Steel Design T.chhay by William T. Segui

sikSaKNnaeRKOgbgÁúMGMBIEdk
LRFD STEEL DESIGN
Gñkni
kniBn§
Bn§³ WIILIAM T. SEGUI
bkERbeday³ etg q y
vi T üasßanCati
a nCatiBhu
B hu b ec©keTskm<
keTskm< Ca
mhaviTüal½
T üal½y s Ng
MN g sI vli
qña 2010
M 2010

viTüasß
T üasßanCatiBhubec©
bec©keTskm<
keTskm< úCa
Ca Department of Civil Engineering
matika
Contents
I. esckþepþm (Introduction)
1>1> karsikSaKNnaeRKOgbgÁ M ú (Structural Design) ............................................................
..............................................................1
..1
k (Loads).......................
1>2> bnÞ ú ú
bnÞk (Loads).......................................................
.............................................................
........................................................4
...........................4
1>3> Building Codes ...........................................................

.........................................................................................
...............................................
................. 5
1>4> Design Specifications .......................................................

..................................................................................
...........................................5
................5
1>5> eRKOgbgÁ ú
eRKOgbgÁ úGGMM MBBIEdk
IEdk (Structural Steel) ........................................................ .......................6
...............................................................................6
1>6> rUbragmu
bragmuxkat;
xkat;bTdæ bTdæaann (standard Cross-sectional
Cross-sectional Shapes) ............................ ................11
............................................11
II. eKalKMnitkñgkarsikSaKNnaeRKOgbgÁEdk (Concepts in Structural Steel Design)

2>1> TsSnviCC¢¢akñ ú ú
akñgkarsi
gkarsikkSaKNnamu xkat; (Design Philosophies) ......................................
SaKNnamuxkat; ...................................... 20
2>2> American Institute of Steel Construction Specification ......................................... 22

Specification .........................................
2>3> emKuNersI
NersIussþþgg; ni; nigemKuNbnÞ ú
bnÞ úkEdleRbIR)as;
R)as;enAkñ ú ú
enAkñg AISC Specification
(Load and Resistance Factors Used in the AISC Specification)............................. 23
2>4> mUldæanRbU Ietrbs; Load and Resistance Factors
anRbU)ab‘ ÍllIetrbs; Factors
(Probabilistic Basis of
of Load and
and Resistance Factors) ...............................
.............................................
.............. 25
2>5> Manual of Steel Construction .................................................
................................................................................. 30
................................
III. eRKOgbgÁrgkarTaj (Tension Members)

m (Introduction) ..........................................................................
3>1> esckþIeepþpþIm .........................................................................................
............... 30
3>2> ersI u
ersI usþgKNna
K; Nna (Design strength) ...................................................................
.............................................................................
.......... 31
(Effective net area) ....................................

....................................................
................ 36
36
3>3> RkLaépÞmumxkat;
xu kat;susuT§Rbsi
3>4> karteRmobtamEbbqø ; T(Staggered
as
as §PaB fasteners) .........................................................
......................................................... 43
3>5> Block shear
shear ..............................
...........................................................
............................................................................... 50
..................................................
3>6> karKNnaGgát;rgkarTaj (Design of tension members) ..........................................

.......................................... 52
3>7> EdksrésEdlmaneF μj nigExSkab gExSkab (Threaded rods rods and Cables)............................

Cables) ................................ .... 59
matika
k a i T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsIvivu li NPIC
3>8> Ggát;rgkarTajenAkñgdM úgdMbUbUl (Tension members in roof trusses) ...............................

............................... 61
3>9> Ggát;EEdltPa¢ e; dayknøaas;s; (Pin-Connection Members) ...........................................

dltPa¢b;bedayknø ........................................... 70
IV. eRKOgbgÁrgkarsgát;t;
Compression Members
I (introduction)
4>1> esckþ Iepþmm (introduction) ..........................
.......................................................
................................................................ 73
...................................
4>2> RTsþ
RTsþ ssr
ssr (Column Theory) ...........................
(Column Theory) .........................................................
............................................................
..............................73
73
4>3> tRmUvkarrbs;
vkarrbs; AISC (AISC Requirements) ......................................................
............................................................
...... 82
xkat (Design) ...........................................................
4>4> karKNnamuxkat .........................................................................................
..............................89
89
4>5> esckþ IbEnß
bEnßmsRmab;
msRmab;RbEvgRbsi
RbEvgRbsiTT§PaB §PaB (More on Effective Length) .............................. 92
4>6>karekagedayrmYl nigedayBt;
gedayBt;-rmY -rmYl (Torsional and Flexural-Torsional
Flexural-Torsional Buckling) . 105
4>7> Built-up Member ...........................................................

........................................................................................
......................................... 112
............ 112
V. Fñm
Beams
5>1> esckþepþ Iepþ Im (Introduction) ..........................................................
........................................................................................
..............................120
120
5>2> kugRtaM
gRtaMgBt; ni niggm:m: Um:g)ø); aasÞ
ø sÞ ic (Bending Stress and the Plastic Moment) Moment) ...................... 121
......................121
5>3> lMnwg (Stability)

(Stability) .............................
............................................................
......................................................................... 127
..........................................
5>4> cMN
Nat;
at;fñfñak;rbs;rbs;rrUbrag
Ubrag (Classification of Shapes) .....................................................
..................................................... 129
5>5> Bending Strength of Compact Shapes ......................................................

..................................................................
............ 130
5>6> Bending Strength of Noncompact Shapes.............................................................

Shapes............................................................. 140
5>7> Summary of Moment Strength .............................................................

.............................................................................
................ 144
5>8> ersIsþusg;gþ ;kmø kat;TTwg (Shear Strength) .........................................................

kmøaMaMggkat; .................................................................
........ 145
5>9> PaBdab (Deflection)
(Deflection) ...........................................................
........................................................................................
....................................
....... 152
5>10> karKNnamuxkat; xkat; (Design) ..............................................................

...................................................................................
.....................154
154
5>11> rn§RbehagenAkñ ú ú
behagenAkñggFñFñm mw (Holes in Beam)..................................................................
Beam).................................................................. 165
5>12> Open-Web Steel Joists ...........................................................

.......................................................................................
............................167
167
5>13> bnÞHHRTFñRTFñ wm nigbnÞH)atssr (Beam Bearing Plates and Column Column Base Plate) ...... 171
T.Chhay ii
ii Contents
viTüasß
bec©keTskm<
keTskm< úCa
5>14> Biaxial Bending .....................................................................................

.................................................................................................
............ 182
5>15> ersI u u
ersIsþsgg;þ ;m:m Um:m: :gBt;
B; t;rrbs; bragepSg² (Bending Strength of Various Shape)
bs;rrUUbragepSg² Shape) .............. 190
VI. Fñm-ssr
m-ssr
Beam-Columns
6>1> esckþ IeepþpþIm (Introduction) ..........................................................................
.......................................................................................
............. 197
6>2> smIkarGnþrkm μ (Interaction Formulas) .......................................................

..................................................................
........... 198
m (Moment Amplification) ..............................................................

6>3> m:Umm:g;:g;bEnßm ....................................................................
...... 201
6>4> Web Local Buckling in Beam-Columns ........................................................

..............................................................
...... 204
6>5> eRKagBRgg
eRKagBRgg ngeRKagGtBRgg (Braced versus Unbraced Frame)..............................
Frame).............................. 206
6>6> Ggát;tenAkñ ú
e; nAkñ úgeRKagEdlBRgwg (Membe
(Membersrs in Braced Frames)
Frames) .......................................
....................................... 207
6>7> GgátenAkñ
;enAkñggeRKagEdlmi
ú eRKagEdlminBRgw
nBRgwg (Members in Unbraced Frames) ..............................
.............................. 217
6>8 KNnamuxkat; xkat;F wñm-ssr (Design of Beam-Column) ................................................

................................................ 224
6>9> Trusses With Top Chord Loads Loads Between Joints ...........................

...................................................
........................ 234
VII. tMNsamBaØ
NsamBaØ
Simple Connections
7>1> esckþ Ieepþpþ Im
m (Introduction)
(Introduction) ..........................
..........................................................
...........................................................
........................... 241
7>2> Bolted Shear Connections: Failure Mode ............................ ..........................................................

................................
.. 244
7>3> Bearing Strength, Spacing and Edge-distance Requirements ........................... .............................

.. 246
7>4> b‘ ULú
LgFm
gú Fm μttaa (Common Bolts) ............................
..........................................................
....................................................
...................... 253
7>5> b‘Lú ULgúgersI u u

ersIssþg;þg;x<s; (High-Strength
(High-Strength Bolts)..................................................... .............. 256
Bolts)...................................................................
7>6> Shear Strength of High-Strength Bolts............................

Bolts ..........................................................
.....................................
....... 258
7>7> Slip-Critical Connections .....................................................................

.....................................................................................
................ 261
7>8> b‘ ULú
LgersI ;rgkarTaj (High-Strength Bolts in Tension)
gú ersIssþu g;þg;xss;< rgkarTaj Tension) ...............................
............................... 277
7>9> kmøFasteners)
aMaMgpÁ Übrvagkmø aM
a M gTaj ni gkmø a MaMgTajenAkñ
gTajenAkñ gb‘
g
ú b‘
U
L
Lú ú
g (Combined Shear and Tension in
.............................................................
...........................................................................................
...............................................
................. 287
7>10> tMN pSar (Welded connections)............................................................
NpSar connections)...........................................................................
............... 293
7>11> Fillet Welds....................................................................................... ................. 295

Welds........................................................................................................
matika
k a iii
iii T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsIvivu li NPIC
VIII. tMNcakp©
Ncakp©t
Eccentric Connections
8>1> ]TahrN_sMrab;ttMNcakp©
MNcakp© it (Examples of Eccentric Connections) ..........................306
.......................... 306
8>2> tMNcMNakp©
Nakp© itedayb‘ UL úg³ EtkmøaMaMgkat; (Eccentric Bolted Connections:
Lúg³
Shear only) .............................................................
...........................................................................................
.............................................
............... 307
8>3> tMNcMNakp©
Nakp© itedayb‘ ULúg³ kmøaMaMgkat;bUbkUknwnwgkmø gM Taj
gkmøagTaj
Eccentric Bolted Connections: Shear Plus Tension ..........................................
.......................................... 319
8>4> tMNcM
NcMNakp© itedaypSar³ EtkmøaMaMgkat;
Eccentric Welded Connections: Shear only........................................................
only........................................................ 323
8>5> tMNcM
NEccentric
cMN
Nakp©
akp©ttedaypSar³
i Welded kmøections:
Conn kat niShear
aMaMggkat
edaypSar³Connections: gkmøaMaMgTaj
gand T ension ...........................................
TajTension ........................................... 333
8>6> tMNTb;
NTb;m Um:m: :g ; (Moment-Resisting Connection).........................................................
Connection).........................................................339 339
8>7> Column Stiffeners and other Reinforcement ..............................................

......................................................
........ 348
8>8> End Plate Connection......................................

Connection.....................................................................
....................................................
.....................361
361
8>9> esckþ Isnñdædi æan (Concluding Remarks) .........................................................
.................................................................
........ 369
IX. eRKOgbgÁsmas
Composite Construction
9>1> esckþ Ieepþpþ Im (Introduction)...........................
(Introduction)........................................................
...........................................................
................................
.. 370
edaymankarTb nigedaymi
9>2> karsagsg;edaymankarTb gedayminmankarTb
nmankarTb
Shored Versus Unshored Construction
Construction .........................................................
..............................................................
..... 382
9>3> TTwggsøsøabRbsi §PaB (Effect Flange Width
abRbsiTT§PaB Width ) ...........................................................
............................................................. 384
9>4> Shear Connectors ..............................

............................................................
...........................................................
.....................................
........ 387
9>5> karKNnamuxkat;
xkat; (Design)
(Design) .............................
...........................................................
.......................................................... 390
............................390
9>6> PaBdab (Deflections)
(Deflections) .........................................................
.............................................................................................. 395
.....................................
9>7> Fñ wmmsmasCamY
smasCamYynw
ynwgkRmalBum<mEdk E< dk (Composite
(Composite Beams with Formed Steel Deck) .... 399
9>8> taragsRmab;karvi
karviPaK
PaK nigkarKNnaFñ
gkarKNnaFñ wmsmas
Tables for Composite Beam Analysis and Design..............................................
Design.............................................. 412
9>9> Fñ wmCab;
mCab; (Continuous Beams)..............................
Beams) ...............................................................
......................................................
..................... 419
9>10> ssrsmas (Composite Columns) .......................................................................

.......................................................................421
421
T.Chhay iv
iv Contents
viTüasß
bec©keTskm<
keTskm< úCa
X. rtEdkbnÞH
Plate Girder
m (Introduction) ................................
10>1> esckþIeepþpþ Im ..............................................................
....................................................
...................... 428
428
10>2> karBicarNaTUeTA (General Considerations ) .........................................................

........................................................... 429
10>3> tRmUvkarrbs; AISC (AISC Requirements) ........................... ......................................................

........................... 433
10>4> ersIsþusg;gþ ;rgkarBt; (Flexural Strength) .......................................................... ........... 435

.....................................................................
10>5> ersIsþusg;gþ ;kmøaaMMgkat; (Shear Strength) ...................................................... .................. 438

........................................................................
10>6> GnþrGMeeBIBIénkarBt; gkat; (Interaction of Flexural and Shear)

énkarBt; ni nigkmøaMaMgkat; Shear) ..................... 444
10>7> Bearing Stiffeners ................................................................................
..............................................................................................
.............. 445
10>8> kaKNnamuxkat xkat (Design) ............................................................

......................................................................................
.......................... 457
Appendix A. karKNna nigkarvi

gkarviPaKedaylkçN³
N³ aøsÞ
sÞc
Plastic Analysis and Design
A>1> esckþ IeepþpþIm (Introduction) ..........................
..........................................................
...........................................................
........................... 478
A>2> AISC Requirements...............................................................................
Requirements..............................................................................................
............... 480
PaK (Analysis) ........................................................
A>3> karviPaK ....................................................................................
.......................................
........... 481
A>4> karKNnamuxkat (Design) ........................................................
....................................................................................... 488
...............................
idaanæ n (Conclusion Remark)..............................................................

A>5> karsnñ Remark)...........................................................................
............. 490
Appendix B. karKNnaeRKOgbgÁEdkedayQrelIku
kugRtaMgGnuBaØat
at
Structural Steel Design Based on Allowable Stress
B>1> esckþ Iepþ Im (Introduction) .........................................................................

......................................................................................
............. 491
B>2> Ggát;rgkarTaj (Tension members) ...........................

.........................................................
...........................................
............. 493
B>3> Ggátrgkarsgát t (Compression
(Compression members) ..............................
............................................................
................................
.. 494
494
B>4> Fñwm
m (Beams)
(Beams) ................................................................
..............................................................................................
............................................
.............. 498
B>5> Beam-Columns................
Beam-Columns...............................................
............................................................
.......................................................
.......................... 505
B >6> snñ idædæanan (Concluding Remarks) .................................

............................................................................... 510
..............................................
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I. esckþepþm
Introduction
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bnÞkk..
RbePTepSgeTotrbs;GGgágátt;;RRtUtUv)anbgð v)anbgðajCamY
ajCamYynw ynwgeRKagtMNrw Nrwg (rigid frame) enAkñggrU ú rUbTI
bTI
1>2. Ggát;trbs; r; bs;eRKagenHRtUv)antP¢ v)antP¢aab;b;y:
y:agrwgedayTw
gedayTwkbnSar
kbnSar nwgGacsn gGacsn μt;t;CaeRKOgbgÁ úCab;
CM ab;. enARtg;
TRm Ggát;RtUv)anpSarP¢ v)anpSarP¢aab;b;eTAnw
eTAnwgbnÞ
gbnÞHctuekaNEdlP¢
ekaNEdlP¢ab;edayb‘ edayb‘Lú
LU geTAnw
gú eTAnwgRKw
gRKwHebtu
Hebtug. edaydak;eeRKag RKag
enHRsb²Kña ehIy yP¢P¢aab;b;BBYkvaedayGgá
YkvaedayGgátt;bEnß
;bEnßm EdlbnÞaab;b;mkRtU
mkRtUv)anRKbedaysmÖ
v)anRKbedaysmÖar³dM ar³dMbUblU nigbigbiT)aM T)aMg
edaysmÖar³CBa¢
ar³CBa¢aMaMgedImm,I,Ibegá begáIt)anCaRbB½
t)anCaRbB½nssM§ Ng;
MNg;TTUeTA.
UeTA. karlMGGitsM
itsMxan;minRtUv)anerobrab;eT eT b: u ub:Enþ
EnþGKar
k¢ μm xxñattU
BaNiC¢Ckm ñattUcRtU
cRtUv)ansagsg;tamlkçN³EbbenH. N³EbbenH. karsikSaKNnaeRKOgbgÁ ú ú
SaKNnaeRKOgbgÁ M nigkarsigkarsikkSavi SaviPaK
PaK
eRKagnImmYy²rbs;
Yy²rbs;RbB½ RbB½nn§cab;
§cab;epþ
epþ ImCamYynw
ynwgeRKagkñ ú
geRKagkñ úgbøgddU; cbgð
UcbgðajenAkñ
ajenAkñggrU ú rUbTI
bTI 1>2 b. cMNaM NaMffaa TRm
RtUv)anbgð
v)anbgðajCaTRmsnø
ajCaTRmsnøak; (hinges or pinned) minnEmnTRmbgá EmnTRmbgáb;b ; (fixed). RbsinebI nebIeeCICIgtagman
gtagman
lT§PaBrgmuMrgV rgV ilsþ
lsþ Ücesþ
cesþ Ig b¤Rbsi
RbsinebIkartP¢
kartP¢aab;b;manlkç
manlkçN³bt;
N³bt;Ebn (flexible) RKb;RKan; RKan;edI edIm,IGnuBBaØaØatat
[manmurgV rgV l
l enaHeKcat
enaHeKcatTuTukvaCaTRmsnø k (pinned). karsn μtenAkñ
kvaCaTRmsnøaak enAkñ ú úggvF
vFTUeTAénkarskSav
eTAénkarskSavPaKeRKOg
PaKeRKOg
bgÁ ú úKWKM W kMhYcRTg;RTaymantémø
bgÁ RTaymantémøttUcU Edlmann½yfamM u u yfamMrrgVgV ild¾titictYcrbs;
crbs;TRmGaceFV[ [TRmmanlkç
I TRmmanlkçN³Ca
tMN
Nsnø snøaak;k; (pinned) )an.
enAeBlEdleKTTYl)annU l)annUvragFrNI
vragFrNImaRtrbs;
maRtrbs;eRKag
eRKag niglkçxNÐ xNÐTRmehIy eKGackMNt; Nt;kardak;
bnÞ ú úkk)an.
bnÞ )an. karkMNt; Nt;bnÞ únÞ úkenHTak;Tgnw
TgnwggkarEckrM
karEckrMElkbnÞ ú ú
ElkbnÞkksru srubTaMgGs;eTAeRKagnI
eTAeRKagnImmYy².
Yy². RbsinebI
eRKagEdlBicarNargbnÞ ú carNargbnÞ úkdMblBRgayes μ I enaHeRKagnImy²EdlTTY
lU BRgayes Yy²EdlTTYlnUvcMENkrbs;bnÞ ú ú bnÞkenHnw
kenHnwgman
TRmg;CabnÞ ú ú CabnÞkBRgayes
kBRgayes μ IEEdlmanlkç
dlmanlkçN³CabnÞat;dUdUcbgðajenAkñ ú úggrUrUbTI bTI 1>2 b.
T.Chhay 2 Introduction
viTüasß
bec©keTskm<
keTskm< úCa
sRmab;kardak;bnÞ ú ú
bnÞkkEdlbgð
EdlbgðajenAkñ ú
ajenAkñ úgrUbTI
bTI 1>2 b eRKagnwgxU
gxUccRTg;
RTg;RTaydU
RTaydUccbgð
bgðajenAkñ ú ú
ajenAkñggrUrUb
edayExSdac;. Ggátt;nI;nImYy²rbs;eRKagRtU
eRKagRtUv)ancat;
v)ancat;cNat;
N
M at;fñfñak;edayGaRs½yeTAelI
yeTAelIRRbePTénkareFV
bePTénkareFVkar kI ar
EdlsMEEdgedayrUdgedayrUbragEdlxU
bragEdlxUcRTg;
cRTg;RTay.
RTay. Ggátt;edk ;edk AB nig BC rgkarBt;begá begáag (bending or
flexure) RtUv)aneKehAfaFñ v)aneKehAfaFñ wm (beam). Ggát;t;bBaÄr BD Edlrgm: Umgg;: KKU; U (couple) EdlbBa¢ ÚnnBIBIFñF wñm
nImmYYy y²² ¬b: ¬b: u uEnþ
EnþsRmab;eRKagsI u uemRTI
emRTIdcbgð
cU bgðaj
aj vamantémødUdccKñ U Kña EtTisedApÞ ú
sedApÞ úyKña¦a¦ dUcenHeKGacecal
cenHeKGacecal
m:mm:U :g;g;KU (couple) enH)an. dUcenH Ggát; BD rgEtkmøaMaMgsgát;ttamG½ t; amG½kSEdl)anBI
kSEdl)anBIbnÞ únÞ úkbBaÄr. enA
kñ ú úkñggsMsMNg;
Ng; Ggátt;rgkarsgá
;rgkarsgátt;bBaÄrdU
;bBaÄrdUcGV
cGVIEdl)anerobrab;
Edl)anerobrab;RtU RtUv)aneKehAfassr
v)aneKehAfassr (column). cMENkGgát;
bBaÄrBIrrepSgeTotepSgeTot AE nig CF minRtwmEtRTnUvkmø vkmøaMaMgsgát;tamG½kSb: u
kSb: ueNÑaHeT
aHeT b: u ub:EEnþnþvaEfmTaM
vaEfmTaMgTb;
gTb;Tl;
nwggkarBt;karBt;begá
begáagEdlmantémø
agEdlmantémøFMFeTotpg.
eM Totpg. Ggátt;EbbenHRtU
;EbbenHRtUv)aneKehAfa beam-column. Cak;Esþ Esþg
RKb;Ggá Ggát;tTTaM
; aMgGs;
gGs; eTaHCaRtUv)ancat;
v)ancat;cMcNat;
N
M at;ffñak;
ñak;CaFñ wm b¤sssrk¾
srk¾eeday
day k¾vvaenAEtrgbnÞ
aenAEtrgbnÞktamG½ kú tamG½kS nig
m:mm:U :g;g;Bt;bEnß
Edr
Edr mBI
mb: u ub:BIEnþ
EnþeelIlIenAkñ ú
nAkñ úgkrNICaeRcI
RbePTGgá
RbePTGgáCtt;aeRcIn eKGacecal\T§
Edl)anBN’
;Edl)anBN’ naxagelI iBBlNaEdlmantémø
naxagelI lNaEdlmantémø
esovePAenHnw tUtc)an.
cU )an.
esovePAenHnwgerobrab;
gerobrab; BBIkarKNnakartP¢
IkarKNnakartP¢ab; nig
Ggát;tBiB; eess²dU
i ss²dUccteTA³
teTA³ composite beam, composite column nig plate girder .
esckþ 3
T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
>2> bnÞk Loads

kmøaMaMg (force) EdlmanGMeeBIBIeelIlIeRKOgbgÁ ú
eRKOgbgÁ úRtU RM tUv)aneKehAfabnÞ ú ú
)aneKehAfabnÞk (load). bnÞkRtU úkRtUv)anEckecj
v)anEckecj
CaBIrRbePTFM
rRbePTFM²KW ²KW³ bnÞ ú ú
bnÞkefr
kefr (dead load) nigbnÞ ú gbnÞ úkGefr (live load). bnÞkefrCabnÞ ú ú úkefrCabnÞkEdlsß
kEdlsß itenACatenACa
GciéRnþy_ y_EdlrYmmanTm¶ mmanTm¶nrbs;r; bs;eRKOgbgÁ ú ú
eRKOgbgÁ M Üxnø Ég EdleK[eQ μaHfabnÞ
aHfabnÞ ú úkpÞkpÞal;xxø Üøn (self-weight). bEnßmBI mBI
elIbnÞúkpÞ kpÞal;
al; Üxnø (self-weight) bnÞúkefr kefr (dead load) enAkñ ú enAkñ úgGKarrYmmanTm¶mmanTm¶n;n;rbs; nonstruc-tural
component EdlmandUcCa cCa floor covering, partition nig suspended ceilings ¬CamYynw ynwgRbB½n§
GKÁ isnI
snI smÖar³emkanic nigRbB½nn§§Twk¦. RKb;bnÞ ú ú bnÞkkEdl)anerobrab;
Edl)anerobrab;CabnÞkEdlTak; kú EdlTak;TTgeTAnwgeTAnwgTM gTMnajEpn
dIehIy yRtU RtUvv)aneKehAfa
)aneKehAfa gravity loads. bnÞkGefrEdlGacCa úkGefrEdlGacCa gravity load CabnÞ ú CabnÞ úkEdlminenAsß it
esßrdUcbnÞ ú bnÞ úkefreT. vaGac b¤mminGacmanGM inGacmanGMeeBIBIelI elIeRKOgbgÁ M ú úRKb;eeBl Bl ehIyTI yTItaM taMggrbs;
rbs;vak¾
vak¾mminCab;
inCab;lab;
Edr. bnÞ ú bnÞ úkGefrrYmmman man eRKOgsgðaarwrwm smÖar³ Tm¶nn;;rbs; rbs;mnu
mnusSEdlrs;
sSEdlrs;enAelIGGKar. Kar. CaTUeTAeKmi eTAeKminGacnGac
kMNt;TMThMhM rrbs;
M bs;bnÞ ú ú
bnÞkkGefr
Gefr (live load) )anCak;lak; lak;ddUcbnÞ ú ú
cU bnÞkkefr
efr (dead load) eT dUcenHTM cenHTMhrbs; rM bs;vaCa
vaCa
TMhMh)M)a:a:n μs
s; an.
kñ ú úkñgkrNI
gkrNICaeRcI
CaeRcIn eKRtUveFV veFV IkkarGegá
arGegáteTAelIGgá Ggát;teeRKOgbgÁ ú ú
; RKOgbgÁ MsRmab;TTItaM ItaMgepSg²rbs;
gepSg²rbs;bnÞ ú ú bnÞk
Gefr (live load) EdlkareFVEbbenHeKnw IEbbenHeKnwgminemI nemIlrMlgBI lgBIlkçlkçxNÐ
xNÐ)ak;d¾d¾eRKaHfñak; ak;eeLI
LIy.
y.
RbsinebI
nebIeKGnu
eKGnuvtþbnÞ ú
bnÞ úkGefreTAelIeRKOgbgÁ ú úeRKOgbgÁ Mytt² W ² edaymindkecj ndkecj b¤dak;eLIgvi gvijsarcuHsar Hsar
eLIg enaHeKviPaKeRKOgbgÁ PaKeRKOgbgÁ MCalkç
Cú alkçN³sþaTi aTic. RbsinebI nebIeKGnu
eKGnuvtþbnÞ ú bnÞ úky:agelOn dUckñ ckñggkrNI
ú krNIeRKOgbgÁ
eRKOgbgÁ M ú
RT]bkrN_sccl½ cÞÚ cl½t eKRtUvKitbBa© tbBa© Úl\T§BlTgÁ
Bi lTgÁ ic. RbsinebI nebIbbnÞ únÞ úkRtUv)andak; nigdkcu gdkcuHHeLI eLIg²eRcIndg
kñgmY
gú mYyCI
yCIvttrbs;i rbs;eRKOgbgÁ M ú ú fatigue stress nwgkø gkøayCabBað
ayCabBaðaEdleKRtU
aEdleKRtUvvykmksi ykmksikSa. bnÞ bnÞ ú úkkTgÁ
TgÁ icekI
cekIttman
man
cMeBaHGKarkñ ú
eBaHGKarkñ úgkMrirtittitictYc dUccCaGKar]sSahkm
CaGKar]sSahkm μ cM cMENkÉ
ENkÉ fatigue load KWkMkMrrnwnwgekI gekItmanNas; eRBaHmu eRBaHmun
nwg fatigue køaayCabBað yCabBaða luHRtaEtvdþ
HRtaEtvdþénkardak;bnÞ ú bnÞ úkmanrab;Ban;dg. dg. edaymUlehtueenH nH RKb;lkçxNÐ xNÐ
bnÞ ú úkkTaM
bnÞ TaMgGs;EdlmanenAkñ
EdlmanenAkñgesovePAenHRtU
gú esovePAenHRtUv)aneKKi
v)aneKKitCabnÞ ú ú
tCabnÞkksþsþaTi
aTic ehIy yeKmi eKminBicarNaBI fatigue eT.
edaysarFm μCati
Catimminzi
inzittefrrbs;
efrrbs;xül;
xül;bk;
bk;xxÞÞb;b ; nigbW
gbWtenAelI
tenAelIépÞ épÞxageRkArbs;GKar GKar eKcat;Tukxül;
kñgCM
gú CMBUkbnÞ ú ú
kbnÞkGefrEdr.
kGefrEdr. b: u ub:EnþEnþedaysarkarKNnabnÞ ú
daysarkarKNnabnÞ úkxül;manlkç manlkçN N³s
³s μ ú úKs
K μs aj
aj eKcat;Tukvakñ ú ú
vakñgCM
gCMBBUUk
dac;edayELk.
edayELk. edaysarbnÞúkkxag xag (lateral load) man\T§ iBly:aagxø gxøaMaMgcMeBaHGKarx<
eBaHGKarx<s;² dUcenH
cenH xül;
manlkçN³minsM nsMxan;ceeBaHGKarTab²eT
M BaHGKarTab²eT b:uEnþ Enþ uplift énRbB½nn§§dMdbUbM lRsalGacmaneRKaHfñ
lU RsalGacmaneRKaHfñak; ak;. eTaHbICa
xül;manvtþmanvtþmanRKb;
manRKb;eBlk¾
eBlk¾eday
eday k¾eKmieKminBicarNavaCajw
carNavaCajwkjykñ ú ú
kjykñgkarsi
gkarsikkSaKNnaEdr
SaKNnaEdr ehIyeKk¾ yeKk¾mmiinncat;
cat;
TukkvaCavaCa fatigue load eT.
eT.
viTüasß
bec©keTskm<
keTskm< úCa
bnÞúkkrBa¢
rBa¢ ÜydICaCM
CaCMBUBUkBiessmY
essmYyeTotEdleKcaM
yeTotEdleKcaM)ac;BcarNaBI
ci arNaBIvasRmab;EtTI
EtTItaM
taMggPUPUmisaRsþNaEdl
NaEdl
GacekItmanrBa¢
tmanrBa¢ ÜydIb: u ubeNÑ
e: NÑaH. karsikSaviPaKeRKOgbgÁ ú ú
PaKeRKOgbgÁ MEdlrg\T§ iBlrBa¢
BlrBa¢ydI
yÜ dITamTarkarsi
TamTarkarsikSavi
kSaviPaK
PaK
structure’s response eTAnwgclnarbs;dEdlbegá IEdlbegáIteLI
teLIgedayrBa¢
gedayrBa¢ ÜydI. eBlxøHeKeRbIviFIggayRsYayRsYl
simulate
Edl\T§
dak; BlrBa¢
Bi lrBa¢ ÜeeBIyBItamCan;
va[manGM tdIamCan;
RRtUtUv)an
v)annmmYI y²rbs;
Yy²rbs; edayeRbI
GKar. RbB½nkmø
GKar. §kmøagedk
gM edk EdlmanlkçN N³dU
³dUcCasm<
cCasm<aFxül;
aFxül;eday
RBwlCaRbePTbnÞ
lCaRbePTbnÞkGefrmY kú GefrmYyEbbeTotEdlRtU
yEbbeTotEdlRtUvvKiKitkñ ú ú
tkñgCM
gCMBBUUkdac;edayELk. RBwlGacKrCaBMnk.Uk.
bnÞúkkGefrepSgeTotk¾
GefrepSgeTotk¾RRtUtUvv)ancat; )ancat;TukkñgCM
gú CMBUkdac;
kdac;edayELkEdr
edayELkEdr dUcCasm<
cCasm<aF hydrostatic nig
sm<aFdI
aFdI.
>3> Building Codes

GKarRtUv)ansi
v)ansikSaKNna
kSaKNna (design) nigsagsg;edayGaRs½ edayGaRs½y yelI
elIGGV IVEdl)anEcgenAkñgú building
code EdlCaÉksarc,ab;EdlmantRmU EdlmantRmUvkarTak; vkarTak;TgeTAnwgsu gsuvvtßtß iPaBrbs;
PaBrbs;eRKOgbgÁ ú ú
eRKOgbgÁ M suvvtßtßiPaBelI
PaBelIG IKÁP½y
karerobcMRbB½ RbB½nn§§TTwkw karerobcMRbB½
RbB½n§n§xül; nigkarsM gkarsMrrYlkareRbI
YlkareRbIR)as;dl; dl;CCnBi
nBikar.
kar. Building code min)an
pþl;nUvvlMlMnaMsiskSaKNna
ki SaKNna (design) eT b: ub: uEnþvvakM akMNt;nUnUvtRmUvkarkñ ú ú
vkarkñgkarsigkarsikSaKNna (design). lkçN³ N³
sMxxan;an;sRmab;visVkreRKOgbgÁ ú ú
kreRKOgbgÁ MKWKWbBaØttþBIþBIbnÞ ú únÞkGefrGb,brmaEdlmanGM
kGefrGb,brmaEdlmanGMeBI eBIelIGKar.
GKar.
bc©úbb,nñ
,nñ eKman
eKman building code mYyEdlGacsM yEdlGacsMrYrYldl;kargarrbs; vviissVkrEdlsi VkrEdlsikkSaKNnaeRKOg
SaKNnaeRKOg
bgÁ ú úTTaM
bgÁ M aMggenAshrdæ
enAshrdæGaemri Gaemric k¾ddUUcbNþ
cbNþaRbeTsepSg²KW
aRbeTsepSg²KW International International Building Code (IBC).
>4> Design Specifications

pÞ ú úpÞyBI
yBI building code, design specification pþl;lnUn; UvkarENnaMlMlMGtsRmab; itsRmab;karsikkSaKNna SaKNna
Ggát;te;eRKOgbgÁ ú ú
RKOgbgÁ M nigkartP¢
gkartP¢aab;b;rbs;
rbs;va.
va. Design Specification tMNag[karGnu Nag[karGnuvtþ kV μm d¾l¥EEdlQr
vtþvsVsi km dlQr
elIkkarsi
arsikSaRsavRCavcu
kSaRsavRCavcugeRkaybM
geRkaybMpt. tu . vaRtUv)anEksM
v)anEksMrrYlY nigeFV
geFVI[kan;
[kan;EtRbesI
EtRbesIreLI
reLIggtamxY
tamxYb. b. dUcKñ cKña nwg
building code Edr design specification RtUv)aneKsresreLIgkñ ú ú gkñgTRmg;
gTRmg;c,ab;edayGgÁ
edayGgÁkarEdlmin
rkplcMeNj.
Specification Edlvis sVkreRKOgbgÁ ú ú μNN_eRcI
VkreRKOgbgÁ Mcab;Garm e_ RcInnKWKW specification Edle)aHBumm<pSayeday <pSayeday
GgÁkardU
kardUcxageRkam³
cxageRkam³
esckþ 5 T.Chhay

mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
!> American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC): Specification enHpþl;[sRmab;

sikkSaKNnaeRKOgbgÁ ú ú
SaKNnaeRKOgbgÁ MGBBIM Edk
IEdk nigkartP¢
gkartP¢aab;b;rbs;
rbs;va.
va. vaCa Specification cMbbgEdlykci
gEdlykcitþt þ
Tukkdak;
dak;edayesovePAenH (AISC, 1993).
@> American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO):
enHRKbdNþb;eelIlIkarsi
Specification karsikSaKNnas<aann highway nigeRKOgbgÁ geRKOgbgÁ MúTak;
Tak;TgepSg²
eTot. vapþll;RKb;
;RKb;smÖ
smÖar³TaM
ar³TaMgGs;
gGs;EdleRbICaTU
CaTUeeTAsRmab;
TAsRmab;s<sanEdlmandU
a< nEdlmandUcCa
cCa Edk ebtugBRgwg
edayEdk nigeQI (AASHTO, 1992, 1994).
#> American Railway Engineering Association (AREA): ÉksarenHRKbdNþb;b;elIkkarar
sikkSaKNnas<
SaKNnas<ansRmab;
ansRmab;rfePø Ig nigeRKOgbgÁ ú
geRKOgbgÁ úEdlTak;
EM dlTak;TTgepSgeTot
gepSgeTot (AREA, 1992).
$> American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI): specification enHedaHRsayCamYynw ynwg cold-
formed steel Edlmanerobrab;enAkñ ú ú
nAkñgkfaxNÐ
gkfaxNÐ 1>6 1>6 kñ ú úkñgesovePAenH
gesovePAenH (AISI, 1996).
Structural Steel
>5> eRKOgbgÁ
eKeRbIRG)as; MBEdk
EI EdkdM
EdkdkdMbUbUgbg¥s;sRmab;smÖar³tU ar³tUc²taMgBIRbEhl 4000qñaMmmunRKi
unRKisþskraC
(Murphy, 1957). smÖar³enHmanTRmg; ar³enHmanTRmg;Ca wrought iron Edlplitedaykardu tedaykarduttEr:Er:EEdkenAkñ ú ú
dkenAkñgePø
gePø Ig.
g.
enAkñgGM
gú GMLú
Lgú cugstvtSr_TI 18 niggedI edImstvtSr_TTII 19 cast iron nig wrought iron RtUvv)aneRbI )aneRbIsRmab;
sRmab;
sMNNg;g;s<an. EdksMNg; (steel) CasMelah³én iron niggkarbU karbUn. n. Edkmansar³FatuminsuT§ nigkabUn
ticcCag
Cag cast iron EdlRtUv)aneKeRbI v)aneKeRbIsRmab;
sRmab;ssMNg; MNg;Fn;
Fn;FF¶¶n;dMdMbUggkñ úkñ úgstvtSr_TTI I 19. CamYynw ynwggkarmk
karmk
dl;énkarEkERbrbs;
énkarEkERbrbs; Bessemer enAkñ enAkñ ú úgqñaMaM 1855 Edkcab;eepþpþ ImCM mCMns sY wrought
wrought iron nig cast iron kñ kñ ú úg
sMNNg;g;.
lkçN³rbs;
N³rbs;EdkEdlvi EdkEdlvissVkreRKOgbgÁ ú ú
VkreRKOgbgÁ Mcab; μNN__xxøøagCageKKW
cab;Garm
Garm MaMgCageKKWdüaRkaménlT§
düaRkaménlT§pplEdkTaj.
lEdkTaj. Rb
sinnebI
ebIsMN
NakKM
akKMrrUUBesaFn_
iesaFn_rgkmøagtamG½ gM tamG½kkSS P dUcbgð cbgðajenAkñ
ajenAkñggrU ú rUbTI
bTI 1>3 a enaHkugRtaMgRtaMg (stress) nig
bERmbRmYlrageFob
lrageFob (strain) GacRtUv)ankM v)ankMNt; Nt;tamrU
tamrUbmnþ
bmnþddUcxageRkam³
UcxageRkam³
P Δ L
f
A
= ni g ε =
L

Edl f kugRtaM gRtaMggkmø
= kmøaMaMgTajtamG½kS
A RkLaépÞm
= muxkat;
uxkat;
ε strain tamG½k
= kSS
viTüasß
bec©keTskm<
keTskm< Ca
L = RbEvgrbs;ssMNakKM
MNakKMrrUU
Δ L kMhU
= hUcRTg;RTay
RbsinebI
nebIeKbegá
eKbegánbnÞ ú ú
nI bnÞkkBIBIssUnüeTAdl;
UnüeTAdl;cMcN
Nu
M cdac;
ucdac; (fracture) ¬kugRtaM
gRtaMg nig strain RtUvv)aneKKNna
)aneKKNna
tamCMhannI hannImmYy²¦
Yy²¦ ExSekagTMnak;TMngrvagkugRtaMg niggbERmbRmY bERmbRmYlrageFob
lrageFob (stress-strain curve)
RtUv)anbgð
v)anbgðajenAkñ
ajenAkñggrU
ú rUbTI
bTI 1>3 b. ExSekagenHsRmab;RbePTEdksVti (ductile, mild or steel) .
TMnnak;
ak;TMTngrvagku
nM grvagkugRtaM
gRtaMg nig strain manlkçN³CabnÞ N³CabnÞat;at;BBIIcMN
NucsU
ucsUnnürhU
ürhUtdl;
tdl;EdnkM
EdnkMNt;smamaRt
smamaRt
(proportional limit) Edlkñgcenø úgcenøaHenHsmÖ
aHenHsmÖar³eKarBtamc,ab;
ar³eKarBtamc,ab;hh‘ U‘k (Hook’s law). bnÞab; ab;mkvaeTA
mkvaeTA
dl;cNu N
M cu yield xagelIy: y:agelOnrYcFø cFøak;mkcMNuc yield xageRkam. bnÞab; ab;BI enaHkugRtaM
gRtaMgenArkSa
témøefr efr eTaHbICa Ca strain enAEtbnþekI ekIneLIgk¾
gk¾eday.
eday. enARtg;tMtNak; N
M ak;kalénkardak;
kalénkardak;bnÞ ú únÞkenH
kenH sMNak
Nak
KMrUBiBesaFn_
ei saFn_enAEtbnþ
enAEtbnþllUtEvg
UtEvg eTaHbICaeKmiCaeKminbegá InbnÞ ú ú
bnÞkk¾
kk¾eday
eday ¬EtbnÞ ú
¬EtbnÞ úkk¾miminRtUv)andkEdr¦.
v)andkEdr¦. tMbn;kug
RtaMgefrenHRtU
gefrenHRtUv)aneKehAfatMbn;)aøs icÞ (plastic range or yield plateau). enARtg; strain Edlman
témøRbEhlRbEhl 12dgén strain enAtMbbn;n; yield, strain hardening cab;eepþpþ ImekI mekIttman
man ehIyeKRtU
yeKRtUvkar
vkar
esckþ 7 T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
bnÞkkbEnß
bnÞ ú ú bEnßm ¬b¤kukugRtaM
gRtaMggbEnß
bEnßmm¦¦ edImm,I,IeFV
eFV I[mansac;llUtbEnß
UtbEnßm ¬b¤ strain¦. eRkayeBl vaeTAdl;cMNuc
kugRtaMgGti
gGtibrma sMNakKMrrUcab; Ucab;epþIm neck down EdleFV I[ [kukugRtaM
gRtaMggcab;
cab;epþmfycu
mI fycuH Et strain enAEtbnþ
ek
ekneL
neLgdEdlgdEdl ehyekehyektman tman fracture.
eTaHbICamu
Camuxkat;
xkat;RRtUtUv)ankat;
v)ankat;bnßykñ ú ú
ykñgGM gGMLLúgeBldak;
úgeBldak;bbnÞnÞúkk¾
kk¾eday (Poisson effect) k¾eKenAEt
eKenAEt
eRbIRRkLaépÞ
kLaépÞmmuxkat;
uxkat;eedIdImedI
medImm,I,IKNnaku
KNnakugRtaM
gRtaMggTaMTaMgGs;
gGs;. kugRtaM
gRtaMggEdl)anBI
Edl)anBIkarKNnatamviFIFenHeI nH RtUv)an
eKsÁaal;l;faCa
faCa engineering stress. RbsinebI nebIeKeRbI
eKeRbIRbEvgedI
RbEvgedImedIm,I
m,IKNna strain enaHvaRtUv)aneKehA
v)aneKehA
fa engineering strain.
EdkEdlRtUv)aneKBiesaFedIm,ITTY TTYll)andüaRkamdU
)andüaRkamdUcbgð
cbgðajkñ ú
jkñ úgrUbTI 1>3
1>3 b Ca ductile eRBaHva
man lT§PPaBrgkMaBrgkMhUcRTg;RTayFMmmuunnnwnwggeFV
eFV Ikkardl;
ardl; fracture. eKGacvas;PaBsV it (ductility) edayeRbI
sac;lUltt
U (elongation)
(elongation) EdlkMNt; Nt;edayrUbmnþ
bmnþ
L L f −
100
o
e = × (1.1)
L o
Edl e= sac;lUt ¬KitCaPaKry¦

tCaPaKry¦
L f =RbEvgrbs;sMsMNakKMrrUenAeBldac;
UenAeBldac;
=
Lo
RbEvgedI
EdneGLasÞ m limit) rbs;smÖar³Caku
ic (elastic ar³CakugRtaMgEdlsß
gEdlsß itenAcenø
tenAcenøaHEdnsmamaRt
aHEdnsmamaRt nigcM gcMN
Nuuc
yeild xagelI. smÖar³Edlrgku
ar³EdlrgkugRtaMgkñ ú
gkñ úgtMbn;enH enH sMNakKM
NakKMrrUUnwgmi
gminmankM
nmankMhUhcRTg;
cU RTg;RTayeRkayeBl
RTayeRkayeBl
eKdkbnÞ ú úkeT. KnøgénkardkbnÞ ú
eKdkbnÞ génkardkbnÞ úknwggsßsß itenAtamKnøgénkardak;
génkardak;bnÞ ú ú
bnÞk ehIyvami
yvaminman
nman permanent
strain eT. tMbn;rbs;
rbs; stress-strain diagram enH RtUv)aneK[eQ
v)aneK[eQ μaHfa
aHfa EdneGLasÞ ic (elastic rage).
eRkABI elastic limit KnøgénkardkbnÞknw úknwgsß itenAelI
tenAelIExSRtg;
ExSRtg;EdlRsbeTAnwggKnø Knøgénkardak;
génkardak; bnÞ ú ú
bnÞk
ehIyvanwgman
gman permanent strain. ]TahrN_ RbsinebI nebIeKdkbnÞ ú
eKdkbnÞ úkRtg;cMcNNu
M uc A kñ kñ ú úgrUbTI 1>3 b
KnøgénkardkbnÞ ú ú
énkardkbnÞknw
knwgsß
gsß itenAelI
tenAelIExS
ExS AB Edlpþll;;nnUUv permanent strain OB .
stress-strain curve Proportional limit, elastic limit,
upper nirUgbTIlower
1>4 yield
bgðajBI
ajBI
kkMMENd¾l¥lit¥renAelI
point KWsßtenAelI
bs; cMcN
Nu
M cEtmY
ucEtmYyEdleKehAfa
yEdleKehAfa. yield point EdlkMN Nt;t;edayku
edaykug
RtaMg F . cMNu
y NcmY
cu mYyeTotEdlvi
yeTotEdlvissVkreRKOgbgÁ ú
VkreRKOgbgÁ úRtU μNN__KKWWkukgRtaM
RM tUvcab;Garm
Garm gu RtaMgGtibrma
brma EdleK[eQ μaHfa
aHfa
ultimate tensile strength F . rUbragrbs;ExSekagenHCaKMrrUsRmab;
u UsRmab; mild structural steel TaMgGs;
EdlvaxusKñ
sKñaaBIBImmYyeTAmY
YyeTAmYyedaytémø F nig F . pleFobkugRtaMgelI
y u gelI strain kñ ú úkñgEdneGLasÞ
gEdneGLasÞ ic
viTüasß
bec©keTskm<
keTskm< úCa
RtUv)ankM
v)ankMNt; μ I
Nt;eday E EdleKehAfa young’s modulus or modulus of elasticity. E mantMé;é;les
29,000ksi 2 10 MPa sRmab;RKb;eRKOgbgÁ
≈ ⋅ eRKOgbgÁ MEdkTaM
5
Eú dkTaMgGs;
gGs;.
rUbTI 1>5
1>5 bgðajBIRbePT
RbePT stress-strain curve sRmab; high-strength steels EdlmanPaBsV it
tUccCag
Cag mild steels. eTaHbIvamanEpñk linear elastic nig tensile strength k¾eday Etvaminman nman yield
point b¤ plastic plat eau eT. edIm
plastic plateau m,I,IeRbI
eRbI higher strength steel enH[dUcnwgkareRbI gkareRbIR)as;
R)as; ductile steel
eKRtUvvkartémø
kartémøkgRtaM gu RtaMg F dUcenHeKGaceRbIddMeNI
y eM NIrkar
rkar niggrUrUbmnþ
bmnþdUdccKñ
U KñasRmab;
asRmab;RKb;RRbePTEdkTaM
bePTEdkTaMg Gs;.
dUccEdl)anbgð
Edl)anbgðajBI ajBImun sRmab;EdkEdlrgku
EdkEdlrgkugRtaM gRtaMggeRkABI
eRkABItMtbMbn;n; elastic limit enAeBleKdkbnÞúk
vanwgsß
gsß itenAelI
tenAelIKnøKnøgExSEdlRsbnw
gExSEdlRsbnwgKnøgdak;bnÞ ú ú bnÞk EtvamineTAdl;cMcN Nu μ IsUsnüeT.
M uc strain es nU üeT. dUcenHva
man residual strain b¤ permanent strain eRkayeBldkbnÞ ú ú eRkayeBldkbnÞk. k. Yield stress sRmab;EdkCamYy
nwggRbePT
RbePT stress-strain curve EdlbgðajenAkñ ú ú ajenAkñgrUgrUbTI 1>5 RtUv)aneKehAfa
v)aneKehAfa yield strength Edl
RtUv)ankM
v)ankMNt;Nt;Ca kugRtaMgRtg;gRtg;cMcN
Nu
M cénkardkbnÞ ú ú
ucénkardkbnÞkEdlRtU kEdlRtUvvnwnwg permanent strain énbrimaNkM maNkMNt;
Nt;NNaa
mYy.
y. eKeRCIserI serIs yk strain es μ Innwwg 0.002 ehIyviFIénkarkMNt; yield strength enHRtUv)aneKehAfa v)aneKehAfa
0.2% offset method . dUcEdl)anerobrab;cEdl)anerobrab;BIBImun CaTUeTAeKRtU eTAeKRtUvvkarlkç
karlkçN
N³BI
³BIrsRmab;
rsRmab; structural
strength design KW F nig F edayminKitBI
y u tBIrUbragrbs;
bragrbs; stress-strain curve nigmi gminKi
nKitBIrebob
rebob
EdlTTYl)an F eT. sRmab;mmUlehtu
y
UlehtuenHenH eKeRbIttYYTTUeTA
UeTA yield stress ehIyvaGacmann½yCa
yCa yield
point b¤ yield strength.
lkçN³epSg²rbs;
N³epSg²rbs;eRKOgbgÁ Mú EdkEdlrY
EdkEdlrYmbBa¢
mbBa¢lTaM
lÚ TaMg strength nig ductility RtUvv)ankM
)ankMNt;eday
eday
smasFatuKIKIm I (chemical composition). Edk (steel) CasMelah³EdlFatuppSMSMcMcMbgrbs;vaCa vaCa iron.
esckþ 9 T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
sarFatuppSMSMrbs;
rbs;eRKOgbgÁ ú
eRKOgbgÁ úEdkTaM
EM dkTaMggGs;
Gs; ¬eTaHCakñ
¬eTaHCakñ ú úgbri
gbrimmaNti
aNtictY ctYcck¾k¾eeday¦
day¦ KWkabUnEdlCasarFatu
nEdlCasarFatuclrY lU rYm
kñgkarbegá
gú karbegánI strength b:Enþ Eu nþvakat;bnß
bnßy ductility. karekIneLI neLIgénPaKrykabUnnKWKWbegá begáIn strength
Etkat;bnßbnßy ductility EdleFV I[karpSarmankarBi
[karpSarmankarBi)ak. )ak. sarFaturrYmpSM YmpSMdéTeTotrbs;EdksMNg; rrYYm
mans<an;an; (copper), manganese, nickel, chromium, molybdenum nig silicon. eRKOgbgÁ ú eRKOgbgÁ úEdk
EM dk
RtUv)anerobcM
v)anerobcMCaRku
CaRkumEdlGaRs½yeTAnw yeTAnwgsarFatu
gsarFatuppSMSMrbs; rbs;vadUcxageRkam³
cxageRkam³
!> Plain carbon steel: EdlPaKeRcInCa nCa iron nigkabU gkabUnticCag 1%
@> Low-alloy steel: man iron nigkabU gkabUn EdlrYmpSMCamY CamYynwgsarFatu
gsarFatuepSgeTot
epSgeTot ¬CaTUeTAti
eTAtic
Cag 5% ¦. sarFatubEnß bEnßmKW
mKWeedIdImm,I,Ibegá
begáInersI u u
nersIssþg;þg; Etvanwgkat;
gkat;bbnßnßy
yPaBsV
PaBsV it.
t.
#> High alloy or specialty steel: mansarFatuppSRsedogKñ
SRsedogKñaang ng low alloy steel Edr Etman
sarFatubEnß
bEnßmeRcI
meRcInPaKryCag.
nPaKryCag. EdkenHmanersI u u
EdkenHmanersIsþsgþg;;FMCag
Cag plain carbon steel nigman
gman
KuNPaBBiessdU
essdUcCakarkarBarERcH.
cCakarkarBarERcH.
rbs;EdksM
Grade EdksMNg; (structural steel) RtUv)ankM
v)ankMNt;
Nt;eeday
day American
American Society for Testing
and Material (ASTM). GgÁk karenHbegá

arenHbegá ItbTdæ
tbTdæanedI
anedIm,IkMkMNt;smÖar³eTAtamsarFatu
ar³eTAtamsarFatuppSMSM lkçN³
N³ nigkar
gkar
eFVIkarrbs;
karrbs;va (ASTM, 1996a). EdkeRKOgbgÁ ú
EdkeRKOgbgÁ úEdleKcU
EM dleKcUllcicitþeRbIsBV
sBVééf¶f¶Ca
Ca mild steel EdlsMKKal;
al;Ca
b¤ssresry:
ASTM A36 agxø I A36 . vaman stress-strain curve dUcbgð
resry:agxø cbgðajenAkñ ú
ajenAkñ úgrUbTI 1>3
1>3 b nig 1>4
ehIymanlkçN³rgkarTajdU
N³rgkarTajdUcxageRkam³
cxageRkam³
Yield stress: F 36 Ksi 250 MPa
y = ≈
Tensile strength: F 58ksi 400 MPa eTA 80ksi 550 MPa

u = ≈ ≈
T.Chhay 10
10 Introduction
viTüasß
bec©keTskm<
keTskm< úCa
Edk A36 RtUv)ancat;

v)ancat;fñak;Ca
Ca plain carbon steel ehIyvamansarFatu
yvamansarFatupSM ¬eRkABI
¬eRkABI iron
iron¦ dUc
cxageRkam³
xageRkam³
Carbon: 0.26% ¬Gtibbrma¦
rma¦
Phosphorous: 0.04% ¬Gtibbrma¦
rma¦
Sulfur: 0.05% ¬Gtibbrma¦
rma¦
PaKryenHCatémøRbhak;Rbhak;RbEhl témøCak; Cak;Esþ
EsþgGaRs½ynw
ynwggTRmg;
TRmg;énkarpli
énkarplitEdk. Edk A36 Ca
ductile steel Edlmansac;l lUUtt (elongation)
(elongation) EdlkMNt;
Nt;eedaysmI
daysmIkar
kar 1.1 KW 20% edayQrelIRbEvgbEvg
edIm L 8in. 200mm .
o = ≈
eKRtUvvpli
plitEdk A36 edayeKarBtambTdæaanrbs; nrbs; ASTM. témø yield strength nig tensile
strength Edl)anbgðajCatRmU
ajCatRmUvkarGb,brma EtvaGacFMCCagtémøagtémøenH. Tensile strength RtUvv)aneK
)aneK
[enAkñ ú úgcenø
[enAkñ gcenøaHtémømmYy
Y eRBaHlkçN³enHmi
N³enHminGacTTY
nGacTTYl)anedaysu
l)anedaysuRki
RkitdU
tdUc yield strength eT.
CaTUeeTA
TA EdkEdlman yield stress FMCCag ag 36ksi 250 MPa RtUv)anKi
≈ v)anKitCa
tCa high-strength
steel. High-strength steel EdleKniymeRbI eRcInCaRbePTEdkEdlman
nCaRbePTEdkEdlman yield strength
50ksi
≈ 345 MPa nigman
gman tensile strength 65ksi 450 MPa b¤ 70ksi 480 MPa ehIyeKk¾mmanan
≈ ≈
EdkEdlman yield strength 100ksi 690 MPa . Ca]TahrN_ ASTM A242 Ca low-alloy,
≈
corrosion resistant steel Edlman yield strength 42ksi 290 MPa / 46ksi 320 MPa nig
≈ ≈
50ksi 345 MPa CamYynw

