with saw dust, it is possible for
these materials to be separated.
Mixtures Classification
1. Homogeneous - those that appear single phased. The particle size of the components is too
small to be seen by unaided eye and the mixture appears transparent or clear.
2. Heterogeneous – those where the particles of one or more components can still be
differentiated from the rest of the mixture by the unaided eye.

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Lesson 1: SOLID, LIQUID, AND GAS

B. DESCRIPTION OF THE STATES OF MATTER ACCORDING TO SHAPE

Lesson 4: Mixtures and Their Characteristics

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