M’Hamed BOUGARA university
Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (IGEE)
EE 121. Office suite
Lecture 3: Introduction to programming and C
programming language
Dr. F. Kerouh
Electronics Department
IGEE, UMBB
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Part III. Program looping
III.1 Conditional
– if (expr) { … } else {…}
– switch (expr) { case c1: case c2: … }
III.2 Iteration
– while (expr) { … } zero or more iterations
– do … while (expr) at least one iteration
– for ( init ; valid ; next ) { … }
III.3 Jump
– goto label
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Part III.1 Decision making elements
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Outlines
III.1. 1 Introduction to Decision Making Statements
III.1. 2 If statement
Examples
III.1. 3 If-else statement
Examples
III.1. 4 Switch statement
Examples
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III.1.1 Introduction
Decision making elements are used to have a program that
executes different statements depending on certain conditions.
In a sense, they make a program “smarter” by allowing
different choices to be made. In C, there are three decision
making statements:
1. if execute a statement or not
2. if-else choose to execute one of two statements
3. switch choose to execute one of a number of statements
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III.1.2 If statement
The if statement allows branching (decision making)
depending upon a condition. Program code is executed
or skipped.
The basic syntax is
if (control expression)
program statement;
If the control expression is TRUE, the body of the if
statement is executed. If it is FALSE, the body of the if
statement is skipped.
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III.1.2.1 If statement examples
Example 1:
if (x!=0)
y/=x;
Example 2:
if (grade>=90)
{
printf("\nYour grade is %d",grade);
printf("\nCongratulations!");
}
Example 3:
if (nbr1>=nbr2) if (( nbr1>=nbr2 ) && ( nbr1>=nbr3) )
if (nbr1>=nbr3) printf(“%d is the greater number”,nbr1);
printf(“%d is the greater number“,nbr1);
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III.1.2. 2 If –else statement
Used to decide between two courses of action. The syntax of the
if-else statement is:
if (expression)
statement1;
else
statement2;
• If the expression is TRUE, statement1 is executed; statement2 is
skipped.
• If the expression is FALSE, statement2 is executed; statement1
is skipped.
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III.1.2.2 If –else statement: Examples
if (x<y) if (letter == 'e') {
min=x; ++e_count;
else ++vowel_count; }
min=y; else
++other_count;
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III.1.2. 3 If –else Ladder
Write a program that
counts how many vowels
there are in a piece of
text?
This is possible by
nesting if-else statements
together to make what is
called an if-else ladder.
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III.1. 3 switch statement
It is a better way of writing a program which employs an if-else ladder. It is C’s built-in
multiple branch decision statement. The syntax for the switch statement is as follows:
Should be
included at the Marks the Begin
end of each case and the end of the
statement. switch statement
It causes an exit
from the switch
shunt.
Optional: equivalent to
else used with if
statement
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III.1. 3 switch statement: Example
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III.1. 3 switch statement
The switch statement works as follows:
1. Integer control expression is evaluated.
2. A match is looked for between this expression
value and the case constants. If a match is found,
execute the statements for that case. If a match is not
found, execute the default statement.
3. Terminate switch when a break statement is
encountered or by “falling out the end”.
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III.1. 3 switch statement
Important rematks while using a switch
statement:
1. Case values must be unique.
2. Switch statement only tests for equality.
3. The control expression can be of type
character since they are internally treated as
integers.
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III.1. 3 switch statement: Example
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III.1. 4 Conclusion
Law of Mosher about software development:
“Don’t worry if it doesn’t work right. If
everything did, you’d be out of a job.”…
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