≈ ynwg tensile strength EdlRtUvvKñKñaanwnwg 63ksi 435 MPa / 67ksi 460 MPa
≈ ≈
nig 70ksi 480 MPa . cMEENksmasFatu

≈ NksmasFaturYrYmpSMKKIImmIrbs;
Irbs;vamandU
vamandUcxageRkam³
Carbon: 0.15% ¬Gtibbrma¦
rma¦
Manganese 1.00% ¬Gtibrma¦
brma¦
Phosphorus: 0.15% ¬Gtibbrma¦
rma¦
Sulfur: 0.05% ¬Gtibbrma¦
rma¦
Copper: 0.20% ¬Gtibbrma¦
rma¦
Edk A242 minEmn
nEmn ductile dUc A36 . sac;llUtEdlQrelI
UtEdlQrelIRbEvgedI μ Inwg 18%
RbEvgedIm 8in. 200mm es ≈
ebIeRbobeFobCamY
eRbobeFobCamYysac;
ysac;llUtrbs;
Utrbs; A36 Edlmantémøes e μs Innwwg 20% .
>6> rUbragmu
bragmuxkat;bTdæ
bTdæan (Standard Cross-sectional Shapes)
eKalbMNgcM
NgcMbgkñ ú ú
gkñgkarsi
gkarsikSaKNnaeRKOgbgÁ ú ú
kSaKNnaeRKOgbgÁ MEdkKWkareRCIsserIerIsmu
smuxxkat;
kat;EdlsmRsbsRmab;
esckþ 11
11
T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
Ggát;tn;nIImy².yY ². CaTUeTA eTA kareRCIserIsenHtRmUv[eRCI v[eRCIsserIerIsrU

srUbbragmu
ragmuxxkat;
kat;tambTdæaanEdleRbInEdleRbIR)as;
R)as;yaag: g
TUlMlTUTM lUlayCagkartRmU
ayCagkartRmUv[pli v[plitrUbragEdlmanxñ
bragEdlmanxñat at niglkç
glkçN³BiN³Biess.ess. kareRCIserI serIsrU srUbbragEdkEdl
ragEdkEdl
manRsab; (off-the shelf) CaCMerIerIsEdlmanlkçN³esdæ ikc© kc©CCag ag eTaHbICavaeRbIsmÖ smÖar³eRcInnCagbnþ
Cagbnþ icbnþ
cbnþ Üc
k¾edaykþ I. RbePTénrUbragbTdæanEdlFM anEdlFMCageKRtU
CageKRtUv)anpli
v)anplitedaykarhU
tedaykarhUtekþ A ekþ A (hot-rolling). enAkñ úenAkñ úg
dMeNIrrpli μEdleFV
plitkm EdleFVIeLI
eLIgenAkñ ú ú
enAkñgeragcRkpli
geragcRkplitEdk
tEdk (mill) EdkEdlrlayEdl)anBILsøEdkRtU EdkRtUvv)an
)an
cak;ccUleTAkñ
UleTAkñgRbB½
gú RbB½n§n§Bum<m<EdlCab; edayTuk[EdkeLIggrwrwg b: u ub:EEnþnþeKmi
eKminnGnu
GnuBBaØaØat[vaRtCak;
at[vaRtCak;eBj eljeT.
EdkekþAqøgkat; gkat; roller Caes‘rrI I EdlKab[eTACarUbragEdlcg;))an. an. karhUtEdkkñ Edkkñ ú úgeBlEdlvaenAekþ
eBlEdlvaenAekþ A A
GnuBBaØaØaat[vaxU
t[vaxUcrUcrUbragedaymi
bragedaymin)at;n)at;bg;bg; ductility rbs;va dUckrNIhhUUttRtCak;RtCak;eT. kñkñ ú úgGM gGMLú
LgeBlhU
gú eBlhUt
≈
Ggát;t75
E;EdllU
dllU ttRbEvgehI
RbEvgehIyyRtU
yEdlvaRtU
RtUv)ankat;
v)ankat; tamRbEvgbTdæ 65 ft 20m
eTA ft 23m ehIyEdlvaRtU
≈ v)ankat;
v)ankat; bnÞaab;b;ananeTAtamRbEvgrbs;
Cabnþ
CabnþbnÞ EdlCaTUeTAmanRbEvgGti
TAmanRbEvg
eTAtamRbEvgrbs; Gti M ú úbrma
eRKOgbgÁbenA enArmaeragCageTAtam
BI
karkMNt;rbs; rbs;bøg;g.;
T.Chhay 12
12 Introduction
viTüasß
bec©keTskm<
keTskm< úCa
muxkat;
xkat;xHrbs;Hø rbs; hot-rolled shape EdlRtUv)aneRbI v)aneRbICaTU
CaTUeeTARtU
TARtUv)anbgð
v)anbgðajenAkñ ú ú
ajenAkñggrUrUbTI
bTI 1>6. xñat
niggkMkMNt;sMsKMKal;
al;rbs;
rbs;rrUbragbTdæ
UbragbTdæanRtUanRtUv)ankM
v)ankMNt;
Nt;enAkñ ú
enAkñ úg ASTM standard (ASTM, 1996). W-shape
EdleKGacehA)anfa rUbragsøabTUllay ay (wide flange shape) EdlpSMeLI eLIgedaysøaabBIbBIrEdlEjk
rEdlEjk
edayRTnugmYy. y. rUbragenHmanG½
bragenHmanG½kSsI u u kSsIemRTI
emRTIBIBIr. kMNt;
Nt;sMsKMKal;
al;KKMMrUrbs;
rbs;vvaKW
aKW W 18 50 Edl W bgðajBI
×
RbePTrUbrag/
brag/ elx 18 Ca nominal depth EdlRsbeTAnwgRTnug nig 50 CaTm¶nn;rbs; ;rbs;Edkkñ ú
Edkkñ úgmYy
ÉktþaRbEvg. W-shape én nominal size TaMggGs; Gs;RtUv)andak;
v)andak;CaRku
CaRkummEdlmankm<
Edlmankm<s;sBIB; Isabxagkñ
øabxagkñgeTA
gú eTA
søaabxagkñ
bxagkñgdU gú dUcKña b:b: u uEnþ
EnþmankMras;
ras;ssøabxu
øabxusKñ
sKña.
a.
American Standard b¤ S-shape KWRsedogKñ RsedogKñaeTAnw
aeTAnwg W-shape Edr edaymansøabBIrRsbKñ rRsbKña
RTnugmYgmYy nigmanG½kSsI kSsIemRTI
eu mRTIBIBIr. PaBxusKñ
sKñarbs;
arbs;vaKW
vaKWsmamaRtrbs;mmuxkat; uxkat;³ søabrbs;
abrbs; W FMCagRTnug
cMENkÉsø
ENkÉsøabrbs;
abrbs; S tUcCagRTnug. g. elIssBIBIenH épÞxagkñ ú
xagkñ úg nigépÞxageRkArbs; ageRkArbs;sabén aø bén W-shape man
lkçN³RsbKñN³RsbKña EtépÞxagkñ agkñ ú úgénsø
génsøabrbs;
abrbs; S-shape eTrEdleFV I[kM [kMrras;
as;xagcugtU
gtUccCagkM
CagkMras;enAEk,r
RTnug. g. kMNt;
Nt;sMKalrbs;
Kalrbs; S-shape KW S 18 70 Edl S bgðajBI
× ajBIRRbePTrbs;
bePTrbs;rUbrag brag nigelxTaMg
BIrtY rtYCakm<
Cakm<s;s; nigTm¶nn;;kkñ ú úñgmYyÉktþ
yÉktþaRbEvg aRbEvg erogKña. rUbragenHRtU
bragenHRtUv)aneKehAfa
v)aneKehAfa I-beam.
EdkEkg (angle shape) GacmaneCIges μ I b¤eeCICIggmimines
ges μ I. kMNt;sMsKal;
KM al;KKMMrUKKWW L6 6 b¤
× × 3 4
L6 3 × × 5 8 . elxTaMgbI gbIttYYKKW W RbEvgeCIggTaMTaMgBI

gBIrrbs;
rrbs;vaEdlvas;
vaEdlvas;BBIIcucgeTAEkgxageRkA
gu eTAEkgxageRkA nigkM gkMrras;
as;rbs;vva.
a.
kñ ú úkñggkrNI
krNIEdkEkgEdlmaneCI
EdkEkgEdlmaneCIgmi gmines μ I eCIgEvgRtU
nes gEvgRtUv)ansresrmun. kMN Nt;t;sMKKal;
al;rbs;
rbs;EdkEkgmi
EdkEkgmin)an
n)an
R)ab;BIBITm¶n;n;eeT.T.
American Standard Channel b¤ C shape mansøabBr abBr ngRTnugmYy EtmanGkSs
EtmanGkSs u uemRTmRTEt
Et
mYy. kMNt;ssMKal;
MKal;KKMMrrUrbs;
Urbs;vaKW
vaKW C 9 20 . nimtþitþsBaØaenHKW
× aenHKWRsedogKñ
RsedogKñanwanwg W- nig S-shape Edr Edl
manelxmYytY
ytYtMtMNag[km<ss;; nigmY gmYytYeTottM
eTottMNag[Tm¶
Nag[Tm¶nn;;kñ ú úkñgmY
gmYyÉktþaRbEvg.
aRbEvg. b:uEEnþnþsRmab;
sRmab; channel
km<smanRbEvgCak;
m; anRbEvgCak;EEsþsþgCag. gCag. épÞxagkñ ú ú
xagkñgrbs;
grbs;ssøabKW
øabKWdUdUcKñanwanwg S-shape Edr. eKenAman
Miscellaneous Channel EdlCa]TahrN_ MC 10 25 KWRsedogKñ × RsedogKñanwg American Standard
Channel Edr.
Structural Tee RtUv)anpliv)anpliteLIgedaykat;

gedaykat; W-, M- b¤ S-shape Rtg;km< km<sBak;
B; ak;kNþal.
eBlxøHeKehArUbragenHfa
bragenHfa split-tee. buBbTénni VbTénnimitþsBaØarbs;
arbs;rbragenHKW
bU ragenHKW WT, MT b¤ ST GaRs½y
×
eTAelIrU
r bragedI
b
U ragedImrbs;
mrbs;
115lb / ft ehIyvaRtU
v amu n
yvaRtUvv)ankat;eBlkat;
.
)ankat;ecjBI ]TahrN_
man
. dUccKñKñasRmab;
nominal depth 18in. nigmanTm¶n;
WT 18 115
asRmab; ST-
WT 36 × 230 ST- nig MT-shape.
esckþ 13
13
T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
edaymin)anbgð
n)anbgðajkú
ajkú ñgrUbTI 1>6
1>6 eKenAman hot-rolled shapes EdlmanlkçN³RsedogeTAnw
N³RsedogeTAnwg
W-shape HP- M-shapes HP shape
nigmanTTw EdrKW μ Innw³wgkm<ss;ni ; gehIykMras;
ges
ges ras;ssø.abdU
øabdUeKeRbI
cKña nwgkM
cKñ gkMras;RTnu sRmab;
ras;RTnu gg.. GkSrssrRKw
ssrRKw
M HtMEdlvamanépÞ
Nag[ ssøabRsbKñ
Nag[ MiscellaneousøabRsbKña
¬epSg²¦ EdlrUbragenHmi bragenHminRtU nRtUvvKñKñanwanwgRbePTrU
gRbePTrUbragén
bragén W, HP b¤ S eT. TaMg M- nig HP-shape
RtUv)ansM
v)ansMKal;kñkñgTRmg;
gú TRmg;ddUccKñ U Kñanwanwg W-shape Edr ]TahrN_ M 14 18 nig HP14 117 .
× ×
rUbragEdlRtUv)aneKeRbICajw Cajwkkjab;
jab;EdrEdr RtUv)anbgð
jenAkñggrUrUbTI
bTI 1>7. Edkr)ar (bar) Gac
manmuxkat; mUl kaer nigctueekaNEkg. kaNEkg. RbsinebI nebITTwgrbs;
grbs;muxkat;cctutueekaNEkgmanRbEvgtU
kaNEkgmanRbEvgtUcCag cCag
8in. 20cm eKcat;T
≈ TuukkrUrUbragenHCaEdkr)ar
bragenHCaEdkr)ar (bar) ehIy yvaRtU
vaRtUv)ansMKal;edayTTw
edayTTwggmumunkMras;
ras; ( 8 )
× 34
EtpÞ ú úymkvi
EtpÞ ymkvijvaRtU
jvaRtUv)ancat;v)ancat;TTukCaEdkbnÞ
ukCaEdkbnÞH (plate) ehIykMNt; Nt;sMsKMKal;
al;rrbs;
bs;vaRtUv)annaM
v)annaMmuxedaykMras;
nTTwg ( 10 ). Edkr)ar (bar) nigEdkbnÞ
munTTw 1 ×
2 gEdkbnÞH (plate) RtUv)anpli
v)anpliteday hot-rolling.
rUbTI 1>7
1>7 k¾bgðbgðajBI
ajBImmuxkat;
uxkat;RbehagEdr
RbehagEdr EdlGacplitBIEdkbnÞ
EdkbnÞH (plate) EdlRtUv)anBt;eTACa
eTACa
rUbragEdlcg;
bragEdlcg;)anehI
)anehIyypSartamefñ
pSartamefñr b¤eday hot-working edImm,I,Ipli
plitrU μanefñ
trUbragEdlK anefñr.
r. rUbragenH
bragenH
RtUv)ankt;
v)ankt;sKal;
KM al;eeday
day HSS sRmab;mxkat;EdkRbehag.
EdkRbehag. mxkat;
mxkat;Rbehagrmman
Rbehagrmman TIbmUl nigTI
gTIbRCg
bRCg
EdlmanrUbragkaer
bragkaer nigctugctuekaN.
ekaN.
eKenAmanrUbragepSg²eTot b: u ub:EEnþnþeyIggelI elIkykEtrU
kykEtrUbragEdleKni
bragEdleKniymeRbI
ymeRbICCaTU
aTUeTAmkbgðaj aj
b: u ub:eNÑ
eNÑaH. kñ ú úkñgkrNI
gkrNICaeRcI
CaeRcIn rUbbragbTdæ
ragbTdæanmY
anmYynw
ynwggbMbMeBjtRmUvkarsRmab;
vkarsRmab;karsikkSaKNna.
SaKNna. Rbsinvami
nvamin
manrUbragbTdæ
bragbTdæanEdlRtU
anEdlRtUvnw
vnwgkarsikSaKNnaeT
kSaKNnaeT eKcaM)ac; )ac;eeFVFVI built-up section dUcbgðaajenAkñ ú ú
jenAkñgrUgrUbTI
1>8. eBlxøH standard shape RtUv)anbEnß v)anbEnßmeday cross-sectional element dUckrNIEdleKpSar EdleKpSar
cover plate P¢aab; b;eTAnwgsø
gsøabmY
abmYy b¤sabTaM
øabTaMgBIrrbs;
rrbs; W-shape. kareFV I built-up
built-up section CaviFd¾ Idman
m¾ an
T.Chhay 14
14 Introduction
viTüasß
bec©keTskm<
keTskm< úCa
RbsiT§TPaBkñ ú ú
P§ aBkñggkarbegá
karbegá InlT§
nlT§PaBRTRTg;
PaBRTRTg;rbs;
rbs; standard shape. eBlxøHeKRtU
HeKRtUvveRbI eRbI built-up shape
edaysarK μanan standard rolled shape NaEdlmuxkat;
xkat;rbs;
rbs;vvamanRkLaépÞ
amanRkLaépÞ b¤ lPaBFM μl
b¤mm::mm:U :gg;nni; icclPaBFMlm. m . enA
kñ ú úkñggkrNI
krNIEbbenH eKeRbI plate girder EdlGacmanrUbragCa I-shaped section EdlmansøaabBI bBIr nig
RTnugmY gmYy b¤mmuxkat;
uxkat;RbGb;
RbGb; EdlmansøabBIr nigRTnu
gRTnugBI
gBIr.
r. eKGacpSarFatuppSMSMbBa©
bBa©lKñ
lÚ KñaedayrcnaedI
aedayrcnaedImm,I,I
TTYll)annU )annUvlkç
vlkçN³Edlcg;)an. )an. eKGacbegá It built-up shape edayP¢ab;
ab; standard rolled shape BIr
b¤eRcI eRcInbBa© ÚlKña. bnSMénrUbragEdleRbI
bragEdleRbICaTU
CaTUeeTAKW
TAKWEEdkEkgDu
dkEkgDubEdlRtU
bEdlRtUvv)andak;
)andak;xgTl;
gñ Tl;xxññg ehIyRtU
yRtUv)an
v)an
P¢ab; ab;tamcenø
tamcenøaHénRbEvgrbs;
aHénRbEvgrbs;va.
RbePTepSgeTotrbs;EdksRmab; EdksRmab;eRKOgbgÁ MKKWú W cold-formed steel. Structural steel RbePTenH

RtUv)anbegá
v)anbegá IteLIgedaykarBt;
edaykarBt;snø s wnøkbnÞHEdkesþ IgedaymineRbI
neRbIkMkMedA.
edA. muxkat;KKMMrURtU
RtUv)anbgð
v)anbgðajenAkñ ú
jenAkñ úgrUb
TI 1>9. Cold-formed shape RtUv)aneRbI v)aneRbIsRmab;RTTm¶
RTTm¶n;n;Rsalb:eNÑ
eu NÑaH. Cold-working nwgbegá
gbegá In
yield point b: ub: uEnþvvanwanwgkat;
gkat;bnß
bnßy
yPaBsV
PaBsV itrbs;
trbs;Edk nigeRkamlkç
geRkamlkçxNÐCak; Cak;Esþ
EsþgeKGaceRbIvvakñ ú
akñ úgkarsikSa
kSa
KNna (AISI, 1993). KuNsm,tþ Nsm,tþ irbs;
rbs;vaKW
vaKWrrUbragrbs;
Ubragrbs;vagayRsY
vagayRsYlkñ ú ú
lkñgkarbegá
gkarbegá It.
t. edaysarmuxkat;
rbs;vaesþ
vaesþgI instability CaktþaacMcMbgkñbgkñgkarsi
gú karsikSaKNna
kSaKNna cold-formed structure.
esckþ 15
15
T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
II. eKalKMni
nitkñ
tkñgkarsikSaKNnaeRKOgbgÁ
kSaKNnaeRKOgbgÁEdk
Concepts in Structural Steel Design
; Design Philosophies
2>1> TsSnvi karsiCkSaKNnaGgá
k¢aSaKNnaGgá
kñgkarsikSaKNnamu kSaKNnamu
;eRKOgbgÁxkat
tt;eRKOgbgÁ ú x úkat
ttMM rUMrUvnUvvkareRCI
kareRCIserIsmuxkat; xkat;Edlmansu
Edlmansuvvtßtß iPaB nigmanlkçgmanlkçN³
esdækikc©ci © edImm,I,ITb;Tl;
Tl;ngkmø gw kmøagEdlGnu
gM EdlGnuvtþ vtþBxageRkA. xI ageRkA. CaTUeTA eTA lkçN³esdæ
N³esdækkiic©cmann½
m© ann½yfabriyfabrimmaNEdk aNEdk
Gb,brma. brimaNenHRtU maNenHRtUvvnwnwgmu gmuxkat;EdlmanTm¶
EdlmanTm¶n;n;kñ ú úgmY gñ mYyÉktþaaRbEvgRsalCageK
RbEvgRsalCageK ehIyRtU yRtUvvnwnwggmumux
kat;EdlmanRkLaépÞtccCageKpgEdr. U CageKpgEdr. edImm,I,ITTY TTYl)annUveKalbMveKalbMNgenHNgenH vissVkreRKOgbgÁ
VkreRKOgbgÁ Mkk¾ú ¾RtU RtUvsMvsMerc
eFV IyaagNaeGayvamanlkç
: gNaeGayvamanlkçN³su N³suvtß iPaBpgEdr. eKmanviFIFIkkññgkarKNnabI gú karKNnabIssMxan; Mxan;xuxus²Kñ
s²KñaKW aKW³
!> sRmab; allowable stress design eKRtUveRCIserI serIsGgá
sGgátEEdlmanlkç
; dlmanlkçN³mu N³muxkat;ddUUcCa cCa RkLa
épÞ ni niggm:m:mm:U :gg;;nniclPaBFM
iclPaBFMRKb; RKb;RKan;edI edIm,IkarBarku
karBarkugRtaMgGti gGtibrmakM u u
rmakMeeGayFM
GayFMCCagku agkugRtaMg
GnuBaØ BaØaat.
t. kugRtaM gRtaMggGnu GnuBaØatKW
atKWstenAkñ tßi enAkñgtM gú tMbn;
bn;eGLasÞcrbs; ci rbs;smÖ smÖar³ ehIyvamantémø
yvamantémøtccCag U Cag
yield stress F ¬emIlrU y lrUbbTITI 1>4¦.
1>4¦. témørbs; rbs;kkuugRtaM
gRtaMggGnuGnuBaØatGaces μ Innwwg 0.6F . eKTTYl
y
)ankugRtaMg GnuBaØ atedayEck yield stress F b¤ ultimate

BaØatedayEck y ultimate tensile stress F CamYynwg
u
emKuN Nsusuvvtßtß iPaB.
PaB. eKGacehAviFIFIkkññgkarKNnaenHfa gú karKNnaenHfa elastic design b¤ working working stress
design. Working stress CakugRtaM gRtaMgEdl)anBIbnÞ ú ú bnÞkeFV

keFV Ikar
kar (working load or service
load). Ggát;Edl)anKNnarYc cehI ehIy GacrgkuggRtaM RtaMggmimineGayFM
neGayFMCagkuggRtaM RtaMggGnu
GnuBaØ
BaØaatenAeBl
tenAeBl
rgbnÞúkkeFV eFV Ikar.
@> Plastic design KWQrelIkarsn karsn μtt;lkç ;lkçxNÐ)ak; )ak; (failure) CaglkçxNÐ xNÐbnÞkeFV kú eFVkar.
kI ar. Ggátt; ;
RtUv)aneRCI
v)aneRCIserI serIsedayeRbI
sedayeRbIlkçxNÐvviinniiccä ½äyeGayeRKOgbgÁ M))ak; ú ak;eRkambnÞ ú ú
eRkambnÞkEdlFM kEdlFMCagbnÞ
CagbnÞkeFV úkeFV I
kar. kar)ak; (failure) k¾mann½ mann½yfavamanPaBdabFM
yfavamanPaBdabFMelI elIsslulub.
b. eKeRbIBakü Bakü plastic enATI
enHeRBaH enAeBl)ak; Epñkrbs; krbs;Ggát;ngrg gw rg strain FM Edlvamantémø
EdlvamantémøFFMMRKb; RKb;RKan;eedIdImm,I,I eGay
eGay
Ggát;tsßs; itßtenAkñ ú ú
enAkñgtM gtMbn;)aø)aøssÞ iÞc ¬emIlrU lrUbbTITI 1>3 b¦. enAeBlEdlmuxkat;TTaMaMgmUllrbs; rbs;Ggát;
køayeTACa)aøssÞ iÞccenATI enATItaM taMgRKb;
gRKb;RKan; RKan; plastic hinge nwgekI gekIteLI
teLIgenATItaM taMgenaH
genaH Edl
begá It)anCa
t)anCa collapse mechanism. edaysarbnÞ ú ú edaysarbnÞkkCak; Cak;EsþgtUcCag
cCag failure load
edaymanemKuN Nsusuvvtßtß iPaBEdleKsÁal; al;faCa emKuNbnÞ ú ú
NbnÞk (load factor). Ggátt;EdlKNna ;EdlKNna
T.Chhay 16
16 Concepts in Structural Steel Design
Design
viTüasß
bec©keTskm<
keTskm< úCa
tamviFIFIenH
enH nwggmansu
mansuvvtßtß iPaB
PaB eTaHbICakarKNnaQrelI
CakarKNnaQrelIG IVEdlekItmanenAeBl)ak;tmanenAeBl)ak;keday. e¾ day.
dMeeNI
NIrkarénkarsikSaKNnaenHRtU
kSaKNnaenHRtUv)ansegç v)ansegçbdUcteTA³
 KuN working load b¤ service load CamYyynwnwggemKu
emKuN NbnÞ ú ú
bnÞkedI
kedImm,I,ITTY
TTYll)an)an
failure load .
 kMNt;
Nt;lkç
lkçN³mu
N³muxkat;
xkat;EdlcaMEdlcaM)ac;
)ac;eedIdIm,ITb;
Tb;Tl; failure eRkamGMeBIéénbnÞ ú nbnÞ úkem
KuN.
N. Ggát;t;EdlmanlkçN³EbbenHKWmanersI u ussþþg;g;RKb;RKan; RKan; ehIyyvanw vanwggCiCit²
t²
nwg)ak;
g)ak; enAeBlEdlGgá
enAeBlEdlGgátt;rgbnÞ ú ú ;rgbnÞkemKu
kemKuNEbbenH.
NEbbenH.
 eRCIserI
serIssrUrUbragmu
bragmuxkat;EdlRsalCageKEdlmanlkç
EdlRsalCageKEdlmanlkçN³EbbenH. N³EbbenH.
Ggátt;EdlKNnaedayRTw
;EdlKNnaedayRTwssþ Iþ)aø)aøssÞ iÞcnwgeTAdl;
geTAdl;cMcN Nu
M c)ak;
uc)ak;eeRkamGM
RkamGMeeBIBIbbnÞ ú únÞkemKu
kemKuN Etvamansuvvtßtßi-
PaBeRkamGMeBI eBIbnÞkeFV
kú eFVkkarCak;
I arCak;Esþ
Esþg.
#> Load and resistance factor design (LRFD) manlkçN³RsedogKñ N³RsedogKñanwanwg plastic design
Rtg;eKKitlkçxNÐ xNÐeBl)ak;. eKGnuvvtþtþemKuNbnÞ ú ú NbnÞkeTAelI
keTAelIbbnÞ ú únÞkeFV
keFVkar
kI ar ehIyeKRtU
yeKRtUvveRCI
eRCIserI
serIs
GgátEdlmanersI u u
E; dlmanersIssþg;þg;RKb;RKan;RKan;eedIdImm,I,IkarBarbnÞ
karBarbnÞúkemKu
kemKuN. N. elIsBI sBIenH
enH ersI u
ersI usg;gþ ;Edl)anBI
Edl)anBIRTw
RTwssþ Iþ
RtUv)ankat;
v)ankat;bnß bnßyedaykarGnu
yedaykarGnuvvtþtþeemKu mKuNersI
NersIsþsu þg;. lkçN³vi
N³vinniicäcäyEdlRtU
y½ EdlRtUvvbMbMeBjkñ
Bjkñ ú úgkareRCIs
erIssGgá
Ggátt;enHKW
e; nHKW³
bnÞkemKuN (factored load) ≤ ersIsg;gþ ;emKuN (factored strength) (2.1)
CaTUeTA
eTA enAkñ ú ú
enAkñgsmI
gsmIkarenH
karenH bnÞ ú
bnÞ úkemKuNCaplbUkénbnÞ kénbnÞkeFV
úkeFVkarTaM
kI arTaMggGs;
Gs;EdlRtUv)anTb;
v)anTb;TTl;l;
edayGgátt;;eeRKOgbgÁ ú
RKOgbgÁ ú M edayKuNnwggemKuemKuNbnÞ
NbnÞkeTAtamRbePTbnÞ ú ú
kú eTAtamRbePTbnÞk. k. Ca]TahrN_ bnÞkefr úkefr
RtUv)anKuNedayemKuNbnÞ NbnÞkEdlxu
kú EdlxusBI sBIbnÞ únÞ úkGefr. ersI u ersI usþgemKu
e; mKuN
NCaersI u u
CaersIssþg;þg;RTwssþ IþEdl
KuNCamY
NCamYynwggemKu
emKuNersI u
NersI usgg;þ ;. dUccenHeKGacsresrsmI
enHeKGacsresrsmIkar 2.1 dUcxageRkam³
∑ ¬bnÞk × emKuNbnÞ
NbnÞk¦ ≤ ersIsgg;þ ; × emKuNersI
NersIssþþg ; ; (2.2)
bnÞ
bnÞ ú úkemKuNCa failure load EdlmantémøFCagbnÞ ú ú MCagbnÞkeFV
keFVkarsru
kI arsrubCak;Esþg dUccenHCaTU
enHCaTUeTAem
eTAem
KuN
NbnÞ úbnÞ úkEtgEtFMCag 1.0. b: u ub:EEnþnþ ersI u
ersI usg;gþ ;emKu
emKuNRtU
NRtUv)ankat;
v)ankat;bbnßnßy dUccenHemKu
enHemKuNersI
ersI u ussþþg;g ;
eKalKMnin tkñ
ti kñ úgkarsi
gkarsikSaKNnaeRKOgbgÁ
k SaKNnaeRKOgbgÁ ú ú M MEdk
E dk 17
17 T.Chhay

mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
EtgEttUccCag
Cag 1.0. bnÞ ú ú bnÞkemKu
kemKuNCabnÞ
NCabnÞkkEdlnaM
ú EdlnaMeGayeRKOgbgÁ M ú b¤GGgágátt;;eTAdl;
eTAdl;cMcN
MNucEdn
ucEdn
kMNt;. kñkñ ú úggn½n½ysu
ysuvtß iPaB sßanPaBkManPaBkMNt;Nt;GacCa fracture, yielding b¤ buckling
ehIyyersI
ersIssþu þg;emKu
emKuN CaersI CaersI u ussþg;þg;EdlmanRbeyaCn_rrbs;
bs;Ggá
Ggát;Edlkat;bbnßnßyBIeersI rsIsþsu þg;RTws Iþ
edayemKuN NersI u u
ersIssþg;þg;. sßanPaBkM
anPaBkMNt; Nt;kk¾GacCasß
¾GacCasßanPaBkM
anPaBkMNt;
Nt;énkareRbI
énkareRbIR)as; dUccCaPaBdab
CaPaBdab
GnuBaØ
BaØaatGti
tGtibrma.
brma.
2>2> American Institute of Steel Construction Specification
sRmab;karsikSaKNnamu
kSaKNnamuxkat;Ggá Ggátt;rbs;
;rbs;eRKOgbgÁ ú
eRKOgbgÁ úGMGM MBEdk
EI dk nigkartP¢
gkartP¢ab;rbs;vvaa specification
of the American Institute of Steel Construction Ca design specification Edlmansar³sMxan;.
vaRtUv)aneKsresr
v)aneKsresr nigeFVgeFVkarEkERbtamsm½
kI arEkERbtamsm½ykaleday
ykaleday AISC committee EdlrYmmanvissVkreRKOg VkreRKOg
bgÁ ú ú Gñ
bgÁ M GñkksisikSaRsavRCavBI
kSaRsavRCavBIssMNg;
MNg;Edk plitkr
tkr nigGñ
gGñksagsg;sMsMNg;Edk. Edk. Allowable stress design
CaviFdMdI MbggEdlRtU
U EdlRtUv)aneKeRbI
v)aneKeRbIsRmab;
sRmab;ssMNg;
MNg;EdleFV IBBIIeRKOgbgÁ ú ú
eRKOgbgÁ MEdktaMgBIgBIkkare)aHBu
are)aHBum<mp<pSayrbs;
Sayrbs; AISC
Specification AISC specification
elI kresistance
sRmab; load and TImmYyY kñ úkñ úgfactor
qña 1923.
M 1923. enAqña 1986
MaM 1986N
design sRmab;sNg;
)ane)aHpSay
M g;GBBIM IEdk
Edk rYm
mCamY
CamYynwynwg Manual of Steel dMbbUUg
Construction. eKalbMNgénÉksarTaM
NgénÉksarTaMgBIrKWppþþl;nUvvCeRmI CeRmIssRmab;
ssRmab;karKNnatam
karKNnatam allowable allowable stress
design eGay)aneRcIn ndUdUc karKNnatam plastic design. kare)aHBum<melI e< lIkkTITIBrrbs;

rI rbs; Manual
Manual (AISC,
1994) rYmman
mman AISC Specification 1993.
Load and resistance factor design minEmnCaKM nEmnCaKMninit μf IeT.
eT. taMggBIBIqqññaMaM 1974 vaRtUv)aneKeRbIeenA nA
RbeTskaNada EdlenATIeenaHeKehAvi
naHeKehAviFenHfa eI nHfa limit state design. ehIyvak¾ yvak¾CCaeKalkarN_
aeKalkarN_rbs;
rbs;
European building code pgEdr. enAshrdæGaemri Gaemric LRFD CaviFIFIénkarKNnaEdlRtUv)anGnuBaØ BaØaatt
American
sRmab;ebtu
ebtugBRgw
gBRgwggedayEdkCaeRcI
edayEdkCaeRcInnqñqñammkehI
Concrete Institute’s Building Code MEdlvaRtU
kehIy v)aneKsÁ
vehIyyvaCavi
vaCavial;
)aneKsÁal;FCddMI aMbbU Strength
UgEdlGnudesign
BaØ
BaØatenAkñ ú
atenAkñ
úg 1995).
(ACI,
Highway bridge design standard pþ

pþll;;eeGayTaM
GayTaMg allowable stress design (AASHTO, 1992) nig
load and resistance-factor design (AASHTO, 1994).
T.Chhay 18
Design
viTüasß
bec©keTskm<
keTskm< úCa
2>3> emKuNersIsþg;g; ni
nigemKu
gemKuNbnÞ
NbnÞkEdleRbIR)as;enAkñ
enAkñg AISC Specification

Load and Resistance Factors Used in the AISC Specification

smIkar 2.2 GacRtUv)aneKsresreGaykan;
v)aneKsresreGaykan;EtmanlkçN³su
N³suRki
RkitEfmeTotdUcxageRkam³
cxageRkam³
∑ γ Q ≤ φ R
i i n (2.3)
Edl = bnÞ ú ú
QibnÞk ¬kmøaMaMg b¤m U:mm::gg;;¦
γ = emKuNbnÞ
i
NbnÞkú
R = nominal resistance or strength
n
φ = emKuNersI u
NersI usgg;þ ;
R RtUv)aneKehAfa ersI u u
φ n
ersIssþg;þg;KNna (design strength). GgÁxxageqV ageqVggénsmI
énsmIkar 2.3, ∑ γ Q KWCCaa
i i
plbUkéncM
kéncMnnnbnÞ ú ú
Y bnÞkkKNnaKNna ¬bnÞ ¬bnÞ ú úkemKu
kemKuN¦
N¦ TaMgGs;
gGs;EdlmanGMeBIelI elIeeRKOgbgÁ ú ú
RKOgbgÁ M. emKuNbnÞ ú
bnÞ úk γ GaRs½y
eTAnwgRbePTbnÞ ú
gRbePTbnÞ úk nigkarbnSM
gkarbnSMbnÞúk (load combination). bnÞ ú bnÞ úkemKuN RtUv)anykeTAeFV
v)anykeTAeFV IkarsikSa
KNnasRmab;témøEdlFM EdlFMCageKkñ ú
CageKkñ úgcMeNamsmI
eNamsmIkarpSM
karpSMbnÞ ú únÞkTaM
kTaMg ^ xageRkam. xageRkamCakarbnSMbbnÞ ú ú u unÞk
EdleGayeday “General Provision” enAkñgCM gú CMBkU A
1.4 D ¬A$-!¦
1.2 D + 1.6 L + 0.5( L orSorR ) r
¬A$-@¦
1.2 D + 1.6( L orSorR ) + (0.5 Lor 0.8W )
r
¬A$-#¦
1.2 D + 1.3W + 0.5 L + 0.5( L orSorR ) r ¬A$-$¦
1.2 D ± 1.0 E + 0.5 L + 0.2S ¬A$-%¦
0.9 D ± (1 .3Wor 1E ) ¬A$-^¦
Edl D = bnÞ ú ú
bnÞkefr
kefr (Dead load)
L = bnÞ ú
bnÞ úkGefr (Live load)
L = bnÞ ú ú
bnÞkkdMdMbUbUlGefr
r lGefr (Roof live load)
S = bnÞ ú
bnÞ úkRBwl (Snow load)
R = bnÞ ú
bnÞ úkePøóg b¤Twkkk (Rain or ice load)
W = bnÞ ú
bnÞ úkxül; (Wind load)
E = bnÞ ú
bnÞ úkrBa¢ydIyÜ dI (Earthquake load)
eKalKMnin tkñ
ti kñ úgkarsi
E dk 19
19
T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
eyIggeXI
eXIjfa
jfa smIkar kar A$-@/ γ sRmab;bnÞ ú μ I 1.6 EtsRmab;smIkar
bnÞ úkGefr L es kar A$-@ vij
γ = 0.5 . mUlehtu
lehtuKKWWbnÞ ú
bnÞ úkGefr RtUv)aneKepþ
v)aneKepþatsMxan;
xan;sRmab;smI
smIkar A$-@ ÉbnÞ úÉbnÞ úkmYykñ ú
ykñ úgcMeeNam
Nam
bnÞ ú ú
bnÞkkTagb
Tagb L / S b¤ R RtUv)aneKepþatsxan
r atsxansRmabsm
sRmabsmkar kar A$ #.
ÉemKuNersI
NersIssþu þgg;; φ mantémøeenAcenø
nAcenøaHBI
aHBI 0.75 eTA 1.
]TahrN _ 2> ³ ssr ¬Ggátt;rgkarsgá

;rgkarsgát;¦ enACan;xagelIrbs;
rbs;GKarrgbnÞkdU
úkdUcxageRkam³
bnÞ ú ú
bnÞkkefrefr (Dead load): 485kN
bnÞ ú ú
bnÞkkGefrelI
GefrelIkRmal (Floor (Floor live load): 205kN
bnÞ ú ú
bnÞkkGefrelI
GefrelIdbUbM Ul (Roof live load): 84.5kN
bnÞ ú ú
bnÞkkRBwRBwl (Snow): 89kN
a. kMNt;
Nt;kkarbnSM
arbnSMbnÞnÞ ú úktam AISC
AISC Edllub nigtémø gtémøbnÞ ú ú
bnÞkemKu
kemKuNEdlRtUvKñ
vKña
b. RbsinebIemKuemKuN
NersI μ Ibb: u u μ:nan?
ersIsþsu þg; φ = 0.85 . etI nominal strength EdlRtUvkares an?
dM e NaHRsay³
a. bnSMbnÞ ú ú
bnÞkkEdllu
EdllubCabnSM
bCabnSMbnÞ ú bnÞ úkEdlbegá ItbnÞ ú ú
tbnÞkemKu
kemKuNFM
NFMCageK.
CageK. eyIgnwgBintüsmI
itüsmIkarnImYmy²
yY ²
EdlmanBak;BB½½nn§§nnwgbnÞ ú
wgbnÞ úkefr D / bnÞúkkGefrEdl)anBI
GefrEdl)anBI]bkrN_ ]bkrN_ smÖ
smÖar³ nigmnussSEdlmanGM
SEdlmanGMeeBIBI
elIkRmal
kRmal L / bnÞúkkGefrEdlmanGM
GefrEdlmanGMeBIeelIlIddMMbUbUl L nigbnÞ ú
r gbnÞ úkRBwl S .
(A4-1): 1.4 D = 1 .4(485) = 679 kN
(A4-2): 1.2 D + 1.6 L + 0.5( L b¤ S b¤ R ) . eday S >

r > L ehIy R = 0 dUcenHeyIg
r
caM)ac;
)ac;ssikSakarbnSM
ikSakarbnSMbnÞ ú ú
bnÞkEtmþ
kEtmþgKt;
gKt; edayeRbI
edayeRbI S
1.2 D + 1.6 L + 0.5S = 1.2(485) + 1.6(205 ) + 0.5(89) = 954 .5kN
(A4-3): + 1.6( L b¤ S
1.2 D r S b¤ R) + (0.5 L b¤ 0. 8W )
sRmab;bnSM bnSMbnÞ ú
bnÞ úkenH eyIggeRbI YseGay L ehIy R = W = 0
eRbI S CMnnYseGay r
1.2 D + 1.6S + 0.5 L = 1.2(485

) + 1.6(89) + 0.5(205) = 826
.9kN
(A4-4): 1.2 D + 1.3W b¤ b¤ . smIkarenHRtUvv)ankat;
+ 0.5 L + 0.5( Lr S R) )ankat;bbnßnßymk
ymk
Rtwm 1.2 D + 0.5 L + 0.5S ehIytamkarGegÁ
ytamkarGegÁt eyIgeXIjfasmIkkarenHpþ
arenHpþll;;nnUUv
lT§pltUcCagbnSM (A4-2) nig (A4-3).
T.Chhay 20
Design
viTüasß
bec©keTskm<
keTskm< úCa
(A4-5): 1.2 D ± 1.0 E . edaysar E = 0 dUcenHsmI

+ 0.5 L + 0.2S cenHsmIkarenHRtU
karenHRtUvv)ankat;
)ankat;
bnßymkRtwm 1.2 D + 0.5 L + 0.2S EdllT§plTTY
plTTYl)anBIsmI smIkkarenHtU
arenHtUcCag
cCag
lT§plEdlTTY
plEdlTTYl)anBI
l)anBIsmI smIkar
kar (A4-4).
(A4-6): ± (1.3W b¤1.0 E ) . smIkarenHmanemKu
0.9 D karenHmanemKuNbnÞ ú ú
bnÞkefrtU
kefrtUcCagsmI
cCagsmIkkard¾
ard¾éT
naMeGaylT§pplrbs;
lrbs;ssmImIkarenHtU
karenHtUcCaglT§plrbs;
plrbs;smI smIkkard¾
ard¾éT.
cemø y ³ bnSbnÞúk
kEdllu
EdllubK
bK (A4 2) ehybnÞ
ehybnÞ ú úkemKuNK 954.5kN .

b. RbsinebIeKCM
eKCMnnYYsbnÞ ú
sbnÞ úkemKuNxagelIeTAkñ ú ú
eTAkñgsmIgsmIkar
kar 2.3 eyIggTTY
TTYll)an
)an
φ R
∑ λ Q ≤ i i n
954.5 ≤ 0.85 R n
R ≥ 1123kN n
cemø y ³ nominal strength EdlRtUvkarKW 1123kN .
2>4> mUldæanRbU
anRbU)ab‘letrbs
eI trbs ;
; Load and Resistance Factors
Probabilistic Basis of Load and Resistance Factors
TaMggemKu
emKuNbnÞ ú ú
NbnÞk TaMgemKuNersI NersIsþsu þg;EdlkM
EdlkMNt; Nt;eday
eday AISC KWQrelI QrelIeKalkarN_
eKalkarN_RbURbU)ab‘
)ab‘ ÍllIet.
Iet.
emKuN NersI
ersIsþsu þg;karBarPaBmi
karBarPaBminCak;nCak;lak;
lak;éénlkç
nlkçN N³rbs;
³rbs;smÖsmÖaar³r³ RTwssþ IþénkarsikSaKNna
kSaKNna nigkarsagsg;
gkarsagsg;.
Tinñn½n½yénkarBiesaFRtUvv)anbgð )anbgðajkñgTM gú TMrrg;g; histogram b¤ bar bar graph dUcbgð
cbgðajenAkñ ú ú
ajenAkñgrUgrUbbTITI 2>1
2>1
EdlmanG½kSGab;kSGab;ssI u uIstMNageGaytémø
NageGaytémørrbs; bs;ssMNakKM
MNakKMrUrU b¤RBwttþ ikarN_
þkarN_ (event) nigG½kSGredaentMN Nagag
eGaycMnYnnYnsMsMNakKM
NakKMrUrUEdlmantémøCak;lak; b¤PPaBjw aBjwkjab;
kjab; (frequency) énkarekIteLI teLIgéntémø
géntémøCCak; ak;
lak;. r)ar (bar) nImmYy²GactM Yy²GactMN NageGaytémø
ageGaytémøssMMN NakKM
akKMrmYmU y²
yY ² b¤EdnéntémømYmyYy.. RbsinebIGGredaen redaen
KitCaPaKry RkaPicnwggtMtMNageGaykarEbgEck
NageGaykarEbgEck relative frequency. kñkñ ú úgkrNIEbbenH EbbenH plbUkrbs; krbs;
Gredaennwges
ges μ I 100% . RbsinebI nebIG½G½kSGab;
kSGab;ssI u usCaRBw
IsCaRBwt iþkarN_ ehIyeRbInnUUvsMNakKM NakKMrUrURKb;RKan;
RKan; Gredaen
nImmYYyy²GacsM
²GacsMEdgCaRbU))ab‘ ab‘ ÍllIetedaysresrCaPaKryéntémø
IetedaysresrCaPaKryéntémøssMMNakKMrUrU b¤RBwttþ ikarN_ þkarN_EdlekI
EdlekIttman. man.
Relative frequency k¾GacsresrCaTM
GacsresrCaTMrrg;g;TsSPaKpgEdr
TsSPaKpgEdr EdlmantémøenAcenø enAcenøaaHBI HBI 0 nig 1.0 . dUcenH
plbUkrbs;Gredaennw
Gredaennwges μ I 1.0 ehIyRbsi
ges yRbsinnebI
ebIr)ar
r)ar (bar) nImYmyYy²manTTw
²manTTwggÉktþ
Éktþa dUcenHRkLaépÞssrurub
rbs;düaRkamk¾nnwwges μ I 1.0 pgEdr. lT§plenHbBa¢ak;ak;ffaRbUaRbU))ab‘ μ Inwnwg 1.0 nwgnaMeeGayRBw
ab‘ ÍllIetEdles
IetEdles GayRBwttþ iþ-
karN_sßs ittenAkñ ú ú
ß enAkñgEdnkM
gEdnkMNt; Nt;rbs;düaRkam.
düaRkam. elIsBI
sBIenH Rb)ab‘ÍllIeténtémø
IeténtémøCak;
Cak;lak;
lak;EEdltU
dltUcCag Edlnwg
eKalKMnin tkñ
ti kñ úgkarsi
E dk 21
21 T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
ekIteLI
teLIgnw
gnwgges μ IRRkLaépÞ
es kLaépÞrbs;
rbs;düaRkamEdlenAxageqV
düaRkamEdlenAxageqVgrbs; grbs;témøenaH.
enaH. RbU)ab‘
)ab‘ ÍlIeténRBwtþkarN_Edl
Edl
mantémøsßs ißtenAcenøaaHH a nig b enAkñggrU
ú rUbTI
bTI 2>1 μ InnwgRkLaépÞ
2>1 es wgRkLaépÞrbs;
rbs;düaRkamenAcenø
düaRkamenAcenøaHaH a nig b .
munnw
nnwgdMeNI
eNIrkarsi rkarsikSaKNna
kSaKNna eyIggRtU RtUvsÁ
vsÁal;BIrUrUbmnþxxøøH²EdleRbI
H²EdleRbIenAkñ ú ú
nAkñggRbURbU)ab‘
)ab‘ÍllIIet. mFümPaK
(mean) x énsMntémø
tM u uM émøssMNakKM
MNakKMrUrU b¤b¤ population
population CatémømFümnBVnEdl þEdl
n
1
x = ∑
n i =1
xi
Edl x CatémøsMsMNakKMrrUU ehIy n CacMnYnYnrbs;témø. Median CatémøkNþ

i kNþalrbs;
alrbs; x ehIy mode
CatémøEdlekItmanjw
tmanjwkkjab;
jab;CageK.
CageK. Variance v CaxñaatEdlvas;
tEdlvas;BBIIbERmbRmY
bERmbRmYlénTi
lénTinnññnn½½yyTaM
TaMgGs;BBII
mean ehIyRtUv)ankMNNt;t;dUcxageRkam³
cxageRkam³
n
1
v= ∑ ( xi − x )2
n i =1
Standard deviation s Cab¤skaerén

skaerén variance
n
1
s= ∑ ( xi − x )2
n i =1
dUcKñ
cKñanwanwg variance Edr standard deviation CargVas;énbERmbRmY
énbERmbRmYlTaMgmUl b: ub: uEnþvvamanxñ
amanxñat
at nigglMlMdab;
dab;én
GaMgtg;
gtg;s ueI uI tCa data. Coefficient of variation V CaplEckrvag standard deviation elI mean mean.
s
V =
x
T.Chhay 22
Design
viTüasß
bec©keTskm<
keTskm< úCa
RbsinebI
nebIeKCM
eKCMnYnYskarEbgEck frequency Cak;Esþ EsþgedayGnuKmn_CCab;
ab;tamRTw
tamRTwssþ IEdlesÞ μ IKKññanwanwgTi
þEdlesÞrEtes
rI Etes gTin-ñ
n½y (data) enaHeKehAGnuKmn_eenHCa nHCa probability density function. GnuKKmn_ mn_EbbenHRtUvv)an )an
bgðajenAkñ ú
ajenAkñ úgrUbTI bTI 2>2. GnuKmn_RbURbU)ab‘ ÍlIetRtUv)anKNnaedayeGayRkLaépÞ
v)anKNnaedayeGayRkLaépÞssrurubEdlenABIeRkam eRkam
μ IccMMnnYnÉktþ
ExSekages YnÉktþa.
a. sRmab;GnuKmn_ f ( x)
+∞
∫− ∞ f ( x )dx = 1.0
Edlmann½yfaRbU)ab‘ ÍllIIeténtémø
eténtémøssMNakKM
MNakKMrUrU b¤RRBwBwttþkarN_
þki arN_Edlnw
EdlnwggekI
ekIteLI μ Inwnwg 1.0 . RbU)ab‘ ÍlIetén
teLIges
ges
a b μ a b
RBWtþt ikarN_
kþ arN_enAcenø
enAcenøaaHH nig enAkñ
enAkñ ú úggrUrUbTI
bTI 2>2 es InnwwgRkLaépÞ
gRkLaépÞeRkamExSekagcenøaH nig
b
∫ f ( x)dx
a
enAeBlEdleKeRbI probability μtt;eRbI
probability density function eKsn ;eRbInnimiimttþi þssBaØ
BaØaxageRkam

μ = mean
σ = standard deviation
eKalkarN_RbU
RbU)ab‘
)ab‘ ÍlIetrbs;emKuNbnÞ ú
NbnÞ úk nigemKuNersIsþusþg;EdleRbI
EdleRbIeday
eday AISC RtUv)anbgðaj
enAkñ ú úg ASCE structural journal (Ravindra and Galambos, 1978). \T§ iBlbnÞkú Q nigersI u
enAkñ gersI usg;gþ ; R
CaGBaØat
at ehIyvaGaRs½
yvaGaRs½yyeTAnw eTAnwggemKuNCaeRcIn. eK)a:n μ;ss an nigTTYl)anbnÞ ú ú
emKuNCaeRcI )anbnÞkBIkBIkarvas;
karvas;eRKOgbgÁ ú ú
RKOgbgÁ MCak;
Esþg ehIyersI u u
yersIssþþgg;;RtUv)anKNna
v)anKNna nigkM gkMNt;edaykarBi
edaykarBieesaF.
saF. Q nig R RtUv)anbM v)anbMEbkeGaydac;
EbkeGaydac;BBIIKKñña
eKalKMnin tkñ
ti kñ úgkarsi
E dk 23
23
T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
ehIy GacbgðaajCa jCa frequency distribution histogram b¤bgð bgðaajCa

jCa theoretical probability density
function.
RbsinebIeKsg;
eKsg;düaRkamén
düaRkamén probability density sRmab;\T§ iBlbnÞ ú ú
BlbnÞk Q nigersI u gersI usþg ; R enAelI
RkaPicEtmY
cEtmYy dUccenAkñ
enAkñggrU
ú rUbTI
bTI 2>3
2>3 tMbn;EdlRtUvvKñKñanwanwg Q > R bgðajBI failure ehIy Q < R bgðajBI ajBI
survival. RbsinebI nebIkarEbgEck Q nig R RtUv)andak;
v)andak;bBa©bBa©lKñ
ÚlKñaeTAkñ ú ú
aeTAkñgGnu
gGnuKmn_EEtmY tmYy témøvviiCC¢¢mmanén
anén
R − Q RtUvKñanwg survival. dUc cKñKña RbsinebIeKeRbI
eKeRbI probability density function R / Q ¬emKuN
suvtß
vtßiPPaB¦
aB¦ survival RtUv)ansMv)ansMEdgedaytémø
Edgedaytémø R / Q FMCag 1.0 . RbU)ab‘ )ab‘ÍllIIetEdlRtUvvKñKñanwanwg failure
CaRbU))ab‘
ab‘lIÍleIetEdl
tEdl R / Q tUcCag
cCag 1.0 .
PF = P ⎡⎢⎛
⎜⎜ ⎞⎟⎟ < 1⎤⎥
R

⎣⎝ Q ⎠ ⎦
edaydak;eelakarI
lakarItenEBeTAelI
tenEBeTAelIGgÁ
GgÁsgxagénvi
sgxagénvismI
smIkarxagelI
karxagelIeyIggTTY
TTYll)an
)an
⎡ ⎛ R ⎞ ⎤ ⎡ ⎛ R ⎞ ⎤
PF = P ⎢ln⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ < ln1⎥ = P ⎢ln⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ < 0⎥
⎣ ⎝ Q ⎠ ⎦ ⎣ ⎝ Q ⎠ ⎦
ExSekagEbgEck frequency én ln( R / Q ) RtUv)anbgð
ajenAkñgrU
grUbbTITI 2>4.
2>4. eKGackMNt;TMTrg;
rM g;Edlman
Edlman
lkçN³sþ
N³sþg;g;daénGBaØ
daénGBaØat ln( R / Q) Ca
⎛ R ⎞ ⎡ ⎛ R ⎞⎤
ln⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − ⎢ln⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎥
U = ⎝ Q ⎠ ⎣ ⎝ Q ⎠⎦ m
σ ln ( R / Q )
T.Chhay 24
Design
viTüasß
bec©keTskm<
keTskm< úCa
⎡ ⎛ R ⎞⎤
Edl ⎢ln⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎥ = témømFüm (mean value) én ⎛ ⎜⎜ R ⎞⎟⎟
⎣ ⎝ Q ⎠⎦ m ⎝ Q ⎠
⎛ R ⎞

σ ln ( R / Q ) = standard deviation én ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ Q ⎠
eyIggGacsresrRbU
GacsresrRbU)ab‘
)ab‘ ÍllIetén
Ietén failure Ca
⎡ ⎛ R ⎞ ⎤ ⎛ ⎧⎪ ⎡ ⎛ R ⎞⎤ ⎫⎪ ⎞⎟
⎜
PF = P ⎢ln⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ < 0⎥ = P ⎨U σ ln ( R / Q ) + ⎢ln⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎥ ⎬ < 0
⎜ ⎣ ⎝ Q ⎠⎦ m ⎪⎭ ⎠⎟
⎣ ⎝ Q ⎠ ⎦ ⎝ ⎪⎩
⎧ ⎡ ⎛ R ⎞⎤ ⎫ ⎧ ⎡ ⎛ R ⎞⎤ ⎫
⎪ ⎜
⎢ ⎜ ⎟⎥ ⎪
ln ⎟ ⎪ ⎢ln⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎥ ⎪
⎪ ⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎦ m ⎪
Q ⎪ ⎣ ⎝ Q ⎠⎦ m ⎪
= P ⎨U < −
σ
⎬ = F u ⎨−
σ
⎬
⎪ ln (
R / Q ) ⎪ ⎪ ln(
R / Q ) ⎪
⎪⎩ ⎪⎭ ⎪⎩ ⎪⎭
Edl F Ca cumulative distribution function én U b¤CaRbU

u CaRbU)ab‘
)ab‘ÍllIIeetEdl
tEdl U minFMCag argument
rbs;Gnu
GnuKmn_. RbsinebI
nebIeyI
eyIggyk
yk
⎡ ⎛ R ⎞⎤
⎢ln⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎥
⎣ ⎝ Q ⎠⎦ m
β =
σ ln ( R / Q )
(2.4)
⎡ ⎛ R ⎞⎤
enaH ⎢ln⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎥ = βσ ln ( R / Q )
⎣ ⎝ Q ⎠⎦
m
eKalKMnin tkñ
ti kñ úgkarsi
E dk 25
25
T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
eKGacbgðajGBaØ
ajGBaØat
at β CacMnnYYnén
nén standard deviations BIeKalén
eKalén mean value ln( R / Q ) . edImm,I,I
mean value β safety index
sureliability
vtß
vtßiPPaB/
aB/ index. témøenHkan; e nHkan;
RtUvEttU
EtFMcCagsU
EtFM tsunü
kMriritsu nvvtßütßiPaBkan;
PehI yCaviEtFM))ak
aBkan; ak. enHmann½
RtUv)aneKehAfa
v)aneKehAfa
yyfaRbU
faRbU))ab‘ab‘ Íletén b¤
eI tén failure Edl
bgðajedayépÞ
ajedayépÞqqUUtenAkñ enAkñ ú úggrUrUbTI
bTI 2>4 nigmankM
gmankMNt; Nt;ssMKal;
MKal; P nwgmantémø
F gmantémøttUUc. Reliability index
CaGnuKKmn_ mn_én\T§ iBBlbnÞ
lbnÞúk Q nigersI u gersI usgg;þ ; R . kareRbI reliability index dUccKñKñasRmab; asRmab;RKb; RKb;RbePTGgá
RbePTGgát;
EdlrgRKb;RbePTbnÞ ú ú
RbePTbnÞk dUccKñKñanwanwgkarpþ gkarpþleGayGgáe; GayGgátt;;nnUUversI
ersI u ussþþg;g;RKb;
RKb;RbePTEdr. témøkMkMNt; (target
value) rbs; β EdlbgðajenAkñ ú ú jenAkñgtarag
gtarag 2>1 RtUv)aneRCIserIs niggeRbI eRbIeenAkñ
nAkñggkarKNnaemKu
ú karKNnaemKuNbnÞ NbnÞkú
nigemKuNersI u u
ersIsþsg;gþ ;sRmab; AISC Specification EdlQrelIkaresñIeeLI LIgeday
geday Ravindra and
Galambos (1978) ehIyk¾) )anbgð
anbgðajfa
ajfa
R −
φ = Rm e 0.55 β V R (2.5)
n
Edl énersI u ussþþgg;; R
énersI
Rm = mean value
R = nominal resistance b¤eersI u u
n rsIssþþgg;;tamRTw
tamRTwssþþ I
V = emKuNbERmbRmYlrbs;
R lrbs; R
smIkar
kar 2.5 CasmIkarsRmab;
karsRmab;emKu emKuN NersI
ersIsþsu þg; φ EdleGayenAkñ
EdleGayenAkñ ú úg Commentary to the
Specification.
tarag 2> Edntémø (target value) rbs; β lkçxNÐ

xNÐbnÞkú
RbePTeRKOgbgÁ ú ú M
RbePTeRKOgbgÁ
D + ( L b¤ S ) + S
D + L D + L
+ E
Ggát 3.0 2.5 1.75
tMN 4.5 4.5 4.5
2>5> Manual of Steel Construction

Manual manBIrPaK EdlPaKTImmYYyymancM

mancMN
NgeCI
geCIgfa
gfa “Structural Members, Specifications
and Codes” 7 “connections”
man Epñk Edlerobrab;BIBIkarKNnaGgát;t; ehIyPaKTI
yPaKTIBBIIrrmancM
mancMN
NgeCI
geCIg
T.Chhay 26
Design
viTüasß
bec©keTskm<
keTskm< úCa
man 5Epñk EdlniyayBI

yayBIkarKNnatMN. esovePAenHepþatCasM
atCasMxan;
xan;eTAelIPaKTImmYYyEdlEckecjCa
7Epñk.
k.
Part1. Dimensions and Properties: EpñkenHmanB½
kenHmanB½tt’’manlM
manlMGtBI
ti BI standard rolled-shapes,
pipe nig structural tubing EdlrYmmanTMmmanTMhhMMmmuxkat;
uxkat; niglkç
glkçN
N³sM
³sMxan;²TaM
²TaMgGs;
gGs; dUcCaRkLaépÞ
cCaRkLaépÞ
niggm:m:mm:U :gg;;nclPaB.
ci lPaB. EdkEdlmanerobrab;enAkñ ú
enAkñ úg manual enHRtUv)anGnu
v)anGnuBaØateday AISC
Specification sRmab;eRbIR)as; R)as;enAkñgsM
gú sMNg;GKarEdlrYmmandUmmandUcxageRkam³
cxageRkam³
ASTM A36: Carbon structural steel
ASTM A529: High-strength, car

carbon-manganese
bon-manganese structural steel
ASTM A572: High-strength, low-alloy structural steel
ASTM A242: Corrosion-resistant, high-str

high-strength,
ength, low-alloy structural steel
ASTM A588: Corrosion-resistant, high strength, low-alloy structural

structural steel
ASTM A852: Quenched and tem

temped
ped low-alloy structural plate
ASTM A514: High-strength, quenched and tempered alloy structural steel plate
Part2. Essentials of LRFD: EpñkenHENnaM

kenHENnaMy:
y:agsegçbbBIBImUmlldæ
U dæanrbs;
anrbs; load and resistance
factor design rbs;eRKOgbgÁ MEdk
Eú dk nigman]TahrN_
gman]TahrN_Caelxbgð
CaelxbgðajpgEdr.
Part3. Column Design: EpñkenHmantaragCaeRcIn nsRmab;
sRmab;sRmY
sRmYlldl;karKNnaTaM
karKNnaTaMgGgátt;;
rgkarsgátt;tamG½ ;tamG½kS kS nig beam-columns. taragPaKeRcInnKWKWsRmab; sRmab;EdkEdlman
EdkEdlman yield stress
36ksi ≈ 250 MPa nig 50ksi ≈ 345 MPa .
Part4. Beam and Girder Design: EpñkenHk¾ kenHk¾ddUUcEpñkTI

kTI 3EdrKWvvaman
aman design aid CaeRcInrYm
mantarag nigRkaPi gRkaPic. c. Design aid PaKeRcI
PaKeRcInmanni
nmanniyayBI
yayBIttMMrrUUvkarrbs; AISC Specification
b:b: u uEnþ design aid xøxøHHdUdUcCa
cCa Beam diagrams and Formula KWTak;Tgnw Tgnwg structural analysis.
kñ úkñ úgEpñkkenHk¾
enHk¾manerobrab;
manerobrab;BBIIdMdMeNIrkarKNnaFñ
rkarKNnaFñ wm nig girder ehIyyman]TahrN_
man]TahrN_bgðajBIkkarsi arsikSa
KNnaeTotpg.
Part5. Composite Design: EpñkenHerobrab; kenHerobrab;BeRKOgbgÁ
IeRKOgbgÁ Msmas
sú mas EdlCaTUeTACaFñ
eTACaFñ wm b¤ssr.
eRKOgbgÁ MsmaspSM
eRKOgbgÁ ú úsmaspSMeLI
eLIgedaysmÖ
gedaysmÖaar³BI r³BIrRbePTKW
rRbePTKW EdkeRKOgbgÁ ú ú
EdkeRKOgbgÁ M nigebtu
gebtuggGarem:
Garem:. CaFm μtata eK
eRbIFñFñmsmasenAeBlEdlRbB½
mw smasenAeBlEdlRbB½nn§§FFññmmRsbRTkM
w RsbRTkMralxNÐ
ralxNÐebtu
ebtugGarem:
gGarem:. enAkñ enAkñ ú úgkarGnu
gkarGnuvtþ element
EdlpSarP¢ab;eTAnwgsøabxagelIRtU
RtUv)anbgáb;b;enAkñ ú ú
enAkñgebtu
gebtugedImm,I,IP¢P¢ab;smÖ
smÖaar³TaM
r³TaMggBIBIrr.. ssrsmas
eKalKMnin tkñ
ti kñ úgkarsi
E dk 27
27 T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
GacCaEdkeRKOgbgÁ úbgá
GacCaEdkeRKOgbgÁ ú bM gáb;b;enAkñgebtu
gú ebtugGarem:
gGarem: b¤EdkRbehagEdlbM
EdkRbehagEdlbMeBjedayebtu
eBjedayebtugg.. EpñkkenH enH
man design aid ninig]TahrN_
g]TahrN_bgðajpgEdr.
Part6. Specifications and Codes: EpñkenHman kenHman AISC Specification nig Commentary,
specification sRmab;b‘ b U‘Lú
LúgersI u
ersI usþgxx<; <ss; ; (RCSC, 1994) nigÉksardéTeTot.
gÉksardéTeTot.
Part7. Miscellaneous Data and Mathematical Tables: EpñkenHni kenHniyayBI wire,
wire, sheet
steel niglkçN³epSg²rbs;
N³epSg²rbs;Edk Edk nigsmÖ
gsmÖar³sM ar³sMN
Ng;g;déTeTot. ehIyk¾yk¾mmanrY
anrYmbBa© ÚlTaM
lTaMgrU
grUbbmnþ
mnþ
KNitviTüaTüa niggemKu
emKuNsRmab;
NsRmab;bMbMElgxñ Elgxñat. at.
PaKTIBBIIr ¬EdlpSMeday 5Epñk¦ k¦ mantaragsRmab;CYCYykñ úkñ úgkarKNnakartP¢aab;b;edaykarpSar
edaykarpSar
nigedayb‘Lú LU gúgCamY
CamYynwggtaragEdlpþ
taragEdlpþll;eGayy:;eGayy:aaglM glMGtelI
ti elI standard connection.
AISC Specification RKan;EtCaEpñkd¾t tUcmY
UcmYyrbs;
yrbs; Manual
Manual. Bakü nigtémøefrCaeRcI
efrCaeRcInnEdleRbI
EdleRbI
enAkñ ú úgEpñkxø
enAkñ kxøHrbs;
Hrbs; Manual RtUv)anbgðajedI ajedImm,I,IsRmY
sRmYldl;
ldl;ddMMeNI
eNIrkarsi
rkarsikkSaKNna
SaKNna ehIyvaminmansresr
enAkñgú specification eT.
T.Chhay 28
Design
viTüasß
T üasßanCati
anCatiBhubec©
bec©keTskm<
keTskm< úCa
cMeNaT
μtitik μm TTaMaMggGs;
cMNaM³ bnÞúkksm
sm Gs;CabnÞ
abnÞ ú úkeFV
keFV Ikar (service load).
@>#> > ssrenACan;
> ssrenACan;xagelI xagelIrbs; rbs;GKarrgbnÞGKarrgbnÞúksgá ksgátt;Edl)anBI
;Edl)anBI³ bnÞ ú ú
bnÞkefr
kefr = 137 kN / bnÞ ú ú
bnÞkGefr
kGefr = 7.5kN /
bnÞ ú ú
bnÞkkGefrEdlmanGM
GefrEdlmanGMeBIeelIlIddMMbUbUl = 85kN nigbnÞ ú ú gbnÞkRBwkRBwl = 90kN .
k> kMNt;Nt;kkarbnSM arbnSMbnÞ ú ú
bnÞkEdlmanlkç
kEdlmanlkçN³lub nigbnÞ ú ú bnÞkemKu
kemKuN. N.
x> RbsinebI nebIemKuN ersIssþg;þg;e μs Ingw 0.85 . etI nominal strength tRmUvvkarrbs;
NersI u u ssrmantémøbb: u u μ:nan?
karrbs;ssrmantémø an?
@>#>@> ssrrgbnÞ
@>#>@> ssrrgbnÞ ú úkEdl)anBI
kEdl)anBI³ bnÞ ú ú bnÞkefr
kefr = 115 kN / bnÞ ú úbnÞkGefr
kGefr = 67kN / bnÞ ú ú
bnÞkGefrEdlmanGM
kGefrEdlmanGMeeBIBIelI
dMbUl = 22kN / bnÞúkkRBi RBil = 35kN / bnÞ ú bnÞ úkePøóg = 22kN nigbnÞ ú ú gbnÞkxül;
kxül; 35kN . bnÞ ú ú
bnÞkTaM
kTaMgGs;CabnÞ ú ú
CabnÞk
sgát;telIe; lIkkElgEtbnÞ ú ú
ElgEtbnÞkxül; kxül;EdlGacCabnÞ
EdlGacCabnÞkTaj úkTaj b¤bnÞ ú úbnÞksgá
ksgát;.
k> kMNt;karbnSMkarbnSMbnÞ ú bnÞ úkEdlmanlkçN³lu N³lub niggbnÞ ú bnÞ úkemKuN.
x> RbsinebI nebIemKu emKuN NersI u
ersI usþges e; μs Ingw 0.85 . etI nominal strength tRmUvvkarrbs; ssrmantémøbb: u u μ:nan?
karrbs;ssrmantémø an?
@>#>#> bnÞ
@>#>#> bnÞ ú úkkenAelI
enAelIFñF wñmdM
mdMbllrY
U rYmmanbnÞ manbnÞ ú úkGefr 2.9kN / m / bnÞ ú ú bnÞkGefrEdlmanGM
kGefrEdlmanGMeBIelI elIdbbUM Ul 1.9kN / m
nigbnÞ ú ú
bnÞkRBw
kRBwl 2.0kN / m . kMNt; Nt;bnÞ ú ú bnÞkemKu
kemKuNEdleKeRbI
NEdleKeRbIsRmab; sRmab;sisikSaKNnaFñ wmenH. etIbbnSM nSMbnÞkmY
kú mYy
NaEdllubb??
@>#>$> eKnwggsisikSaKNnaFñ kSaKNnaFñ wmsRmab;RbB½ RbB½nn§§ddMMbUbUl nigRbB½nn§kRmalsRmab;
§kRmalsRmab;GKarkari
GKarkariyal½yy.. kMN Nt;t;bnSM
bnSM
bnÞ ú ú
bnÞkkEdllu
Edllub niggbnÞ ú bnÞ úkemKuNsRmab;krNIxxageRkam³ ageRkam³
k> dMbUbUl³ bnÞ ú bnÞ úkefr 1.4kN / m / bnÞ ú ú
2
bnÞkkefrEdlmanGM
efrEdlmanGMeeBIBIeelIlIdMdMbUl 1.0kN / m / bnÞ ú ú
2
bnÞkRBi
kRBil 1.0kN /m
2
nigbnÞ ú ú
bnÞkTwkTwkePø ógEdl)anBI
kePø ógEdl)anBIkm< km<sTTw; wk 10cm .
x> kRmal³ bnÞ ú bnÞ úkefr 3.0kN / m nigbnÞ ú
2
gbnÞ úkGefr 3.8kN 2
/m
@>#>%> CaerOy² eKEtgsikkSaKNnasM SaKNnasMNg; Ng;GKarGMBBIEdkCamY IEdkCamYynwggRbB½

RbB½nBBRgw
§ RgwgGgá
gGgátt;RTU
;RTUg (diagonal
bracing system) edIm,ITb;Tl; Tl;ngbnÞ ú ú gw bnÞkxag
kxag ¬kmøaMaMgtamTi
gtamTisedkEdlekI
sedkEdlekItBIbnÞ bnÞkkxül;
ú xül; nigbnÞúkkrBa¢rBa¢ÜyydIdI¦.
¦.
kMNt;bnSM bnSMbnÞkú nigbnÞúkkemKu emKuNEdllu
NEdllubsRmab; bsRmab;bnÞ bnÞkkEdl)anBI
ú Edl)anBI³ bnÞkefr
úkefr = 59kN / bnÞ ú ú
bnÞkGefr
kGefr = 31kN /
bnÞ ú ú
bnÞkkGefrEdlmanGM
GefrEdlmanGMeBIeelIlIddMMbUbUl = 5 .8kN / bnÞ ú ú bnÞkRBi
kRBill = 5 .8kN bnÞkxül;
úkxül; = 670
kN nigbnÞ ú ú
bnÞkrBa¢
krBa¢ ÜydI
ydI
= 717kN .
cMeNaT
e NaT 29
29 T.Chhay

mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
III. eRKOgbgÁrgkarTaj
Tension Members
3> > esckþepþm (Introduction)
eRKOgbgÁ ú ú MrgkarTaj
eRKOgbgÁ rgkarTaj CaeRKOgbgÁ ú ú
CaeRKOgbgÁ MssMNg;
MNg;EdlrgkmøaMaMgTajtamG½kS. vaRtUv)aneKeRbI
v)aneKeRbIsRmab;
eRKOgbgÁ ú úeRcI
eRKOgbgÁ eM RcInRbePT rYmbBa©lTaM ÚlTaMggeRKOgbgÁ
eRKOgbgÁ Mú truss ExSkabsRmab; suspension bridge nig cable-
stayed bridge, RbB½n§BRgw BRgwgGKar
gGKar nigs< gs<an ExSkabsRmab;RbB½nn§§dMdMbUllBüÜ BüÜrpgEdr. sRmab;Ggát;rg
karTaj RkLaépÞmuxkat;CaGñ CaGñkkMNt;Nt;lT§lT§PaBTb;
PaBTb;Tl; Tl;eTAnwgkmø
gkmøaMaMgxageRkA.
gxageRkA. EdkEdlmanmuxkat; xkat;mmUUl
nig EdkEkghUtekþ A tekþ A (rolled angle shape) RtUv)aneKeRbI v)aneKeRbICaTU
CaTUeeTA.
TA. eBlxøH muxkat; built-up BI
muxkat;
xkat;hUhtUtekþ A
ekþ A (rolled shape) b¤mmuxkat;
uxkat;ppSMSMKKññaaBIBImumuxkat;hhUtekþ ACamY
Utekþ ACamYynwgEdkbnÞ
gEdkbnÞH (plate) RtUv)aneK
eRbIRR)as;
)as;kñkñgkrNI
gú krNITb;Tl; Tl;CamY
CamYybnÞ ú
ybnÞ úkFM. muxkat;
xkat; built-up PaKeRcInCa double-angle section ¬rUb
TI33>1¦
>1¦ CamYynw ynwgmuxkat;
xkat;KrUrM UepSg²eTot. edaysarEtkareRbIR)as; R)as;mmuxkat;
uxkat;enHmanPaBTUlMlTMTUlay
Ulay
taraglkçN³énbnSM
N³énbnSMmuxkat;Ekg (combinations of angles) epSg²k¾RtU RtUv)anbB©aleTAkñ ú
aÚ leTAkñ úg AISC
Manual of steel Construction .
Figure 3.1
kugRtaM
gRtaMggenAkñ ú
enAkñ úgGgátt;rgkarTajtamG½
;rgkarTajtamG½kSKW
kSKW
P
f =
A

RbsinebI
nebIRkLaépÞ
RkLaépÞmmuxkat;
uxkat;rbs;rbs;Ggát;rgkarTajERbRbY lltamRbEvg
tamRbEvg enaHkugRtaM
gRtaMggnwnwgERbRbY
gERbRbYltam
muxkat;
xkat;Edr. μtata eRKOgbgÁ MrgkarTajEdlP¢
Edr. CaFm rú gkarTajEdlP¢aab;b;edayb‘
edayb‘ UL
Lúúg EtgEtmanRbehag. vtþmmanrbs;
anrbs;Rb
Rb
T.Chhay 30
30 Tension Members
Members
viTüasß
T üasßanCati
anCatiBhu
B hubec©
bec©keTskm<
keTskm< úCa
ehagEtgman\T§ iBleTAelI
BleTAelIkukugRtaMg.
g. enAkñ ú
enAkñ úgkrNIenH eKecalmu
eKecalmuxxkat;
kat;Rbehag.
Rbehag. RkLaépÞmmuxkat;
uxkat;susTuT§§
(net area b¤ net section) Camuxkat;
xkat;sTT§u Edlmi
§EdlminKi
nKitmuxkat;
xkat;Rbehag
Rbehag ÉRkLaépÞeBj (gross area) Camux
kat;eBjEdlKittrYrYmTaM
mTaMgmu
gmuxkat;
xkat;Rbehag.
Rbehag. CaerOy² Ggát;tr;rgkarTajEtgP¢
gkarTajEtgP¢ab;
ab;edayb‘
edayb‘ ULú
LgenAxagcu
gú enAxagcug ¬rUb
TI33>2¦.
>2¦.
Figure 3.2
karsikSaKNnaeRKOgbgÁ úrgkarTaj
rM gkarTaj KWCakareRCI
CakareRCIserI
serIsGgá
sGgát;tE;Edlmanmu
dlmanmuxkat;xkat;RKb;
RKb;RKan; edI
edIm,ITb;
Tl;nwngku
gw kugRtaM
gRtaMgEdl)anBIbnÞ ú
bnÞ úkemKuN. kñkñ ú úgkrNIEdleKsÁ
dleKsÁal;
al;mmuuxxkat;
kat;Ggá
Ggát;t; eKGacKNnaersI u u
eKGacKNnaersIsþsg;gþ ;KNna
(design strength) ehIyeKeFV
yeKeFV IkareRbobeFobvaCamY
kareRbobeFobvaCamYybnÞ ú
ybnÞ úkemKuN. N. CaTUeTA
eTA karsikkSavi
SaviPaK
PaK (analysis)
CadMeeNI
NIrkarKNnavi
rkarKNnaviPaK
PaK ÉcMENkkarsikSaKNnamu
kSaKNnamuxkat; (design) CadMeNIrkarKNnasarcu
rkarKNnasarcuHsareLIg
ehIy
yRtU RtUvkarkarsakl,g nigmankMhusecosminnpuput. t.
KNna (Design strength)
3>2> ersIsþg;g;KNna
eRKOgbgÁ MúrgkarTajGacmi
rgkarTajGacminCab;
nCab;edaysß
edaysßanPaBkM
anPaBkMNt;
Nt; (limit state) BIry:
ry:ag³
- kMhUhcUcRTg;
RTg;RTayelI
RTayelIslb;
slb; (excessive deformation)³ edIm,IkarBarsßanPaBEbbenH
anPaBEbbenH bnÞkenAelI
úkenAelI
muxkat;eBjeBj (gross section) RtUvEtmantémø
vEtmantémøtcRKb;
cU RKb;RKan; EdlnaM[ku
[kuggRtaM
RtaMggenAelI
enAelImuxkat;
eBj (gross section) man témøtUcCagkugRtaM
gRtaMgyal
gyal (yield stress) F . y
Pn < F y Ag

eRKOgbgÁ ú ú M MrgkarTaj 31
31 T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
Edl
Pn = nominal strength in yielding
F y = yield strength
Ag gross section area
- kardac; (fracture)³ edImm,I,IkarBarsß

karBarsßanPaBEbbenH
anPaBEbbenH kugRtaM
gRtaMggenAelI
enAelImmuxkat;
uxkat;susTuT§§ (net section) RtUv
EtmantémøttUcCagersu
UcCagersussþI g;þg;dac; (tensile strength) F . u
Pn < F u Ae

Edl
Pn = nominal strength in yielding
F u = tensile strength
RkLaépÞmmuxkat;
Ae = uxkat;susuT§RbsiT§PaB (effective net area). kñ úkñ úgkrNIxxøøH A mantémø
e
μ IRkLaépÞmxkat;
es xu kat;ssuuTT§§ (net section) A Etkñ
Etkñ ú úgkrNIxHvamantémø
n Hø vamantémøtUcCag A . n
eTaHbICa enAelImmuxkat; uxkat;susuT§ (net section) ekIttmanyal

manyal (yield) munk¾ nk¾eday EtkMhhUUc
RTg;RTayenAelIRbEvgéntMNmantémø NmantémøtUtUcCagkMhUcRTg;RTayenAelIEpñ EpñkrgkarTajEdlenAsl;.
mUlehtuKWsac; sac;llUtsru
Utsrub (total elongation) CaplKuNrvagRbEvgedINrvagRbEvgedIm niggsac; sac;ltteFob
U eFob (strain)
¬GnuKmn¾eeTAnwTAnwgkugkugRtaMg¦.
g¦. sßanPaBkM
anPaBkMNt; (limit state) seRmc[muxkat; xkat;eBj
eBj (gross section)
rgkugRtaM
gRtaMgyal (yield stress) KWedaysarEtsac; edaysarEtsac;lUltsru tU srubbmantémø
mantémøFMFCMCag
ag minEmneday
nEmneday
sarkaryal (yielding) muneT. neT.
emKuN ersI usgg;þ ; φ = 0.9 sRmab;karyal (yielding)
NersI u t
emKuN NersI u
ersI usgg;þ ; φ = 0.75 sRmab;kardac; (fracture)
t
BIssmImIkar
kar !># eyIgGacsresr
gGacsresr
∑ γ Q i i ≤
φ t Pn
b¤ P ≤ φ P
u t n
Edl P CabnSMbbnÞ ú únÞkkemKu
u emKuNEdlmantémø
NEdlmantémøFMFMCageK.
edaysareKmansßanPaBkM
anPaBkMNt; Nt; (limit state) cMnnYYnBIr dUcenHsß
cenHsßanPaBTaM
anPaBTaMgBI
gBIrRtU
rRtUvvbMbMeBjlkçxNÐ
xNÐ
xageRkam³
T.Chhay 32
32 Tension Members
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Pu ≤ 0.9 F y Ag sRmab;;mmuuxkat;eBj

eBj (gross section)
Pu ≤ 0.75 F u Ae sRmab;mmuxkat;
uxkat;ssuuTT§§ (net section)
témøtUcCageKkñ ú úgcM
gcMeeNamtémø
NamtémøTTaMaMgBI
gBIrCaersI
rCaersIsþsu þgKNnarbs;
;KNnarbs;Ggát;rgkarTaj.
RkLaépÞBBitR)akdEdldkecjBI
itR)akdEdldkecjBIRkLaépÞmxkat; xu kat;eBj
eBj (gross area) edaymanvtþman
man
RbehagKGaRs
RbehagKGaRsyeTAn
yeTAngd
gdeN
eNrkarpl
rkarplt.
t. sRmabkarGnuvtþ
vtþTUeTA rn§EdlecaHedaylkç
EdlecaHedaylkçN³bTdæan
drill or punch oversized holes eKRtUvvbUbUkbEnßm 2mm eTAelIGGgágát;tp;p©©trbs;
ti rbs;b‘b U‘Lú
Lgg.
ú . sRmab; drill or
punch standard holes eKRtUvbUkbEnß kbEnßm 4mm eTAelIGgát;p itrbs; ©trbs;b‘bLú ‘L
U gúgEdleKeRbI
EdleKeRbIR)as; R)as;. sRmab;
rn§RRTEvg
TEvg (slotted holes) eKRtUvv)aneKbU)aneKbUkbEnß kbEnßm 2mm eTAelIGGgágát;tp;p©©trbs;
ti rbs;b‘b U‘Lú
Lgg. ú . xageRkamCatarag
bgðajBI
ajBIGgát;p i©tb‘ UL
Lúgú nigGgá
gGgátt;;p©p©trn§
ti rn§.
Nominal Hole Dimensions, mm

Ggát;tp©p; ©tb‘
ti b‘ ULgú xñatRbehag Hole Dimensions
Bolt Diameter Standard Oversize Short-Slot Long-Slot
(Dia.) (Dia.) (Width × Length) (Width × Length)
M16 18 20 18×22 18 ×40
M20 22 24 22×26 22×50
M22 24 28 24×30 24×55
M24 27 [a] 30 27×32 27×60
M27 30 35 30×37 30×67
M30 33 38 33×40 33×75
≥ M36 d+3 d+8 (d + 3)×(d + 10) (d + 3)× 2.5d
[a]Clearance provided allows the use of a 1-in. bolt if desirable. ( RtUvKña 25mm )
]TahrN_3>1³
3 >1³ r)arEdkm:ak A36 Edlmanmuxkat;xkat; 125 ×12.5mm RtUv)aneRbICaGgátt;rgkarTaj.
2
;r gkarTaj.
vaRtUv)antP¢
v)antP¢ab;
ab;eTAnw
e TAnwg gusset plate CamYy ynwnwgb‘UL Lúúg M16 cMnYn 4 RKab; ¬rUbTI3>3¦. edaysn μtt;;ffa a
μ Inw g net area cUrrkMkMNt;
effective net area A es e N
t;ersI u s þgKNna
K; Nna (design strength).
33 T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
Figure 3.3
dM e NaHRsay³
EdkEdlmanm:aak k A36 man F = 250 MPa nig F = 400 MPa
y u
sRmab; yielding
yielding én gross section
Ag = 125 × 12.5 = 1562.5mm 2
ersI usþs g;gþ ; nominal

Pn = F y Ag = 250 × 1562
.5 = 390kN
ersI usþs g;gþ KKNna
; Nna (design strength)
= × =
φ t Pn 0.9 390 351kN
sRmab; fracture
fracture én
net section
An = A
g − Aholes
= 1562.5 − 2 × (12.5 × 20) = 1062.5mm 2
Ae = A
n = 1062.5mm 2 ¬sRmab;Et]TahrN_
E t]TahrN_enHb:
e nHb:eNÑ
eu NÑaH¦
ersI usþs g;gþ ; nominal
Pn = F u Ae = 400 × 1062
.5 = 425kN
ersI usþs g;gþ KKNna
; Nna (design strength)
φ t Pn = 0.75 × 425 = 348.75kN
dUcenH ersI ussþ þgg;KNna

;K Nna (design strength) φ Pt n = 348.75kN ¬témøtUtUcCagCacemø I
CagCacemø Iy¦

\T§ iBlénkugRtaM
gRtaMggpþ úpþ ú M (stress concentration) minRtUv)aneKBi
v)aneKBicarNakñ ú
carNakñ úgkrNIenHeT
enHeT EtFatuBit
kugRtaMgenARtg;
genARtg;rn§rn§mantémø
mantémøRbEhlbI
RbEhlbIdgkugRtaM gRtaMgmFümEdlekI
gmFümEdlekItmanenAelI net area ehIy ykukugRtaMggenA
enA
T.Chhay 34
34 Tension Members
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Rtg; fillet énmuxkat;

xkat;hhUtekþ A
Utekþ A mantémøFMFMCagkugRtaM
gRtaMggmFümelI
mFümelIsBIrdg. edaysarEtPaBsV it b¤PaB
PaB
hUtlYs (ductile) rbs;EdkEdlTIEdkEdlTIttaMaMgEdlman
gEdlman overstress RtUvv)anecalsRmab;
)anecalsRmab;karKNnaTU
karKNnaTUeTA.
eRkamlkçxNÐCak;Cak;Esþg EdkGac)at;bg; bg;PaBsV
PaBsV itrbs;vava ehIy stress concentration GaceFV I[r)ar
[r)ar
dac;PøPam².
aø m². sßanPaBenHrY
anPaBenHrYmman
mman fatigue loading nigeRkamsI
geRkamsItutN
Nð
u ðPaBTabEmnETn.
PaBTabEmnETn.
Figure 3.4
]TahrN_3>2³
3 >2³ r)arrgkarTajmuxkat;xkat;EkgeTal
E kgeTal L89 × 89 × 9.5 Rtv)anP¢ab;eTAnwg gusset plate
CamYynw
ynwgb‘ UL
úg M22 cMnnY Yn 3 RKab; ¬rU¬rUbTI
bTI3>4¦.
r)arEdkenH manm:ak A36 . bnÞ úkefr DL = 155kN
niggbnÞ
bnÞ úk LL = 67kN . vi PaKmu PaKmuxkat;
xkat;enH edaysn μtt;; effective net area A es
μ IeTAnw
g 85% rbs; net
e
area .
dM eNaHRsay³
e NaHRsay³
bnSMbbnÞ
únÞk (load combination)
(A4-1): 1.4 DL = 1 .4 × 155 = 217kN
(A4-2): 1.2 DL + 1.6 LL = 1.2 × 155

+ 1.6 × 67 = 293.2kN > 217kN
⇒ Pu = 293.2kN
ersIussþþgg;KNna
K; Nna (design strength)
gross section: Ag = 1610mm 2
φ t Pn = φ t F y Ag = 0.9 × 250 × 1610 = 362.25kN
net section: An = 1610 − (9.5 × 26) = 1363mm 2
Ae = 0.85 × 1363 = 1158.55mm 2
φ t Pn = φ t F y u Ae = 0.75 × 400 × 1158 .55 = 347.57kN < 362.25kN
35
T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
eday P u <
φ t Pn (293.2kN
< 347.57kN ) dUcenH
cenH r)armansuvtß
vtßiPaBedaybM
PaBedaybMeBjlkçxNÐ
xNÐ.
enAkñ úg]TahrN_xagelIenH
enAkñ ú enH eyIgeXI geXIjjfabnSM
fabnSM MbnÞ únÞ úk (A4-2) RtUvv)anykmkeFV
)anykmkeFV IkarKNna. enA
eBlmanEtbnÞkefr kú efr nigbnÞ ú ú
bnÞkGefreFV
kGefreFV IGGMMeeBIBIeelIlIeRKOgbgÁ ú
eRKOgbgÁ ú ehI
M ehIybnÞ ú ú
ybnÞkefr
kefr tUcCagbnÞ
cCagbnÞkGefr
kú Gefr *dg enaHeKeRbI
bnSMbnÞ ú ú
bnÞk (A4-2) edImm,I,IeFV eFV IkarKNna. sRmab;]TahrN_xagmu xagmux eyIggnwnwgmi
gmineFV
neFVkarepÞ ógpÞ
kI arepÞ ógpÞat;
at;bnSM
bnSMbnÞúk
1.4 D (A4-1) eT edaysarEtvaminGacFM nGacFMCagbnSM CagbnSMbbnÞnÞúk (A4-2)eT.
3>3> RkLaépÞmumuxkat;
xkat;sT§Tu §Rbsi
RbsiTPaB
P§ aB (Effective net area)
kñ úkñ úgcMeeNamktþ
NamktþaCaeRcInEdlman\T§
nEdlman\T§BleTAelI
Bi leTAelIkareFV
kareFV Ikarrbs;
karrbs;r)arrgkarTaj rebobénkartP¢ab; ab;
CaktþamYy
yEdlsM EdlsMxan; xan;CageK. tMNPaKeRcI
NPaKeRcInEtgEteFV
nEtgEteFV I[r)arcuHexSay
exSay karKNnanUv\T§ v\T§ iBlrbs;vaRtU
vaRtUv
)aneKehAfa Joint efficiency . ktþaenHCaGnu aenHCaGnuKmn_eTAnw
eTAnwgPaBsV
gPaBsV itrbs;
trbs;smÖaar³r³ (ductility of material)
KMlatrbs;
latrbs;eRKOgP¢ab; (fastener spacing) kugRtaM gRtaMgpþ ú ú
gpþ MenARtg;Rbehag
behag (stress concentra-tion) TRmg;
énkarplitrY trYmTaM
mTaMg)atu
g)atuPPUtEdleKsÁ
UtEdleKsÁal;faCa
faCa shear leg. ktþaTaM aTaMgenHnaM
genHnaM[mankarkat;
[mankarkat;bnß bnßy yRbsi
RbsiTT§§PPaB
aB
rbs;r)ar
r)ar b: u ub:EEnþnþ shear lag CaktþamY
amYyEdlsMxan;
xan;CageK.
CageK.
ektmanenAeBlEdlmuxkatr)arTagmU
Shear lag xkatr)arTagmUlmnRtU
lmnRtUv)antP¢ab ab dUcCaenAeBlEdleCg
cCaenAeBlEdleCg
mçagrbs;
agrbs;EEdkEkgRtU
dkEkgRtUv)anP¢
v)anP¢aab;b;edaysarb‘
edaysarb‘ ULúgeTAnwg gusset plate ¬rUbTI
bTI3>5
¦.
¦. sar³sMxan;
xan;rbs;
rbs;kart
P¢ab;
ab;edayEpñ
edayEpñk eFV I[Epñ
[Epñkrbs;r)arEdltP©ab;rgbnÞ ú
rgbnÞ úkFM (overload) ehIy yEpñ
EpñkkEdlmi
EdlminntP¢
tP¢ab;
ab;mminrg
inrg
kugRtaMgeBjelj.
geBjelj. karbnøayRbEvgtM
ayRbEvgtMbn;tP¢aab;b;CCYykat;
Yykat;bnß
bnßy y\T§
\T§ iBlenH. karRsavRCavEdleFV IeeLILIg
eday Munse nig Chesson (1963) )ansMN NUmBr[Ki
UmBr[Kit shear lag kñggkarkat;
ú karkat;bbnßnßy net area.
edaysarEt shear lag man\T§ iBleTAelIkartP¢artP¢aab;b;edayb‘
edayb‘ ULú
Lúg nigkartP¢
gkartP¢ab;
ab;eedaykarpSar
daykarpSar enaH effec-
tive net area RtUv)aneKGnu
v)aneKGnuvtþ
vtþcMeBaHtMNTaM
NTaMgBIrRbePTenH.
Effective net area sRmab;t tMNb‘
MNb‘UL
Lúúg
Ae = UAn
Effective net area

sRmab;tMNpSar
Ae = UAg
T.Chhay 36
36 Tension Members
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Figure 3.5
U CaemKuNkat;
Nkat;bnß
bnßy
yRbsi
RbsiTT§PaB
§PaB (reduction factor)
U = 1 − x
≤ 0.9
L (AISC Equation B3-2)
x CacmøaayBI
yBITTIRbCM u u
IRbCMTm¶
Tm¶nn;rbs;
;rbs;mmuxkat;
uxkat;eTAbø
eTAbøgg;énkartP¢
;énkartP¢ab;.
L CaRbEvgénkartP¢aab; b;.
RbsinebIr)artP¢
r)artP¢ab;edaymanlkç
edaymanlkçN³sI u uN³sIemRTI
emRTI x RtUveRCIserI
serIsyktémø
syktémøtUcCageK
CageK ¬rUbTI
bTI3>6 ¦.
¦.
Figure 3.6
CaRbEvgtP¢ab;
L ab;tamTisedAbnÞ ú
sedAbnÞ úkeFV IGeBI
eM BI ¬rU¬rUbTI3>7
¦.
¦. sRmab;tMtNb‘
N
M b‘ULú
Lgú L RtUv)aneKvas;BBII
cugmçaagrbs;
grbs;GG½kSb‘
½kSb‘ ULgú eTAcugmçageTotrbs;
ageTotrbs;GG½kSb‘½kSb‘L Lú
U g. úg. sRmab;tMNpSar L RtUv)anvas;BcuIcgtM
gu tMNmçag
eTAtMNNmçmçag.
ag. RbsinnebI ebI kMNat;EdlpSarmanRbEvgtamTi
EdlpSarmanRbEvgtamTisedAkmø sedAkmøaMaMg RbEvgkMNat;
Nat;EdlmanRbEvgEvg
EdlmanRbEvgEvg
CagRtUv)anykmkKNna.
37 T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
Figure 3.7
mFüm L x sRmab;kartP¢

témømFüm kartP¢aab;b;edayb‘
edayb‘L
LúU gsRmab;
úgsRmab;Ggát;trgkarTajepSg²
r; gkarTajepSg² Commentary to
x
U
AISC B3 [témø CMnnYYs[karKNna
s[karKNna L . témømFüm
1− mFüm U sRmab;tMtN MNb‘b‘ULú
LgúgmanBI
manBIrRbePT³
rRbePT³
sRmab;kartP¢
kartP¢ab; ab;eday
eday fastener BIrkñúgmY
gmYyCY
yCYrrtamTi
tamTisedAbnÞ
edAbnÞ ú úkeFV
keFV Ikar nigsRmab;karP¢
karP¢ab;eday fastener
bIb¤b¤ eRcInkñ ú ú
nkñgmYgmYyCYr.
r. eK[témø U bIeepSgKñ
pSgKña EdleKaeBtamlkçxNÐxageRkam³ xageRkam³
!> sRmab;EdkEdlmanmu
EdkEdlmanmuxkat;
xkat; W, M, S EdlmanpleFobTTwgelI agtic
gelIkm<s;s;y:agti 2
3
¬niggsRmab;
sRmab; muxkat;
xkat; T Edlkat;ecjBI
ecjBImmuxkat;
uxkat;TTaMaMgbI
gbIxagelI
xagelI¦ ehIyRtU
yRtUv)anP¢
v)anP¢ab;
ab;enAnw
enAnwgsøabCamYynw
ynwg
fastener y:
y:agti
agticbI
cbIk ñgmY
gú mYyCYrtamTi
rtamTisedAbnÞ
sedAbnÞkeFV
kú eFVGMGI MeBI
U = 0.9
@> sRmab;RKb;TRmg;muxkat;epSgeTot
epSgeTot ¬rYmTaMgmu gmuxkat;
xkat; built-up
built-up¦ CamYynw
ynwg fastener y:
y:agti
agtic
bIkúk ñúgmY yCY
T.Chhay
yCYr 38
38 Tension Members
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U = 0.85
#> sRmab;RKb;
RKb;Ggá
Ggátt;;TTaMaMgGs;
gGs; CamY
CamYynwg fastener y:
y:aagti
gticcBIBIrkú
rkú ñgmY
gmYyCYr
U = 0.75

rUbxageRkamnwgbgð
gbgðajnUv beRmIbRmas;c,ab; c,ab;TTaMaMgenH
genH ¬rU¬rUbTI
bTI3>8 ¦.
eKk¾GaceRbI
GaceRbIR)as;
R)as;témø U mFümsRmab;tNpSarEdr. MNpSarEdr. ebIeTaHCamieTaHCamin)anbri
n)anbriyaykñ ú ú
yaykñg Com-
mentary k¾eday
eday EtvaCaectnarbs; ¬ ¬AISC, 1989b¦. c,ab;enHdU enHdUcKñ cKña EtelIkElgsRmab;
ElgsRmab;karpþl;l[ ;
Edleqø IytbeTAnwg fastener BIBIrmi
rminRtUv)anGnu
v)anGnuvtþ. témømFüm mFüm U sRmab;tMtN MNpSarmandU
pSarmandUcxageRkam³
cxageRkam³
!> sRmab;EdkEdlmanmuxkat; W, M, S EdlmanpleFobTTwgelI gelIkm<
km<s;sy:
y
; a:agti
gtic ¬nig
2
3
sRmab;muxkat; T Edlkat;ecjBIecjBImmuxkat;
uxkat;TTaMaMgbI
gbIxagelI
xagelI¦ ehIyRtU yRtUv)anP¢ab; ab;enAnw
enAnwgsø
gsøab
U = 0.9
@> sRmab;RKb;
RKb;TRmg;mmuxkat;
uxkat;epSgeTot
epSgeTot
U = 0.85
krNIBiBi esssRmab;
e sssRmab; k artedaykarpSar
mantémøttUcCag
Ae UcCag A enAeBlEdlmuxkat;
n xkat;rbs;Ggá
Ggát;txxø; Hb:
øHb:eNÑ
ueNÑaHmi
aHminRtU
nRtUv)antP¢
v)antP¢ab;
ab;. sRmab;
Ggát;rrgkarTajdU
gkarTajdUcCa bnÞHEdk
HEdk b¤r)ar
r)ar ¬dUcbgðajkñ ú
ajkñ úg]TahrN_3>1¦>1¦ effective net area RtUv)anyk
eBj dUcckarKNna
karKNna net area. EteTaHCay:agNa vamankrNIelIkkElgsRmab; ElgsRmab;c,ab;enH³
enH³ sRmab;bnÞ
bnÞH
Edk b¤Edkr)arEdltP¢ab;edaykarpSartambeNþay (longitudinal weld) Epñkxagcu kxagcugrbs;va ¬rU¬rUbTI
bTI
3>9 ¦ .
Ae = UAn
Edl U = 1 sRmab; l ≥ 2w
U = 0.87 sRmab; 1.5w ≤ l < 2w
U = 0.75 sRmab; w ≤ l < 1.5w
l = RbEvgkarpSar > w
w = cmøaaycenø
ycenøaHkarpSar
aHkarpSar ¬EdlGacykTTwggrbs;
rbs; plate
plate b¤ bar
bar ¦
39
T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
AISC B3k¾[nUvkrNI
vkrNIBBiessmY
iessmYysRmab;Ggát;edaykarpSarEt transverse weld b:eeNÑ
u NÑaH
A = RkLaépÞm
e muxkat;
uxkat;EdlpSar
EdlpSar
Figure 3.8
T.Chhay 40
40 Tension Members
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Figure 3.9
¬rUbbTITI3>10
¦ bgðajBIPaBxusKñarvagkarpSartambeNþay (longitudinal weld) nigkarpSar
gkarpSar
tamTTwg (transverse weld). karEdlpSarEt transverse weld CakarxusFm μtata EdleKminneRbI
sFm eRbIkñ ú úkñg
μeT.
plitkm eT.
Figure 3.10
]TahrN_ T I 3 >3 ³ kMNt;

N
t; effective net area sRmab;Ggá
G gátt;rgkarTaj
;r gkarTaj ¬rUbTI
bTI3>11¦.
dM eNaHRsay³
e NaHRsay³ An = A
g − Aholes
An = 3.72 × 10 −3 − (12.7 × 20) × 2 × 10 −6 = 3.212 × 10 −3 m 2

eCIgEtmç
agb:
agb: ue NÑaHrbs;
aHrbs;mxkat;
xu kat;RRtU
tUv)anP¢
v)anP¢aab;b; dUccenH
enH net area RtUvEtkat;bnß
b nßy
y.. BItaraglkç
N³
N³
kñ úggEpñ
EpñkTI1 rbs; Manual
Manual cmøayBI ayBITI RbCM
uTm¶
T m¶nn;eTAépÞ
e; TAépÞxageRkAéneCIgrbs; L152 ×152 × 12.7 KW
x = 4.25 × 10 m −2
RbEvgtP¢ab; ab;KWK W L = 75 × 2 = 150mm
41 T.Chhay

mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
Figure 3.11
42.5
U = 1 −
150
= 0.717 < 0.9
Ae = UAn = 0.717 × 3.212 ⋅ 10
−3

= 2.3 ⋅ 10 −3 m 2
eKGaceRbItémømFüm U BI Commentary . edaysarEtmuxkat; xkat;mmi nEmn
in Emn W, M, S b¤ GkSr GkSr T
ehIymanb‘Lú LU geRcI
gú eRcInCagBI
rkñ úgmYyCY
yCYrrtamTi
tamTisbnÞ úkeFV I
keFV IGM eeBI
BI U = 0.85
A = 0.85 × 3.212 ⋅ 10 = 2.73 ⋅ 10 m
e
−3 −3 2
témø U TaMgBIrGacTT
GacTTYYlyk)anTaMgBI
g BIr Ettémø U Edl)anBIkarKNnatam AISC Equation
B3-2 mantémøsuRkitCag. t Cag. EteTaHCay:aagNak¾

gNak¾eday k¾témømFüm mFüm U man manRbeyaCn_
RbeyaCn_sRmab;karKNna arKNna
dMbUb gU (preliminary design) enAeBlEdlmuxkat; xkat;BtR)akd ti R)akd nigB½
g B½tt’ manlM
’m anlMGtGMti GMBIkarpSarmi
nTan;RtU
R tUv
)andwgenaH
.
]TahrN_ T3>4³
3
I >4³ RbsinebI
n ebIGgát; kkñ úñg]TahrN_
g]TahrN_TTI 3>3
I RtUv)anpSardU
v)anpSardUcbgð
cbgðajkñ
ajkñ úggrUrUbTI
bTI3>12 cUrkM
rkMNt;
N t;
effective net area
dM e NaHRsay³
NaHRsay³ dUcckñ
kñ úg]TahrN_TIT I3>3 manEtEpñ
kmu
k muxkat;
xkat;tP¢ab; nig reduced effective net area
RtUv)aneRbI
v)aneRbI. karP¢ab;RtU
R tUv)aneFIeLI eV LIgCamYynwgkarpSartambeNþ
ay
ay nigtamTTwg dUcenHvami
cenHvaminEmnCa
krNIBi esssRmab;
esssRmab;GgáG gátt;pSareT.
;p SareT.
⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ 42.5 ⎞
U = 1 − ⎜ ⎟ = 1 − ⎜ ⎟ = 0 .7 < 0 .9
⎝ L ⎠ ⎝ 140 ⎠
cemø y ³ A = UA = 0.7 × 3.72 ⋅ 10 = 2.604 ⋅ 10 m
e g
−3 −3 2
T.Chhay 42
42 Tension Members
Members
viTüasß
T üasßanCati
anCatiBhu
B hubec©
bec©keTskm<
keTskm< úCa
Figure 3.12
3>4> karteRmobtamEbbqøas; (Staggered fasteners)
RbsinebI
nebIkartP¢
kartP¢ab;Ggát;eeFIFIVeLIeLIgCamYynw
ynwgb‘ULLúgú enaH net area nwgmantémø
gmantémøGti
Gtibrmakñ ú ú
brmakñgkrNI
gkrNI
EdleRKOgP¢aab;b; (fastener) RtUv)andak;EtmYyCY yCYr. eBlxøH edaysarEtKMlatRtU
latRtUv)ankMNt;
Nt; dUcCaTM
cCaTMhhMM
a enA kñúgrUbTI
bTI3>13
(a) caM)ac; )ac;eeFVFVI[eKRtU
[eKRtUvEteRbI
vEteRbIeRKOgP¢
eRKOgP¢ab;eRcInCagmY
nCagmYyCY
yCYrr.. RbsinebIdUdcenH
cU enH kar
kat;bnßyRkLaépÞmmuxkat;
uxkat;RRtUtUv)ankat;
v)ankat;bnß bnßy RbsinnebI
ebIeRKOgP¢ab;
ab;RtU
RtUv)anteRmobtamEbbqøas; staggered
pattern dUcbgðaj. eBlxøH Staggered fasteners RtUv)aneKtRmUv[erobtamlkçN³FrNImaRtdU maRtdUc
bgðajkñ ú
ajkñ úgrUbTI
bTI13
(b). kñ úkñ úgkrNIepSgeTot
epSgeTot muxkat;
xkat;xxøHEdlkat;
øHEdlkat;ttamrn§amrn§ngkat; gw kat;tamrn§EdlmancM
EdlmancMnYnYntic
CagRbsinebI nebIeRKOgP¢ab; ab;minRtUv)anteRmobtamEbbqø
v)anteRmobtamEbbqøas; as;eTenaH.
eTenaH.
RbsinebI nY én stagger mancMnYnYntic μl m enaHkarP¢ab;
nebIcMcMnnén ab;Gacdac;
Gacdac;tamExSKnøg abcd dUcckñ ú úkñgrUbTI bTI
3>13 (c). kñgkrNI úgkrNIEbbenH eKminGacGnuvvtþtþTTMMnnak; ak;TTMMnngg f = P A )aneT ehIyku ykuggRtaM
RtaMggenAkñ
enAkñgmu
gú muxkat;
tamExSeRTt bc KWCabnSM CabnSMénku
énkugRtaM
gRtaMgTaj
gTaj niggkukugRtaM
gRtaMgkmøgkmøaaMMgkat;. viFIFIsaRsþRbhak; Rbhak;RRbEhl
bEhl (approxi-
mate) CaeRcIn RtUv)aneKesñ v)aneKesñ IeLIgedI
gedImm,I,IBnül;
Bnül;GGMMBBIRbsi
IRbsiTT§PaBrbs;
§PaBrbs; staggered hole. elak Cochran
(1922) )anesñ InUnUvkar eRbIR)as;
R)as;RkLaépÞssuuTT§§ (net area) Edles μ InwnwgplKuNrvagkRmas;bnÞ bnÞH nig
TTwggsusuT§T§ (net width). karKNnaRkLaépÞRRtUtUv)aneFV v)aneFV IeLIgdUccteTA³ teTA³ kMNt;
Nt;EExSdac;
xSdac;EEdlGacekI
dlGacekItteLIeLIgg)an
)an
edIm,IeFV IkkarGegá
arGegát nig[TTwgsu μ InnwwgTTw
gsuTT§§ (net width) es gTTwgdk[
gdk[
s2
d ' = d −
4g
(2-1)
sRmab;muxkat;dac;tamtam staggered hole b¤ddkk d sRmab;mxkat; xu kat;dac;

dac;tam
tam unstaggered hole. d Ca
Ggát;p©p i©tRbehag s (pitch) CaRbEvgKMlatrvagrn§BIrrCiCitKñ
tKñaatamTi
tamTisedARsbnw
sedARsbnwgbnÞ ú úk nig g (gage) Ca
43 T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
RbEvgKMlatRbehagtamTTw
latRbehagtamTTwg.
g. AISC specification k¾eRbI
eRbInnUUvvviviFIFsaRsþ
sI aRsþddUUcKñaaenHEdr
enHEdr b:b: u uEnþkñ úk úñgTRmg;xuxus
Kñabnþ ic. Epñk B2 tRmUv[TTw
v[TTwgsu
gsuTT§RtU
§RtUv)anKNnaedaydkplbUkGgá kGgát;pp©©tRbehagBI
ti RbehagBITTwg ehIybUk
2
bEnßmExSeRTt y²Edlmantémø 4sg .

mExSeRTt tamCYrrmYmYy²Edlmantémø
Figure 3.13
s2
wn = wg − ∑ d + ∑
4g

enAeBlEdlkardac;GacekIGacekIteLIgtamTRmg;
gtamTRmg;eRcIeRcIn eKRtUveFVkarGegá IkarGegátRKb;
tRKb;llT§T§PaBénkardac;
PaBénkardac;TaMg
Gs; ehIy (net width) EdlmantémøttUcCageKbM UcCageKbMpuputRtUv)anykmkeRbI
v)anykmkeRbI. cMN NaMaMfa
fa viFIFsaRsþ
sI aRsþeenHmi
nHmin)an
pþl;lnUn; UvTRmg;nwngkardac;
gw kardac;CamY
CamYyExSRsbeTAnwgTi
gTisedAbnÞ ú ú
edAbnÞkeFV
keFV IGGMMeeBIBIenaHeT.
enaHeT.
]TahrN_ T I 3 >5³
>5³ KNna net area EdltUcbM
cbMptsRmab;
tu sRmab;bnÞ
b nÞHHEdlbgð
Edlbgðajkñ
ajkñggrU
ú rUbTI
bTI3>14 . RbehagTaMg
Gs;sRmab;b‘b U L
Lú
‘ úgGgátt;;p©p ©ti 25mm .
T.Chhay 44
44 Tension Members
Members
viTüasß
T üasßanCati
anCatiBhu
B hubec©
bec©keTskm<
keTskm< úCa
Figure 3.14
dM eNaHRsay³
e NaHRsay³ Ggátt;;p
p© i i©tRbehagRbsiTT§ PaB
§PaB (effective hole diameter) KW 30mm
sRmab;ExSbnÞat;
at; abcd
wn = 410 − 2( 30) = 350mm
sRmab;ExSbnÞat;
at; abcde
2(75) 2
= − + = <
wn 341.6mm 350mm
410 3(30) 4(130)
cemø y ³ An = twn = 20
× 341.6 = 6832mm2
edaysarEteRKOgP¢aab;b; (fastener) nImmYy²Tb; Yy²Tb;Tl;kmø μ I²Kña ¬karsn μt;t;EdleRbIenAkñ

kmøaMaMgges
es enAkñggkar
ú kar
KNnatMNsamBaØ
NsamBaØ kñ ú úkñgCMgCMBUkTI
kTI 7¦ sñaamExSdac;
mExSdac;EdlmanlkçN N³epSgKñ
³epSgKña GaceFV I[muxkat; xkat;Rtg;kEnøg
dac;rgkmø
rgkmøaMaMggepSgKñ
epSgKña. a. ]TahrN_ ExS ExS abcde kñgú rUbTI
bTI3>14 mu
muxkat;rbs; rbs;Ggá
Ggát;tRRtg;
; tg;kEnø
kEnøgdac;
gdac;rgkmøaMaMg
eBj 100% EdlExS ijfh eFV I[muxxkat; kat;rbs;Ggá
Ggátt;Rtg;
;Rtg;kEnø
kEnøgdac;Tb;Tl; Tl;Et 8 / 11 énkmøaMaMgEdl Gnuvvtþtþ.
mUlehtuK kmø W kmøaaMMg 3 / 11 EdlbBa¢ ÚnBIGgá
Ggát;RtUv)anTb;
v)anTb;edayeRKOgP¢
edayeRKOgP¢ab; ab; munnwg ijfh TTYlbnÞ úlbnÞ úk.
enAeBlEdl eRKOgP¢ab; (fastener) RtUv)anP¢ab; ab;CaCY
CaCYrenAelI
renAelIeeCICIgTaM
gTaMgBI gBIrrbs;
rrbs;EEdkEkg
dkEkg ehIykar
ykar
P¢ab;
ab;manlkç
manlkçN³qø
N³qøaas;s; (staggered) KñaeTAvi
aeTAvijTAmk enaHedIm,I
m,ITTYl)anRkLaépÞ
l)anRkLaépÞ net area dMbUggeKRtU eKRtUv
BnøatEdkEkgedI
atEdkEkgedIm,ITTY
TTYll)anbnÞ
)anbnÞHEdksmmU
HEdksmmUl. l. bnÞHEdkenHRtU
HEdkenHRtUv)anvi
v)anviPaKdU
PaKdUcbnÞ cbnÞHHEdkdéTeTotEdr.
EdkdéTeTotEdr.
karBnøatRtU
atRtUv)aneFVeLI
eI LIgtamRTnugEdkEkgEdlpþ
gEdkEkgEdlpþll;[nU;[nUvvTTw
TTwgEdkbnÞ
gEdkbnÞHes
Hes μ IeTAnw
eTAnwgplbU
gplbUkRbEvgeCI
kRbEvgeCIgrbs;
grbs;
45 T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
vadknwggkRmas;
kRmas;EdkEkg. AISC B2 kMNt; Nt;faRbEvg
faRbEvg g Edlkat;tamRTnu
tamRTnugEkgrbs;EdkEkgRtU
EdkEkgRtUv)andk v)andk
edaykRmas;EdkEkg. EdkEkg. dUcenH
cenH RbEvg g enAkñ
enAkñ ú úgrUbTI3>15
EdlRtUv)anykeTAeRbI
)anykeTAeRbIkgtY
gñ ú úñ tY s / 4 g nwgman
gman
2
e μs Inwngw 75 + 50 − 12 = 113mm .

témøes
Figure 3.15
]TahrN_TIT I 3 >6³
>6³ cUrrk
rrk design tensile strength rbs;EdkEkgdU
EdkEkgdUcbgðajkñ
ajkñ úgrUbTI
bTI 3>16.
Edk A36
RtUv)aneKykmkeRbI
v)aneKykmkeRbIEdlmanRbehagsRmab;b‘b U L
Lú
‘ úg 22mm.
dM e NaHRsay³
NaHRsay³ KNna net width
wg = 203 + 152 − 12.7 = 342.3mm
Ggát;tp©p; ©ttRbehagRbsi μ

i RbehagRbsiT§PaB effective hole diameter es
I
28mm
sRmab;ExSbnÞat; abdf w = 342.3 − (2 × 28) = 286.3mm

n
2
sRmab;ExSbnÞat; abceg w = 342.3 − (3 × 28) + 4(×3863) .5 = 263.98mm
n
Figure 3.16
T.Chhay 46
46 Tension Members
Members
viTüasß
T üasßanCati
anCatiBhu
B hubec©
bec©keTskm<
keTskm< úCa
edaysarEt bnÞ úk 1 / 10 RtUv)anepÞ

v)anepÞrrBIBIGgá
tt;edayeRKOgP¢
;e dayeRKOgP¢ab;
ab;eenARtg;
nARtg;ccM MN
Nu
uc d enaHExSrdac;
potential failure line enHRtUvEtTb;
vEtTb;ngbnÞ
w úkEt
kEt 9 / 10 . dUcenH net width 263.98mm RtUvEtKu vEtKuNnw
Nnwg
10 / 9 edIm,I
TTYl)an
l)an net width EdlGaceRbobeFobCamYynwgExSbnÞ at;EdlTb;nw gbnÞ úkeBj
keBj 100% .
dUccenHExSbnÞ
enHExSbnÞat;
at; abceg man w = 263.98 ×10
n / 9 = 293.31mm
sRmab;ExSbnÞat; at; abcdeg

g = 76 + 57 − 12.7 = 120.3mm
cd
2 2 2
(38) (38) (38)
w = 342.3 − ( 4 × 28) +
n + + = 243.74mm
4 × 63.5 4 × 120 4 × 76
eday net width Edldac;tamExS

t amExS abcdeg mantémøttUcCageK
UcCageK dUcenHkrNIenHRtU
v)aneKykmk
v)aneKykmk
KNna net area
A = 12.7 × 243.74 = 3095.5mm
n
2
edaysarEteCIgTaM
gBIrrbs;EdkEkgRtU v)anP¢
v)anP¢ab;
ab; dU dUcenH
2
Ae = A
n = 3095.5mm
ersI us þgKNnaKW
K; NnaKW
φ t Pn = 0.75F u Ae = 0.75 × 400 × 3095.5 = 928.65kN
φ t Pn = 0.5F y An = 0.9 × 250 × 4390 = 987.75kN
cemø y ³
³ 928.65kN
ersI u s gg;þ KNnaKW
;K NnaKW
cMNaM
NaMffaa plKuNrvag Nrvag gross width nwgkRmas;
gkRmas;EdkEkgKWCa Ca gross area krNIRtw
RtwmRtU
mRtUvRbsinnebI
ebI
eCIggrbs;
rbs;EdkEkgmanragctu
EdkEkgmanragctuekaNEkg. ekaNEkg. mUlehtu lehtuKfafW a eKGacTTYl)anragctueekaNEkgedaydképÞ
kaNEkgedaydképÞ
enARtg;rbt;
rbt;EEkg kg nigbU gbUkbEnß
kbEnßmmépÞ
épÞenARtg;
enARtg;cucgEdkEkg.
gu EdkEkg.
AISC Specification min)anpþl l;karENnaM
;karENnaMsRmab;
sRmab;karerobeRKOgP¢ab; ab;tamEbbqø
tamEbbqøas;
as;eenAelI
nAelI
rolled shape eRkABIEdkEkgeT. bnÞHEdksmmU HEdksmmUlmanPaBs
lmanPaBs μ ú úKs
K μs ajedaysarkRmas;
ajedaysarkRmas;GgátmmanPaBxu
; anPaBxus
Kña dUckrNIEdk
Edk channel nig wide flange . enAkñ ú ú enAkñgkrNI
gkrNIEbbenH
EbbenH eKesñ[eRbI I[eRbIRkLaépÞ
RkLaépÞ ¬RbesI
¬RbesIrCag
rCag
TTWgg¦¦ nigdkGgá
gdkGgátt;;pp© itrn§ t© rn§ Edl[edaysmI
Edl[edaysmIkar kar (2-1).
enAkñ ú úg]TahrN_TTI3>7
enAkñ I3>7 RKb;rn§RbehagTaM
behagTaMgGs;
gGs;sßs itenAEtmY
ßtenAEtmYyEpñ yEpñkénmuxkat;.
47 T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
]TahrN_ T3>7³
3
I >7³ kMNt;RkLaépÞ
R kLaépÞmuxkat;ssu uTT§Gb,brma
§Gb,brma (smallest net area) sRmab;Edk American
Standard Channel dUcbgð
cbgðajenAkñ
ajenAkñ úggrUrUbTI
bTI3>17.
RbehagsRmab;b‘b ULú
‘L
úgEdlmanGgát; pp©©ti 16mm.
dM e NaHRsay³
NaHRsay³ An = Ag − ∑ t w × (d b¤ d ' )
d = 20mm
ExSbnÞat;
at; abc
An = Ag − t w d = 2460
− 11.1 × 20 = 2238mm 2

ExSbnÞat;
at; abcd
An = Ag − t w ( d sRmab;RbehagRtg;
R behagRtg; b) − t (d ' sRmab;RbehagRtg
w behagRtg;; c)
⎡ 50 2 ⎤ 2
= 2460 − 11.1 × 22 − 11.1 × ⎢22 − ⎥ = 2064.1mm
⎣⎢ 4 × 75 ⎦⎥
cemø y ³
³ RkLaépÞm
muxkat;G b,brma (smallest net area) KW 2064.1mm
uxkat;Gb,brma 2
enAeBlEdlEpñkCaeRcI kCaeRcInrbs;
nrbs;mmuxkat;
uxkat;manRbehag eKeRbIvivFIFi IsaRsþedaHRsayxu
edaHRsayxussKñKñabnþ ic.
c. eTaHbICa
Ca
EdkEdlmanrUbragepSgBI
bragepSgBIEdkEkgminGacBnø
nGacBnøaattamvi
ttamviFEdlEdkEkgBnø
EI dlEdkEkgBnøatk¾ atk¾eday k¾eeKmanvi
KmanviFIFIsaRsþ
epSgeTotkñ ú úgkarBnø
epSgeTotkñ gkarBnøatrUbragEdkTaM
bragEdkTaMgenaHEdr.
genaHEdr. viFIsaRsþkkññgkarBnø
gú karBnøatEdkTaM
atEdkTaMgenaHRtU
genaHRtUv)anbgð
v)anbgðajkñ ú ú
ajkñgrUbTI
bTI
3>18 niggkñ ú úkñg]TahrN_
g]TahrN_TTI3>8.
I3>8.
T.Chhay 48
48 Tension Members
Members
viTüasß
T üasßanCati
anCatiBhu
B hubec©
bec©keTskm<
keTskm< úCa
Figure 3.18
]TahrN_TIT I 3 >8³
>8³ kMNt;
N
t;ersI
e rsI ussþ þgg;KNnarbs;
;K Nnarbs;Edk
E dk S-Shape dUccbgð
bgðajkñ
ajkñ úgrUbTI3>19.
RbehagKWsRmab;b‘b U‘
LúgEdlmanGgát;p i© i© t 20mm . eRbIEdk A36 .
Figure 3.19
dM eNaHRsay³
e NaHRsay³ KNnaRkLaépÞ net area
An = Ag − ∑ (t × Ggátt;;p©p ©tRbehag
ti Rbehag )
Ggát;tp©p; ©ttRbehagRbsi
i RbehagRbsiTT§ PaB
§PaB = 24mm
sRmab;ExS ad
An = 9470 − 4 × 24 × 15.8 = 7953.2mm 2
s2
sRmab;ExS abcd RbEvg g sRmab;eRbIenAkñ ú tY 4 g KW
ggtY
49
T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
g t w 89 14
2
+ g1 −
2
=
2
+ 70 −
2
= 107.5mm
edayKitRbehagRtg;
t RbehagRtg; b niggRtg;
Rtg; c CaRbehagEdlerobqøas;
as; eKTTYl)an
l)an
⎛ 382 ⎞
⎜
An = 9470 − 4 × 15.8 × 24 − 2 × 14 × 24 −
⎜
⎟ = 7375.23mm2
4 × 107.5 ⎠⎟

⎝
kardac;tamExS
t amExS abcd mantémøtcCageK.
UcCageK. edaysarRKb;Epñ
E pñkkTaM
TaMgGs;rbs;
r bs;mmu xkat;
uxkat;RtUv)anP¢
v)anP¢ab;
ab; dU dUcenH
= 7375.23mm
A = A
e n
2
sRmab; net
net section
φ P = 0.75F A = 0.75 ×
t n 400 × 7375.23 = 2212.57kN
u e
φ P = 0.5 F A = 0.9 × 250 × 9470 = 2130.75kN

t n y n
2130.75kN
cemø y ³
³ ersI usþ
s gþg;;KNnaKW
3>5> Block shear

sRmab;rUbsNæ bsNæanénkartP¢
anénkartP¢ab;xHø kMNat;Nat; b¤b úø úøkénsmÖar³enAxagcu
ar³enAxagcugénGgát;GacrEhk. ]Ta-
hrN_ kartP¢ab;rbs; bs;GgátragEkgeTalrgkarTaj
r; agEkgeTalrgkarTaj dUcbgð cbgðajkñ ú ú
ajkñgrUbTIbTI3>20
gayrg)atu
gayrg)atuPPUtEbbenH
UtEbbenH Edl
eK[eQ μaHfa
aHfa block shear ¬kardac;TaMgbø ú ú gbøk¦.
k¦. sRmab;krNIEdl)anbgð Edl)anbgðaajkñ ú
jkñ úgrUb épÞEdlqU
EdlqUttGac
Gac
dac;edaykmø
edaykmøagkat; gM kat;TTTwTwg (shear) tammuxkat;beNþ beNþay ay ab nigkmøagTaj MgTaj (tension) tammuxkat;TTTwTwg
bc. RbFanbT enHmin)anbgð n)anbgðajy:
ajy:agc,as;
agc,as;kgñ ú úñ AISC Chapter D (“Tension Members”) eT
b: u ub:Enþ
EnþkfaxNÐdMdbUbM Ug )anENnaMeyIgeTAkan; Chapter J (“Connections, Joints, and Fasteners”),
Section J4.3 (“Block Shear Rupture Strength”) .
nititvvii iFIFKWKI QrenAelI

Q karsn μtt;fa
W renAelIkarsn ;fa muxkat;dac;
dac;mmYyKWYyKWddac;
ac;eday fractures nigmYgmYyeTotdac;
yeTotdac;eeday day
yielding. enHmann½yfa yfa muxkat;Edlrgku
dlrgkugRtaM
gRtaMgTaj gTaj yield naM[mu [muxkat;EEdlrgku
dlrgkugRtaMggkmø
kmøagkat;
gM kat;
TTwg fracture b¤pÞpÞymkvi
yú mkvij.
j. muxxkat;
kat;TaM TaMgBIrenH naMmknUvPaBFn;
PaBFn;srub ehIyersI u u
yersIsþsg;gþ ;rbs; block
block shear
KWCaplbUkénPaBFn;énmuxkat; xkat;TTaMaMgBI
gBIr.
r.
PaBFn;F μm ttaa (nominal strength) enAkñenAkñ ú úgGgátt;rgkarTajKW
;rgkarTajKW F A sRmab; fracture nig
u nt
F A sRmab; yield Edl
y gt Edl A KWCa net area nig A KWCa
nt Ca gross area tambeNþaymu
gt aymuxkat;rgkar
Taj ¬ bc enAkñgú rUbbTITI3>20
¦.¦. edayykkugRtaM gRtaMg yield sRmab;maø MaMgkat;
gkat; ninigkugRtaMg ultimate sRmab;
T.Chhay 50
50 Tension Members
Members
viTüasß
T üasßanCati
anCatiBhu
B hubec©
bec©keTskm<
keTskm< úCa
Figure 3.20
kmøaggkat; μs I 60% énkugRtaM

M kat;ees gRtaMgkmøaMaMgTaj
gTaj enaHersI u
enaHersI usþgdac; F μm ta
d; ac;Fm ta (nominal fracture strength) sRmab;
kmøaMaMgkat;KWK W 0.6F A nigersI
u nv gersIussþþgg;; yield sRmab;
sRmab;kmøaMaMgkat;
gkat;K W 0.6F A Edl A KWCa
y gv nv Ca net area nig
A gross area ab
gv
KWCa
CeKGacmanTRmg;
a tambeNþaymu
aymuCa2rebob.
énkardac;
énkardac; xxkat;
kat;rgkmø
rgkmøaMaMgkat; ¬ ¬ enAkñgú rUbTI
Ca2rebob. bTI20
¦.
¦.
sRmab;kmøaMaMgkat; yield nigkmø
gkmøaMaMgTaj fracture ersI
ersI u usþsgþg;KNnaKW
;KNnaKW
Rn = φ [0. 6 F y Agv + F u Ant ]
φ (AISC Equation J4-3a)
sRmab;kmøaMaMgTaj yield nigkmø

gkmøagkat;
gM kat; fracture ersI
ersI u usþgKNnaKW
K; NnaKW
Rn = φ [0. 6 F u Anv + F y Agt ]
φ (AISC Equation J4-3a)
sRmab;krNITaMgBIgBIr φ = 0.75 . BIeRBaH eRBaH sßanPaBkNt; (limit state) KW fracture smIkkarEdl arEdl
lub KWsmI
smIkkarNaEdlmantY
arNaEdlmantY fracture FMCag. Cag.
]TahrN_TIT I 3>9³
>9³ kMNt;
N
t;ersI ussþ þgg;; block shear rbs;Ggát;rgkarTajdU
rgkarTajdUcbgð
cbgðajenAkñ úgrUbTI
3>21. rn§RbehagRtUvv)aneRbI
)aneRbIsRmab;
Ggá G gátt;;p©p ©ti 22mm nigEdkRbePT
g EdkRbePT A36 RtU
RtUvv)aneRbI
)aneRbI.
dM eNaHRsay³
e NaHRsay³
RkLaépÞmuxkat;kmø
k møaggkat;
M kat;KWK W
2
Agv = 9.5 × 190 = 1805mm
51
T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
Figure 3.21
edaysarEtman 2.5 Ggátt;;p©p ©trn§

ti rn§
Anv = 9.5 × [190 − 2.5 × 28] = 1140mm
2

RkLaépÞmuxkat;kmø
k møaggTaj
M Taj
Agt = 9.5 × 39 = 370.5mm
2

Ant = 9.5 × [39 − 0.5 × 28] = 237.5mm 2
edayeRbI AISC
Equation J4-3a eKTTYl)an
AISC l)an
R = φ [0. 6 F A + F A ]
φ n y gv u nt
= 0.75 × [0.6(250 )(1805) + 400 × 237.5]

= 0.75 × [270750
+ 95000 ] = 274.3kN
edayeRbI AISC
Equation J4-3b eKTTYl)an
AISC l)an
R = φ [0. 6 F A + F A ]
φ n u nv y gt
= 0.75 × [0.6(400 )(1140 ) + 250 × 370.5]

= 0.75 × [273600
+ 92625] = 274.7kN
smIkarTI
2 mantY fracture FM ¬tY
¬tYEdlman
Edlman F ¦ dUccenHsmI
enHsmIkarTI
2 lubb..
u
cemø y ³
³ ersI us
sþ þgKNnasRmab;
;K NnasRmab; block shear KWKW 274.7kN .
3>6> karKNnaGgát;t;rgkarTaj Design of tension members
karKNnaGgátt;rgkarTaj
;rgkarTaj KWkarKNnark
karKNnark gross area nig net area RKb;RKan;
RKan;sRmab;Ggá
Ggát;t;Edl
rgkarTaj. RbsinebIGGgágátt;enaHRtU
;enaHRtUvv)anP¢
)anP¢ab;edaytMN Ub‘L
Lúgú enaHeKRtUvkarnU
vkarnUvmu
vmuxkat;smRsbsRmab;
smRsbsRmab;Rk
T.Chhay 52
52 Tension Members
Members
viTüasß
T üasßanCati
anCatiBhu
B hubec©
bec©keTskm<
keTskm< úCa
LaépÞEdl)an)at;
Edl)an)at;bg;bg;edaysarrn§
edaysarrn§ttMN. MN. sRmab;Ggátt;Edlmanmu
;Edlmanmuxkat;
xkat;ctueekaNEkg
kaNEkg karKNnaman
lkçN³RsYlCag. lCag. RbsinebI nebImmuxkat;uxkat; rolled shape RtUv)aneRbI
v)aneRbImmuxkat;
uxkat;EdlRtU
EdlRtUvkat;bnßyminGacRtUv)an v)an
BüakrN_TuTkCamu
ku Camun)an
n)an BIeRBaHkRmas;rbs;mxkat; xu kat;enARtg;
enARtg;cMcN
Nu
M crn§
ucrn§mminRtU
inRtUv)andw
v)andwg.g.
karBiccarNabnÞ
arNabnÞaab;b;kkñ ú úñgkarKNnaGgátt;rgkarTajKW
;rgkarTajKW PaBrlas; (slenderness). RbsinebIGgá Ggát;t ;
rbs;eRKagbgÁ ú ú
eRKagbgÁ Mmanmu
manmuxkat;tceFobeTAnw
cU eFobeTAnwgRbEvgrbs;vvaa enaHGgát;tenaHmanlkç
e; naHmanlkçN³Rsav
N³Rsav (slender). kar
KNnaEdlmanlkçN³su N³suRkiRkit KWpleFobrlas; (slenderness ration) R L Edl L CaRbEvgrbs;GGgágát;t ;
nig r Ca kaMniniclPaB
clPaB (radius of gyration) énRkLaépÞmumuxkat;Gb,brma. Gb,brma. kaMnniiclPaB clPaB (radius of
gyration) Gb,brma KWRtU RtUvKñ
vKñanwgG½kkSS minor principal énmuxkat; xkat;. témørbs; rbs; radius of gyration
RtUv)anerobCataragsRmab;
v)anerobCataragsRmab;muxkat; rolled shape TaMgGs;enAkñ ú ú enAkñgtaraglkç
gtaraglkçN³ N³ (properties tables)
enAkñggEpñ
ú EpñkTI
kTI1 én Manual.
sRmab;GgáGgátt;rgkarsgá
;rgkarsgátt;; slenderness mansar³sMxan; xan;sRmab;
sRmab;ersI u u
ersIsþsgþg;; (strength) b:EEnþ
u nþ slender-
ness μ
karRbesI minsU
nrsRmab;
rsUsRmab;
vCasM
vCasMxkan;arkMsRmab;
sNt;
NRmab;
t;nnUGgá
GUv gáslenderness
t;rgkarTajb: u
gkarTajb:sRmab;
unaneT.Ggá
Ggát;teTaHCay:
rrgkarTaj.
; gkarTaj.agNak¾Rbsi
eeday
day
nebIenAkñ
nebI enAkñ ú ú
bnÞ úkcMgsß
bnÞ ú gGG½sßkSenAkñ ú
½kanPaBxø
anPaBxø
SenAkñ úgH Ggá
vaCat;t;
rgkarTajRsav (slender tension member) ehIy yrgbnÞ ú ú
rgbnÞktamTTw
ktamTTwg (transverse load) eTaHtUckþ I
k¾rrMMjr½EdleKminR)afñ
nR)afñacg;)an b¤PaBdabnw PaBdabnwgekI
gekItmaneLIg. g. Ca]TahrN_ krNI krNIenHGacekIteLIggsRmab; sRmab;
EdkBRgwg (bracing rod) EdlmanlkçN³mi N³minntwtwgRbQmnw
gRbQmnwgkmø gkmøaMaMgxül;
gxül;. sRmab;krNIenH enH AISC B7
)anesñnUnI vU slenderness ratio Gtibrmaes μ Ingw 300. témøenHRKan;
brmaes enHRKan;EtCatémøeesñsñI (commended value)
BIeeRBaH
RBaH slenderness minmanPaBsMxan; xan;sRmab;Ggát;t;rgkarTajeT ehIytémøenHGacRtUv)anykFMCCag ag
enHenAeBlEdlkal³eTs³BiessGnuBBaØaØat[. at[. EdntémøenHminRtU nRtUv)anGnu
v)anGnuvvtþtþeTAelI
eTAelIEExSkabeT
xSkabeT ehIy
specification k¾)anelI)anelIkElgcM kElgcMeBaHEdksrésEdr.
eBaHEdksrésEdr.
bBaðaasMsMxan;
xan;kgkarKNnaRKb;
gñ ú úñ karKNnaRKb;mumuxkat;TaM TaMgGs; rYmbBa©
mbBa©lTaM lÚ TaMgkarKNnaGgátt;;rgkarTaj KWkarrk karrk
muxkat; EdlplbUkbnÞ kbnÞkemKu kú emKuNTaMNTaMgGs;
gGs;mminRtU
inRtUvelI
velIsersI u u
ersIsþsgþg;rbs;
;rbs;Ggát;. Edl
≤ φ Rn
∑ γ Q
sRmab;Ggát;t;rgkarTaj smIkarenHmanrag
karenHmanrag
53 T.Chhay

mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
Pu ≤ φ t Pn b¤ φ t Pn ≥ Pu

Edl P KWCaplbUkbnÞ ú
u kbnÞ úkemKuN. edImm,I,IKNna
KNna yielding
Pu
0.9 F y A g ≥ Pu b¤ Ag ≥
0.90 F y
edIm,I
m,IeeCosvag
Cosvag fracture
Pu
0.75F u A e ≥ Pu b¤ Ae ≥
0.75F u

Slenderness ratio RtUv)anbMeBjRbsi

eBjRbsinebI
nebI
L
r ≥
≥
300

Edl r Ca radius of gyration Gb,brma nig L CaRbEvgGgát;t.;

]TahrN_TIT I 3 >1 ³
³ Ggát;rgkarTajEdlmanRbEvg 1750 mm RtUvTb;
vTb;nnw wgbnÞ
úkefreFV I
kefreFV Ikar (service dead
load) 80kN niggbnÞ
bnÞ úkkGefreFV I
GefreFV Ikar
(service live load) 233kN . eRCIserI sGgá tt;Edlmanmu
;E dlmanmux
kat;ctueekaNEkg.
kaNEkg. eRbIEdk A36 nigtM μtt;eRbI
g tMNRtUv)ansn
v)ansn e; RbIb U‘ LggEdlmanGgá
ú EdlmanGgát;p i©© it 24mm mYyCY
yCYr.
r.
dM e NaHRsay³
Pu = 1.2 × 80 + 1 .6 × 233 = 468.8kN
3
Pu 468.8 ⋅ 10
muxkat;
xkat;ccaM aM))ac;
ac; A g =
0.9 F y
=
0.9 × 250
= 2083.6mm 2
Pu 468.8 ⋅ 103
muxkat;
xkat;ccaM aM))ac;
ac; A e =
0.75F u
=
0.75 × 400
= 1562.7mm2
edaysarEt A = A sRmab;Ggátt;enH
e ;e nH gross area EdlRtUvvKñKñanwanwg muxkat;
n xkat;ccaM aM)ac;
) ac; net
net area
enHKW
Ag = An + Ahole
= 1562.7 + 28 × t
T.Chhay 54
54 Tension Members
Members
viTüasß
T üasßanCati
anCatiBhu
B hubec©
bec©keTskm<
keTskm< úCa
sakl,g t = 25mm
Ag = 1562.7 + 28 × 25 = 2262.7 mm 2
edaysarEt 2262.7 > 2083.6 dUcenHmu
cenHmuxkat;
xkat;caM
c aM)ac;K W 2262.7mm 2
A 2262.7
= 90.5mm
g
w = g =
t 25
sakl,gmuxkat;
xkat; 25 × 92
epÞógpÞat;
at; slenderness ratio
92 × 253
I min = = 119791.7mm4
12
A = 25 × 92
= 2300
BI I = Ar eyIgTTY
l)an
2
I min 119791.7
r min =
A
=
2300
= 7.22mm
L 1750
r
=
7.22
(OK)
= 242.4 < 300
cemøy ³ eRbIEdkEdlmanmu
xkat; 25 × 92 .
Ggát;te;enAkñ ú
nAkñ úg]TahrN_TITI3>10 manTTwgtUgtUcCag 20mm EdlRtUv)aneKcat;fñfñak;vaCaEdkr)ar
(bar) CaCagEdkbnÞH (plate). Edkr)arKYrRtU rRtUvv)ankM
)ankMNt; Nt;eeday[TTw
day[TTwgrbs;
grbs;vaERbRbY
vaERbRbYlmþg 5mm nig
kRmas;rbs;
rbs;vaERbRbY
vaERbRbYlmþg 2mm ¬RbB½ncMc§ Nat;
N
M at;ffññaak;k;Cak;
Cak;lak;RtU
RtUvv)anpþ
)anpþl;l[kñ ú
[
; kñ úgEpñkTI
kTI1 én Manual
eRkamcMNgeCIg “Bars and Plates”.
RbsinebI
nebIEdkEkgRtU
EdkEkgRtUv)aneRbI
v)aneRbICaGgátt;rgkarTaj
;rgkarTaj ehIykartP¢ ykartP¢ab;RtUvv)aneFV
)aneFV IeLIgedayeRbI
gedayeRbIb‘b U‘Lú
Lgú
enaHvacM)ac;RtUvmanépÞ ¬TMhhMM¦ RKb;RKan;
RKan;sRmab;b‘b ULú
L
‘ úg. vaGacekItmanbBað
tmanbBaðaenAeBlEdleKeRbI
aenAeBlEdleKeRbIb‘b U‘Lú
LgBIgú BIr
CYrenAelIeCI
eCIgmY
gmYy. rn§RbehagRtU
RbehagRtUv)aneKecaHenATIttaMaMggdUdUccbgð
bgðajenAkñ ú ú
ajenAkñgrUbTI3>22
(a) sRmab;karplit
Manual (VOL. II)
TUeeTA
TA eday)andkecjBI
tamTTw g gage g RtUv)aneKeRbI rUbbTITI 9-5enAeBlEdleKmanb‘
v)aneKeRbI enAkñúgEpñ
gEpñkTI
kTI9 én ULúgú mYyCYr ehIy g .nigcmøgayKM
LgmY ayKMRtUlat
lvv)aneKeRbI
at Rbehag
)aneKeRbI enA
enA
1 2 3
eBlEdleKmanb‘ UL LúgBI
úgBIrrCYCYr.
r. rUbTI bTI3>22
(b)bgðajfaeCIajfaeCIgEdkEkgRtU
gEdkEkgRtUvvmanRbEvgy:
manRbEvgy:agxø IbMbppuM ut 127mm
edIm,IGGnunuBBaØaØaat[eRbI
t[eRbIbb‘‘L
Lú
U gBI
úgBIrrCYCYr)an.
55 T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
Figure 3.22
KMlatRbehagtamTTWgsRmab;
EdkEkg (mm)
Leg 203 178 152 127 102 89 76 64 51 44 38 35 32 25
g1 114 102 89 76 64 51 44 35 26 25 22 22 19 16
g2 76 64 57 51
g3 76 76 64 44
(b)
]TahrN_ T I 3 >11³
>11³ KNnaGgátt;rgkarTajEdlmanmu
;r gkarTajEdlmanmuxkat;
xkat;EdkEkgeCI
E dkEkgeCIgmi
nes IKñ a (unequal-leg angle) μ
RbEvg 4.6m Tb;nUn vU service dead load 155kN nig service live load 310kN . eRbIEdkRbePT

A36 . kartRtUv)anbgðaj jenAkñ
enAkñggrU
ú rUbTI
bTI23.

Figure 3.23
dM e NaHRsay³
bnÞ úkkemKu
emKuN (factored load) P u = 1.2 D + 1.6 L = 1.2 (155) + 1.6(310) = 682kN
T.Chhay 56
56 Tension Members
Members
viTüasß
T üasßanCati
anCatiBhu
B hubec©
bec©keTskm<
keTskm< úCa
Pu 682
niggmu
muxkat;
xkat;ccaM aM))ac;
ac; A
g =
φ t F y
=
0.9(250)
= 3031.1mm2
Pu 682
ehIymu
xkat;
xkat;ccaM aM))ac;
ac; A e =
φ t F u
=
0.75(400)
= 2273.3mm2
kaMnni iclPaB (radius of gyration) KYrmantémø

rmantémøyagtU
a: gtUcbM
cbMppu ut
L 4600
r = = = 15.33mm
300 300
edIm,I rknU vvmumuxkat;
xkat;RsalbMpup utsRmab;beBjlkç
eM BjlkçxNÐ
xNÐTaMTaMggenH
enH eyIgrkEdk (unequal-leg angle) Edlman
RkLaépÞeBjeBj (gross area) EdlGacTTYlyk)anmantémø lyk)anmantémøtUcbMppu tu rYcehIyepÞ ógpÞat;at; effective net
area. kaMnin iclPaB
c lPaB (radius of gyration) k¾GacRtU v)anepÞ
v)anepÞ ógpÞat;
at;edaykarRtYtBi tBintüpgEdr.
ti üpgEdr. eday
sarkarteFVeLI I gedaymanb‘
L
Lú
U gBI
úgBIrCY
r enaHeCIgEdlRtU
v)aneFV I
v)aneFV IkartP¢ab;RtUtvmanTTw
UvmanTTwgtU ccbMbMppu ut 127mm
¬emIlkñ
ggtaragKM
ú taragKMlatRbehagtamTTW
l atRbehagtamTTWgsRmab; EdkEkg
E dkEkg rUbTI3>22¦.
eyIgcab;eepþ I
pþ ImBI
taraglkç
N³
N³
sRmab;EdkEkgeTal (table of properties for single angle) enAkñ úgEpñ gEpñkTI kTI1 én Manual nigerobnU g erobnUv
muxkat;
xkat;EdkRsalCageKtamlM
E dkRsalCageKtamlMddab; ab;BI tU ceTAFM
ceTAFM ¬mi
¬minEmnlMdab;
d ab;dUccKñKñaenAkñ úgtarageT¦. muxkat; xkat;xageRkam
x ageRkam
GacRtUv)anerob.
v)anerob.
L152 × 102 × 12.7 : A = 3060mm nig r = 22.1mm
2
g min
L127 × 89 × 15.9 : A = 3180mm 2 r = 20mm

min
g
L 203 × 102 × 11.1 : Ag = 3300mm 2
ni nig g r = 22.1mm
min

L178 × 102 × 12.7 : A = 3400mm nig
g
2
min r = 22.15mm
¬cMNaMffa a sRmab;EdkEkg G½kkS S X nig Y Edl)anbgðajenAkñ ajenAkñ úgtaragmi
gtaragminEmnCaG½kSem k Sem (principal
axes)eT EtG½kS Z eTIbCaG½ kSem k Sem (principle axis) r = r . EtsRmab;EdkEkgDu
min z E dkEkgDub (double-angle
shape) G½k kS
S X nig Y KWCaG½ kkSem.¦ Sem.¦
sakl,g L152 × 102 × 12.7 . muxkat; xkat;enHman e nHman gross area EdlRtUvvKñKñaBi aBitR)akdeTAnw
t R)akdeTAnwgRkLaépÞ
caM
caM)ac;
¬RbesIrCagmu
xkat;beTot I RkLaépÞrbs;vaRtU v aRtUv)an[enAkñ
v)an[enAkñ úgtarag¦.
A = A − A
n g holes = 3060 − 2(24)(12.7 ) = 2450.4mm 2
edaysarRbEvgtminRtU n RtUv)andw
v)andwg AISC Eq. B3-2 minGacRtU n GacRtUv)aneKeRbI
v)aneKeRbIedIm,I KNna shear lag factor
U . dUc
cenHenH eyIgeRbI
U = 0.85 / témømFümEdl)anBI mFümEdl)anBI Commentary. ¬]TahrN_TI8 kñ úgCMBBU kTI UkTI 7
tMN
NsamBaØ
samBaØbgðajlMGiG titGM GMBBI tMI N nigtémø
g témø U mFümGacRtUv)aneKeRbI v)aneKeRbIedI m,I
TTY
l)annUvmuxkat;
xkat;sakl,g
s akl,g
57 T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
bnÞaab;b; témø
témø U BI AISC
Eq. B3-2 GacRtUv)aneKKNna¦.
AISC v)aneKKNna¦.
Ae = UAn = 0.85 × 2450
.4 = 2082.84mm < 2273.3mm 2 2
¬minnl¥
l¥ N.G.
N.G.¦
sakl,g L127 × 89
× 15.9
An = 3180 − 2 (24 )(15.9 ) = 2416.8mm 2

Ae = 0.85 × 2416.8 = 2054.28mm 2 < 2273.3mm 2 ¬minnl¥
l¥ N.G.
N.G.¦
eTaHbICamu
xkat;
xkat;enHman
e nHman gross area FMCagmuxkat;
xkat;mmu nk¾
unk¾eday
Etvamin)anbegá I
n )anbegá In net area eT. mUlehtu
KWRkLaépÞ LEdlRtU
sakl,g EdlRtU
203 ×v102
dksRmab;
× 11.1rn§
r n§mantémø
mantémøFMF edaysarEtkRmas;
M edaysarEtkRmas;eCI
e CIg.

2
An = 3300 − 2 (24 )(11.1) = 2767.2mm
Ae = 0.85 × 2767.2 = 2352.12mm 2 > 2273.3mm 2 (OK)
cemø y ³ muxxkat;
kat;enHbMeBjRKb;
e BjRKb;lkçxNÐtRmU
tRmUvkar dUcenHeRbI
cenHeRbI L 203 × 102
× 11.1 ttameCIgEdlman
RbEvg 203mm .
enAeBlEdlEdkrag (structural shape) b¤EEdkbnÞ dkbnÞHHRtU

RtUv)aneRbI
v)aneRbIedI
edImm,I,IppÁ MÁCa
Cú a built-up shape vamin
RtwmEtRtU
mEtRtUv)anpÁ MenAEtxagcu eú nAEtxagcugGgát;t;b u: u:eNÑaHeT
aHeT b: ub: uEnþvvak¾
ak¾RtUv)anpÁ MenAcenø
eú nAcenøaHtamRbEvgbeNþaayrbs; yrbs;vvapgapg
Edr. eKminRtU nRtUvkarkarpÁ ú
vkarkarpÁ úEdlmanlkç
EM dlmanlkçN³Cab; N³Cab;rhU
rhUteT. teT. karpÁ MEbbenHRtU
Eú bbenHRtUvv)aneKehAfa
)aneKehAfa stitching ehIy
eRKOgP¢ab; ab;rbs; rbs;vaRtU
vaRtUv)aneKehAfa
v)aneKehAfa stitch bolts. karGnuvvtþtþTTUeTAKW UeTAKWkMkMN
Nt;t;TtaM
tI aMg stitching Edl L / r sM
rab;EpñkpÁ úpÁ únInM mmYI y²
Yy² minelI
nelIs L / r sRmab;muxkat; built-up built-up. AISC D2 ENnaMfa Edkrag built-up Edl
EpñkpÁ
kpÁ Mrbs;
rú bs;vaRtU vaRtUv)anEckeday
v)anEckeday filler EdlRtUv)aneRbI v)aneRbIsRmab; sRmab;PP¢¢ab;
ab;enAcenø
enAcenøaHaH filler enaH enaH témøGti
Gtib,rma
b,rma
L / r sRmab;EpñkmYy²mi y²minnRtU
RtUvelI
velIs 300. Edkrag built-up EdlekIteLIggedayEdkbnÞ edayEdkbnÞH b¤eedaykarpÁ ú ú
daykarpÁ M
rvagEdkbnÞH nigEdkragRtUv)aneBalenAkñ ú )aneBalenAkñ úg AISC Section J3.5 of Chapter J (“Connections joints,
and Fasteners”). CaTUeTA eTA KMllatrbs;
atrbs;eRKOgP¢
eRKOgP¢ab; b¤karpSarminKY nKYrelIs 24dg énkRmas;Epñkesþ kesþ IgbM
gbMptu
rbs;bnÞHHEdk Edk b¤ 300mm . RbsinnebI ebIGgátt;CaEdk
;CaEdk weathering Edlsß itenAkñgbri gú briy yakasgayrgERcHsI u u
akasgayrgERcHsI
enaHKMlatGtibrmaKW 24dg énkRmas; b¤ 175mm .
T.Chhay 58
58 Tension Members
Members
viTüasß
T üasßanCati
anCatiBhu
B hubec©
bec©keTskm<
keTskm< úCa
3>7> EdksrésEdlmaneFj ngExSkab Threaded rods and Cables
enAeBl slenderness minRtU nRtUv)anBi

v)anBicarNaEdksrés rod Edlmanmuxkat; xkat;mmUlU nigExSkab
gExSkab
(cable) RtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;
R)as;CaTU
CaTUeeTAsRmab;
TAsRmab;GgáGgátt;rgkarTaj.
;rgkarTaj. Edksrés nigExSkabxu gExSkabxusKñsKñaRtg; Edk
sréstan; EtExSkabekI
EtExSkabekItBI
tBIEExSlY
xSlYskabCaeRcI
skabCaeRcInv½ nv½N NÐbBa©
ÐbBa© ÚlKñaehIymanrU
ymanrUbragdU
bragdUccExSBY
ExSBYr. Edksrés nig
ExSkab RtUv)aneKeRbICCaerOy²sRmab;
aerOy²sRmab;RbB½ RbB½nn§§dMbUblBüÜ
lU BüÜr k¾dUdUcCa hanger nig suspension member
sRmab;san. a< n. Edksrésk¾RtU RtUv)aneRbIenAkñ ú úgRbB½
gRbB½n bracing
§ bracing enAkñ
enAkñ ú úgkrNIxHø vaRtUv)aneKeFV
v)aneKeFVeRbku
eI RbkuggRtaM
RtaMg
edIm,IkkarBarvaBI
arBarvaBIPaBrlg;
PaBrlg; (slack) enAeBlEdlbnÞkxageRkARtU úkxageRkARtUv)andk. v)andk. rUbTIbTI3>24
bgð
bgðajBIvviFIiFItEdk
srés nigExSkabKMrUrU.
enAeBlcugmçgmçagrbs;
agrbs;EdksrésRtUv)aneFV[ I maneF μj (thread) eBlenaH upset end RtU
[maneF RtUv)an
kEdlmaneF μjRtU
eRbI. EpñkEdlmaneF jRtUv)ankat;ecjedImm,I,IBRgIBRgIkmu kmuxkat;
xkat;. enAkEnøgeF geF μj muxkat;
xkat;EdkRtUv)ankat;
v)ankat;
bnßy EtkareFV I upset end )anbegánmu nI muxkat; Edk[FM. tambTdæaann upset end EdlmaneF μj CaTUeTA
xkat;Edk[FM eTA
man net area enARtg;kEnøgeF geF μj eRcInCagRtg;
nCagRtg;Epñ EpñkEdlK
kEdlK μaneF
aneF μj.
j. eTaHCa upset end mantémøéføk ¾
eday EteKk¾mimincaM)ac;
)ac;eRbI
eRbIvaRKb;krNI
krNIeT.
RkLaépÞmumuxkat;Rbsi
RbsiTT§PaB
§PaB (effective cross-sectional area) enARtg;EpñkeF keF μjRtU
jRtUvv)aneK[
)aneK[
μaHfa
eQ aHfa stress area ehIyyvaCaGnu
vaCaGnuKmn_eTAnw
eTAnwgGgá YneF μjkñ ú ú
gGgátt;;p©p©ti unthreaded nigcMnnYneF jkñg 1inch . pleFob
rvag stress area nig nominal area ERbRbYl b: ub: uEnþvvamantémø
amantémøtUtcbM
cU bMppuutRbEhl 0.75 . dUccenH enH ersI
ersI u usþg ;
rgkarTaj nominal rbs;Edk threaded GacRtUv)ansresrdUv)ansresrdUcxageRkam³
cxageRkam³
Pn = As F u
= 0.75 Ab F u
Edl As = stress area
Ab = nominal (unthreaded) area
smIkarenHpþll;; nominal strength EdlRtUv)anbgð

ajenAkñgtarag
gtarag Table J3.2 enAkñ
enAkñ ú úg Section
J3.6 én AISC Specification. emKuNersI u u
NersIssþþgg;; (resistance factor) enAkñ
enAkñ ú úgkrNIenH φ = 0.75 .
t
RbsinebI aBrgkarTajenAGgátt;;e μFjEdlFMRtUvFM
nebI upset end RtUv)aneKeRbI enaHlT§PaBrgkarTajenAGgá ag F KuNnw
vFMCCag Nnwg y
unthreaded body area (AISC Table J3.2, footnote c) .
59
T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
Figure 3.24
]TahrN_TITI 3>12³
3 >12³ Edk threaded RtUv)aneKeRbI v)aneKeRbICaGgá
t;t;sRmab;BBRgw
RgwgEdlRtUvEtTb; vEtTb;Tl;nnw wg
service tensile load EdlbnÞ
EdlbnÞ úkefr
kefr 9kN nigbnÞ úkGefr
kGefr 26.5kN . etIGgá
tt;;pp© ©tEdkTM
ti EdkTMhMb u: NÑaRtUv)aneRbI
v)aneRbI
RbsinebI
n ebIeKeRbI A36
?
A36
dM e NaHRsay³
NaHRsay³ bnÞ úkemKuN (factored load)
Pu = 1.2(9 ) + 1 .6(26.5) = 53.2kN
edaysar φ P ≥ P t n u
≥
φ t (0.75F u ) Ag Pu Pu 53.2
muxkat;ccaM aM)ac;
) ac;
Ag =
φ t (0.75)F u
=
0.75(0.75)400
= 236.44mm2
2
π d
BI A g =
4

Ggát;p i© i©ttcaM ac; d = 4 × 236
caM))ac; π
.44
= 17.35mm
cemø y ³ eRbIEdk threaded EdlmanGgátp©p; ©ti 18mm A = 254.47mm .

g
2
edIm,I
m,IkkarBarkarxU
arBarkarxUcxatkñ ú
cxatkñ úgeBlsagsg;
eBlsagsg ; EdksrésminRtU
nRtUvRsav
vRsav b¤rlas; (slender) eBkeT.
specification
eTaHbIRtUmvvmantémø
eRbI inmankarTamTarBI
mantémø 16mm .
k¾eday EtsRmab;karGnuvtþ
vtþTUeTA Ggát;tp;p© i©tGb,brmaEdlRtU
Gb,brmaEdlRtUv
T.Chhay 60
60 Tension Members
Members
viTüasß
T üasßanCati
anCatiBhu
B hubec©
bec©keTskm<
keTskm< úCa
ExSkabkñggrUrUbragCa
ExSkabkñ ú ú bragCa strands b¤ wire rope RtUv)aneKeRbI v)aneKeRbIenAkñ ú
enAkñ úgkarGnuvtþ
vtþEdlTamTar high
strength EtPaBrwg (rigidity) minmanlkç nmanlkçN³sM N³sMxan;eT.
eT. bEnßmBI mBIelIkareRbI
kareRbIRR)as;
)as;vaenAkñ ú ú
vaenAkñgRbB½ gRbB½ns<s§ <anBüÜr
nigdM
gdMbbUUl vak¾RtU
RtUv)aneKeRbIenAkñ ú ú
enAkñggeRKOgelI
eRKOgelIkdak; kdak;dcCa
cU Ca hoist nig derrick EdleKeRbIvadUccCaExSeyag CaExSeyag
sRmab;GKarx<
GKarx<ss;;² nigsRmab;
gsRmab;BRgw
BRgwgtambeNþ
gtambeNþayenAkñ úayenAkñ úgGKarEdleFV IBEdk.
EI dk. PaBxusKñsKñarvag arvag strand nig
wire rope KWbgð bgðajenAkñ ú ú
ajenAkñgrUbTI3>25
. Strand CakarrYmpSM mpSMKKñaénsréslY
ñaénsréslYsCaeRcI
sCaeRcInnrM urM uv½NKKñÐ ña ehIy wire
rope CakarrYmpSMKñ Kñaén strand CaeRcInrM u u
nrMv½vN½NÐÐKKñña.
a.
kareRCIserIsExSkabEdlRtw
sExSkabEdlRtwmRtU
mRtUvsRmab;bnÞkEdl[CaTUkú Edl[CaTUeTAQrenAelI
eTAQrenAelIkkarBiarBiccarNaGM arNaGMB I ersIu
sþg;g ; (strength) nigkMgkMhUcRTg;RTay
RTay (deformation). bEnßmBIelI elIsac;
sac;lUlteGLasÞ
tU eGLasÞ icFm
cFm μtata karlUtdM
tdMbUbgU
EdlbNþalmkBIalmkBI seating b¤ shifting énsréslYsmY smYy
y²² EdlCalT§plvaeFV I[ExSkabmankarlUt
Gcié®nþ
é®nþy_
y_. sRmab;mmUlehtu
UlehtuenH
enH CaTUeTAExSkabRtU
eTAExSkabRtUv)aneKTajBnø
v)aneKTajBnø Útmu tmun (prestretched). Wire rope
nig strand RtUv)aneKpli
v)aneKpliteLI
teLIgBI
gBIEdkEdlmanesI u
EdkEdlmanesI usgg;þ x<;x<s;CagEdksMNg;Ng;F μm ta
ta ehIyymiminmanEcgenAkñ ú ú
nmanEcgenAkñg
AISC Specification eT. ersI u
ersI usþgdac;
d; ac;rbs;
rbs;ExSkabnI
ExSkabnImmYy²Yy² k¾ddUUcCakarlMGiGitBIkarttM
karttMN
Nrr GacTTYl)an
l)an
BI manufacturer’s literature. Tinnññnn½ymanRbeyaCn_
½ymanRbeyaCn_sRmab;
sRmab;RbePTenHmanenAkñ ú
RbePTenHmanenAkñ úg Cable Roof
structures (Bethlehem Steel, 1968).
3>8> Ggát;t;rgkarTajenAkñ
rgkarTajenAkñgdMbUbUl Tension members in roof trusses
Ggát;t;rgkarTajCaeRcInEdlviskrKNna
kV rKNna CaeRKOgbgÁ ú
CaeRKOgbgÁ ú M trusses. enAeBleRKOgbgÁ ú
enAeBleRKOgbgÁ ú M trusses
RtUv)aneRbI
v)aneRbIR)as;
R)as;enAkñ ú ú
nAkñgsM
gsMNg; CaTUeTAvamannaTI
eTAvamannaTIcMcbgkñ ú ú
bM gkñgkarRTRbB½
gkarRTRbB½nn§§dMbUblEdleKRtU
lU EdleKRtUvkarElV
vkarElVgEvg. va
RtUv)aneKykmkeRbI
v)aneKykmkeRbIenAeBlEdléfø
enAeBlEdléfø nigTm¶
gTm¶nn;;FñF wñmmantémøx<x<s.; ¬eRKOgbgÁ ú
¬eRKOgbgÁ ú M trusses RtUv)anKi
v)anKitCaFñ
tCaFñ wm
CeRmA (deep beam) EdlykecjnUvEpñ
vEpñéénRTnu
nRTnugy:
gy:ageRcIn¦.
n¦. dMbUblU trusses RtUv)aneRbI
v)aneRbICaerOy²enAkñ ú
aerOy²enAkñ úg
61
T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
sMN
Ng;g;sshRKas
hRKas eTaHbICasM
CasMNg;RbePTenHRtUvkareRKagrw
vkareRKagrwg (rigid frame) k¾eday. dMbUl trusses KMrrUU
EdlRTeday load-bearing wall RtUv)anbgðajenAkñ ú ajenAkñ úgrUbTI 3>26
. sMNg; Ng;RbePTenH
RbePTenH CaTUeTA cuggmçmçaagg
rbs; trusses EdlP¢aab;b;eTAnw
eTAnwgCBa¢
gCBa¢aMaMgRtU
gRtUv)aneKKi
v)aneKKitCaTRm pinned nigTRmmç gTRmmçageTotRtUv)aneKKittfaCa faCa
TRm roller . dUccenH enH trusses GacRtUv)aneKviPaKCaeRKOgbgÁ ú
PaKCaeRKOgbgÁ úsþsM aþaTiTickM
ckMNt;. CBa¢aMaMgEdlCaTMrGaceFV rGaceFVBBII I
ebtugBRgw
gBRgwggedayEdk
edayEdk bøbø ú úkebtu
kebtug \dæ b¤bnSM
bnSMénsmÖar³TaM
ar³TaMgenH. genH.
μtata dMbUl trusses EtmanKMlates
CaFm μ IKKñatambeNþ
lates ñatambeNþayGKar
ayGKar nigcgP¢ gcgP¢ab;KñaeTAvi
aeTAvijeTAmkeday
sarFñ wmbeNþayEdleKehAfa
ayEdleKehAfa édrENg (purlin) nigedayEdkExV gedayEdkExVg (X-bracing). tYnaTI naTIcMcbgrbs;
bM grbs;éd éd
rENgKWbBa¢ ÚnbnÞ
nbnÞkkeTAGgá
ú eTAGgátt;xagelI
;xagelI (top chord) rbs; trusses b: u ub:Enþ Enþvak¾GaccU
GaccUlrYmedayEpñ
medayEpñkxø kxøHkñ ú
Hkñ úgkar
BRgwgRbB½
gRbB½n§n§. CaTUeeTAEdkBRgw
TAEdkBRgwg (bracing) RtUv)andak; v)andak;enAkñ ú
enAkñ úgbøgg;énGgá
é; nGgát;txagelI
x; agelI nigGgá
gGgát;xageRkam
b: u ub:EEnþnþvami
vamincaM))ac;
ac;enARKb;
enARKb;ElVg (bay) TaMggGs; Gs;eT edaysarkmøaMggxag xag (lateral forces) GacRtUv)anbBa¢
v)anbBa¢ ÚnnBIBI
ElVggEdlTb; EdlTb;mmYyeTAElV
YyeTAElVgEdlTb;
gEdlTb;myeTot yY eTot edaysarédrENg.
vaCakarRbesIrbMpputEdlédrENgRtU
utEdlédrENgRtUv)andak;eenAelI nAelIttMNrbs;MNrbs; trusses. dUenH trusses Gac
RtUv)anKi v)anKitCaeRKOgbgÁ ú ú
tCaeRKOgbgÁ MtN Nsnø
M snøaak;k; (pin-connected structure) EdlRTbnÞ EdlRTbnÞ ú úkEtRtg;
kEtRtg;ttMMN. EteBlxøH
kRmaldMbUbUlminGaclatsn§ nGaclatsn§gelI gW elIcmø
cmøayrvagtMN dUcenHeKRtU cenHeKRtUvkarédrENgkNþ
vkarédrENgkNþal al (intermediate
purlin). enAkñ μ úgkrNIEbbenHGgá
bbenHGgátt;xagelI
;xagelIngrgm:
gw rgm: Umm::gg;Bt;
;Bt;FMF M k¾dUdcCakmø
cU CakmøaMaMgsgát;t;tamG½kS
kS (axial
compression) ehIy vaRtUv)aneKKNnaedayKitCa Fñ wm-ssr
m-ssr (beam-column) EdlmanBnül;kñ ú úkñg
CMBUBkUkTITI66..
Sag rod
mkelI édrENgmanTi
EdlGnuvvtþtþmkelI CaGgátt;rgkarTajEdlRtU
;rgkarTajEdlRtU
édrENgmanTi sQr dUv)aneRbI
sQr vc)aneRbI
enHvanweedIdIgmm,I
,Ippþþll; MTRmxagsRmab;
manbgÁ ú ú
manbgÁ ;TkRmxagsRmab;
møaaMMgRsbeTAnwégdrENg.
mM u uCMCMraldMbbnÞ ú ú
bnÞUllEdlnw
kPaKeRcI
kEdlnw
PaKeRcI
eFV In
ggeFV
[édrENgekagenAkñ ú úgTisedAenaH
[édrENgekagenAkñ sedAenaH ¬rUbTI 3>27¦.
3>27¦. Sag rod GacRtUvv)andak; )andak;enAcM enAcMN
NuuckNþ
ckNþal al b¤
cMNu
NcucmYmYyPaKbI
yPaKbI b¤GacjwkenAtambeNþayédrENg
ayédrENg GaRs½yeTAnw yeTAnwgcMnYnYnTRmEdlRtUvkar. vkar. KMlatrbs;
sag rod CaGnuKKmn_
mn_eTAnw
eTAnwgKM
gKMlat trusses, mMCCMu ralrbs;
Mralrbs;Ggát;xagelI / ersu Isþsgþg;rbs;;rbs;édrENgTb;nnwwg
karBt;RbePTenH
RbePTenH ¬rUbragPaKeRcI
bragPaKeRcInrbs;
nrbs;EdkEdleRbI
EdkEdleRbICaédrENgmanlkçN³exSayNas;sRmab; sRmab;karBt;
karBt;
tamTisenH¦
senH¦ nigcMnYnnTRmEdlpþ
nY TRmEdlpþl;l;edaydMbUl.l. RbsinebIeKeRbI
eKeRbI bnÞHEdk HEdk CaTUeTAvaRtUv)aneKP¢ab;y:
ya:agg
rwgCamY
gCamYyédrENg
yédrENg dUcenHeKmi cenHeKmincaM))ac;
ac;RtUvkar
vkar sag rod eT. EteBlxøH EtTm¶nn;pÞ;pÞal;rbs; rbs;édrENgKW
édrENgKWvvaa
RKb;RKan;kñ ú úkñgkarbgá
gkarbgábBaðaenH
aenH dUcenHeKcaM)ac;
)ac;dak;
dak; sag rod edImm,I,IRT
RT kñ ú úkñgGM
gGMLú
LúgeBlsagsg;muneBldak;
T.Chhay 62
62 Tension Members
Members
viTüasß
T üasßanCati
anCatiBhu
B hubec©
bec©keTskm<
keTskm< úCa
kRmaldMbUbl.
lU .
63
T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
RbsinebI
nebIeKeRbI
eKeRbI sag rod eKcaM)ac;
)ac;KNnavaedI
KNnavaedImm,I,IRTbgÁ
RTbgÁ M M ú úbnÞ ú
bnÞ úkdMbUbllEdlRsbeTAnw
U EdlRsbeTAnwgdMbU ll.. Ggát;t ;
)ansn μt;t;[RTGV I²TaM
nImYy²cenøaHédrENgRtUvv)ansn ²TaMgGs;BBIxageRkamva
IxageRkamva dUcenHGgá cenHGgátxagelI
x; agelIRtU
RtUv)anKNna
sRmab;
3> 28 bnÞ ú ú
b.nÞ kkenAelI
enAelICakmø
eTaHbI épÞ
épÞdaMaMbUbMglEdlmanGM
Cakmø lU enAkñ ú
EdlmanGM
úgGgátt;;nnIeeBIBIImmYeelI
enAkñ ylI²xu
Ggá
Ggást;tKñ;enaH
Yy²xu BIcucgugdM
aak¾k¾eday
eday dMbUbldl;
lU dl;kMBBUvtþ
EtCakarGnu vtþUldM
lTdMUebUbTAeKeRbI
lUldUdUccbgð
bgðTMhajenAkñ ú
ajenAkñ y úgsRmab;
rUbTI
MEtmY ysRmab;
RKb;Ggá
Ggát;t ; sag rod enaH. kareRbIR)as;nUnUvmuxkat; xkat;ddUUccKñKñasRmY
asRmYldl;kargarsagsg; ÉbrimaNEdkelI maNEdkelIs
nCaFMb:b μn:u aneT.
minCaFM aneT.
rUbTI 3>29
a bgðajBI ajBIkkarcgP¢
arcgP¢aab;b;édrENgenARtg;
édrENgenARtg;RBMRBMdMdbUbM Ul. Tie rod cenøaHédrENgxagRtUvvTb; Tb;
nwgbnÞúkBI
kBIRRKb;
Kb; sag rod TaMgGs;EdlenAsgç
EdlenAsgçagsø agsøabdM
abdMbUbl.
lU . kmøagTajenAkñ ú ú
MaMgTajenAkñgGgá
gGgát;tedkmY
e; dkmYyCabgÁ ú ú
CabgÁ MkmøaMaMg
rbs;Ggá
Ggát;t; sag rod EdlenAxagelI. düaRkamGgÁesrI esrI (free-body diagram) rbs;édrENgkMBUl
RtUv)anbgð
v)anbgðajenAkñ ú
jenAkñ úgrUbTI
bTI 3>29
b .
]TahrN_TITI 3>13³
3 >13³ EdlmanKMlat 6m KitBIG½ kSeTAG½
Fink trusses k SeTAG½kS ehIyRTédrENg
W 150 × 0.18 dUcbgðajenAkñúg
grUrUbTI
bTI 3>30 a. édrENgRtUv)anRTeday sag rod enAcMN Nu
ckNþ
uckNþal.
al.
edayeRbIEdk A36 KNna
KNna sag rod nig tie rod enAédrENgkMBlsRmab;
lU sRmab;b únÞk service load dUccxag
xag
T.Chhay 64
64 Tension Members
Members

viTüasß
T üasßanCati
anCatiBhu
B hubec©
bec©keTskm<
keTskm< úCa
eRkam³
kRmaldMbUb lEdk
lU Edk (metal deck)³ 0.1kN / m 2
Built-up roof: 0.25kN / m 2
0.85kN / m elIbø g;g;edk
RBwl³ 2
Tm¶n;n;édrENg³ 0.18kN kñ úgmY
gmYyEm:
yEm:RtRbEvg
R tRbEvg
dM eNaHRsay³
e NaHRsay³
KNnabnÞ úk³
= =
sag rod
TTwgrgbnÞr úgbnÞ
RkLaépÞ ksRmab; nImY bUb y²
úksRmab;kRmaldM
k RmaldM ylU ² nig
6m / 2 3m

Built-up roof = 3 × 14 = 42m 2
bnÞúkkefr
efr ¬kRmaldMblU nig Built-up roof ¦ = (0.1 + 0.25 ) × 42 = 14.7kN
Tm¶n;édrENgsru
édrENgsrub = 0.18 × 3 × 9 = 4.86kN
bnÞ úkefrsrub = 14.7 + 4 .86 = 19.56kN
épÞrgbnÞ úkRBwl = 3 ×13.6 = 40.8m 2
bnÞúkkRBw
RBwlsrub = 34.68kN
65
T.Chhay

mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
RtYtBi
tBinin ittübnSM
übnSMbnÞ b únÞkk³³
(A4-2)³ 1.2 D + 0.5S = 1.2 × 19 .56 + 0.5 × 34.68 = 40.8kN
(A4-3)³ 1.2 D + 1.6 S = 1.2 × 19 .56 + 1.6 × 34.68 = 79kN
bnSMbbnÞ únÞk A4-3 lub.

b. ¬tamkarGegát A4-1, A4-4 nig A4-5 nwgminmantémø
n mantémøFMFeT¦.
eM T¦.
sRmab;bgÁ M b gÁ Mkkmø
ú møaMaMgRsbeTAnwgépÞ
ddMbUMb Ul ¬rUbTI
bTI 3>30 b¦
3.6
T = 79 = 20.3kN
14
T 20.3 ⋅ 103
muxkat;
xkat;EdkEdlRtUvkar A g =
φ t (0.75F u )
=
0.75(0.75 × 400)
= 90.2mm 2
cemø y eRbIEdk threaded rod Ggátt;;p
p© i i©t 16mm ¬ Ag = 201mm2 ¦
Edk tie rod EdlP¢ab;
ab;édrENgenARBM
é drENgenARBMdMd MbUl ¬rUbTI
bTI 3>30 c¦
14
P = 20.3 = 20.9kN
13.6
T 20.3 ⋅ 103
muxkat;
xkat;EdkEdlRtUvkar A g =
φ t (0.75F u )
=
0.75(0.75 × 400)
= 90.2mm 2
cemø y eRbIEdk
threaded rod Ggátt;p©;p ©ti 16mm ¬ Ag = 201mm2 ¦
sRmab;ragFrNImaRtrbs; maRtrbs; truss nigkardak;bnÞ ú bnÞ úk Ggát;xageRkamageRkam (bottom chord) nwgrgku grgkug
RtaMgTaj
gTaj ehIyGgá
yGgátt;xagelI
x; agelI (top chord) nwgrgku grgkugRtaM
gRtaMgsgá gsgát;t.; Ggát;tRTnu
R; Tnugxø
gxøHHrgku
rgkugRtaM
gRtaMggTaj
Taj nigxøgxøH
eTotrgkugRtaM
gRtaMggsgá
sgátt;.; enAeBleKbBa¢ Úl\T§ l\T§ iBlxül;
Blxül;kkñ ú úñgkarvi
gkarviPaK
PaK Tisxül;
sxül;eepSgKñ
pSgKñaRtU
aRtUv)aneKykmk
v)aneKykmk
BiccarNa
arNa eBlenaHkmøaMaMggenAkñ enAkñgGgá
gú Ggátt;RTnu
;RTnug (web member) xøHGacnw HGacnwgERbRbY
gERbRbYlcenø
lcenøaaHku
HkuggRtaM
RtaMgsgát;t ;
nigkuggRtaM
RtaMgTaj. kñkñ ú úgkrNI
gkrNIEbbenH
EbbenH Ggátt;EdlrgGM
;EdlrgGMeeBIBIRRtUtUv)anKNnaeday[mannaTI
v)anKNnaeday[mannaTICaGgá CaGgát;trgkarsgá
r; gkarsgát;t ;
pg nigrgkarTajpg.
grgkarTajpg.
sRmab; truss Edlcab;b‘UL Lúúg (bolted truss) muxkat; xkat;EdkEkgDub (double-angle section)
RtUv)aneRbI
v)aneRbICajwkjab;sRmab; sRmab;Ggá
Ggátt;xagelI
;xagelI (top chord) nigGgá gGgát;tRTnu
R; Tnug (web member) . karKNnaenH
sRmYldl;karP¢karP¢ab;
ab;Ggá
Ggátt;EdlCY
;EdlCYbKñ
bKñaenARtg;
aenARtg;ddMNedayGnu
MNedayGnuBaØatnUvkareRbIRR)as; )as;bnÞ
bnÞHHEdkeTal
EdkeTal (single
gusset plate) dUc cbgð
bgðajenAkñ ú
ajenAkñ úgrUbTI 3>31 . enAeBlGgátxagelI ;xagelIrbs;
rbs;eRKOgbgÁ ú ú
RKOgbgÁ M truss EdlpSareRbI
Edkmuxkat;GkSret
GkSret EdkRTnugEdlmanmuxkat; xkat;EdkEkgGacpSarP¢
EdkEkgGacpSarP¢ab; ab;CamY
CamYyeCI
yeCIg (stem) rbs;Edkmu Edkmux
kat;GkSret. RbsinebI nebI kmøaMaMgenAkñ
genAkñgGgágú Ggátt;RTnu
;RTnug (web member) mantémøtUtcU eKGaceRbIEdkEkgeTal
T.Chhay 66
66 Tension Members
Members
viTüasß
T üasßanCati
anCatiBhu
B hubec©
bec©keTskm<
keTskm< úCa
(single angle) ebIeTaHbIkkareFV
areFV IkarEbbenaH)ankat;bbnßnßybøgg;;sI u usemRTI
IemRTIBBII truss ehIybNþal[Ggát;RTnu
RTnug
rgbnÞ ú úkkcakp©
rgbnÞ cakp©tk¾
itk¾eday.
eday. CaTUeTAGgá
eTAGgát;t;xagelI nigGgá
gGgátt;xageRkam
;xageRkam (chord member) CaGgát;Cab; ehI ehIy
eKGackat;vaCakM
vaCakMNat;
Nat;²RbsinebIcaM caM)ac;.
CakarBitEdlfa tEdlfa chord member CaGgátt;Cab; ;Cab; ehIy

ytMtMN
NRtU
RtUv)ancab;
v)ancab;b‘b U‘Lú
Lgú b¤pSarEdleKmi
pSarEdleKmin
Gacsn μt;tffa ; a truss CaeRKOgbgÁ
CaeRKOgbgÁ ú úttMM MN pin-connected )aneT. PaBrwgrbs;tMNBit
pin-connected tCanaMCanaMmknUvvm:m: Umm::gg;Bt;
;Bt;eenA
nA
kñ ú úkñggGgá
Ggát;t ; b: u ub:EEnþnþCaTUeTAvamantémø
eTAvamantémøtUtUc ehIyRtU yRtUv)anBicarNavaCakmø
carNavaCakmøagrggM rg (secondary effect) dUccenH enH
kñ ú úkñggkarGnu
karGnuvvtþtþTTUeTAeK)anecalva.
UeTAeK)anecalva. EtkarBt;EEdlbNþ dlbNþaledaysarbnÞ ú
aledaysarbnÞ úkxageRkAEdlGnuvtþ vtþedaypÞal; al;
eTAelIGGgágát;tc;cenø
enøaaHtM
HtMN RtUvEtykmkKitBi tBicarNadac;xat. eyIggKiKittkrNI krNIenHenAkñ ú ú
enHenAkñgemeronTI
gemeronTI 6.
ExSeFV Ikar (working line) énGgátt;rbs; ;rbs;eRKOgbgÁ ú ú
RKOgbgÁ M truss TaMggGs;
Gs;RtUvkat;
vkat;KñKñaRtg;tMtMNnImmYy².
Yy².
sRmab; truss EdlP¢aab;b;edayb‘
edayb‘ ULú
Lúg CYrrbs;
rrbs;b‘b U‘Lúg (bolt line) Ca working line ehIysRmab;
ysRmab; truss pSar
G½kkSTI
STIRbCM Tu m¶n;rbs;TwkbnSarCa working line. karsn μt;tkñ úk; úñgdMeNIrkarvi
RbCMTm¶ rkarviPaK truss RbEvgGgát;tRtU R; tUvv)an
)an
vas;BIcMNuceFV Ikar (working point) eTA working point.
]TahrN_TIT I 3 >14³ eRCIserI

smu
xkat;GkSretsRmab;
G kSretsRmab;Ggátt;;xxageRkam
ageRkam (bottom chord) rbs;eRKOgbgÁ ú ú M M
dMbbU Ul Warren truss dUcbgð
cbgðajenAkñ
ajenAkñ úgrUbTI
bTI 3>32
a. Truss RtUv)anpSar nigmanKM
g manKMlatcmø
l atcmøay 6m .
μ enAnwgsøabRbEvg 230mm . edayeRbIEdk

(longitudinal fillet
sn t;f
fakarP¢
akarP¢ ab; r bs;
Ggá
G gá
t
t;xageRkamRtU
;
x ageRkamRtU v)aneFV I
v )aneFV
I
eLI
gdaykarpSarbu i
gdaykarpSarbu
itkaM
t kaM tambeNþ
t
ambeNþ ay
weld) A36 CamY
CamYynwgTi
nñn ñnybnÞ
y½ bnÞ úkxageRkam
kxageRkam ¬xül;minRtUv
)anBicarNaenAkñ
c arNaenAkñ úg]TahrN_
g]TahrN_enHeT¦.
édrENg (purlin)³ M 200 × 0.097
RBwl³
0.95kN / m elIbøgg;edk
2
;e dk
67 T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
kRmaldMbUb lEdklU Edk (metal deck): 0.1kN / m 2
dMbUb lUl³³ 0.2kN / m 2
2
kRmalGusUsULg ³ 0.15kN / m
dM e NaHRsay³
KNnabnÞ úk³
RBwl = 0.95 × 6 × 12 = 68.4kN
T.Chhay 68
68 Tension Members
Members
viTüasß
T üasßanCati
anCatiBhu
B hubec©
bec©keTskm<
keTskm< úCa
bnÞúkkefr
efr kRmaldMbUlEdk 0.1kN / m
2

¬elIkElgédrENg¦
= dMbUl 0.2kN / m 2
kRmalGI ussU Lg;
ULg; 0.15kN / m
2

srub 0.45kN / m 2
= × × =
bnÞ 0.45 6 12 32.4kN
Tm¶ úkn;efrsrub b
édrENgsru
édrENgsru = 0.097 × 6 × 12 = 7kN

μt;tffaTm¶
sn μ I I 10% énbnÞkepSg²
; aTm¶n;n; truss es kú epSg²
0.1(68.4 + 32.4 + 7 ) = 10.78kN
bnÞ úkenAelItM Nxagkñ
N
xagkñ úgKW
32.4 10.78
D =
8
+
8
+ 0.097 × 6 = 6kN
68.4
S =
8
= 8.55kN
enAelItM N
NxageRkA
xageRkA RkLaépÞrgbnÞ
rgbnÞúkKW μ IngBak;
kKWes w kNþalRkLaépÞrgbnÞ
rgbnÞ úkrbs;
krbs;ttM Nxagkñ
MN
xagkñ úg.
g. bnÞkenAelI
úkenAelI
tMN
NxageRkAKW
xageRkAKW
32.4 10.78
D =
2×8
+
2×8
+ 0.097 × 6 = 3.28kN
68.4
S =
2×8
= 4.3kN
karbnSMbnÞ
b únÞk A4-3 nwgTTY
l)antémø
l)antémøFMFCageK³
CM ageK³
P = 1.2 D
u + 1.6S
enAelItMNxagkñ úg P = 1.2 × 6 + 1 .6 × 8.55 = 20.88kN
u
enAelItN M xageRkA P = 1.2 × 3.28 + 1.6 × 4.3 = 10.82kN

NxageRkA u
Truss EdlrgbnÞúkRtU kRtUv)anbgðajenAkñgú rUbTI bTI 3>32

3>32 b.
Ggát;t;xageRkamRtUv)anKNnaedaykM
v)anKNnaedaykMNt; N
t;kmø
k møaaMMgkñ
g kñúgGgá
gGgát;nnI ImY y²rbs;
y²rbs;GGgá
gátt;xageRkam
;x ageRkam nigeFV I
g eFV Ikar

eRCIserI
smu
xkat;smrmüedI
s mrmüedIm,I
Tb; nwnwgkmøaMaMgEdlFMCageK. enAkñ úg]TahrN_enH e nH kmøaaMMgenAkñ
g enAkñgGgá
gú Ggátt;; IJ
mantémøFMFCageK.
CM ageK. GgÁesrI
esrI (free
body) enAxageqVgmuxkat; xkat; a-a RtUvv)anbgð )anbgðajenAkñ
ajenAkñ úg rUbTI bTI 3>32 c.
69 T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
∑ M E = 83.9(6) − 10.82(6) − 20 .88(4.5 + 3.0 + 1.5) − 1.2F IJ = 0

IJ = 208.8kN
F
sRmab;mmu xkat;
uxkat;eBj
e Bj (gross section)
208.8 ⋅ 103
muxkat; vkar A = 0.F 9F
xkat;EdlRtUvkar g
IJ
=
0.9 × 250
= 928mm 2
y
sRmab; net section
F 208.8 ⋅ 103
muxkat;
xkat;EdlRtUvkar
vkar A e = IJ
0.75F
=
0.75 × 400
= 696mm2
u
sakl,g WT 125 × 0.09
2 2
Ag = 1140
mm > 928mm
kartP¢ab;
ab;eeFV
FVI eLI
gedaykarpSartambeNþ
aay
y ehIyGgá
tt;;mmi nEmnCaEdkbnÞ
in EmnCaEdkbnÞH b¤EEdksrés
dksrés dUccenHkartP¢
enHkartP¢ab;
ab;
enHminsß i
n sß ittenAkñ
enAkñ úggkrNI
krNIBi essNamYysRmab;
ysRmab;Ggát; EdlpSarEdlrg
EdlpSarEdlrg shear leg.
⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ 34.5 ⎞
U = 1 − ⎜ ⎟ = 1 − ⎜ ⎟ = 0.85 < 0.9
⎝ L ⎠ ⎝ 230 ⎠
A = UA = 0.85 × 1140
e g
= 969mm > 696mm 2
(OK) 2
RbsinebI
n ebIGgát;xageRkamRtUv)anBRgw v)anBRgwgenA
panel point
L 1500
= = 75.4 < 300 (OK)
r 19.9
cemø y eRbIEdk
WT 125 × 0.09
3>9> Ggát;EdltPa¢b;b;edayknø
edayknøas
as
;
; (Pin-Connection Members)
enAeBlGgátt;;RtU
RtUv)antP¢
v)antP¢aab;b;edayknø
edayknøas; rn§RbehagRtU
RbehagRtUv)aneFV
v)aneFV IeLI
eLIgenAcu
genAcugTaM
gTaMgsgçagrbs; agrbs;Ggát;
nigEpñkEdlvaRtU
kEdlvaRtUvP¢
vP¢aab;b; ehIyknøas;
as;RtUv)ans‘
v)ans‘ktamrn§
ktamrn§enaH. kareFVIEEbbenHedI
bbenHedImm,I,IkM u ukM[Ggá
[Ggát;trgm:
r; gm: Um:gBt;
B; t;.
Ggát;tr;rgkarTajEdltP©
gkarTajEdltP©ab;tamTRmg;EbbenHRbQmnw
EbbenHRbQmnwgkar)ak;
gkar)ak;eRcI
eRcInRbePT
nRbePT EdlRtUv)anerobrab;enAkñ enAkñgú
AISC D3 nig gRtU
RtUv)anBnül;
v)anBnül;ddUcxageRkam.
UcxageRkam.
Eyebar (pin-connected member)
xagcugrbs; CaRbePTBi
grbs;vamanrn§
vamanrn§ kknønøaas;s; essrbs;
edUssrbs;
ajkñGgá
cbgð GggárUtt;bTI
cbgðajkñ ú ú bEdlP¢
;ETIdlP¢ aab;b;edayknø
3>33 edayknø
ersIas;
a us;s gg;þ KNnaKW
. ersI u ;KNnaKWQrelI
QrelIersI u EdlenA
ersI usgg;þ yalrbs;
y; alrbs;
mmuux
kat;eBj. k,ÜnlMGiGitsRmab;KNnaTMhhMM eyebar manenAkñ ú manenAkñ úg AISC D3 EtminnRtU RtUv)anykmkerobrab;
v)anykmkerobrab;enA enA
T.Chhay 70
70 Tension Members
Members
viTüasß
T üasßanCati
anCatiBhu
B hubec©
bec©keTskm<
keTskm< úCa
TIeenHeT.
nHeT. Eyebar RtUv)aneRbIv)aneRbIy:agTUllMMTTUlayenAeBlmu
UlayenAeBlmun vaCaGgát;trgkarTajEdleRbI
r; gkarTajEdleRbIenAkñ
enAkñgú truss
s<aann b¤eenAkñ ú
nAkñ úgs<anBüÜr.
r. vaminRtUv)aneKeRbI
v)aneKeRbIeT naeBlbc© ú
naeBlbc© úb,nñ.
Ggát;EdltP¢ab;edayknøas;KY rrRtU
RtUvv)anKNnasRmab;
)anKNnasRmab;sanPaBkM
aß nPaBkMNt;dUdUcxageRkam ¬rUbbTITI 3>34¦
3>34¦

!> kugRtaM
gRtaMggTajenAelI
TajenAelI net effective area ¬rUbTI 3>34
a ¦
φ t = 0.75 / Pn = 2tbeff F u (ASIC Equation D3.1)
@> kugRtaMgkmø
gkmøaMaMgkat;enAelI net
net effective area ¬rUbTI 3>34
b¦
φ sf = 0.75 Pn = 0.6 Asf F u
/ (ASIC Equation D3.21)
#> kuggRtaM
RtaMg bearing. tRmUvkarenHmanenAkñ
vkarenHmanenAkñgú chapter J (“Connections, Joints and
fastener”) ¬rUbTI 3>34
c¦
φ = 0.75 / Pn = 1.8 F y A pb (ASIC Equation J8-1)
$> kugRtaM
gRtaMgTajenAelI gross area
φ = 0.9 / Pn = F y Ag (ASIC Equation D1-1)
Edl kRmas;rbs;Epñ
t = EpñkEdltP¢
kEdltP¢aab;b;
b = 2t + 16 ≤ b
eff ¬KitCa
tCa mm ¦
b = cmøayBI
ayBIépÞ épÞxagrbs;rn§
rn§kknønøaas;s;eTAépÞ
eTAépÞxagrbs;
xagrbs;Ggát; EdlEkgeTAnwgTisrbs; srbs;kkmømøaMaMg
A = 2 t (a + d / 2)
sf
a = cm¶ayBI
ayBIépÞ épÞxagrbs;rn§knø aas;s;eeTAépÞ
TAépÞxagrbs;Ggá Ggát;t EdlRsbeTAnw
; EdlRsbeTAnwggTiTisrbs;kkmømøaMaMg
d = Ggát
t;;pp© i©tknøaas;s;
A = projected bearing area = dt
pb
tRmUvvkarbEnß
karbEnßmsRmab;
msRmab;karkM karkMNt;TTMMhhMrbs;
Mrbs;kknønøas;
as; ninigGgá
gGgát;t;manbkRsayenAkñgú AISC D3.
71 T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
T.Chhay 72
72 Tension Members
Members
viTüasß
T üasßanCati
anCatiBhubec©
bec©keTskm<
keTskm< úCa
Ca Department of
of Civil Engineering
Engineering
cMeNaT
cMeNaT
e NaT 73
73 T.Chhay
viTüasß
bec©keTskm<
keTskm< úCa
IV. eRKOgbgÁrgkarsgát
;
Compression Members
4>1> esckþepþm (introduction)
eRKOgbgÁ Mrgkarsgátt; ; CaeRKOgbgÁ MsúsMNg;
eRKOgbgÁ ú ú MNg;EdlrgEtkmø
EdlrgEtkmøaMaMgsgát;ttamG½ t; amG½kS.
kS. bnÞ ú ú bnÞkEdlGnu
kEdlGnuvtþ vtþtam
G½kkSbeNþ
SbeNþaykat;tamTI tamTIRbCM RbCMTm¶
Tu m¶nrbs; r; bs;muxkat;Ggá Ggátt;; ehIy
ykukuggRtaM
RtaMg (stress) Gaces μ Innwwg f = P A Edl
a
f RtUv)anKi
a v)anKitfamantM
tfamantMéles μ IKKñaelI
ñaelImmuuxkat;
xkat;TaM
TaMgmUl. b: u ub:Enþ
EnþCak;EsþgeKmi
geKminEdlTTY
nEdlTTYl)ansß
l)ansßanPaBl¥Ebb Ebb
enHeT eKminGaceCosputBIkmøagcakp© MaMgcakp© itxøH)aneLI
H)aneLIy. y. CalT§pleKnw pleKnwgTTYl)ankarBt;
l)ankarBt; b:EEnþ u nþvaGac
vaGac
RtUv)aneKKi
v)aneKKitkmø tkmøaMaMgrg (secondary load) nigGacRtU gGacRtUv)anecalRbsi
v)anecalRbsinebI nebIlkç
lkçxNÐénkardak;
énkardak;bnÞ ú bnÞ úkesÞ IrEt
rEt
dUcKñ
cKñanwanwggRTw
RTwsþs.þI karBt;mminGacRtU
inGacRtUvecaleT RbsinebIvvaCam: aCam:mm:U g;:g;Bt;Edl)anBI
Edl)anBIkarKNna. eyIggnwnwgKi gKit
sßaanPaBenHenAkñ
nPaBenHenAkñgCM gú CMBBUkTI
UkTI66..
CaTUeeTA
TA Ggátt;rgkarsgá
;rgkarsgátt;EdlekI ;EdlekItmanenAkñ ú
tmanenAkñ úgGKar nigs<anKW anKW ssr ¬CaGgát;tbBaÄrEdlman b; BaÄrEdlman
tYnnaTI
aTIcbbgKW
M gKWRTnU
RTnUvbnÞ
vbnÞkbBaÄr¦.
kú bBaÄr¦. Ggát;rgkarsgátt;k¾;k¾RtUv)aneRbI v)aneRbIenAkñ
enAkñggeRKOgbgÁ
ú eRKOgbgÁ Mú truss nigCaeRKOgbgÁ
gCaeRKOgbgÁ Méén ún
RbBn§ ½BRgwgpgEdr.
gpgEdr. Ggátt;rgkarsgá ;rgkarsgát;t;EdlmanRbEvgxømmiI nRtU inRtUv)aneKcat;
v)aneKcat;cMcMNat;ffññak; ak;CaCa column eT Etva
RtUv)aneKehAfa
v)aneKehAfa strut.
4>2> RTwsþssr (Column Theory)
edayBicarNaGgá
carNaGgát;rgkarsgát;t;Evg ehIyRsavdU
yRsavdUcbgð
cbgðajenAkñgú rUbTI
bTI 4>1
a a . RbsinebIbnÞ ú ú bnÞktam
ktam
G½kkSS P RtUv)andak;
v)andak;yW
yWt² enAeBlmYybnÞybnÞkenaHnw
kú enaHnwgmantémø
gmantémøRKb;
RKb;RKan;edI
edImm,I,IeFV [Ggát;t μK;K ansß
eFVI[Ggá a nsß irPaBehI
rPaBehIy
eRKOgbgÁ Mrgkarsgá
rú gkarsgát;t; 73
73
T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
ragrbs;Ggá
Ggát;tnwn; gwgekagdU
ekagdUcbgðajedayExSdac;. bnÞ ú ú bnÞkEdleFV
kEdleFV[Ggá[I Ggát;tekagRtU
e; kagRtUv)aneKehAfa
v)aneKehAfa critical
buckling load . RbsinebI nebI Ggátt;manRbEvgxø
;manRbEvgxø I ehIyFat;dcbgð
cU bgðajenAkñ ú ú
ajenAkñgrUbTI bTI 4>2 b b enaHeKRtUv karbnÞúk
EdlmantémøFMFCagmu
kar)ak;nwnwgekI
gekIteLI
CM agmunnedI
edImm,I,IeFV I[Ggá
[Ggátt;enaHsß
;enaHsßttkñ
i kñúgsß
gsßanPaBK μ
anPaBK
teLIgeday compressive yielding Cageday buckling. munnnwnwg)ak;
ansi ßrPaB.
rPaB. RbsinebIGgá
Ggát;teenaH
; naH kan;Etxø
g)ak; kukugRtaM
Etxø I
gRtaMgsgát;t; P A
nwgrayes μ IeenAelI
nAelImxkat;
xu kat;RKb;cMcN Nu
M cTaM
ucTaMggGs;
Gs;énbeNþ
énbeNþayRbEvgrbs;
ayRbEvgrbs;ssr ssr eTaHCa)ak;eday yielding b¤
k¾)ak;eday
eday buckling. bnÞ ú ú bnÞkkEdleFVEdleFV[I buckling ekItman CaGnuKmn_ Kmn_eTAnwg slendernesss ehIy
sRmab;Ggá
Ggát;EdlRsavxøaMaMg bnÞ ú bnÞ úkenHnwgmantémø
gmantémøttUcNas;
UcNas;.
RbsinebI nebIGgá
Ggátt;manlkç
;manlkçN³Rsavxø N³RsavxøagMaM EdlkugRtaM gRtaMgmunnw
nnwg buckling EdltUcCagEdnsmamaRt
cCagEdnsmamaRt
(proportional limit) ¬EdlGgát;sßtenAkñ ú ú itenAkñglkç
glkçN³eGLasÞ ic¦ c¦ critical buckling load RtUvv)an[dU
)an[dUc
xageRkam³
π 2 EI
Pcr = L2
¬$>!¦
Edl E Cam:DuDU uleGLasÞic (modulus of elasticity), I Cam: Umgg;: nni; iclPaBénRkLaépÞ
clPaBénRkLaépÞmmuuxxkat; kat; (moment
of inertia of the cross-sectional are) EdleFobnwgG½ gG½kSemEdltU
kSemEdltUc (minor principal axis), L CaRb
Evgrbs;Ggát;tcenø c; enøaHTRm. edImm,I,I[smI
[smIkar ¬$>!¦ mann½y luHRtaEtGgá HRtaEtGgát;tsßs; ßttkñ ú ú
i kñgsß
gsßanPaBeGLasÞ ic
ehIycugrbs; grbs;vaGacvi
vaGacviledayesrI
ledayesrI Etmi
EtminRtUvrMkkileTAxageT.
ileTAxageT. cugTRmenHbM
gTRmenHbMeBjlkç
eBjlkçxNÐ xNÐedayTRmsnøak;
(hinge) b¤ pinned
pinned dUcbgðcbgðajkñ ú
ajkñ úgrUbTI
bTI 4>2 . . TMnak;Tngd¾
Mngd¾KKYYr[cab; μNN_enHRtU
r[cab;Garm
Garm _enHRtUv)anrkeXI
v)anrkeXIjdM
jdMbbUUgbMput
edayGñkR)aCJkR)aCJKNiKNittviviTüaCnCati μaHaH Leonhard Euler Edle)aHBumm<enAkñ ú ú
TüaCnCatissV IVseQ <enAkñgqñ
gqñaMaM 1759.
1759. bnÞ ú ú
bnÞkeRKaH
keRKaH
fñaak;k; (critical load) enH enAeBlxøHRtU HRtUv)aneKehAfa
v)aneKehAfa Euler load b¤ Euler buckling load . smIkarTI karTI
$>! RtUv)aneKbgð
v)aneKbgðaajedI
jedIm,I
m,IeFV I[eCOedaykarBi
[eCOedaykarBiesaFy:
esaFy:ageRcI
ageRcIn. karsMraybBa¢
raybBa¢ak;rbs;
rbs;smIkkarenH
arenH RtUv)an
[edIm,I
m,Ibgð
bgðajBI
ajBIPPaBsM
aBsMxan;
xan;rbs;
rbs;lkç
lkçxNÐ
xNÐcucugTRm.
T.Chhay 74
74 Compression members
viTüasß
bec©keTskm<
keTskm< úCa
edIm,I
m,IgayRsYlkñ ú ú
lkñgkarbkRsay
gkarbkRsay Ggátt;;RtUv)andak;v)andak;[[edkelI
edkelIGG½kS½kS x dUccEdl[kñ ú
Edl[kñ úgrUbTI
bTI 4>3 .
TRm roller Edldak;enATI enATIenHedI
enHedImm,I,ITb;
Tb;Ggát;min[cl½teTAelI b¤cHeRkam. uHeRkam. bnÞksgá úksgát;tttamG½
; amG½kS
RtUv)anGnu
v)anGnuvtþ ehIyekI
yekIneLI
neLIgsnSw
gsnSwm².m². bnÞ ú ú
bnÞkxagbeNþ
kxagbeNþaHGasnñ
aHGasnñRtUv)andak;
v)andak;edI edIm,IeFV
eFVI[Ggá
[Ggát;tdabdU
d; abdUcrUb
ragEdlbgðajedayExSdac;
ajedayExSdac; ehIyGgá yGgátt;;nnwgRtLb;
wgRtLb;eTArkrUbragedI
bragedImvi
mvijenAeBlEdlbnÞkkbeNþ ú beNþaaHGsnñ
HGsnñ
enaHRtUvv)aneKdkecjRbsi
)aneKdkecjRbsinebI nebIbnÞ ú
bnÞ úktamG½kSmantémø
kSmantémøtUtcCag
cU Cag critical buckling load . Critical
buckling load, P RtUv)ankM v)ankMNt;CabnÞ ú
cr CabnÞ úkEdlmantémøFMFRKb;RM Kb;RKan;
RKan;edI
edImm,I,IrkSarU
rkSarUbragdabrbs;
bragdabrbs;GGgágát;teenA
; nA
eBlEdlbnÞkxagbeNþ
kú xagbeNþaHGasnñ
aHGasnñRtU RtUv)aneKdakecj.
smIkkarDI
arDIepr:
epr:gg;;Esül (differential equation) sRmab;rUbragdabrbs;Ggá
Ggát;teeGLasÞ
; GLasÞ icEdlrgkar
cEdlrgkar
Bt;K³W
2
d y M
2

=−
IE
¬$>@¦
dx
Edl x Cacm¶aayrbs;
yrbs;cMcN Nu
M cEdlsß
ucEdlsß itenAelIGkSbeNþ
k½ SbeNþayrbs;
ayrbs;GGgágát;t;/ y CaPaBdabrbs;GgátenARtg; ;enARtg;
cMNuccenaH/
enaH/ nig M Cam: Um:m:g;Bt;
Bt;eenARtg;
nARtg;cMcN
Nu
M cenaH.
ucenaH. E nig I RtUv)anbgðajBI
ajBIxxagelI
agelI b: u u
b:Enþ Enþm:Umm::gg;;niclPaB
clPaB
I
enATIenHKWeFobnweFobnwgG½kSénkarBt;. smIkarenHRtU
karenHRtUv)anTajeday
v)anTajeday Jacob Bernoulli ehIy yRtU
RtUv)an
v)an
bMEbkeday
Ebkeday Euler EdleRbIR)as; R)as;vasRmab;bBað
bBaðaekagrbs;
aekagrbs;ssr. BI rUbTI 4>3 eyIgeXIjfaenAeBl
EdlGgát;tekagedaysarbnÞ
e; kagedaysarbnÞktamG½
kú tamG½kS P enAcm¶ay x BITRmxageqV
cr TRmxageqVgeyIgmanPaBdab y ehIy
B; t;enARtg;cMNucenaHKW P y . enaHsmIkar
m: Umg;g: Bt; cr kar $>@ GacsresrdUcxageRkam³
cxageRkam³
P
y"+ y = 0
cr
EI
Edl RBIm KWCaDIepr: epr:gg;Esültam
;Esültam x . smIkarenHCa
karenHCa second order, linear, ordinary differential
equation CamYynwgemKu gemKuNefr
Nefr ehIymandM
ymandMeNaHRsay
eNaHRsay
rú gkarsgát;t; 75
75 T.Chhay

mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
y = A cos(
cx) + B sin(cx)
P
Edl c = EI
cr
ehIy
y A A nig B Catémøefr.
efr. témøefrTaM
efrTaMgenH
genH RtUvv)ankM
)ankMNt;edayGnuvtþ
vtþnvlkç
vU lkçxNÐ
xNÐRBM
RBMEdndUcxageRkam³
cxageRkam³
Rtg; x = 0 / y = 0 ³ 0 = A cos( 0) + B sin(0) enaH A = 0
Rtg; x = L / y = 0 ³ 0 = B sin(cL)
lkçxNÐ
xNÐccuuggeRkayenHtRmU
eRkayenHtRmUv[v[ sin(cL ) = 0 RbsinebI B ≠ 0 ¬cemø IyminsMxan; EdlRtU
EdlRtUvKñanwanwg P = 0 ¦.
sRmab; sin(cL ) = 0 /
cL = 0, π , 2π , 3π , ... = nπ , n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ...
P
BI c = EI cr

⎛ Pcr ⎞ Pcr 2 n 2π 2 EI
eyIgTTY
gTTYl)an
l)an cL = ⎜ ⎟
⎜ EI ⎟ L = nπ , L = n 2π 2 ehIy P cr =
⎝ ⎠ EI L2
n (buckling mode) n =1
témøCaeRcI
CaeRcInnrbs;
rbs;
(first mode). n = RtU2 KWvvKñKñrUranwaUbnwragekagTI
ggrUrUbragekag
bragekag epSg².
BBIIr (second mode).l. témø n = 0 bgðajnUvvrU μKrUbragekagTI
ajnU
CakrNI banbnÞ ú
ragekagTI
a nbnÞ mmYYy
úk EdlCa
krNImminsM
insMxxan;an;. rUbragénkarekagTaM
bragénkarekagTaMgenHRtU
genHRtUv)anbgð
ajenAkñgrUbTI bTI 4>4 . témø n minGacFMCagmY
CagmYy
elIkElgEtGgát;trgkarsgá
r; gkarsgát;RRtUtUv)anTb;
v)anTb;BIBIkardabenARtg;cMcN
Nu
M uccEdleFV
EdleFV I[kM
[kMeNagbt;Ebn.
dUccenHdM
enHdMeeNaHRsayrbs;
NaHRsayrbs;smI
smIkarDI
karDIepr:
epr:gg;;EsülKW
T.Chhay 76

viTüasß
bec©keTskm<
keTskm< úCa
⎛ nπ x ⎞
y = B sin ⎜ ⎟
⎝ L ⎠
ehIy
yemKu
emKuN B CatémømminkMinkMNt;. lT§plenHRtU
plenHRtUv)aneRbI
v)aneRbICacemø
Cacemø Iy linear kñ ú úkñgsmI
gsmIkarDIepr:
epr:g;EsültM
EsültM
Nag)atuPUPtU nonlinear .
sRmab;krNIFm F μm tarbs; μanTRmenAcenø
tarbs;Ggát;rgkarsgá tt;EdkK
;EdkK anTRmenAcenøaHcu gsgçagrbs;vvaa n = 1 enaH
aHcugsgç
smIkar
kar Euler RtUv)ansresrCa
v)ansresrCa
2
π EI
P = cr 2
¬$>#¦
L
vamanlkçN³gayRsYllCagkñ CagkñgkarsresrsmI
gú karsresrsmIkar $># kñ úkñ úgTRmg;dUdUcxageRkam
2 2 2 2
π EI π EAr π EA
P = cr = =
L2 L2 ( L / r )2
Edl A CaRkLaépÞmuxkat; nig r CakaMnclPaB
ci lPaB (radius of gyration) EdleFobnwgG½kSEdlekag.
pleFob L / r Ca slenderness ratio. Ggátt;Edlmanlkç
;EdlmanlkçN³kan;EEtRsav
tRsav témø slenderness ration
kan;EEtFM
tFM.
RbsinebI
nebI critical load RtUv)anEckedayRkLaépÞmmuuxxkat;
kat; enaHeKnwgTTYl)an critical
buckling stress dUcxageRkam³
2
P π E
F = cr = cr
¬$>$¦
A ( L / r )2
sRmab;kgRtaM
gu RtaMgrgkarsgátt; ; karekagnwgekI
gekIteLIgtamG½
gtamG½kSEdlRtU kSEdlRtUvKñanwg r . karekagnwgekI gekIteLI
teLIg
Pøaam²
m² enAeBlEdlbnÞ mkelIGgát;e μs InnwgbnÞ ú
enAeBlEdlbnÞ ú úkEdlGnuvtþmkelI wgbnÞ úkEdl[kñ ú srnwg μK anesß
Edl[kñ úgsmIkar $># ehIysssrnw anesßr
PaBeFobG½kSem kSem (principal axis) EdleFV I[ slenderness ratio mantémøFMFMCageK. CaTUeTAvaCa eTAvaCa
G½kkSEdlmanm:
SEdlmanm: Umm::gg;;niclPaBtU
clPaBtUcCageK ¬eyIgnwgBi
gBininitükrNIenHenAeBleRkay¦. dUcenHm: cenHm:mm:U :gg;;niclPaB
clPaB
Gb,brma nigkaMgkaMnniclPaBGb,brmaRtU
iclPaBGb,brmaRtUvv)aneRbI
)aneRbIenAkñ ú
enAkñ úgsmIkar $># nig $>$.
]TahrN_ 4 >1³
>1³ ssrEdlmanmuxkat
xkat W 300 × 0.73 RtUvv)aneRbI
)aneRbIedI m,I
RTbnÞ
kksgáú sgátt;;tamG½kSk S 645kN .
ssrenHmanRbEvg 6m niggmanTRm manTRm pinned enAcugsgç gsgçaag.
g. edaymikKi k KitBI
t BIemKu
N NbnÞ
bnÞ úk nigemKuN
ersI us g;gþ cU ; cUrreFV
eFVI karGegá
tBI tBIesßrPaBrbs;
rPaBrbs;Ggá G gátt;enH.
;e nH. ¬eKminRtUvkardw
kardwgBImakrbs;
a: krbs;EEdkeT
dkeT edaysar critical
buckling load CaGnu CaGnuKmn_énm:
é nm:DDuU leGLasÞ i
lu eGLasÞ ic minEmn
n Emn yield stress b¤ ultimate
ultimate tensile strength¦.
rú gkarsgát;t; 77
77 T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
dM e NaHRsay³
NaHRsay³ sRmab; W 300 × 0.73
témøGb,brmarbs;
Gb,brmarbs; r = r = 49.8mm y
b rmarbs; Lr = 6000
témøGti
Gtibrmarbs; 49.8
= 120.5
2 2 3 3
π EA π × 200 ⋅ 10 × 9.48 ⋅ 10
Pcr = 2
= 2
⋅ 10− 3 = 1288.7kN
( L r ) 120.5
cemø y ³
³ edaysarbnÞ úk
kGnu
GnuvtþKKWW cCag P enaHssrrkSasßirrPaBehI
tUcCag
645kN PaBehIymanemKu
cr
Nsu
Nsuvtß
vtßiPaB
PaB
RbqaMgnw μ Ing w 1288.7 / 645
g nwg bucklinges = 2.0 .
eRkaymkeK)anrkeXIjfa jfa smIkarrbs;

karrbs; Euler mi
minGaceRbICamY
CamYyGgát;rgkarsgá t;tEdlFat;
E; dlFat; xø I
nigminRsav.
nRsav. mUlehtu lehtuKKWWffaa slenderness ratio tUcrbs;GgáGgát;tbbNþ
; Nþal[man
al[man buckling stress FM
¬BIssmImIkkarar $>$¦. RbsinebI
nebI buckling stress FMCCag
ag proportional limit rbs;smÖar³ enaHTMnnak; ak;TMng
rvag stress nig strain nwgminmanlkçnmanlkçN³Ca
N³Ca linear eT ehIym: ym: UDuleGLasÞ ic E nwgmi
gminGacyk
mkeRbI)aneT. ¬kñ ú ú¬kñg]TahrN_
g]TahrN_ 4>1 buckling stress KW P / A = 1288 .7 / 9.48 = 136 MPa EdltUc
cr
proportional limit Friedrich

Cag )anesñ IeLIggdMdMbUbUgkñ úkñ ú gkareRbI
Engesser )anesñ
sRmab;R)as;
RKb;etangent
R)as; RKOgbgÁ úEdkTaM
RKOgbgÁ úEMmodulus
dkTaMgGs; E .enAkñ
enAkñ úenAkñ ú ú
enAkñ
úgsmIgqñ gqñkar
kaarMaM $>#.
1889sRmab;smÖar³
t
EdlmanExSekag dUcckñ úkñ úgrUbTI
stress-strain bTI 4>5 / E ElgCatémøefrsRmab;
efrsRmab;kukugRtaM
gRtaMggEdlFM
EdlFMCag
proportional limit F . Tangent modulus E RtUv)ankMNt;Ca
pl t Ca slope énbnÞat;
at;b:HeTAnw
HeTAnwgExSekag
stress-strain sRmab;témø témørbs;
rbs; f Edlsß itenAcenø
tenAcenøaH F nig F . RbsinebI buckling
pl buckling stress P / A
y cr
sß ittenAkñ
enAkñggtM
ú tMbbn;n;eenH
nH vaRtUvv)anbgð
)anbgðajdU
ajdUcxageRkam³
2
π E I
P =
cr 2

t
¬$>%¦
L
smIkar $>% dUcKñ cKñanwggsmIsmIkar
kar Euler RKan;
RKan;EtCM EtCMnnYYs E eday E . t
ExSekag stress-strain EdlbgðajenAkñajenAkñgú rUbTI

bTI 4>5 manlkçN³xu
N³xusKñ
sKñaBI
aBIrUbEdl)anbgð
bEdl)anbgðajBImnu
sRmab; ductile steel ¬enAkñ ú ú
¬enAkñgrUbTI bTI 1>3 nig1>4 ¦ edaysarEtvamantMbn; nonlinear . ExSekag
enHCaRbePTénkarBieesaFkarsgá
saFkarsgát;t;rbs;Edk Edk W-shape RbEvgxø I EdleKehAfa stub column.
Nonlinearity CalT§pldMbUbgénvtþ
gU énvtþmanrbs; residual stress enAkñúg W-shape. enAeBlEdlEdk hot-
rolled shape Tuk[RtCak;
k[RtCak; muxkat; xkat;TaMgmU
gmUlrbs;
lrbs;Edkmi
EdkminRtU
nRtUv)anRtCak;edayGRtadUccKñKñaeT. ]TahrN_
T.Chhay 78
viTüasß
bec©keTskm<
keTskm< úCa
enAcugsø
gsøabrbs;
abrbs;EdkRtCak;
EdkRtCak;elOnCagkEnø
elOnCagkEnøgCY
gCYbbKñKñarvagsø
arvagsøab nigRTnug.
g. karRtCak;mminRBmKñ
inRBmKñaEbbenH
begá It[
mankuggRtaM
RtaMggenACab;
enACab;kgEdkrhU
gññ ú ú EdkrhUt.
t. ktþaepSgeTotdU
aepSgeTotdUcCakarpSar
cCakarpSar nigkarBt;
gkarBt;RtCak;
RtCak;edI
edImm,I,Ibegá
begá It Fñmekag
wmekag
GacCaktþabNþ
abNþal[man
al[man residual stress b:Enþ
Eu nþddMeNI
MeNIrkareFV
rkareFV I[RtCak;Caktþ
CaktþaacMcMbbg.
g.
cMNaM
NaMffaa E mantémøttUcCag
t UcCag E ehIysRmab;
ysRmab; L / r EdlmantémødUdUcKñaaRtU RtUvvKñKña eKnwgTTYl)an
critical load P tUc. cr c. edaysarEtPaBERbRbYlrbs; lrbs; E karkMN
t Nt;t;témø P enAkñgú inelastic range
cr
edayeRbIsmI
smIkarTI $>% BitCamankarBi)ak. CaTUeTA eTA trial-and-error approach RtUv)aneRbICamY CamYynwg
ExSekag stress-strain dUcbgð cbgðajkñ ú
ajkñ úgrUbTI 4>5 edImm,I,IkMkNt;
N
M t; E sRmab;témøssakl,grbs;
t akl,grbs;témø P . cr
sRmab;mUlehtuenH enH design specification CaeRcIn rYmTaM mTaMg AISC Specification manrUbmnþEdl)an Edl)an

BIkkarBi
arBiesaF (empirical formulas) sRmab; inelastic column.
sRmab;RKb;smÖar³TaM ar³TaMgGs; critical buckling stress RtUvv)ansg; )ansg;CadüaRkamCaGnuKmn_ Kmn_eTAnw
eTAnwg
slenderness dUcbgð
cbgðajenAkñ ú ú
ajenAkñgrUbTI bTI 4>6
. ExSekag tangent modulus b:HHeTAnw eTAnwgExSekag
gExSekag Euler Rtg; Rtg;
cMNu
NcucEdlRtU
EdlRtUvvKñKñanwanwg proportional limit rbs;smÖar³. ar³. bnSMExSekagenH
ExSekagenH RtUv)aneKehAfa
v)aneKehAfa column
strength curve EdlBN’naBI naBIeesßsßrPaBrbs;
rPaBrbs;RKb;
RKb;ssrTaM
ssrTaMgGs;. eRkABI F , E nig E EdlCalkçN
y t N³³
rbs;smÖ
smÖar³
ar³ ersI u
ersI usþgCaGnu
C; aGnuKKmn_
mn_ngw slenderness ratio.
rú gkarsgát;t; 79
79 T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
RbEvgRbsiTT§§PaB
PaB (effective Length)
TaMggsmI
smIkar
kar Euler ni nigsmIkar kar tangent modulusQrelIkarsn μt;tdUd; cxageRkam³
cU xageRkam³
!> ssrmanlkçN³Rtg; N³Rtg;ll¥¥
@> bnÞ ú tamG½kkSS μK ancM
bnÞ úkGnuvtþtamG½ ancMNakp©
Nakp©ti
#> ssrmanTRm pinned enAcugsgç gsgçag
lkçxNÐ rI dMbbUUgmann½yfa μK anm:
xNÐBIBrdM anm: Umm:g;:g;Bt;enAkñ ú
enAkñ úgGgát;t;mugeBlekag (buckling). dUc)anerobrab; c)anerobrab;
BIxxagedI
agedIm m: Umm:g;:gécdnüxø
é; cdnüxøHnw
HnwgekItman
tman b: u ub:Enþ EnþvaRtU
vaRtUv)anecalkñ
v)anecalkñgkrNIgú krNICaeRcI
CaeRcInn.. tRmUvkarsRmab;
vkarsRmab;TRm
TRm
pinned CakarkMNt; Nt;mmYYyEdlBi yEdlBi)ak
)ak Edlkarpþl;[RtUv)aneFV v)aneFV IsRmab;lkç
lkçxNÐ
xNÐTRmepSg²eTot.
TRmepSg²eTot. lkçxNÐ xNÐ
TRm pinned tRmU
tRmUv[Tb;
v[Tb;Ggát;BBIkarrMIkarrMklxag
li xag b: u ub:Enþ
EnþminTb;nwnwgkarvilCM u
lCM uvijTRmeT. CakarBit karbegá IttMN
pinned EdlK μankki
ankkitKW tKWmmiinGaceFV
nGaceFV IeTA)anl¥
eTA)anl¥enaHeT dUccenHlkç enHlkçxxNÐNÐTRmenHRKan;EtmanlkçN³Rbhak;
RbEhlb: u ueNÑ
RbEhlb: eNÑaH.
aH. Cak;EEsþsþgssrTaM
gssrTaMgGs;
gGs;RRtUtUvEtxU
vEtxUcRTg;
cRTg;RTaytamG½
RTaytamG½kSedayesrI
kSedayesrI.
lkçxNÐ
xNÐccuuggepSgeTotGacRtU
epSgeTotGacRtUv)anBnül;enAkñ ú úggsmI smIkarTI
karTI $>#. CaTUeTA m: Um:gBt; B; t;GacCaGnuKmn_
Kmn_
én x EdlCalT§plenAkñ ú
plenAkñ úg nonhomogeneous differential equation. vamanlkçxNÐRBM RBMEdnxusBI
sBI
smIkaredI
karedIm EtviFIFIsaRsþKNnadU KNnadUcKñ
cKñaTaMgRsu
gRsug. g. smIkarEdlCacemø
karEdlCacemø IysRmab;
ysRmab; P manTRmg;dUcKña.
cr a.
]TahrN_ edayBicarNaGgátt;rgkarsgá ;rgkarsgátt;EdlmanTRmmY
;EdlmanTRmmYyCa yCa pinned nigmY gmYyeTotCa
yeTotCa fixed Tb;nwg
karvil nigkarrMkli dUcbgðajenAkñ ú ú jenAkñgrUbTIbTI 4>7
. . smIkar kar Euler sRmab;krNIkrNIeenH nH EdlRtUv)anbkRsay
tamrebobdUcsmI csmIkar $># eKTTYl)an l)an
T.Chhay 80
viTüasß
bec©keTskm<
keTskm< úCa
2
2.05π EI
Pcr = 2

L
2.05π 2 EA π 2 EA
b¤ Pcr = 2
= 2

( L / r ) (0.70 L / r )
dUccenHGgá
enHGgát;t;rgkarsgátt;enHmanlT§
;enHmanlT§PaBRTbnÞ ú ú
PaBRTbnÞkes μ IngGgá
kes gw Ggát;tEdlmanTRm
E; dlmanTRm pinned sgçagEdr
agEdr Et
RbEvgrbs;vaRtU
vaRtUv)anKi
v)anKitRtw
tRtwm 70% bueNÑ
eNÑaH.
aH. eKnwggTTY
TTYl)ansmI
l)ansmIkarkñ ú ú
karkñgTRmg;
gTRmg;RsedogKñ
RsedogKñaenHsRmab;
ssrEdlmanlkç xNÐ
xNÐTRmepSg².
TRmepSg².
Column-buckling problem GacRtUv)anbegá ItCarUbbmnþ
mnþkñkñgTRmgCa
gú TRmgCa forth-order differential
equation CMns[smI
sY [smIkar $>@. kareFV IEbbenHedIm,,IIgayRsYllkñ úkñ úgkaredaHRsayCamYy ylkç
lkçxxNÐ
NÐRRBMBMEdn
Edn
eRkABITRm
TRm pinned . edImm,I,IPaBgayRsY
PaBgayRsYl smIkarsRmab; critical buckling load nwgRtU gRtUv)ansresrkñ ú ú
v)ansresrkñg
TRmg;dUdcxageRkam³
cU xageRkam³
2 2
P =cr
π EA
b¤ P = π E A
2 cr
t
¬$>^ a/ $>^ b¦
(KL / r ) (KL / r )2
Edl KL CaRbEvgRbsiT§PaB (effective length) nig K CaemKuNRbEvgRbsi
NRbEvgRbsiT§PaB (effective length
factor). emKuNRbEvgRbsi
NRbEvgRbsiTT§PaBsRmab;
§PaBsRmab;Ggát;rgkarsgá t;t ; fixed-pinned KW 0.70 . sRmab;cucgsgç
gu sgçaagg
manTRm fixed Tb;nwnwgkarvil niggrMrMkikil enaH K = 0.50 . témørbs;
rbs; K sRmab;krNITaMTaMgenH nigkrNI
epSgeTotmanenAkñgtarag
gú tarag C_C2.1 enAkú ñg Commentary to the AISC Specification. enAkñúg
taragenaH eK[témørrbs; bs; K cMnnYnBI YnBIr³r³ mYyCatémø
yCatémøtamRTw
tamRTwsþsþ I nigmY
gmYyeTotCatémø
yeTotCatémøsRmab;
sRmab;karKNna
karKNna
rú gkarsgát;t; 81
81
T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
(recommended design value) EdlRtUv)anykmkeRbI

v)anykmkeRbIenAeBlEdleKmanlkç
enAeBlEdleKmanlkçxNÐ xNÐTRmesÞ
TRmesÞ Irl¥
rl¥\\tex©
tex©aH.
dUcenH luHRtaEtTRm fixed KWKWbbgágáb;b\tex© \; tex©aHeTIbtémøbtémøKNnaEdlmanlkç
KNnaEdlmanlkçN³snSMssMécCagRtU MécCagRtUv)anykmk
eRbI. EtcMNaM
NaMffaa témøtamRTw tamRTwssþ Iþ nigtémø
gtémøsRmab;
sRmab;karKNnamantémø
karKNnamantémødUdcKñ cU KñasRmab;lkçxNÐ (d)nig (f)
enAkñgú Commentary Table C-C2.1. mUlehtu lehtuKKWfaPaBEdlmi
WfaPaBEdlminGaceFVnGaceFV I)anrbs;TRmsnø
TRmsnøak; ak; μKankki
a nkkit
Edll¥\tex©
\tex©aH b¤rbs;TRm pinned )anbegát[mankarTb; tI [mankarTb;nnwwgkarvi
gkarvil nigeFV geFV I[témø
[témø K fycuH. H. dUcenHcenH
kareRbItémø
témøtamRTw
tamRTwsþskkñþI ñgú krNITaMgBIgBIrrKWKWmantémøttUc. Uc.
kareRbIRbEvgRbsi
RbEvgRbsiT§PaB PaB KL CMnnYYs[RbEvg
s[RbEvg L min)aneFV I[mankarpøas;bþb ÚrTM þrTMnak;TTMng
Mng Edl)an
erobrab;knø
knøgmkeT.
gmkeT. ExSekagersI u
ExSekagersI usþgssr s; sr (column strength curve) Edl)anbgðajenAkñ ú ajenAkñ úg rUbTI 4>6
minmankarpø
nmankarpøas;
as;bþb ÚreT
rþ eT ebIRKan;
RKan;EteFV
EteFV Ikarpø μaHG½kSGab;
karpøaas;s;b Úrþ eQ kSGab;ssmk
sI u uI mk KL enaH. Critical buckling
stress EdlRtUvKñanwgRbEvgEdl[
gRbEvgEdl[ eTaHCaRbEvgBittR)akd R)akd b¤RbEvgRbsi
RbEvgRbsiTT§PaBk¾§PaBk¾eday
eday k¾eQ
eQ μaHrbs;
aHrbs;vaelIvaelI
G½kkSGredaenenArkSadEdl.
SGredaenenArkSadEdl.
vkarrbs; AISC
4>3> tRmUvkarrbs; (AISC Requirements)
tRmUvkarCamUldæ
ldæansRmab;
ansRmab;Ggá
Ggátt;rgkarsgá
;rgkarsgát;t;RtUv)anerobrab;
v)anerobrab;enAkñ ú ú
nAkñg Chapter E of the AISC
Specification. TMnak;
nak;TTMngrvagbnÞ ú ú
MngrvagbnÞk niggersI u u
ersIssþþgg; ¬smI
; ¬smIkar @>#¦ manTRmg;
P ≤ φ P
u c n
=
Pu
Edl plbUkbnÞ ú
kbnÞ úkemKuN
Pn = nominal compressive strength = Ag F cr
F cr = critical buckling stress
φ c = emKuNNersI u
ersI usgg;þ sRmab;
;sRmab;Ggá
Ggátt;rgkarsgá
;rgkarsgátt;; = 0.85
CMns[kareRbI
sY [kareRbIsmI kar critical buckling stress F CaGnuKmn_
smIkar cr Kmn_éénn slenderness ration KL / r
specification eRbInU nUv slenderness parameter
KL F
λ =
c
r π E
y
(AISC Equation E2-4)
μanxñ
vaCa)a:rra:a:EEm:m:RtK
RtK anxñat ebIeTaHCasmI
eTaHCasmIkarmanlkç
karmanlkçN³smÖar³cUlrYmk¾ mk¾eday.
eday. sRmab;ssreGLasÞ
ssreGLasÞci
(elastic column)
F cr =
smIkar
kar=$>$1 GacRtU
π 2 E
F
v)ansresrCa
y
( LK / r )2 λ 2c
T.Chhay 82
viTüasß
bec©keTskm<
keTskm< úCa
edIm,IKKiitbBa¢ ÚllnUnUv\T§
v\T§ iBlrbs;
Blrbs;PaBmi
PaBminRtg;dMbUbgU (initial crookedness) smIkkarxagelI
arxagelIRtU
RtUvv)ankat;
)ankat;bnß
bnßy
dUccxageRkam
xageRkam
0.877
F =cr F y
λ c2
sRmab; inelastic
inelastic column EdleRbI tangent modulus equation ¬smIkar
kar $>^ b¦ RtUvv)anCM
)anCMnnYseday
Yseday
F = 0.658 F
λ 2c
cr y
Edl)anKitpgEdrnUv initial crookedness. dUccenHdM

enHdMeNaHRsayedaypÞal; al;GGacTTY
acTTYl)an edayeCos
vagnUv trial-and error approach EdlmanCab;CamY
CamYynw
ynwgkareRbIR)as;
R)as; tangent modulus equation.
RbsinebI eKyk λ = 1.5 CaRBMEdnrvagssreGLasÞ ic nigssrminEmne
nebIeKyk c EmneGLasÞ
GLasÞ ic enaH AISC equation
sRmab; critical buckling stressGacRtUv)ansegçbdU
bdUcxageRkam³
sRmab; λ ≤ 1.5 c
F = 0.658 F
λ 2c
cr y (AISC Equation E2-2)
sRmab; λ > 1.5 c

0.877
F = cr F y (AISC Equation E2-3)
λ c2
tRmUvkarTaM
vkarTaMgenHRtUv)anbgð
v)anbgðajCalkç
ajCalkçN³RkaPi
N³RkaPicenAkñ
cenAkñgú rUbTI 4>8
.
nig E2-3 RtUv)ansegçbBIsmI
AISC Equation E2-2 smIkkarcMarcMnnYYn 5 Edlman λ 5 lMdab; dab; c
(Galambos, 1988). smIk

karTaM
arTaMgenHQrelI
genHQrelIkarBi
karBiesaF nigRTw
gRTwssþ IEdlKi
þEdlKittbBa¢
bBa¢ ÚlnUv residual stress nig
initial out-of straightness μ L / 1500 L
es Inwg / Edl CaRbEvgGgát;t.;
rú gkarsgát;t; 83
83
T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
esñ InvvpleFobPaBrlas;
AISC U pleFobPaBrlas;GGtitibrma
brma (maximum slenderness ration) KL / r es μ Innwwg
200 sRmab;Ggát;
trgkarsgá
r; gkarsgát;t;. eTaHbICamankarkMNt;
Nt;EtmY
EtmYyk¾
yk¾eday EtenAkñgkarGnu
úgkarGnuvvtþtþnn__eKGacyk
eKGacyk
pleFobkMNt;FFMMCagenH edaysarssrEdlmanlkçN³RsavCag nigmanersI manersI u usþsgþg;tUt; cU ehIyvanwgmi
gmin
manlkçN³esdæ
N³esdækikicc©©.
]TahrN_4>2³
4 >2³ kMNt;
N t;eersI
rsI ussþ g;þg;sgátKNnarbs;
;K Nnarbs; W 360 ×1.08 EdlmanRbEvg 6m nigmanTRm pinned .
eRbIEdk
A36 .
dM e NaHRsay³
NaHRsay³ Slenderness ratio³
1.0(6000)
b rmarbs; KLr = KL
témøGti
Gtibrmarbs; r
=
63
= 95.24 < 200 (OK)
y
KL F y 95.24 250

λ c =
r π E
=
π 200000
= 1.072
sRmab; λ < 1.5
c
λ 2 1.072 2

F cr = (0.658 ) c F y = (0.658 ) (250) = 154.5 MPa

Pn = Ag F cr = 14100 × 154.5 × 10− = 2177kN 3

φ c Pn = 0.85 × 2177 = 1850kN
cemø y ³
³ ersI usþ
s gþg;;sgát;KNna
K Nna (design compressive strength) = 1850kN .
r < r x
enAkñ ú úg]TahrN_
enAkñ g]TahrN_ 4>2/
4>2/ eday y x
enaHvanwggmanersI u u
manersIssþg;þg;FCagtamTi
MCagtamTis . EdkTIbRCugmu
gmux
katkaer CamuxkatEdlmanRbs
katkaer xkatEdlmanRbsT§T§PaBCageKsRmabGgá
PaBCageKsRmabGgátrgkarsgát edaysar r = r enaHers enaHers u ussþþg
y x
rbs;vanw μ IKaTaM
vanwges
ges añ TaMggBIBIrrTiTiss.. eBlxøHEdkTI HEdkTIbmU
bmUlRbehagk¾
lRbehagk¾RtU RtUv)aneRbI
v)aneRbICaGgát;tegkarsgá
e; gkarsgát;sRmab;mU l
ehtudUcKñ
cKña.
rUbragénkar)ak;Edl)anBi Edl)anBicarNayU
carNayUrmkehI
rmkehIyKWyKWsedAeTAelI
eM dAeTAelIkkarekagedaykarBt;
arekagedaykarBt; (flexural
buckling) dUcGgát; trgkarBt;
r; gkarBt; enAeBlEdlvaK μanesß
anesßrrPaB.
PaB. sRmab;muxkat;xHø Ggátt;;nwg)ak;
g)ak;eedayrmY
dayrmYl
(twisting) KWekagedayrmY
ekagedayrmYl (torsional buckling) b¤edaybnSM edaybnSMéénn twisting nig bending (flexural-
torsional buckling). eyIg gnwnwgBi
gBiccarNavaenAkñ ú
arNavaenAkñ úgEpñkTI
kTI 4>6.
T.Chhay 84
viTüasß
bec©keTskm<
keTskm< úCa
sirPaBedaytMbn; Local Stability
ersIussþþgg;EdlRtU
E; dlRtUvvKñKñanwanwg buckling mode minGacnw nGacnwgekIteLI teLIg)aneT
g)aneT RbsinebIEpñkrbs; krbs;mmuxkat;
uxkat;
manlkçN³esþN³esþ IggeBkEdlnw
eBkEdlnwgekI gekItman local buckling. GesßrPaBRbePTenHKWCakarekagedaytMbn; b¤
wrinkle enAtMbn; bn;eepSg²Kñ
pSg²Kña. a. RbsinebI nebIvaekIteLI teLIg muxxkat; kat; μKK anRbsi
a nRbsiTT§§PPaBeBj)anyU
aBeBj)anyUr hIyGgát;ng)ak; wg)ak;.
muxkat;
xkat;rUrbragGkSr
bU ragGkSr I nig H Edlmansøab ab b¤RTnugesþ Ignwggayrg)atugayrg)atuPtenH tU enH ehIyeKKYrEteCogvagkñ ú
EteCogvagkñ úg
kareRbIR)as;va. va. RbsinebI nebImimindUecñecñaaHeT
HeT ersIsþusþgsgá ;sgát;Edl[eday AISC Equation E2-2 nig E2-3
RtUvEtkat;
vEtkat;bnß bnßy
y.. karvas;EvgnU EvgnUvvPaBgayrgnU
PaBgayrgnUv)atu v)atuPtenHKW
tU enHKWKNnapleFobTTw
KNnapleFobTTwgelI gelIkRmas; (width-
thickness ratio) rbs;Epñ Epñkénmuxxkat; kat;nmmYI y².
Yy². EpñkBI kBIrRbePTRtU
rRbePTRtUv)anBi v)anBicarNa
carNa ³ unstiffened element
EdlRCugmY
gmYytambeNþ
ytambeNþayTi ayTisedAbnÞ ú
sedAbnÞ úkminRtU nRtUv)an support, nig stiffened element EdlRCugTaMg
sgçagrbs;
agrbs;vaRtUv)an v)an support.
témøkkMNt;
MNt;rbs; width-thickness ratio RtUv)an[enAkñ ú )an[enAkñ úg AISC B5, “Local Buckling” Edl
rUbbragrbs;
ragrbs;muxkat;RtU v)ancat;
v)ancat;cMcNat; N
M at;ffññaak;k;Ca
Ca compact, noncompact b¤ slender GaRs½yeTAtamtémø yeTAtamtémø
rbs;pleFob.
pleFob. sRmab;Epñkkrgkarsgá rgkarsgátt;es ;e μs I dUccCaGgá
CaGgátrgkmø
r; gkmøagsgá
gM sgát;tamG½kS kS ersI u u
ersIsþsg;gþ ;RtUv)ankat;
v)ankat;bnßy
RbsinebI
nebIrUbbragman
ragman slender element. Width-thickness ratio RtUv)an[eQ v)an[eQ μaHsM
aHsMKal;CCaTU aTU eTAfa
eTAfa λ .
GaRs½yeTAnw
yeTAnwgEpñkrbs; krbs;mmuxkat;
uxkat; λ GacCapleFob b / t b¤ h / t EdlnwggRtU w RtUv)anbgð
v)anbgðajenA ajenA TIenH.
enH.
RbsinebI
nebI λ FMCagtémøkkMNt; MNt; λ rUbragKW
r bragKW slender ehIy yeKrkvi
eKrkviFIFedI
eI dImm,I,IkkarBar
arBar local buckling.
¬sRmab;rUrUbrag compact nig uncompact nwggRtU RtUvykmkni
vykmkniyaykñ ú aykñ úgCMBBUkTI
UkTI55¦¦ sRmab;rbragGkSr UbragGkSr I nig
H søaabrbs;
brbs;vaRtUv)ancat;v)ancat;TukCa unstiffened element ehIyTTwgrbs;søabGacRtUv)anKittEtBak; EtBak;
kNþal.
edayeRbI AISC notation eyIg)an³ g)an³
b b /2 b
λ = =
t
f
t
=
2t
f

f f
Edl b nig t CaTTwg nigkRmas;
f gkRmas;rbs;
f rbs;søab. lImmItx<
Itx<ss;;KW
250
λ = r
f

y
RTnugrbs;
grbs;rUbragGkSr
bragGkSr I nig H Ca stiffened element ehIy stiffened width KWCacm¶
Cacm¶aycenø
aycenøaH root
rbs;søab. Width-thickness parameter KW KW
rú gkarsgát;t; 85
85
T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
h
λ =
t w

Edl h Cacm¶aycenø
aycenøaHaH root rbs;ssøab
øab ehIy t CaTTwgsøab. lImmItx<
Itx<s;bMpuputKW
w
λ = 665
r
f y
témørbs;
rbs;pleFob
pleFob b f / 2t f nig h / t RtUv)anerobcM
w v)anerobcMdak;enAkñ ú úg dimension and properties tables in
Part 1 of the manual .
nig unstiffened element rbs;rrUbragmu
Stiffened element Ubragmuxxkat;
kat;CaeRcI
CaeRcInnRtU
RtUv)anbgð
ajenAkñg
rUbTI
bTI 4>9.
EdnkMNt; λ Edl)anmkBI AISC B5 RtUv)an[sRmab;
r v)an[sRmab;krNI
krNInmmYI y².
Yy².
T.Chhay 86
viTüasß
bec©keTskm<
keTskm< úCa
]TahrN_ 4>3³
4>3³ Gegátt;ssrenAkñ
;s srenAkñ úg]TahrN_
g]TahrN_ 4>2
4>2 sRmab; local buckling.
dM eNaHRsay³
e NaHRsay³ sRmab; W 360 × 1.08 / /
b f = 256mm t f = 19.9mm / nig
b f 256
2t
=
2 × 19.9
= 6.43
f
témøén b f k¾RtU
v)andak;enAkñ
/ 2t f e nAkñgú properties table.
250
= 15.8 > 6.43 (OK)
250
h
t w
= 25.3 ¬BI properties

properties table¦
665 665
f y
=
250
= 42 > 25.3 (OK)
cemø y ³ Local
Local instability minmanbBaða.
a.
width-thickness ration
Ggát;teKk¾
b: u ub:EEnþnþGgá Gnu
GnuBBaØaØaat[eRbI
E;EbbenaHmi
bbenaHmi t[eRbI rrUbragmu
Ubragmu
nRtUv)anGnu
v)anGnu axkat;
xt[RTbnÞ
kat;Edlmi
EdlmikF¶
BaØat[RTbnÞ kú F¶nbM
nbMn;²eeBjtRmU
BjtRmU vvkar
karxkat;
dUcrUbragmu
bragmu xkat;EdlbM xNÐeT. pgEdr
EdlbMeeBjlkç
BjlkçxNÐ gvijk¾
müa:gvi
eTot design strength k¾GacRtU GacRtUv)ankat;bnßyedaysarEt local buckling. dMeeNI NIrkarTU
rkarTUeTAkñ
eTAkñggkar
ú kar
GegátmandU tmandUcxageRkam.
- RbsinebI width-thickness ration λ eyagtam FMCag

Cag λ r Appendix B of the
Specification nigKNnaemKu
gKNnaemKuNkat;
Nkat;bnß
bnßy (reduction factor) Q .
μta³
- KNna λ dUcFm
cFm ta³ λ = KL
c
F
r π E
c
y
2
Qλ c ≤ 1.5 F cr = Q⎛ ⎟ F y
Qλ c ⎞
- RbsinebI / ⎝ ⎠
⎜ 0.658 (AISC Eq. A-B5-15)
⎡ ⎤
- RbsinebI Qλ c > 1.5 / F cr = ⎢ 0.877
2
⎥ F y (AISC Eq. A-B5-16)
⎣⎢ λ c ⎦⎥
- Design strength KW φ c Pn = 0.85 Ag F cr
kñ ú úkñggkrNI
krNICaeRcI
CaeRcInneKGacrk
eKGacrk rolled shape EdlbMeBjtRmUvkar
vkar width-thickness ratio dUccenHeK
enHeK
mincaM
ncaM)ac;
)ac;eFV
eFV InvvdM U dMeNI
eNIrénkarKNnaenHeT. enAkñ ú ú
enAkñgesovePAenH
gesovePAenH eyIgBicarNaEtGgát;trgkarsgá
r; gkarsgátt;;Edlman
< λ r bueeNÑ
λ < : NÑaaH.
H.
rú gkarsgát;t; 87
87
T.Chhay

mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
taragsRmab;Ggátt;;rgkarsgá
rgkarsgátt;; Tables for Compression Members
Manual mantaragEdlmanRbeyaCn_CaeRcInnsRmab; sRmab;karviPaK niggkarKNna.

karKNna. sRmab;Ggát;tr;rgg
karsgát;tEEdl
; dl strength rbs;valu valubeday
beday flexural buckling ¬RbePTEdl)anBicarNaknøggmk¦/ mk¦/ tarag
3-36, 3-50 nig 4 enAkñ
enAkñ ú úg Numerical Value section rbs; Specification nig column load table
enAkñgú part 3 rbs; Manual, “Column Design,” manRbeyaCn_CageK. tarag 3-36 [nUvtémø vtémø
φ c F cr CaGnuKmn_én KL / r sRmab; F y = 36ksi = 250 MPa . tarag 3-50 sRmab; F = 50ksi y
= 350 MPa nig tarag 4 [ φ c F cr / F y CaGnuK Kmn_

mn_én λ c . ¬RKb; Manual table TaMgGs; gGs;sRmab;
sRmab;
F y = 50ksi = 350 MPa xusBI sBItaragsRmab;
taragsRmab; F y = 36ksi = 250 MPa edaykarpat;BBN’ N’RbepH¦.
RbepH¦.
Column load table [ design strength rbs;rUrUbragEdleRCIserIssRmab; témø témøRbEvgRbsi
RbEvgRbsiTT§PaB§PaB
(effective length) CaeRcIn. n. tarag 3-36 nig 3-50 bBa©bedaylI
;edaylImmItx<
Itx<s;bMbppuM ut KL / r = 200 ehIy
column load table rYm bBa© Últémø KL EdlRtUvKñanwg KL / r = 200 . kareRbIR)as;nUnUvtarag
nImYy²RtUvv)anbgð
)anbgðajenA
ajenA kñ ú úkñg]TahrN_
g]TahrN_xageRkam.
]TahrN_ 4>4³
4>4³ KNna design strength rbs;Ggát;rgkarsgátt;rbs;
;r bs; W 14 × 74 EdlmanRbEvg 20 ft
nigmanTRm pinned renAcu
renAcuggsgç
sgçag edayeRbI ¬!¦
Table 3-36 ¬@¦
¬@¦ Table 4 nig ¬#¦ column load
table . eRbIEdk A36 .
dM e NaHRsay³
Slenderness ratio:
1.0(20 ×12)
b rma KLr = KL
témøGti
Gtibrma r
=
2.48
= 96.77 < 200 (OK)
y
KL F
y 96.77 36
λ c = = = 1.085
r π E π 29000
¬!¦ sRmab; / eyIgeRbI
F y = 36ksi .
.
Table 3-36
rbs; φ c F cr RtUv)an[sRmab;

témørbs; v)an[sRmab;témø
t émø KL / r Kt;/ sRmab;témø
t émø KL / r TsSPaK eyIgGaceFV I
gGaceFV
IkarrM kki il
ex,óseLIg (rounded up) b¤eFV IFV I linear interpolation. enAkñ úgesovePAenHeyI
gesovePAenHeyIgnw
geRbI
linear
interpolation sRmab;RKb;taragTaMgGs;elI e lIkElgEtmankarbgðajR)ab;
ajR)ab;. sRmab; KL / r = 96.77
φ c F cr = 18.69ksi
φ c Pn = φ c Ag F cr

= Ag (φ c F cr ) = 21 .8(18.69) = 407kips
T.Chhay 88

viTüasß
bec©keTskm<
keTskm< úCa
¬@¦ BI Table 4 sRmab; λ c = 1.085 eyIg)an

F
φ c cr = 0.519
F y
⎛ F cr ⎞⎟
φ c Pn = A g ⎜ φ c F y = 21.8(0.519
)(36) = 407kips
⎜ F y ⎠⎟
⎝
¬#¦ Column load table in Part 3 of the Manual [ design strength sRmab;mmu xkat; uxkat;rUr Ubrag W, HP,
pipe, tube, double-angle, WT nigg single-angle
single-angle. témøeenAkñ
nAkñggtaragsRmab;
ú taragsRmab;rrU bragsI
UbragsI ue mRTI (W, HP,
pipe nig
tube)RtUv)anKNnaedayeRbI
v)anKNnaedayeRbI radius of gyrationsRmab;rrU bragnIUbragnImY y².
y². sRmab;]TahrN_
enH k = 1.0 dUcenH
cenH
) = 20 ft
KL = 1.0(20
sRmab; W 14 × 74 / Edk A36 nig KL = 20 ft eyIgTTY l)an

l)an
φ c Pn = 407kips .
Table 3-36, 3-50 4 flexural buckling AISC Equation E2-
2
témø.Edl)anBI
nig E2-3 g KW μQtt; ; relI
dUcenH local stability RtU niv)ansn ehI y width-thickness nigratio nwgmi
gminFMCagtémø
kMN
Nt;t;eLIy.
y. Design strength enAkñ ú
enAkñ úg column load table )anKitbBa¢ tbBa¢ ÚlenAkarkat;
lenAkarkat;bnßbnßycaM)ac;
)ac;
enAeBlEdl width-thickness ratio FMCagtémøkkMMNt; Nt;.
4>4> karKNnamuxkat; (Design)
kareRCIserIsnU
snUv rolled shape EdlmanlkçN³esdæ
N³esdækikic© edImm,I,ITb;
Tb;ngbnÞ ú
gw bnÞ úksgát;tEdl[man
E; dl[man
lkçN³samBaØCamYynw ynwgkareRbI
gkareRbIR)as;
R)as; column load tables. emIltaragCamYynwg effective length
ehIy
yrMrMklltamTi
i tamTisedk
sedk rhUtdl;
tdl;eyI
eyIgrkeXI
grkeXIjnUv design strength EdleyIgcg;)an ¬b¤mantémøFMFCag CM ag
bnþ icbnþ Ücc¦.
¦. kñkñ ú úgkrNI
gkrNIxxøHø eyIgRtU
gRtUvbnþ
vbnþrkrhU
rkrhUtdl; tdl;eyI
eyIgGacrk)anrUbragEdlmanTm¶
bragEdlmanTm¶nn;RsalCageK.
;RsalCageK. CaTU
eTArUbrag
brag (W, WT, etc) RtUv)aneKeFV v)aneKeFV IkkarsM
arsMercmu
ercmuneK.
neK. CaerOy² TMhhMM niggrUrUbragrbs;
bragrbs;mmuuxkat;
xkat;
RtUv)andw
v)andwgmu gmun edaytRmUvkarsßabtükm abtükm μ ni nigtRmUvkardéTeTot.
vkardéTeTot. dUcEdl)anbgðaajBI jBIxxagedI
agedIm RKb;témø témø
EdlmanenAkñgtaragRtU
gú taragRtUvvKñKñanwanwg slenderness ratio tUccCagb¤ μs Ingw 200 . rUbragGt;
Cagb¤ees bragGt;sI u usemRTI
IemRTI
(structural tees and the single and double-angles) RtUvvkarnU karnUvkarBi
vkarBicarNaBicarNaBiessEdlnw
essEdlnwgmanbk
rú gkarsgát;t; 89
89 T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
RsayenAkñ ú úgEpñk 4>6.
RsayenAkñ
]TahrN_ 4>5³ 4>5³ Ggát;rgkarsgátt;RTnU
;R TnUv service dead load 165kips = 734kN nig service live load
535kips = 2380kN . Ggát t;enHmanRbEvg
;e nHmanRbEvg 26 ft = 7925mm ehIymanTRm
pinned sgçag.
ag. eRbIEdk

A36 niggerI
erIsrUbrag
brag W 14 .
dM e NaHRsay³
NaHRsay³ KNnabnÞ úkemKu
kemKuN (factored load)³
Pu = 1.2 × 165 + 1.6 × 535 = 1054kips
b¤ 4689kN
dUccenH
enH required design strength φ c Pn = 1054kips
BI column load table sRmab; KL = 26 ft / W 14 × 176 man design strength φ c Pn = 1150kips
cemø y ³
³ eRbI W 14 × 176 .
]TahrN_ 4>6³
4>6³ eRCIserI
srUbrag
brag W EdlmanTm¶nRsalCageKbM
R; salCageKbMppu tEdlGacRTbnÞ
utEdlGacRTbnÞ úksgátt;emKu
;e mKuN
= 845kN . RbEvgRbsiTPaBKW
Pu = 190kips §PaBKW 24 ft = 7315m . eRbIEdk
ASTM A572 Grade
Grade 50.
dM e NaHRsay³
NaHRsay³ viF
FI Id¾ smrmüenATIenHKW
dM bUggeyI
eyIgerI
srUbragEdlRsalCageKenAkñ
bragEdlRsalCageKenAkñgú nominal size nI
mYy²
y² ehIybnÞab;mkeTI
mkeTIberI
srU
bbragEdlRsalCageKelI
ragEdlRsalCageKelIrU bragTaM
bragTaMgGs;
g Gs;. CeRmIsmandU
cxageRkam³
cxageRkam³
W 6 ³ μK anrU
W 4 / W 5 nig anrUbragNamY
bragNamYyenAkñ
yenAkñ úgtaragEdlGacyk)an
gtaragEdlGacyk)an
W 8 ³ W 8 × 58 / φ c Pn = 194kips
W 10 ³ W 10 × 49 / φ c Pn = 239kips
W 12 ³ W 12 × 53 / φ c Pn = 247kips
W 14 ³ W 14 × 61 / φ c Pn = 276kips
cMN
NaM
aMfa load capacity minsmamaRtnwgTm¶ n;n;eT ¬b¤RkLaépÞmxkat; uxkat;eT¦. eTaHbICa W 8 × 58 man
design strength tUcCageKkñ úgcMeeNamCeRmI
NamCeRmIsTaM
gbY
g bYn EtvamanTm¶n;n;F¶n;CageKbnÞ
CageKbnÞab;
ab; W 14 × 61 .
×
cemø y ³
³ eRbI W 10 49 . μanenAkñ ú
sRmab;rUbragEdlK anenAkñ úg column load table, eKRtUvveRbI eRbI trial-and-error approach.
dMeNIrrkarTU s μntt;rrU; brag
karTUeTAKWsn Ubrag bnÞaab;b;mkKNna
mkKNna design strength rbs;va. va. RbsinebI
nebIersIusþsþgtU;tcUceBk
eBk
μansu
¬K ansuvtß iPaB¦ b¤FMFeBk
eM Bk ¬K μanlkç
anlkçN³esd©
N³esd©kc©ci ¦© eKRtUveFV
veFV Ikarsakl,gepSgeTot. viFIFIsaRsþkgkareFV
gñ ú úñ kareFV I
trial selection mandUcxageRkam³
T.Chhay 90
viTüasß
bec©keTskm<
keTskm< úCa
!> sn μtt;témø
;témøsRmab; critical buckling stress F cr . karBintü itü AISC equation E2-2 nig E2-
3 bgðajfatémø
ajfatémø F cr GtibrmatamRTw
brmatamRTwsCa
CþI a yield stress F y .
@> BItRmU
tRmUvvkarKW
karKW φ c Pn ≥ Pu / yk
φ c Ag F cr ≥ Pu enaH Ag ≥ φ PF u
c cr
#> eRCIserI
serIsrU
srUbragEdlRtUvvKñKñanwanwgRkLaépÞcaM
caM)ac;.
F cr φ c Pn sRmab;rrUbragsakl,g.
$>%> eFV
KNna
IkarEktRmUveLI ni
g jRbsinebIcaMcUbaMragsakl,g.
veLIggvivijRbsi )ac;. RbsinebI design strength mantémøEk,rtémøRtU RtUvkar
vkar
TMhhMMEEdlmanenAkñ ú
dlmanenAkñ úgtaragbnÞab;b;GacRtUv)ansakl,g.
v)ansakl,g. RbsinebI nebImmiinndUdUecñ
ecñaHeT
aHeT eFV IkarKNna
karKNna
eLIgvi
gvijTaMgRsu
gRsug. témø F cr EdlrkeXIjjsRmab;
g. eRbItémø sRmab;témø
témøsakl,gCatémø
sakl,gCatémøsRmab; sRmab;CCMhan
Mhan
TI !>.
!>.
^> RtYtBitBininitü local stability ¬RtYttBiBinniitü tü width-thickness ration). EktRmUvveLI eLIgvijRbsi
jRbsin
ebIcaM
caM)ac;.
]TahrN_ 4>7³ eRCIserI
srUbrag
brag W 460 rbs;Edk
E dk A36 EdlGacRTbnÞ úkemKuN (factored load)
4688kN . RbEvgRbsiTPaBKW
§PaBKW 7925mm .
dM eNaHRsay³
e NaHRsay³ sakl,g F cr = 165.5kN ¬BIrPaKbI
én F y ¦³
Pu 4688 ⋅103
Required Ag = = = 33.325 ⋅10 −3 m 2
φ c F cr 0.85 ×165.5
sakl,g W 460 × 2.8

Ag = 36.39 ⋅ 10 −3 m 2 > 33.325 ⋅ 10 −3 m 2
KL
r min
=
7925
70.9
= 111.8 < 200 (OK)
KL F y 111.8 250
λ c =
r π E
=
π 200000
= 1.258 < 1.5
eRbI AISC
AISC Equation E2-2
⎛ λ c2 ⎞ (1.258)2 (250) = 128.9 MPa
F cr = ⎜ 0.658

⎟ F y = (0.658)
⎝ ⎠
φ c Pn = 0.85 Ag F cr = 0 .85 × 36.39 ⋅10 −3 ×128.9 ⋅103 = 3987kN < 4688kN (N.G)
rú gkarsgát;t; 91
91
T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
sakl,g ¬témøEdleTI
F cr = 128.9 MPa EdleTIbnw
g)anBI
karKNnasRmab;
W 460 × 2.8 ¦
Pu 4688 ⋅ 103
Required Ag = = = 42.787 ⋅10 − 3 m 2
φ F 0.85 × 128.9
c cr
sakl,g W 460 × 3.41

Ag = 44.39 ⋅10 −3 m 2 > 42.787 ⋅10 −3 m 2
KL 7925
r min
=
72.4
= 109.5 < 200 (OK)
KL F y 109.5 250
λ c = r π E = π 200000 = 1.232 < 1.5
eRbI AISC
Equation E2-2
AISC
⎛ λ c2 ⎞ (1.232)2 (250) = 132.45 MPa
F cr = ⎜ 0.658

⎟ F y = (0.658)
⎝ ⎠
φ c Pn = 0.85 Ag F cr = 0 .85 × 44.39 ⋅10 −3 ×132.45 ⋅103 = 4997.5kN > 4688kN (O.K)
edaysarrUbragenHmi
bragenHminmanenAkñ
n manenAkñgú column load table dUcenHeKRtUvkarRtY
vkarRtYtBi
tBintü
ti ü width-thickness
ration
b f 250
2t f
= 2 .8 <
250
= 15.8 (O.K)
h 665
= 13.8 < = 42.2 (O.K)
t w 250
cemø y ³
³ eRbIEdk
W 460 × 3.41
RbsinebI
nebIeKeRbI sakl,grbs; φ c F cr manlkçN
eKeRbI table 3-36 b¤ table 3-50 témøsakl,grbs; N³gayRsY
³gayRsYlkñ
lkñgú
kareRbIenAkñ
enAkñggsmI
ú smIkar
kar
Pu
Required Ag =
φ F

c cr
4>5> esckþbEnßmsRmabRbEvgRbsi
sRmabRbEvgRbsiT§T§PaB
PaB (More on Effective Length)
enAkñ úgEpñk 4>2 “column theory” )anENnaMBBIRbEvgRbsi

enAkñ ú IRbEvgRbsiTT§PaB.
§PaB. RKb;gGá
gGát;trrgkarsgá
; gkarsgát;TaM
TaMg
RtUv)anKi
v)anKitCaTRm
tCaTRm pinned edaymi
edayminKitBI
tBIllkçkçxNÐ
xNÐcucgTRmBi
gu TRmBitR)akd EdlnegeFVI[ [RbEvgRbsi
RbEvgRbsiTT§§PaB
PaB KL
mantémøxxusBI
usBIRbEvgBi
RbEvgBitR)akd.
tR)akd. CamYynw ynwgkarEkERbenH load capacity rbs;Ggá Ggát;trrgkarsgá
; gkarsgát;tCa
C; a
GnuKmn_
Kmn_Etnw
Etnwg slenderness parameter λ c . enAeBlEdleKsÁal; al;lkçN³rbs;smÖ
smÖar³ vaCaGnuKmn_
Kmn_eTA
T.Chhay 92
viTüasß
bec©keTskm<
keTskm< úCa
nwg slenderness ration KL .

epSgKñaenAelIRbsinebI
aenAelI nGG½ebIkSTaM
½kGgá
GSTaMgátt;gBI
grgkarsgá
;rBIgkarsgá
r. enAkñt;túg;mrUanTRmepSgKñ
r. bTI 4>10 W aenAelI
bTI G½G½kSemrbs;vava CenaHvanw
-shape RtUv)aneRbICassrassr gehImanRbEvgRbsi
yenAEpñ
yenAEpñkxagelI TT§§PPaB
kxagelI aBvvaa
RtUv)anBRgw
v)anBRgwgedayGgátt;;eedkenAelI dkenAelITTisTaM isTaMgBI
gBIrEdlEkgKñ
rEdlEkgKña. GgátTaM ;TaMgenHkarBarkarrMkiklrbs;
li rbs;sssrRKb;srRKb;
TissedA
edA EtkarlMGGitrbs; itrbs;ssrmissrminRtUv)anbgðajEdlGnu ajEdlGnuBBaØaØat[karvi
at[karviltiltictY
ctYccekI
ekIttman.
man. eRkamlkç-
xNÐenH GgátGacnw ;GacnwgRtU gRtUv)anKi
v)anKitCaTRm
tCaTRm pinned enAEpñkxagelI kxagelI. sRmab;mmUlehtu UlehtudUdccKñ
U Kña tMNedIm,I
RTTRmenAxageRkamk¾GGacKi acKittCatM
CatMN pinned Edr. Edr. CaTUeTAeTA eKBi)aknw
)aknwgTTY
gTTYl lkçxxNÐ NÐ rigid b¤ fixed
Nas; luHHRtaEteKdak;
RtaEteKdak;lkç lkçxNÐ
xNÐBiess.
ess. tMNFm NFm μtata CaTUeTAxi
eTAxiteTArktM
teTArktMN hinge b¤ pinned
pinned . . enARtg;
Bak;kNþalkm<s;s;ssrRtUv)anBRgw v)anBRgwgEttamTi
gEttamTismYsmYy.
y. tMNkarBarEtkarrM
NkarBarEtkarrMkikli EtvaminTb; nTb;karvi
karvileT.leT. kar
BRgwgenHkarBarkarrM
genHkarBarkarrMkltamG½ li tamG½kSexSayrbs;mmuuxkat; b:b: u uEnþ Enþmn)anTb;
ni )anTb;karrMkikilTi
lTisxøaMaMgeT. dUc)anbgð c)anbgðaj aj
enAkñ ú úgrUbbTITI 4>10 RbsinebI
enAkñ nebIGgá
Ggátt;ekagtamG½
;ekagtamG½kSxø
kSxøaMaMg RbEvgRbsiTPaBrbs;
§PaBrbs;vaKW
vaKW 7.9m b: u ub:EEnþnþkarekagtam
karekagtam
TissexSayGacekagkñ ú
exSayGacekagkñ úgrUbrag rag second buckling mode RtUvKñanwanwgRbEvgRbsiTT§PaB §PaB 3.95m . eday
rú gkarsgát;t; 93
93 T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
sarersI u usþgrbs;
sarersI r; bs;vaRcassmamaRteTAnw
vaRcassmamaRteTAnwgkaerén
gkaerén slenderness ratio ssrnwgekagkñ
gekagkñgTigú TissedA
edA Edlman
slenderness ration FMCageK dUcenHeKRtU veRbobeFob K x L / r x CamYynw
cenHeKRtUveRbobeFob ynwg K y L / r y . enAkñ ú ú
enAkñgrUbTI
bTI
4>10 pleFob
pleFob 7900 / r x RtUv)aneRbobeFobCamY
v)aneRbobeFobCamYynwg 3950 / r y ¬Edl r x nig r y KitCa
tCa mm ¦ ehIy
pleFobEdlmantémøFMFCMCageKRtU
ageKRtUv)aneRbI
v)aneRbIsRmab;
sRmab;kMkMNt; nominal axial compressive strength Pn .
]TahrN_ 4 >8³
>8³ Edk W 300 × 0.95 manRbEvg 7.2m RtUvv)anRTedayTRm )anRTedayTRm pinned sgçaagg
ehIyTb;tamTi
t amTis exSayRtg;cMc N
Nu
M cmY
ucmYyPaKbI
yPaKbI dUcbgð
cbgðajkñ
ajkñ úgg rrU bTI
bU TI 4>11.
4>11. eRbIEdk
A36 kMNt;
N
t; design
compressive strength .
dM e NaHRsay³
K x L 7200
r
=
134.1
= 53.7
x
K y L 2400
r y
=
76.7
= 31.3
K x L / r
x mantémøFCag
FCag dUcenHvamanlkçN³lub.
b. B table 3-36 CamYyng
CamYyng KL / r = 53.7
φ c F cr = 26.29ksi = 26 .29 × 6.895 = 181.3 MPa

φ c Pn = Ag (φ c F cr ) = 12.32 ⋅ 103 × 181.3 ⋅ 10 −3 = 2233.6kN
cemø y ³
³ Design
Design strength = 2233.6 kN
T.Chhay 94
viTüasß
bec©keTskm<
keTskm< úCa
Design strength Edl[enAkñg column load table KWQrelI

Edl[enAkñ ú ú QrelIRbEvgRbsiTT§PaBtamG½
§PaBtamG½kSkS y .
dMeeNI
NIrrkarsRmab;
karsRmab;eRbI
eRbIRR)as;
)as;taragenHCamYynwg K x L GaceFV IeTA)anedaydwgBI
gBIedI
edImehtu
mehtuEdleKTTYl)an
témøenAkñ
enAkñgtaragenH.
gú taragenH. edaycab;epþepþ ImCamY
mCamYynwgtémø
gtémø KL eKnwgTTY l)an φ c Pn edaydMeeNI
gTTYl)an NIrkarRsedog
rkarRsedog
KñanwgdMeNI
eNIrkarxageRkam³
rkarxageRkam³
- KL RtUv)anEckeday
v)anEckeday r y edIm,ITTY
TTYll)an)an KL / r y .
F y
- KNna slenderness parameter λ c = r KLπ E

y
- KNna F cr
- KNna design strength φ c Pn = 0.85 Ag F cr
dUccenHersI u u
enHersIsþsg;gþ ;Edl)anerobCataragKWQrelI
QrelItémørbs; μ Innwwg
rbs; KL Edles K y L . RbsinebIlT§PaBRT
PaBRT
RTg;eFobnwgTi gTisedA x eKGaceRbItaragedayCM
taragedayCMnsY
K L
KL = x
r / r
x y
enaHbnÞ ú úkEdlenAkñ ú ú
enaHbnÞ EdlenAkñgtaragnw
gtaragnwgQrelI
gQrelI
KL K x L /( r
x / r
y ) K x L
r
=
r
=
r

y y x
pleFob r x Rtv)an[enAkñ

Rtv)an[enAkñ g column load table sRmab;rbragnImy².
r
y
]TahrN_ 4>9³ Ggátt;rgkarsgá

;r gkarsgát;dUcbgð
cbgðajenAkñ
ajenAkñ úgg rrU bTI
bU TI 4>12
4>12 manTRm pinned sgçagehI
agehIyenA

RtUv)anTb;
v)anTb;tamTi t amTisenABak;kNþ k Nþalkm<
alkm<ss;ssr.
;s sr. Service load KW 400Kips EdlbnÞkefr
úkefr nigbnÞ
g bnÞkGefr
kú Gefr
mantémøe μs IKa. añ . eRCIserI
s W-Shape EdlmanTm¶nn;RsalCageK.
R; salCageK.
dM eNaHRsay³
e NaHRsay³ Factored load = Pu = 1.2 × 200 + 1.6 × 200 = 560kips
edaysn μt;tffaTi
; aTisedAexSaylu
s edAexSaylub ehIyBinni itüemIlkñ úg column load table CamYynwg KL = 9 feet .
cab;eepþ I
pþ ImCamY
ynwgrU bragtU
bragtUcCageK
cCageK dMbUb UgeyIgrk)anrUbrag brag W 10 × 77 CamYynw
ynwg design strength
632kips .
RtYtBi
tBinin ittüG½
üG½kSxø
k SxøagM
K x L 18
= = 10.40 ft > 9 ft
x r / r
y 1.73
rú gkarsgát;t; 95
95
T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
manlkçN³lu
K x L N³lubsRmab;rrU bragenH
UbragenH
emIltaragCamY
y KL = 10.4 feet . W 10 × 77 enAEtCarUbragRsalCageKsRmab; W 10 CamYynwg
design strength 612kips ¬eRkayeBleFV I interpolation¦.
bnþGGegá
egáttelI
elI W 12 × 72 ³
K x L 18
= = 10.3 ft > 9 ft
r / r 1.75
x y
K x L enAEtlub ehIyman design strength 592kips .

kMNt;rUr bragEdkRsalCageKsRmab;
bU ragEdkRsalCageKsRmab; W 14 . rUbragEdlRsalCageKKW
bragEdlRsalCageKKW W 14 × 74 EtvaF¶nCagrU
C; agrUbrag
Edl)anrkBIelI kmu
nn..
cemø y ³ ³ eRbIEdk
W 12 × 72
RKb;eBlTaM
eBlTaMgGs;
gGs;EdlGaceFV
EdlGaceFV IeTA)an eTA)an GñkKNnaKY
kKNnaKYrEtbEnß
rEtbEnßmTRmsRmab;
mTRmsRmab;TTisedAexSayrbs;
isedAexSayrbs;sssr.
sr.
RbsinebI nebImmindU
indUcenaHeT
cenaHeT Ggátt;;nnwgK wg μK anRbsi
anRbsiTT§PaB³
§PaB³ vamanersI u
vamanersI usþgFMF; EtmY
EM tmYy
yTiTiss.. enAeBl K x L mantémø
xusKñ
sKñaaBIBI K y L enaH K y L nwglu glub elIkElgEt r x / r y tUcCag cCag K x L / K y L . enAeBlpleFobTaMgBI gBIr
μ IKñKañ ssrnwgmanersI
es e; μs IKKññaakñkñgTi
gmanersIssþu þgg;es gú TisedATaM
sedATaMgBI
gBIr.
r. sRmab; W-shape enAkñ ú enAkñ úg column load table
r
x / r y sß
ittenAcenø
enAcenøaaHH 1.6 nig 1.8 elIkElgsRmab; kElgsRmab;rbragEdlRsalCagxø
bU ragEdlRsalCagxøH. H.
]TahrN_ 4>1 ³ ssrEdlbgðajenAkñ
bU TI 4>13 RTnU
4>13 RTnUv factored axial load 840Kips . eRbIEdk
A36
serIs W-Shape.
ehIyeRCI
T.Chhay 96
viTüasß
bec©keTskm<
keTskm< úCa
dM eNaHRsay³
e NaHRsay³ K x L = 20 ft niggtémøGtibrmarbs; K y L = 8 ft
témøGti
RbEvgRbsiT§T PaB
P§ aB K x L manlkçN³lu
N³lubenAeBlEdl
benAeBlEdl
K x L
> K y L
r / r
x y
b¤k¾k¾enAeBlEdl
K x L ⎛ r ⎞
> K y L K x L > ⎜ x ⎟(K y L )
x / r
r ⎜ ⎟
y ⎝ r y ⎠
kñ úggkrNI
krNIenH

K x L 20
k y L
=
8
= 2 .5 b¤ k x L = 2.5 K y L
edaysar K x L mantémøFMFCag
CM ag K y L q¶ay enaH K x L RbEhlCanwglu
b. mUlehtu
lehtuKKWWfatémø
r
x / r
y
EdlmanenAkñgtaragPaKeRcI
gú taragPaKeRcInmantémø
ttUcCag cenH k x L = 2.5K y L TMngCanw
UcCag 2.5 dUcenH n gCanwgFM
Cag
C ag
r y K y L . sakl,g r
x / r = 1 .7 ³
x / r
y
K x L 20
= = 11.76 > K y L
r / r 1.7
x y
rMkki illT§pl[eTACa KL = 12 ft ehIyBinin itüemIlenAkñ

úg column load table. sakl,g W 10 ×112
¬ φ c Pn = 865kips ¦³
R)akd r K x/ Lr = 120
témøBi ttR)akd .74
= 11.5 ft < 12 ft
x y
φ c Pn > 840kips EdlRtUvvkar

kar
interpolation φ P = 876kips W 12 × 106
c n
¬edayeFV I IK x L
¬edayeFV =
20
= 11.4 ft RtYtBinni tü
ti ü
x / r
r y 1.76
sRmab; KL = 12 ft
φ c Pn = 853kips
> 840 ft (OK)
GegátrU
trUbrag
brag W 14 . sRmab; r x / r y = 1.7 ¬p
¬pleFobRbEhlsRmab
leFobRbEhlsRmab;;RRKb;
Kb;krNIEdlGacekI
tman¦

K x L 20
= = 11.76 ft > K y L = 8 ft
r / r 1.7
x y
sRmab; KL = 12 ft / W 14 ×109 EdlmanlT§PaBRTRTg;

PaBRTRTg; 905kips CarUbragEdlRsalCagsRmab;
bragEdlRsalCagsRmab;
rú gkarsgát;t; 97
97
T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
W 14 . RbEvg 12 ft CatémøEdlmanlkç

EdlmanlkçN³snSM
N³snSMsMs MécénRbEvgRbsiTT§ PaBBi
§PaBBitR)akd
t R)akd rUbragenHKW
bragenHKWRKb;
RKan;.
cemø y ³
³ eRbI W 12 × 106 ¬RsalCageKkñ úgcM
gcMeeNambI
NambIrU bragEdl)ansikSa¦
k Sa¦
T.Chhay 98
viTüasß
bec©keTskm<
keTskm< úCa
sRmab;ssrdac;edayELk
edayELk (isolated EdlminEmnCaEpñ
nEmnCaEpñkrbs;
column) krbs;eRKagCab;
(continuous frame), Table C-C2.1 enAkñ
enAkñ ú úg Commentary to the specification manlkçNN³RKb;
³RKb;
RKan;CaTU
CaTUeTA.
eTA. EtsRmab;eRKagrw
eRKagrwg (rigid frame) enAkñgú rUbTI
bTI 4>14 . ssrenAkñgeRKagenHmi
úgeRKagenHminman
lkçN³ÉkraCü EtvaCaEpñkrbs; krbs;rcnasm<
rcnasm<nn§ ½§Cab;
Cab;. elIkElgsRmab;
kElgsRmab;sssrEdlenACan;
srEdlenACan;eRkamssrRtU
eRkamssrRtUvv)an
)an
Tb;enAcugsgçagrbs;
agrbs;va edayFñmnw wmnwgssrdéTeTot.
gssrdéTeTot. eRKagenHk¾Ca Ca unbraced frame mann½yfaeRKag
yfaeRKag
GacmanbMlas; las;TTItamTi
ItamTisedk
sedk ehIyssrTaM
yssrTaMgGs;rgnU rgnUv sidesway. RbsinebIeKeRbI Table C-C2.1
sRmab;eRKagenH ssrCan;eRkameKmanlkç
eRkameKmanlkçxNÐ xNÐRbhak;
Rbhak;RbEhlnw
RbEhlnwgglkçlkçxNÐ (f) ehIyytémø
témørbs; K = 0
GacRtUv)aneRbI
v)aneRbI. sRmab;ssrEdldUcssr cssr AB témørbs; rbs; K = 1.2 EdlRtUvKñanwglkç
glkçxNÐ (c) Gac
RtUv)aneRCI
v)aneRCIserI
serIs.
s. EtdMeNI eNIrkarEdlsmRsbCaghñgw KWKKitGM itGMBIkRmi
kRmitténkarTb;
énkarTb;EEdlpþ
dlpþl;l[
[edaytM
; edaytMN
rbs;Ggá
Ggát;t.;
karTb;ngkarvi
gw karvilEdlpþ
lEdlpþll;[edayFñ
;[edayFñ wm b¤rtenAxagcugssrCaGnuKmn_ Kmn_eTAnw
eTAnwg rotational
stiffness rbs;Ggá
Ggátt;EdlRbsBV
;EdlRbsBVKaenARtg;
añ enARtg;cMcN
Nu
M cenaH.
ucenaH. Rotational stiffness rbs;Ggá Ggát;t;CasmamaRteTA
nwg EI / L / Edl I Ca moment of inertia rbs;mmuxkat; uxkat;eFobnw
eFobnwgG½
gG½kSénkarBt;
kSénkarBt;. Gaylord nig
Stallmeyer (1992) )anbgðajfaemKuNRbEvgRbsiT T§PaB
§PaB K GaRs½y ynwnwgpleFobrbs; column
stiffness elI girder stiffness enAxagcugrbs;
grbs;Ggátt;;nImmYy²
Yy² EdlGacsMEEdgCa
dgCa
G=
∑ E c I c / Lc = ∑ I c / Lc ¬$>&¦
∑
E I / L g g g ∑
I / L g g
Edl ∑ E c I c / Lc = plbUk stiffness rbs;ssrTaMgGs;

gGs;EdlenAcu
EdlenAcuggrbs;
rbs;ssrEdlBi
ssrEdlBicarNa
carNa
∑ E g I g / Lg = plbUk stiffness rbs;rtTaMgGs;
gGs;EdlenAcu
EdlenAcugrbs;ssrEdlBi
ssrEdlBicarNa
carNa
E c = E g = E = m: UDDuleGLasÞ
lu eGLasÞ icrbs;eRKOgbgÁ ú
eRKOgbgÁ úEdk EM dk
RbsinebI
nebIssrEdlRsavxø
ssrEdlRsavxøagM (very slender column) RtUv)anP¢ab; ab;eTAnw
eTAnwgrtEdlmanmuxkat;xkat;F M
enaHrtnwgkarBarkarvi
gkarBarkarvilrbs;
lrbs;ssry:agmanRbsiT§PaB. cuggrbs; rbs;ssrmanlkç
ssrmanlkçN³ N³ approximately
fixed enaH K nwgmantémø gmantémøtUtUc. lkçxNÐenHRtUenHRtUvvKñKñanwanwgtémø
gtémøtUtcbM
cU bMptrbs;
tu rbs; G Edl[edaysmikar $>&.
b: u ub:EEnþnþ cuggrbs;
rbs;ssrmaM
ssrmaM (stiff column) EdlP¢ab;eTAnwg flexible beam Gacnwgpþ gpþl;lkarvi
k; arvileday
esrIdl; dl;ssr EdlRtUvKñanwgglkç lkçxNÐ
xNÐTRm
TRm pinned Edl[témø G nig K FM.
TMnak;TMngrvag G nig K RtUv)andak;v)andak;enAkñ ú ú
nAkñg Jackson-Mooreland Alignment Chart
(Johnston, 1976) EdlRtUv)anpli v)anpliteLI
teLIggvivijenAkñ ú
jenAkñ úg Figure C-C2.2 enAkñ enAkñ ú úg Commentary . edImm,I,I
rú gkarsgát;t; 99
99 T.Chhay

mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
TTYl)antémø K K BIr nomogram mYykñ ú ú

ykñgcM
gcMeeNamTaM
NamTaMgBI
gBIr dMbUbgKNnatémø
gU KNnatémø G enAcuggnInImmYy²rbs;
Yy²rbs;sssrsr
eday[mYyCayCa G A nigmY gmYyeTotCa
yeTotCa G B . P¢aab;b; G A nig G B edaybnÞat;Rtg; ehIy yGantémø
Gantémø K
enAelIbnÞ
bnÞat;
at;kNþ
kNþal. emKuNRbsi NRbsiT§PaBEdlTTY ll)anCatémø
)anCatémøEdleFobTAnw
EdleFobTAnwggG½G½kSénkarBt;
kSénkarBt; EdlCaG½ EdlCaG½kS
kS
EkgeTAnwggbøbøg;g;rbs;eRKag.
eRKag. karviPaKdac;
PaKdac;edayELkGaceFV
edayELkGaceFV IeLI eLIgsRmab;
gsRmab;karekagEdleFobnw
karekagEdleFobnwgG½ gG½kSmY
kSmYy
eTot. CaFm μta beam-to-column connection enAkñ enAkñ ú úggTiTisedAenHnwgmi
gminbBa¢
nbBa¢ Únm:
nm:mm:U :gg;; ¬ sidesway
RtUv)ankarBareday bracing ¦ ehIy K Gacnwgykes μ I 1.0 .
]TahrN_ 4>11³
4>11³ eRKagrwgEdlbgð
ajenAkñ
ajenAkñggrU
ú rUbTI
bTI 4>15 CaeRKag . Ggát;nImy²
unbraced frame Yy²
RtUv)andak;
v)andak;eday[RTnugrbs;vasß itenAkñgbø
gú bøgg;rbs;
r; bs;eRKag.
e RKag. kMNt;
N
t;emKuNRbEvgRbsi
NRbEvgRbsiT§T §PaB K x
sRmab;ssr AB nig BC .
dM e NaHRsay³
NaHRsay³ ssr AB ³
sRmab;tMt N
M A
G=
∑ I c / Lc = 347 / 3.6 + 445 / 3.6 = 220 = 0.95
∑ I g / Lg 560 / 6 + 762 / 5.5 231.9
sRmab;tMt N
M B
G=
∑ I c / Lc = 445 / 3.6 + 445 / 4.6 = 220.3 = 0.95
∑ I g / Lg 560 / 6 + 762 / 5.5 231.9
BI alignment chart sRmab; sidesway uninhibited CamYynw
ynwg G A = 0.95 nig G B = 0.95 / K = 1.3
T.Chhay 100

viTüasß
bec©keTskm<
keTskm< úCa
sRmab;ssr AB .
ssr BC
sRmab;tMN B KNnadUcmu
cmun
G = 0.95
sRmab; t MN C
Rtg;TRm
T Rm pinned
anPaBrbs; μvamanlkç
. sßanPaBrbs;
infinity flexible girder Edlrtman stiffness es
v Iamanlkç
nü. dUN³dU
sU nü. N ³dUceTAnwgssrEdlmaM
ccenHpleFobPaBrw
enHpleFobPaBrw xxø øaMgP¢
gRkajrbs; gP¢sssr
ab;
a b;sr
eeTAnw
TAnwg
(column stiffness) elIPaBrwgRkajrbs;rrt t (girder stiffness) mantémøe μs IGnnþ
sRmab; ak; μKK aann
sRmab;snøak;
kkiteBjelj
t eBjelj (perfectly frictionless hinge).
lkçxNÐ xNÐcugenHGaceFVI eTA)ansRmab;
kars μanenAkñ
k ars anenAkñgkarGnu gú karGnuvtþ dUdUcenH
cenH eyIgGacyk G = 10 sRmab;
tMNNenH.
enH.
BI alignment
chart CamYynwg G A = 0.95 nig G B = 10 / K = 1.85 sRmab;ssr s sr BC .
dUccEdl)anKU
Edl)anKUsbgðajenAkñ
ajenAkñg]TahrN_
gú ]TahrN_4>11 4>11 sRmab;TTRm Rm pinned G KYrRtUv)anykes μ Innwwg
10.0 fixed G μ 1.0 fixed
sRmab;stiffTRmgirder) nig KYflexible
(infinitely rRtU
rRtUv)anykes column Innw EdlRtU
wg .vvKñKñlkç gxtémø
NÐTRm
aanwnwgtémø TtamRTw
tRmamRTws Iþ GRtU=vKñ0a.nwgrtEdlrw
gkñrtEdlrw
úgkareRbIggmaM
gkareRbI RmaM)as;
xxøøaaM Mg
alignment chart enAkñg ú Commentary )anENnaM[eRbI [eRbI G = 1.0 edaysarEteKBi)annw )annwgTTY gTTYl)anTRm
l)anTRm
fixed eBjelj.
eBjelj.
Unbraced frame manlT§P PaBTb;aBTb;nvkmø
vU kmøaMaMgxagedaysartMNEdlTb; NEdlTb;nnwgm: wgm:Umm::gg;rbs;
r; bs;va.
va. Ca
erOy²eRKagbEnßmedayRbB½ medayRbB½n§n§BRgwgtamrUbragepSg²
bragepSg² eRKagEbbenHRtUv)aneKehAfa )aneKehAfa braced frame.
karTb;kmøaMaMgxagbEnßmGaceFV mGaceFV IeLI
eLIgkñ ú ú
gkñgTRmg;
gTRmg;Ca Ca diagonal bracing dUcbgðajenAkñ ú ú jenAkñgrU grUbTI 4>16 4>16 b¤ rigid
shear wall. kñgkrNI úgkrNIepSgeTot
pSgeTot ssrRtUv)anTb; v)anTb;eday eday panel b¤ bay
bay sRmab;km<sTaM ;TaMgmUlrbs;
lrbs;eeRKag. RKag.
TRmenHbegá IttCa Ca cantilever structure EdlTb;ngbM wgbMlas;
las;TItamTisedk sedk ehIyk¾ppþþl;l;nvTRmtamTivU TRmtamTisedk sedk
sRmab;ElVgdéTeTot.
gdéTeTot. GaRs½yeTAnw yeTAnwgTM gTMhMrbs;eRKOgbgÁ eRKOgbgÁ M ElV
ú ElVggeRcI
eRcInnCagmY
CagmYyGacRtU
yGacRtUvv)anBRgw )anBRgwg. ssr
EdlCaGgát;trbs; r; bs; braced
braced frame RtUv)ankarBarBI
v)ankarBarBI sidesway nigmankarTb; gmankarTb;karvi karvilenAxagcu
lenAxagcugrbs;vaxø vaxøH.
dUccenH
enH vaCaRbePTGgátt;;ssß ißttenAkú
enAkúgcenø
gñ cenøaHkrNI (a) nig (d) enAkñ enAkñ ú úg Table C-C2.1 rbs; Commentary
ehIy K sß ittenAcenø
enAcenøaH 0.5 nig 1.0 . dUccenH enH 1.0 CatémøEdltU EdltUccsRmab;
sRmab;GgáGgát;t én
; én braced frame
ehIy yCatémø
CatémøEdl Edl AISC C2.1 ENnaM[eRbI elI elIkElgEtmankarvi
kElgEtmankarviPaKNamY PaKNamYyeFV yeFV IeLIg. g. karviPaKGaceFV
PaKGaceFV I
rú gkarsgát;t; 101
101 T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
eTA)anedayeRbI alignment chart sRmab; braced frame . kareRbI nomogram nwgpþ gpþl;lT§
lT§-
plCa effective length factor EdltUcCag 1.0 bnþ iccbnþ bnþ Üc ehIyeKnwgTT TTYYl)ankarsnSMsécxøéM cxøH . *
CamYynw
ynwg design aid xøH eKeRbI alignment chart kñkñ ú úglkç glkçxNÐEdleKbegá
EdleKbegá ItvaeLI
tvaeLIg. lkçxNÐ xNÐ
TaMgenHmanenAkñ ú
enHmanenAkñ úg Section C2 of the Commentary to the Specification ehIyminRtUv)anerobrab; v)anerobrab;
enATIenHeT.
enHeT. RKb;lkçlkçxNÐTTaMaMgGs;
gGs;nnwgRtU wgRtUv)anbM
v)anbMeBjesÞ
eBjesÞ IrEtTaM
rEtTaMgGs;
gGs;CaTU
CaTUeeTA
TA RbsinebIdUdUcenaHeT PaBxus
KñaenaHCaEpñkmY
kmYyKYyKYrr[Rbu
[RbugRbytñ ½. lkçxNÐ xNÐmmYyEdlmi
YyEdlminRtUnRtUv)anbM
v)anbMeBjCaTU
eBjCaTUeTAenaH
eTAenaH KWtRmU
tRmUvvkarEdlfa
karEdlfa
RKb;karRbRBwtþteTArbs;
eþ TArbs;Ggá
Ggát;t;s ißtkñ ú úkñglkç
glkçN³eGLasÞ
N³eGLasÞc. ci . RbsinebInebI slenderness parameter λ c tUccCag Cag
1.5 ssrnwgekageday inelastic ehIyemKu yemKuNRbEvgRbsi
NRbEvgRbsiT§PaBEdlTTYll)anBI )anBI alignment chart nwg
mantémøtUcEmnETn. ssrPaKeRcInnsßsß itenAkñ ú
tenAkñ úgRkumenH. dMdeNI
MeNIrkargayRsY
rkargayRsYlkñ ú Nt; K sRmab;
lkñ úgkarkMNt;
inelastic column GnuB
BaØaØaat[eRbI
t[eRbI alignment chart (Yura, 1971 and Dique, 1973). edIm,IbkRsay
*
RbsinebI
nebIeRKagRtU
eRKagRtUv)anBRgw
v)anBRgwgTb; gTb;nnwwg sidesway tMN beam-to-colum
beam-to-column vkar moment resisting ehIyRbBn§
n minRtUvkar yRbBn§ ½BRgwgGacgGac
RtUv)anKNnaedIm,I vU RKb; sidesway tendency . b: u ub:Enþ
m,ITTb;b;nUnvRKb; EnþRbsinebI nEmnCa moment resisting vanwgmi
nebItMNminEmnCa gminmanPaBCab;
nmanPaBCab;
rvagssr nigrt
grt ehIyeKmi nGaceRbI alignment chart . sRmab; braced frame RbePTenH K x KYrRtUvykes
yeKminGaceRbI μ Innwwg 1.0 .
T.Chhay 102
viTüasß
bec©keTskm<
keTskm< úCa
dMeeNI
NIrkarenH eyIgcab;epþ
epþ ImmCamY
CamYynw
ynwg critical buckling load sRmab;
sRmab; inelastic column Edl[eday
smIkar
kar $>^ b. edayEckvanwgRkLaépÞgRkLaépÞmuxkat;eKTTY
eKTTYl)an buckling stress³
π 2 E t
F cr =
2

(KL / r )
Rotational stiffnessrbs;ssrenAkñ ú ú
srenAkñgkrNI enHCasmamaRtnwg E t I c / Lc ehIytémøEdlsmRsb
gkrNIenHCasmamaRtnw
rbs; G sRmab;eRbI
eRbIeenAkñ ú
nAkñ úg alignment chart KW
Ginelastic = ∑ E t I c / Lc E t Gelastic
∑ EI g / Lg = E
eday E t tUccCag
Cag E enaH Ginelastic nwgtU gtUcCag Gelastic ehIy effective length factor K nwgRtU gRtUv)an
v)an
kat;bnßy CalT§pleKTTY
pleKTTYl)ankarKNnamY
l)ankarKNnamYyEdlmanlkç
yEdlmanlkçN³esdæ
N³esdækikic©cCag.
C© ag. edIm,IkNt;
MNt; E t / E Edl
μaHfa
eK[eQ aHfa emKuNkat;
Nkat;bnß
bnßy
yPaBrw
PaBrwgRkaj
gRkaj (stiffness reduction factor SRF)/ BicarNaTMnak; nak;TMTMng
xageRkamsRmab;ssrEdlmanTRmcu
ssrEdlmanTRmcug pinned ³
F cr (inelastic) π 2 E t / ( L / r )2 E t
=
2 2
= ¬$>*¦
F cr (elastic) π E / ( L / r )
E
AISC eRbIttémø
émøRbhak;
Rbhak;RbEhlsRmab;
RbEhlsRmab;Epñ
Epñk inelastic én column strength curve dUccenHsmI
enHsmIkar
kar $>*
CatémøRbhak;RbEhlenAeBlEdl
RbEhlenAeBlEdl AISC Equation E2-2 nig E2-3 RtUvv)aneRbI sRmab; F cr . Rbsin
)aneRbIsRmab;
ebI eyIg[
g[
P P / φ
F cr = cr ≈ u c
A A
enAeBlEdl F cr (inelastic) / F cr (elastic) CaGnuKKmn_
mn_én
én Pu / (φ c A) . ]TahrN_ sRmab;
) = 180 MPa nig F y = 250 MPa
Pu / (φ c A
2 2
F cr (inelastic) ≈ 180 MPa = 0.658 F y = 0.658 (250)
λ c λ c
λ 2c = 0.785
0.877 0.877
F cr (elastic) = y =
F 250 = 279.3 MPa
2 0.785
λ
c
dUccenHemKu
enHemKuNkat;
Nkat;bnß
bnßyPaBrwgRkajKW
F cr (inelastic) 180
SRF =
F cr (elastic)
=
279.3
= 0.644
103 T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
edaysar φ c efr enaH SRF k¾CaGnu

CaGnuKmn_én Pu / A . témørbs;
rbs; SRF EdlCaGnuKmn_
Kmn_éénn Pu / A
RtUv)an[enAkú
v)an[enAkú ñg Table 3-1 in Part 3 of the Manual.
]TahrN_ 4>12³
4>12³ rUb 4>17 bgðajBI
ajBI rigid
unbraced frame. Ggát;TaMgGs;
g Gs;RtUv)andak;edayeFV Iy: ag
Na[karBt; eFobnwgG½kSxø
kSxøaMaMg. TRmxagRtUv)andak;
v)andak;enAtMNnI
N nImY y²edaytM
y²edaytMNFm N μtaEdlBRgw
Fm taEdlBRgwgkñ úgTi
gTis
edAEkgeTAnwg eRKag. kMNt;
N
t;emKuNRbEvgRbsi
NRbEvgRbsiT§PaBedayeFobnwgG½ kSnI
k SnImY y²sRmab;
y²sRmab;Ggá
G gátt;; AB .
180kips A36
bnÞ úkktamG½
tamG½kSemKu
k SemKuNenAelI
NenAelIGgát; enHKW
enHKW ehIyeKeRbI
Edk .
dM e NaHRsay³
NaHRsay³ KNnaemKuNeGLasÞ i
eGLasÞ icrbs;
c rbs; G
sRmab;tMN A /
∑ ( I c / Lc ) = 170 / 12
=
14.17
= 1.52
∑ ( I g / Lg ) 88.6 / 20 + 88.6 / 18 9.35
sRmab;tMN B
∑ ( I c / Lc ) = 2(170 / 12) = 28.3 = 1.35
∑ ( I g / Lg ) 190 / 20 + 190 / 18 21.0
BI alignment
chart sRmab; unbraced frames, K x = 1.43 / edayQrelI elastic behavior dUc
cenH
enH
K L F y 1.43(12 )(12) 36
λ c = x = = 0.5512
r π E
x 4.19 ⋅ π 29000
edaysar λ c tUcCag 1.5 enaHeKRtUveRbIemKu

N K ineinelas tic Edl[
lastic
Pu 180
= = 18.5ksi
A 9.71
BI Table 3-1in Part 3 of the Manual emKuNkat;
Nkat;bnßb nßy
yPaBrw
PaBrwgRkaj
SRF
SRF = 0.83
sRmab;tMN A
Ginelastic = SRF × Gelastic = 0.83 × 1.52 = 1.26
sRmab;tMN B
Ginelastic = SRF × Gelastic = 0.83 × 1.35 = 1.12
cemø y ³ BI alignment chart K x = 1.37 . edaysarlkçxNÐ xNÐTRmFm μtasRmab;

TRmFm μ Ingw
tasRmab;eRKag enaH K y es
1.
T.Chhay 104
Department of Civil Engineering

viTüasß
bec©keTskm<
keTskm< úCa
Ca
RbsinebIccugssrCaTRm
ugssrCaTRm fixed (G=1.0) b¤ pinned (G=10.0) témørbs;
rbs; G minRtU
nRtUv)anKu
v)anKuNnw
Nnwg SRF
eT.
4>6>karekagedayrmYl nigedayBt;-rmYl (Torsional and Flexural-Torsional Buckling)
enAeBlEdlGgátt;rgkarsgá
;rgkarsgát;t;edaybnÞ ú ú
daybnÞkcM kcMGkS μansß
k½ S køayCaK
ayCaK ansß irPaB¬mi
rPaB¬minEmn locally unstable¦
vaGacekagkñ ú úggrUrUbragmY
vaGacekagkñ bragmYykñ ú úkñgcM
gcMeNamrUbragbIbragbI dUdUcbgð
cbgðajenAkñ ú ú
ajenAkñgrUbTI 4>18
.
!> karekagedaykarBt; (flexural buckling) eyIg)anBi g)anBicarNakarekagRbePTenHtaM
carNakarekagRbePTenHtaMggBIBImumunrhUtmk tmk
dl;eBlenH.
eBlenH. vaCaPaBdabEdlekI
vaCa PaBdabEdlekIteLIgedaykarBt; gedaykarBt; (bending or flexure) CMvviu jG½ ijG½kSEdlRtU
kSEdlRtUv
nwggpleFobPaBrw
pleFobPaBrwgRkaj gRkaj (slenderness ratio) FMCageK ¬rUbTI bTI 4>18 a¦. CaTUeTAvaCa minor
principle axis EdlmankaMni niclPaB (radius of gyration) tUcCageK. cCageK. Ggát;trgkarsgá
r; gkarsgát;tEdlman
E; dlman
muxkat;
xkat;RKb;
RKb;rrUbragGac)ak;
UbragGac)ak;tamTRmg;enH. enH.
@> karekagedayrmYl (torsional buckling) kar)ak; (failure) edayRbePTenHKWbNþ bNþaledaykarmY
aledaykarmYl
(twisting) tamG½kSbeNþayrbs; ayrbs;Ggá Ggátt;;. vaGacekIteLIgEtCamYynw ynwgGgá
gGgát;Edlmanlkç
EdlmanlkçN³Rsav N³Rsav
xøaMg ehIymanmu
ymanmuxkat;xkat;ssI u uemRTI
IemRTIDDuub (double symmetrical cross section) ¬rUbTI bTI 4>18 b¦.
Standard hot-rolled shapes mingaynw ngaynwgrgnUvkarekagedayrmY
vkarekagedayrmYlenHNas;
lenHNas; b: u u
b:Enþ
EnþGgát; built-up
built-up BI
105
T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
bnÞHHesþ
esþggayeRKaH
gI gayeRKaH nigKYreFV
reFVIkkarGegá
arGegát. rUbragExV
bragExVgbgðgbgðajnUvPaBgayrgeRKaHBiesssRmab; esssRmab;RbePT RbePT
énkarekagenH. rUbragenHGac)anmkBI
bragenHGac)anmkBIkkarpÁ ú ú
arpÁ MBbnÞ
bI nÞHHdUdUcbgðajenAkñ ú ú
ajenAkñggrUrUb b¤ built-up
built-up BImM u uMbY
bnTl;
nY Tl;xxññggKñKña.
#> karekagedaykarBt;-rmY -rmYl (flexural-torsional buckling) kar)ak;RbePTenHbegáRbePTenHbegá IteLI
teLIgedaybnSM
énkarekagedaykarBt; ninigkarekagedayrmY
gkarekagedayrmYl. Ggátt;ekag ;ekag nigrmYlkñ
lkñggeBlEtmY
ú eBlEtmYy y¬¬rU rUbTI
bTI4>18 c¦.
karekagRbePTenHGacekIteLIggEtCamY EtCamYymu ymuxkat;
xkat;EdlmanrU
EdlmanrUbragmi
bragminsIuemRTI
emRTI TaM
TaMggrUrUbragEdlman
bragEdlman
G½kkSsI
SsIeemRTI
u mRTImmYyTi
YyTis dUcCa cCa channel, structural tee, double-angle shape nig equal-leg sigle
angles nigrUbragEdlK μanG½
anG½kSsI
kSsIemRTI
eu mRTI dU dUcCa unequal-leg single angle.
AISC Specification tRmUvnUvkarvi vkarviPaKBI torsional b¤ flexural-torsional buckling enAeBl
smrmü. Section E3 of the Specification erobrab;BBIGgá IGgátt;; double angle nig tee-shaped ehI ehIy
Appendix E3 pþl;nvvi UvviFIFTITUeTAEdlGaceRbI
UeTAEdlGaceRbIsRmab;RKb;rbragmi bU ragminsI u
nsI uemRTI.
dMbUggeyI
eyIgerobrab;
gerobrab;BBIIvivFIFi IEdlmanenAkñ ú ú
dlmanenAkñg Appendix E3. vaQrenAelIkareRbI
kareRbIR)as; slenderness
parameter λ e CMnY
ns[
sY [ λ c . eyIggTTY TTYl λ e dUcxageRkam.
cxageRkam. BI Euler buckling stress/
T.Chhay 106
viTüasß
bec©keTskm<
keTskm< úCa
2
F e = π E
(KL / r )2
Slenderness ratio GacsresrCa
KL π 2 E
r
=
F e

RbsinebI
nebI F e RtUv)ankMNt;
Nt;Ca elastic buckling stress EdlRtUvnwgrUbragénkar)ak;Edllu Edllub eTaHeday
flexural, torsional b¤ flexural-torsional enaH slenderness ratio EdlRtUvvKñ
KñaaKWKW
⎛ KL ⎞ π 2 E
⎜ ⎟ =
⎝ r ⎠ e F e
slenderness parameter
ehIy (KL / r )e F y
EdlRtU vKñ
vKñaKW
F y ( KL / r ) e2 F y
λ e = = =
π E π 2 E F e
dMeeNI
NIrkarKNnamandUccxageRkam³
xageRkam³
!> kNt; F e sRmab; torsional elastic buckling b¤ flexural-torsional elastic buckling BIsmI smIkkarar
Edl[enAkñgú Appendix E3.
@> KNna effective slenderness parameter, λ e .
#> KNna critical stress F cr BIsmI μttaa (AISC Equations E2-2 and E2-3) b: u ub:EEnþnþeRbI
smIkarFm
karFm eRbI λ e CMnnYYs
[ λ c . bnÞaab;b;mk mk design strength KW
φ c P n = φ c Ag F cr
Edl φ c = 0.85 dUcKñasRmab;

asRmab; flexural buckling.
smIkarsRmab; F e Edl[enAkñ
Edl[enAkñ ú úg AISC Appendix E3KWQrelI well-established theory
Edlmankñ ú úg Theory of Elastic Stabality (Timoshenko and Gere, 1961). elIkElgsRmab;
Edlmankñ kElgsRmab;kar
pøas;bþbrxø
rþÚ xøHenAkñ
HenAkñgú notation vamansmIkardU kardUcKñ
cKñaenAkñ ú μankarsRmY
enAkñ úgesovePAenaH edayK ankarsRmYl. sRmab;
doubly symmetrical shapes (torsional buckling)/
⎡ π 2 EC w ⎤ 1
F e = ⎢
2
+ GJ ⎥
I + I
(AISC Equation A-E3-5)
⎢⎣ (K z L ) ⎥⎦ x y
singly symmetrical shape (flexural-torsional buckling)

sRmab; /
107
T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
F ey + F ez ⎛
⎜ 4 F ey F ez H ⎞⎟
F e = ⎜1 − 1 − ⎟ (AISC Equation A-E3-6)
2 H ⎝ F ey + F ez 2 ⎠⎟
⎜ ( )
sRmab;rUrbragEdlK μanG½
bU ragEdlK anG½kSsI u
kSsI uemRTI (flexural-torsional buckling)/
2
(F e − F ex )(F e − F ey )(F e − F ez ) − F e2 ( F e − F ey )( xo / r o )
2
− F e2 (F e − F ex )( yo / r o ) = 0
smIkarcu
karcugeRkayCasmIkardW cenHrbs; F e KWtUcNas;. CasMNagl¥
kardWeRkTI3 dUcenHrbs; Nagl¥ PaBcaM)ac;
)ac;kñkñggkaredaH
ú karedaH
RsaysmIkarenHKW
karenHKWtitcbM
ci bMppuut edaysareKkMreRbIrrUUbbragmi
ragminsI u u
nsIemRTI
emRTICaGgát;trgkarsgá
r; gkarsgát;t;Nas;. GgÁEdl Edl
min)ankM
n)ankMNt;
Nt;BIBmmuI nEdleRbI
unEdleRbIenAkñ ú
enAkñ úgsmIkarTaM
karTaMgbI
gbIenHRtU
enHRtUv)ankM
v)ankMNt; Nt;dUdccteTA³
U teTA³
C w = warping constant
K =
z
gemKu
RbqaMgnw NRbEvgRbsi
NRbEvgRbsi
nwgkarrmY kTT§SbeNþ
ltamG½ PaBsRmab;
§PaBsRmab;
ltamG½kSbeNþ ay. karekagedayrmY
ay. arekagedayrmYl EdlQrelIbbririmaNénkarTb;cug
G = shear modulus
J = torsional constant μ IeeTAnw
¬es TAnwg polar moment of inertia sRmab;Etmu
Etmuxkat;mUl¦
π 2 E
F ex = (AISC Equation A-E3-10)
(K x L / r x )2
π 2 E
F ey = (AISC Equation A-E3-11)
(K y L / r y )2
Edl y CaG½kSsI u u
SsIemRTI
emRTIsRmab; singly symmetric shapes.
⎡ π EC w ⎤ 1
2
F = ⎢ + GJ ⎥ (AISC Equation A-E3-12)
ez
⎣⎢ (K z L )2 ⎦⎥ Ar o2
⎛ x 2 + y 2 ⎞
H = 1 − ⎜ o o ⎟
⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝ r o ⎠
Edl xo nig yo CakUGredaenénGredaenén shear center rbs;mmuxkat; uxkat;edayeFobnw
edayeFobnwgTIRbCM u
RbCM uTm¶nn;;. Shear
center CacMNu NcenAelI
cu enAelImmuxkat;
uxkat;EdlbnÞ ú
EdlbnÞ úkeFV[Ggá[I Ggátt;ekagedaymi
;ekagedayminrmY
nrmYl. Shear center RtUvv)anni
)anniyay
lMGiGtenAkñ ú ú
ti enAkñggCMCMBBUUk 5.
2 I x + I y
r o = xo2 + yo2 +
A
eKGacrktémøefrEdleRbIenAkñ enAkñggsmI
ú smIkarTaM
karTaMgbI sRmab; F e enAkñúggtarag
gbIsRmab; tarag torsion properties nig
flexural-torsional properties enAkñ ú úg part 1 of the Manual . sRmab; W, M, S nig HP shapes,
enAkñ
T.Chhay 108
viTüasß
bec©keTskm<
keTskm< úCa
J v)an[. eK[témø J / C w / r o nig H RtUv)an[sRmab;

nig C w RtUv)an[. v)an[sRmab; channel, single angle nig
structural tee. taragsRmab; double angle [témø r o nig H ¬ J nig C w es μ IngBI
gw BIrdgén
rdgén
témøEdl[sRmab;
Edl[sRmab; single angle¦.
dUcc)anbgð
)anbgðajBI
ajBIxxagelI
agelI eKkRmnw
eKkRmnwggviviPaKkarekagedayrmY
PaKkarekagedayrmYlsRmab;mmuxkat; uxkat;sI us uIemRTIDDub.
bu . dUccKñKña
eKkRm eRbIrUrbragK μanG½
bU ragK anG½kSsI
kSsIemRTI
eu mRTICaGgá
CaGgát;rgkarsgát; ehIyeKkM yeKkMrrnwnwgvi
gviPaK flexural-tensional buckling
én Ggát;RbePTenHEdr RbsinnebI ebIman
man eKcaM)ac;RtUvEtvi vEtviPaKva.
PaKva. sRmab;ehtuplTaM plTaMgenH
genH eyIgkM gkMN
Nt;t;kkarar
BiccarNaelI
arNaelIrUrUbrag flexural-torsional buckling CamYynw ynwggG½G½kSsI
kSsIeemRTI
u mRTImYmYy. elIssBIBIenH enH double angle
EdlCa built-up shape CaRbePTrUbrag ragEdleKni
EdleKniymeRbI ymeRbIeRcInn..
sRmab; singly symmetrical shape, flexural-torsional buckling stress F e TTYl)anBI
AISC Equation A-E3-6. enAkñ ú enAkñ úgsmIkarenH
karenH y RtUv)ankM v)ankMNt;
Nt;CaG½kSsI u uemRTI
emRTI ¬edaymi
¬edayminnKiKitBI tBITisedA
rbs;GgáGgát;t¦;¦ehI
ehIy flexural-torsional buckling RtUv)anKi v)anKitEttamG½
tEttamG½kSmYyenH enH ¬flexural buckling
tamTisenHnw
senHnwgmi gminekItman¦.
tman¦. G½kkSS x RbQmEtnwg flexural buckling. dUccenH enH sRmab; singly singly
symmetrical shape eKGacmanersI

eKGacmanersI u ussþþgg;;BBIrrKW
I KW flexural-torsional buckling tamG½kS y ¬G½kkSsI u u SsIemRTI
emRTI¦
b¤ flexural buckling eFobG½kS x . edIm,I m,IkNt; N
M t;myNamanlkç
yY NamanlkçN³lu N³lub KNnaersI u
KNnaersI usgg;þ ;EdlRtU
EdlRtUvnwg
G½kkSnI
SnImmYy²
Yy² ehIyeRbItémø témøNaEdltUcCag.cCag.
]TahrN_ 4>13³
4>13³ KNna design compressive strength rbs; WT 13.5 × 80.5 . RbEvgRbsiTT§ PaB
§PaB
tamG½kkS
S x KW 25 feet 6inches RbEvgRbsiTT§ PaBtamG½
§PaBtamG½kS
k S y KW 20 feet ehIyRbEvgRbsi
TT§ §PaBtam
PaBtam
S z KW 20 feet . eRbIEdk A36 .
G½kkS
dM eNaHRsay³
e NaHRsay³ KNna design compressive strength sRmab;G½
G ½kS x ³
K x L 25.5(12)
= = 77.27
r
x 3.96
KL F y 77.27 36
λ c =
r π E
=
π 29000
= 0.8666 < 1.5
eRbI AISC
Equation E2-2
2 2

F cr = (0.658 )λ c F y = (0.658)0.8666 (36) = 26.29ksi
φ c Pn = φ c Ag F cr = 0.85(23.7 )(26.29) = 530kips
109
T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
KNna flexural-torsional buckling strength CM uv ijG½kkS S y

π 2 E
π 2 (29000)
F ey = = = 52.17ksi
(K y L / r y )
2 2
(74.07)
⎡ π 2 EC w ⎤ 1
F ez = ⎢ + GJ ⎥
⎢⎣ (K z L )2 ⎥⎦ Ar o2
⎡ π 2 (29000)(42.7 ) ⎤ 1
=⎢
2
+ 11200(7.31)⎥
2
= 107.7 ksi
⎢⎣ (20 × 12) ⎥⎦ 23.7(5.67 )
F ey + F ez = 52.17 + 107 .7 = 159.9ksi
F ey + F ez ⎡ 4 F ey F ez H ⎤

F e = ⎢1 − 1 − ⎥
2 H ⎢
⎣
F ey + F ex (
2 ⎥
⎦
)
159.9 ⎡ 4(52.17 )(107.7 )(0.813) ⎤
= ⎢1 − 1 − ⎥ = 45.81ksi
2(0.813) ⎢ (159 . 9 )2
⎥⎦
⎣
F y 36
λ e = = = 0.8865
F e 45.81
edaysartémøenHtU
enHtUcCag 1.5 eRb I AISC
AISC Equation E2-2 CamYynwg λ e CMns[
sY [ λ c ³
⎛ λ ⎞ 2
(0.8865) (36) = 25.91ksi 2
F cr = ⎜ 0.658 ⎟ F y = (0.658)
e
⎝ ⎠
φ c Pn = φ c Ag F cr = 0.85(23.7 )(25.91) = 522kips (controls)
cemø y ³
³ Design
Design strength = 522kips
NaMfa enAeBlEdl F cr nig F e RtUv)anKNna

cMNaM v)anKNna karKNnasRmab; flexural buckling CMvivu ij
G½kkSS x nig flexural-torsional buckling CMCM u uvivjG½
ji G½kkSS y manlkçN N³dU
³dUccKñKña.
a. dUcenHbnÞ ab;BBII F cr nig F e
cenHbnÞab;
RtUv)anKNna
v)anKNna TaMg λ c nig λ e GacRtUv)anKNna v)anKNna ehIytémø ytémøEdltU
EdltUccCagRtU
CagRtUv)aneRbI
v)aneRbIedI
edImm,I,IKNna
KNna
strength . kareFVEbbenHedI
IEbbenHedImm,I,Ikat;
kat;bnß
bnßy
ykarcaM
karcaM)ac;kgkarKNna
gññ ú ú karKNna strength sRmab;GkSTaMk½ STaMgBI
gBIr.
r.
dMeNIrrkarvi
karviPaK flexural-torsional buckling elI double-angle nig tee Edl[enAkñ Edl[enAkñ ú úg AISC
Section E3 CakarEksRmYldM ldMeNIrkarvi
rkarviPaKEdl[enAkñ ú
PaKEdl[enAkñ úg AISC Appendix E3. vak¾mankarEkERb mankarEkERb
kMNt;ccMNaM
MNaMxxøHdU
øHdUcCa³ BI F e eTACa F crft / F ey eTACa F cry nig F ez eTACa F crz . kugRtaMg F cry
RtUv)anrkB
v)anrkB AISC E2 ngQrel
gQrel flexural buckling eFobGkS y .
edIm,I
m,ITTTYTYll)an
)an F crz eyIgGacecalG½
gGacecalG½kSTI
kSTImmYyrbs;
Yyrbs; AISC Equation A-E3-12 enaH
T.Chhay 110
viTüasß
bec©keTskm<
keTskm< úCa
GJ
F crz =
2

Ar o
karlubecalenHGacGnu
becalenHGacGnuBBaØaØat)an
at)an BIeRBaHsRmab;
eRBaHsRmab; double-angle nig tee GgÁTTIImmYymantémø
YymantémøtUtcU
Gacecal)anebI
Flexural eFobnw
eFobnw gGgÁTTIstress
buckling BIIBIr. F cry RtUv)anKNnaCamYynw μtarbs;
ynwgsmIkarFm
karFm tarbs; AISC Chapter E
edayeRbI KL / r EdlRtUvvKñKñanwanwgG½
gG½kkSS y ¬G½kkSsI u
SsI uemRTI¦¦..
bnÞab;mkeTot nominal strength GacRtUv)anKNnadU v)anKNnadUcxageRkam
Pn = Ag F crft
+ F crz ⎞ ⎡
⎛ F cry 4 F cry F crz H ⎤
Edl F crft = ⎜
⎜
⎟ ⎢
⎟ ⎢1 − 1 − F
⎥ (AISC Equation E3-1)
⎝ 2 H ⎠ ⎣ ( cry + F crz ) ⎦
2 ⎥
RKb;GgÁ
GgÁTaM
TaMgGs;Edl)anmkBI
Edl)anmkBI Appendix E3 rkSadEdl. dMeeNI NIrkarenH
rkarenH RtUv)aneRbI
v)aneRbIsRmab;
sRmab;Et
Et
double-angle nig tee eRBaHvapþl;nvcemø
vU cemøysu
yI suRkitCagkareRbI
tCagkareRbIdMdMeNIrkarEdl[enAkñ ú
rkarEdl[enAkñ úg Appendix E3.
]TahrN_ 4>14³
4>14³ KNna design strength rbs;rrU bragenAkñ
UbragenAkñg]TahrN_
gú ]TahrN_TTI 4>13
I edayeRbIsmI
karrbs;
AISC Equation E3 .
dM eNaHRsay³
e NaHRsay³ BI]TahrN_ 4>13 4>13 flexural buckling strength sRmab;G½G ½kS x KW 530kips ehIy
= 74.07 . BI AISC
K y L / r
y E2-4, slenderness
slenderness parameter KW
KL F y 74.07 36
λ c =
r π E
=
π 29000
= 0.8307 < 1.5
BI AISC Equation E2-2,
⎛ λ c ⎞
2
(0.8307 )2
F cr = F cry = ⎝
⎜⎝ 0.658 ⎠⎟ F y = (0.658) (36) = 26.97ksi
BI AISC
E3,
AISC
GJ 11200(7.31)
F crz =
2
= = 107.5ksi
Ar o 23.7(5.67 )2
F cry + F crz = 26.97 + 107

.5 = 134.5ksi
+ F crz ⎞ ⎡
F crft = ⎜
⎜
⎟ ⎢1 − 1 −
⎟⎢
⎥
⎝ 2 H ⎠ ⎣ (F cry + F crz ) ⎦
2 ⎥
111
T.Chhay

mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
134.5 ⎡ 4(26.97)(107.5)(0.813) ⎤
= ⎢1 − 1 −
2(0.813) ⎢
⎥ = 25.48ksi
⎣ (134.5)2 ⎥ ⎦
φ c Pn = φ c Ag F crft = 0.85(23.7 )(25.48) = 513 (Control)
cemø y ³ Design
Design strength = 513kips
lT§plenAkñ ú
lenAkñ úg]TahrN_ 4>13
4>13 nig 4>14 bgðajBI ajBIkkMMhhuskñ ú ú
uskñgkareRbI
gkareRbIR)as;
R)as; Appendix E3
sRmab; rUbragenHmanlkç
bragenHmanlkçN³minsnSM nsnSMséc. éM c. viFIFsaRsþ
sI aRsþEdleRbI
EdleRbIenAkñ enAkñg]TahrN_
gú ]TahrN_ 4>14
4>14 EdlQrelI
AISC Specification E3 EtgEtRtUv)aneRbIv)aneRbIsRmab;
sRmab; double angle nig tee. b: ub: uEnþkñ ú úkñgkarGnu
gkarGnuvvtþtþ ersI u
ersI usþg;
rbs; double angle nig tee PaKeRcInGacrk)anenAkñ ú
Gacrk)anenAkñ úg column load table. taragTaMgenaH genaH KWQrelI
QrelI
viFIFIsaRsþEdlesñ
Edlesñ IeLI
eLIgeday
geday AISC E3 ehIyk¾ yk¾GaceRbI
GaceRbIeedIdImm,I,IepÞ ógpÞ
epÞ ógpÞal;
al;lT§pplrbs;
lrbs;]TahrN_ 4>14.
4>14.
taragpþl;lnUn; Uvtémø design strength BI EdlmY
EdlmYyCa flexural buckling eFobG½kS kS x nigmY
gmYyeTotCa
flexural-torsional buckling eFobG½k kSS y .
taragTaMgenaHk¾
g enaHk¾ p
pþþ l; pgEdrsRmab; Ggá
G gát ;rgkarsgá t
t;;
[edayminQrelIRRTwTwssþ Iþ flexural-torsional buckling RtUv)an[enAkñ ú
single-angle. Design strength Edl
v)an[enAkñ úg specification dac;edayELk
edayELk
sRmab; single-angle member enAkñ enAkñ ú úg Part 6 of the Manual, Specification and Codes.
4>7> Built-up Member
RbsinebIeKsÁ eKsÁaal;l;lkç
lkçN³muN³muxkat;xkat; (cross-sectional properties)rbs;Ggá Ggát;trrgkarsgá
; gkarsgát; built-up
built-up
karviPaKrbs;
PaKrbs;vamanlkçN³RsedogKñ
N³RsedogKñasRmab;Ggá Ggátt;rgkarsgá
;rgkarsgát;tepSgeTot
e; pSgeTot RbsinebIEEpñpñkpÁ ú ú
kpÁ Mrbs;mumuxkat;t
P¢ab;
ab;)anl¥
)anl¥. AISC E4 mankarlMGiGtCaeRcI ti CaeRcInEdlTak;TgeTAnw TgeTAnwgkartP¢ab; ab;enH
enH CamYynw
ynwgtRmU
gtRmUvkardac;
vkardac;
edayELksRmab;Ggá Ggát;EdlpÁ
EdlpÁ Meday
eú day rolled shape mYy b¤eRcI eRcIn nigGgá gGgát;EdlpÁ ú ú
dlpÁ Meday plate b¤bbnSM nSMéénn
plate nig Edkrag (shape). munnwgBi gBiccarNaBI
arNaBIbBaðatP¢ atP¢aab;b; eyI
eyIgnwgrMlkBI wkBIkarKNnalkç
karKNnalkçN³mu N³muxkat;xkat;rbs;
rUbrag
brag built-up.
Design strength rbs;Ggá Ggátt;rgkarsgá
;rgkarsgátt;; built-up
built-up CaGnuKmn_ Kmn_eTAnw
eTAnwg slenderness parameter
λ c . dUc
cenHeKRtU
enHeKRtUvkM vkMNt;GG½kSem
½kSem nigkaM gkaMnclPaBEdlRtU
ci lPaBEdlRtUvvKñKñanwanwggG½G½kSTaMggenaH. enaH. sRmab;muxkat;
homogenous G½k kSemRtY
SemRtYtsIsI u ungG½
gw G½kSTI
kSTIRbCMRbCMTm¶Tu m¶nn;;. viFIFsaRsþ
sI aRsþkkñ ú úñgkarKNnaRtU
gkarKNnaRtUv)anbgð
v)anbgðajenAkñg]TahrN_
gú ]TahrN_
4>15. EpñkpÁkpÁ Mrbs;
rú bs;mmuxkat;
uxkat;RtU
RtUv)ansn μt;t;fatP¢ab;)anl¥.
T.Chhay 112

viTüasß
bec©keTskm<
keTskm< úCa
]TahrN_ 4>15³
4>15³ ssrEdlbgðajenAkñ
ajenAkñ úgrU
grUbTI 4>19
RtUv)anplitedaykarpSarEdkbnÞ
t edaykarpSarEdkbnÞH 4"× 38 " BIelI

søaabrbs;
brbs;Edk
E dk W 18 × 35 . EdkpÁ ú M ú MTaMggBI BIrCaEdk
A36 . RbEvgRbsiTT§ PaBeFobG½
§PaBeFobG½kSTaM
k STaMgBI
g BIrKW
15 feet .
edaysn μt;tEEdkpÁ
; dkpÁ ú M ú MTTaM aMgBIrRtUv)antP¢ ab;
ab;edayeFV I
e dayeFV IyaagNa[Ggá
: gNa[Ggát;manRbsiTT§ PaBeBj
§PaBeBj ehIyKNna
design
strength edayQrelI flexural buckling.
dM eNaHRsay³
e NaHRsay³ CamYynw
ynwgkarbEnß
mEdkBI
mEdkBIelI
rUbragmanlkç
bragmanlkçN³mi
N³minsI
n sIemRTI
eu mRTIbnþ i
bnþ
ic b:uEEnþnþ\T§
\T§iBl
Bl flexural-
torsionalRtUv)anecal.
v)anecal.
G½kkSsI
SsI ueemRTI
mRTIbBaÄrCaG½
kSemmY
k SemmYyEdleKminRtU n RtUvkarKNna.
vkarKNna. eKnwgrkG½
kSemedkedayeRbI
k SemedkedayeRbI
principle of moment ³ plbUkm: km: Umm: :gg; RkLaépÞ
;R kLaépÞrbs;Fatu
F atupSM
pSMnmYI y²eFobnw
y²eFobnwgG½
kSNamY
k SNamYy ¬enAkñ úg]Ta-
g]Ta-
hrN_enH
e nH G½kSedksß
k SedksßtenAEpñ
ti enAEpñkxagelI
kxagelIrbs; μ Ingm:
plateRtUv)aneRbI¦ RtUvEtes w Umm::gg; RkLaépÞ
R; kLaépÞsru
srub.
b.
eyIgeRbI
tarag 4>1 edIm,IsRmY ldl;karKNna.
tarag 4>1
Component A y Ay
Plate 1.500 0.1875 0.2812
W 10.3 9.225 95.02
∑ 11.8 95.30
y =
∑ Ay = 95.30 = 8.076in
∑ A 11.8
CamYynw
ynwgTItaM ggrbs; rbs;G½G kSTI
k½ STIRbCM
Tm¶
Tu m¶nedkEdl)anKNnaxagelI
e; dkEdl)anKNnaxagelI eyI gGacKNnam:
Um :gnni; iclPaB
c lPaB
eFobnwgG½ kkSenHedayeRbI
SenHedayeRbI parallel-axis parallel-axis theorem³
I = I + Ad 2
Edl I = m: Umm: :gg; ;nni clPaBeFobG½
ci lPaBeFobG½kSTI k STIRbCM uTm¶
T m¶n;n;rbs; RkLaépÞ
RkLaépÞppSMSM
A = RkLaépÞrbs;EpñkpSM
I = m:
Umm: :gg; ;nni clPaBeFobG½
ci lPaBeFobG½kSRsbeTAnw
k SRsbeTAnwgG½ kSTI
k STIRbCM
uTm¶
T m¶nn;rbs;
;r bs;RkLaépÞ
R kLaépÞppSMSM
113 T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
cm¶ayEkgrvagG½
d = ayEkgrvagG½kSBIk SBIr
karcUlrY lrYmmBIBIRkLaépÞ
pSM pSMnmYI y²RtU
y²RtUv)anKNna nigRtUv)anbUkedI
kedIm,I
TTY
l)anm: Um :gnin; iclaPaBrbs;
composite area. tarag 4>2 CataragEdlbEnßmBI mBIelI tarag
4>1 edayrYmbBa©lkarKNnaenH.
ÚlkarKNnaenH.
sRmab;G½G kSQr
k½ SQr
1
y = (3 8)( 4)3 + 15.3 = 17.30in 4 ¬ controle¦
12
I y 17.30
y =
r
A
=
11.8
= 1.211in
tarag 4>2
Component A y Ay I d + Ad 2
I +
Plate 1.500 0.1875 0.2812 0.01758 7.889 93.37`
W 10.3 9.225 95.02 510 1.149 523.6
∑ 11.8 95.30 617.0= I x
KL F y 15(12) 36
λ c =
r π E
=
1.211π 29000
= 1.667 > 1.5
⎡ 0.877 ⎤ ⎡ 0.877 ⎤
F cr = ⎢ ⎥ F y = ⎢ ⎥ (36) = 11.36ksi
⎢⎣ λ 2 ⎥⎦ 2
⎢⎣ (1.667 ) ⎥⎦
c
φ c Pn = φ c Ag F cr = 0.85(11.8 )(
)(11.36) = 114kips
cemø y ³
³ Design
Design strength = 114kips .
tRmUvkarkartP¢
vkarkartP¢absRmab;
absRmab; Built-up Members EdlpSMeLIgeday Rolled Shapes
rUbrag built-up EdleKniymCageKKWrrUbragEdlpÁ ú bU ragEdlpÁ úeLI eM LIgeday
geday rolled shap EdleK[eQ μaHaH fa
double-angle shape. Ggát t;RbePTenHnw
;RbePTenHnwgRtU gRtUv)aneRbI
v)aneRbIeedIdImm,I,Ibgð
bgðajBI
ajBItRmUvkarsRmab;
vkarsRmab;Ggá Ggát;t ; built-up
built-up Rb
ePTenH. rUbTIbTI 4>20 bgðajGgátt;rgkarsgá ;rgkarsgátt;rbs; ;rbs; truss EdlP¢ab;eTAnwg gusset plate enAxagcugnImYy

²rbs;va.
va. edIm,Im,IrkSa
rkSa back-to-back seperation rbs; angle tambeNþayRbEvg ayRbEvg fillers nig spacers
EdlmankRmas;es e μs Inwnwg gusset plate RtUv)andak;enA enA angles edayKMlates μ I²Kñ
²Kña. KMlatRtU
latRtUvvEtmantémø
Etmantémø
tUccRKb;
RKb;RRKan;
Kan;edI
edIm,I
m,IeFV
eFV I[ built-up member enHeFV enHeFV IkarCalkç
karCalkçN³EtmYN³EtmYy.
y. RbsinebI nebIGgáGgát;teekageFobG½
; kageFobG½kS kS x
¬flexural buckling¦ eRKOgP¢aab;b; (connector) minrgnU nrgnUvbnÞ ú
bnÞ úkKNnaNamYyeT yeT ehIybBað ybBaðaaénkartP¢
énkartP¢ab;
KWsamBaØedayrkSaTI
edayrkSaTIttaMaMgrbs; grbs;Ggátt;;TTaMaMgBI
gBIrr.. edImmI ,Fanafa
,Fanafa
I built-up member eFV eFV IkarCalkçN³EtmY
N³EtmYy
T.Chhay 114
viTüasß
bec©keTskm<
keTskm< úCa
AISC tRmUvfa
vfa stiffness rbs;Fatu
FatupSM
pSMnmmYI y²mi
Yy²minnRtU
RtUvFM
vFMCagbI
CagbIPPaKbY
aKbYnnén
én stiffness rbs; built-up
built-up
member eT.
eT.
a 3 KL
≤
r 4 r

i
Edl a= KMlatrbs;
latrbs;eRKOgP¢
eRKOgP¢aab;b;
r i = kaMn
niiclPaBGb,brmarbs;
clPaBGb,brmarbs;Fatu
FatuppÁ ú ú MÁ
KL / r = maxim
imum
um sle
slenderness ra
ratio built-up member
rbs;
RbsinebI
nebIGgátekageFobG½kSsI u u kSsIemeRTI
emeRTI ¬EdlvargnU
¬EdlvargnUv flexural-torsional buckling eFobG½kS kS
y ¦ eRKOgP¢aab;b;rgnU
rgnUvkmø
vkmøaMaMgkat;. lkçxNÐ xNÐenHGacRtUv)anemI
v)anemIleXI
leXIjedayBiccarNa arNa planks BIrEdleRbICa Ca
Fñ wm RtUv)anbgð
v)anbgðajenAkñggrU ú rUbTI
bTI 4>21. RbsinebI nebI plank
plank mi
minRtU
nRtUv)anP¢
v)anP¢ab; vanwgrGiltamépÞ
ltamépÞb:bH: enAeBl
EdlvargbnÞ ú úk ehIyvanw
EdlvargbnÞ yvanwggeFVeFV IkarCaFñ wmBI
mBIrdac;edayELkBI
edayELkBIKñKña. enAeBlEdlvaRtUvv)anP¢ )anP¢ab;
ab;edayb‘Lú LU gú
¬b¤eRKOgP¢
eRKOgP¢ab;
ab;epSgeTotdU
epSgeTotdUcCa cCa EdkeKal¦ plank TaM TaMgBIrnwgeFV IkarEtmYy ehIyersI u
ersI usþgTb;
T; b;ngkarrGi
gw karrGil
nwggbegá
begáIttCakmø
CakmøaMaMgkat;enAkñ
enAkñggb‘
ú b‘ULLúg.
úg. kareFVkarEbbenHekI
IkarEbbenHekItmanenAkñ ú
tmanenAkñ úg double-angle shape enAeBl
karekageFobnwgG½kS y . RbsinebI nebIFñF wmñ plank RtUv)andak;
v)andak;eeday[karekagekI
day[karekagekItmaneFobnw
tmaneFobnwgG½
gG½kSepSg
kSepSg
eTot ¬G½kkSS b ¦ enaH plank TaM
TaMggBIBIrnw
rnwgekagkñ ú ú
gekagkñglkç
glkçN³dU y μK ankarrGi
N³dUccKñKña ehIyK ankarrGil nig μK ankmø
ankmøaMaMgkat;
gkat;.
kareFVkarenHmanlkç
kI arenHmanlkçN³RsedogKñ
N³RsedogKñanwanwgkarekageFobG½
gkarekageFobG½kS kS x rbs; double-angle shape . enAeBlEdl
eRKOgP¢ab;rgnUvkmø
vkmøagkat;
MaMgkat; eKRtU
eKRtUvkar modified slenderness ratio EdlmantémøFCagtémø MCagtémøBiBitR)akd.
115 T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
ASIC E4 BicarNaeRKOgP¢
carNaeRKOgP¢aab;b;BBIrRbePT³
IrRbePT³ ¬!¦ snug-tight bolt nig ¬@¦ pSar b¤ fully tightned
bolt . karbriyaylM
yaylMGGitBIitBIkkartP¢
artP¢ab;manenAkñ ú
manenAkñ úgCMBBUkTI
UkTI77.. Column load table sRmab; double-angle
KWQrelIkkarpSar
arpSar b¤ fully tightened bolt. sRmab;krNI krNIeenH³
nH³
2 2
⎛ KL ⎞ ⎛ KL ⎞ α 2 ⎛ a ⎞
⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ + 0. 82 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ (AISC Equation E4-2)
⎝ r ⎠ m ⎝ r ⎠ o (
1 + α 2 ) ⎝ r ib ⎠
Edl (KL / r )o = ori
rig
ginal un slenderness ratio
unmodified sle
(KL / r ) = modified sl
slenderness ra
ratio
m
kaMninciclPaBrbs;
r ib = lPaBrbs;Fatu
FatuppSMSMeFobG½
eFobG½kSRsbeTAG½
kSRsbeTAG½kSénkarekagrbs;
kSénkarekagrbs;Ggá
Ggát;
h
α = separation ratio =
2r

ib
h= cm¶ayrvagTIRbCM u u
RbCMTm¶ Tm¶n;n;rbs;Fatu
FatuppSMSM ¬EkgeTAnw
¬EkgeTAnwgG½
gG½kSénkarekagrbs;
kSénkarekagrbs;Ggá
Ggát;t¦;
enAeBlEdleRKOgP¢aab;b;CaCa snug-tight bolts
2 2
⎛ KL ⎞ ⎛ KL ⎞ ⎛ a ⎞
⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ (AISC Equation E4-1)
⎝ r ⎠ m ⎝ r ⎠ o ⎝ r ib ⎠
sRmab; double-angle shape bgðajBI
Column load table ajBIcnnYM neRKOgP¢
YneRKOgP¢ab;caM)ac;
)ac;sRmab;
sRmab;
flexural-torsional buckling strength Edl[tamG½k kSS y . cMnneRKOgP¢
YneRKOgP¢ab;sRmab;
sRmab; flexural buckling
strength tamG½kS x RtUv)ankM
v)ankMNt;
Nt;tamPaBcaM)ac;
)ac;Edlfa
Edlfa slenderness rbs; angle mYymi yminRtU
nRtUvFM
vFMCagbI
PaKbYnén slenderness rbs; double-angle shape TaMggmUmUleT.
]TahrN_ 4>16³
4>16³ KNna design strengthrbs;Ggát;rgkarsgá
rgkarsgátt;Edlbgð
;E dlbgðajenAkñ úgrUr UbTI 4>22.
4>22. Edl
rag angle BI 5 × 3 × 12 RtUv)andak;
v)andak;eday[eCI
e day[eCIgEvgTl;
xxñ gKñ
gñ Kña ehIyXøatBIKñ a 38 inch . RbEvg
atBI
RbsiT§T PaB
P§ aB KL = 16 feet nigman fully tightened intermediate connectors cMnYn 3 . eRbIEdk A36 .
T.Chhay 116
Department of Civil Engineering

viTüasß
bec©keTskm<
keTskm< úCa
Ca
dM eNaHRsay³
e NaHRsay³
KNna flexural buckling strength sRmab;G½G k½kS
S x
KL 16(12 )
= = 120.8
r x1.59
KL F y 120.8 36
λ c =
r π E
=
π 29000
= 1.355 < 1.5
eRbI AISC
AISC Equation E2-2
2

F cr = (0.658 )λ c F y = (0.658) 1.355 ( )2 (36) = 16.69ksi
φ c Pn = φ c Ag F cr = 0.85(7.5) (16.69) = 106kips
sRmab;GkkS
½ S y
KL 16(12
r
=
1.25
= 153.6
y
edIm,I kM Nt;
N
t; flexuaral-torsional
flexuaral-torsional buckling strength sRmab;GkS k½ S y eRbI modified slenderness ratio
edayQrelIKM latrbs;
l atrbs;eRKOgP¢
e RKOgP¢ab;
ab;. KMlatrbs;
l atrbs;eRKOgP¢
e RKOgP¢ab;K W
16(12)
a= = 48in
4
a a 48
bnÞaab;b;mmk
k = =
r r 0.648
= 74.07 < 0.75(153.6) = 115.2 (OK)
i z
= =
r ib r
0.829in
y
3
h = 2(0.75 ) + = 1.875in
8

h 1.875
α = =
2r ib 2(0.829)
= 1.131
BI AISC
Equation E4-2,
AISC ration KW
E4-2, modified slenderness ration
2 2
⎛ KL ⎞ ⎛ KL ⎞ α 2 ⎛ a ⎞
⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ + 0.82 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ r ⎠ m ⎝ r ⎠ o 1 + α 2 ( ) ⎝ r ib ⎠
(1.131)2 ⎛ 48 ⎞ 2

⎟ = 158.5
2
= (153.6 ) + 0.82 ⎜
[1 + (1.313) ]
2 ⎝ 0.829 ⎠
témøenHRtU
enHRtUv)aneRbICM nnY Ys[ K Nna F cry
s[ KLF / r y sRmab;KNna
KL y 158.5 36
λ c =
r π E
=
π 29000
= 1.778 > 1.5
117
T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
eRbI AISC
Equation E2-3
AISC
⎡ 0.877 ⎤ ⎡ 0.877 ⎤
F cry =⎢ ⎥ F y = ⎢ ⎥ (36) = 9.987ksi
⎢⎣ λ c2 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ (1.778)2 ⎥⎦
GJ 11200(2 × 0.322 )
F crz =
2
= = 151.4ksi
2

Ar o 7.5(2.52)
F cry + F crz = 9.987 + 151.4 = 161.4ksi

+ F crz ⎞ ⎡
F crft = ⎜
⎜
⎟ ⎢
⎟ ⎢1 − 1 − F
⎥
⎝ 2 H ⎠ ⎣
2 ⎥
( cry + F crz ) ⎦
161.4 ⎡ 4(9.987 )(151.4)(0.645) ⎤
= − − =
2(0.645) ⎢1
⎣ 1 (161.4)2 ⎥⎦ 9.748ksi

φ c Pn = φ c Ag F crft = 0.85(7.50 )(9.748) = 62.1kips (control)
cMN
NaM
aMffa
a lT§plenAkñg]TahrN_
úg]TahrN_enHmantémø
e nHmantémøRsedogKñ
RsedogKñanwgtémø
Edl[enAkñ úg column load table
cemø y ³ ³ Design

Design strength KW 62kips
]TahrN_ 4>17³
4>17³ KNnaGgátt;rgkarsgá
;r gkarsgát;t;EbEvg 14 feet edIm,I RTbnÞ
úkemKu
kemKuN . eRbIEdkrU
brag
50kips
double angle EdlmaneCIgxø I

gxø
ITl;
xxñ ñggKñKña nigmanKM
g manKMlatBI
l atBIKñ a 3 8 inch . Ggátt;RtU
;R tUv)anTl;BRgw
B RgwgenARtg;
Bak;kNþ
k NþalRbEvgedI
alRbEvgedIm,ITb;
ngkarekageFobG½
w kS x ¬G½kkSEdlRsbeTAnw
SEdlRsbeTAnwgeCIgEvg¦. kMk Nt; MN
t;ccM nYMn YneRKOg
P¢aab;b;eenAkNþ
nAkNþalEdlRtU
alEdlRtUvkar vkar ¬EdkEdlBRgwgenABak; kNþalRbEvgRtUv)anpþ v)anpþll;eRKOgP¢
;e RKOgP¢ab;
ab;mmY Yy¦.
y¦. eRbIEdk
A36 .
dM e NaHRsay³
NaHRsay³ BI column load table eRCiserI s erIs 2 L3 1 2 × 3 × 14 EdlmanTm¶n; 10.8lb / ft .
smtßPaBrbs;PaBrbs;mum uxkat;enHKW 51kips edayQrelIkarekageF arekageFobG½ obG½kS
k S y CamYynwgRbEvgRbsi
TT§ PaB
§PaB
14 feet . ¬ersI usþs g;gþ ;EdlRtUvvKñKñanwanwg flexural buckling eFobG½kS x KW 60kips EdlQrelIRbEvg
RbsiT§T PaBP§ aB 7 feet ¦.
karekageFobG½kkS S y eFV I eFV I[eRKOgP¢ab; ab;rrgkmø
gkmøaaMMgkat;
g kat; dUcenHcM
cenHcMnnY neRKOgP¢
YneRKOgP¢ab;RKb;RKan;
R Kan; RtUv)andak;
v)andak;
edIm,I
Tb; Tl; nwnwgkmø
agenH. gM enH. taragbgðajfa ajfa vaRtUvkareRKOgP¢
kareRKOgP¢ab;cMnnY 3 .
2 L3 1 × 3 × 1 3 14 feet
cemø y ³
³ eRbI 2 4
CamYynw
ynwgeRKOgP¢ab;
ab;cMc nnYM Yn sRmab;RbEvg .
T.Chhay 118
viTüasß
bec©keTskm<
keTskm< úCa
tRmUvkarca
vkarca ac;énkartP¢absRmab
absRmab built-up member EdlpSMeLIgeday plate b¤ both plate
CamYynwg shapes
enAeBlEdl built-up member EdlpSMeLIgeday rolled shapes BIr b¤eRcI eRcInedaymanKM
nedaymanKMlat
dac;BIBKKñI ña plate RtUv)aneRbI
v)aneRbIeedIdImm,I,ItP¢
tP¢ab; shape. AISC E4 mankarlMGtCaeRcI
ti CaeRcInGM
nGMBIBItRmUvkarcaM
vkarcaM))ac;
ac;
sRmab;kartP¢aab;b; ninigTM
gTMhhMrbs;
Mrbs; plate
plate . tRmUvvkarcaM
karcaM))ac;
ac;énkartP¢
énkartP¢ab;
ab;RtU
RtUv)an[bEnß
v)an[bEnßmsRmab;
msRmab; built-up
built-up
compression member d¾éTeTotEdlpSM éTeTotEdlpSMeLIgeday geday plate b¤ plate

plate CamYynw
ynwg shape .
119 T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
V. Fñm
Beams
5>1> esckþepþm (Introduction)
FñmmCaGgá
w CaGgát;trbs;r; bs;eRKOgbgÁ ú ú
eRKOgbgÁ MEdlRTbnÞ
EdlRTbnÞkTTw kú TTwg dUcenHehI
cenHehIy)aneFV I[vargnU
[vargnUvkarBt;
vkarBt; (flexural or
bending). RbsinebI nebImanvtþmanbnÞ ú ú
anbnÞktamG½ ktamG½kSkñ ú
kSkñ úgbrimaNmY
maNmYyFMKYKYrsm vanwgRtU gRtUv)aneKehAvafa
v)aneKehAvafa beam-
column ¬EdlnwgRtU gRtUvbkRsayenAkñ
vbkRsayenAkñgCM gú CMBUkTI
kTI66¦.
¦. enAkñgGgá
úgGgát;teRKOgbgÁ ú
e; RKOgbgÁ úxøxM øHEdlmanvtþman man axial load
kñgtémø
gú témøtitctY
ci tYc Et\T§ iBld¾ Bld¾ssþcesþ
þcÜ esþ IgenHRtUv)aneKecalenAkñ ú
v)aneKecalenAkñ úgkarGnuvvtþtþCaeRcI
CaeRcIn ehIyeK)ancat;TTukvaCa ukvaCa
beam. CaTUeTAFñ wmmRtURtUv)aneKdak;
v)aneKdak;kgTi gñ ú úñ Tisedk nigrgnU
grgnUvbnÞ ú
vbnÞ úkbBaÄr EtvamincaM ncaM)ac;
)ac;Etkñ ú ú
EtkñgkrNI
gkrNIEbbenHeT.
EbbenHeT.
Ggát;te;eRKOgbgÁ
RKOgbgÁ MEEdlRtU
ú dlRtUv)aneKcat;TTuukkCa Ca beam RbsinebInebIvargnUvbnÞ
vbnÞky:kú y:aagNaEdleFV
gNaEdleFV I[vaekag(bending).
rU
b
bragmu
ragmu
x
xkat;
kat;
(cross-sectional shape)EdlRtUv)aneKeRbI
eBlxøH chanel shape k¾RtUv)aneRbI
v)aneRbIddUcCaFñ
UcCaFñ wmEdlpSM v
mEdlpSMeLI)aneKeRbI
CaTU
C aTU e TArY
eLIgBIEdkbnÞH kñúggTRmg; mman W-, S- nig M-shapes.
TRmg; I-, H- b¤ box shape.
Doubly symmetric shape dUcCa cCa standard rolled W-, M- nig S-shape CarUbragEdlman bragEdlman
RbsiT§TPaBCaeK.
P§ aBCaeK.
CaTUeeTA
TA rUbbragEdl)anBI
ragEdl)anBIkarpSM
karpSMrbs;EdkbnÞHRtU
HRtUv)aneKKi
v)aneKKitCa
tCa plate girder b: ub: uEnþ AISC Speci-
fication EbgEck beam B plate
plate girder edayQrelpleFobTT
edayQrelpleFobTTgelgelkRmas
kRmas (width-thickness ratio)
rbs;RTnug. rUbTI
bTI 5>1 bgðajTaM
ajTaMg hot-rolled shape nig built-up shapeCamYynw
ynwgTMhMhMEdlRtUv
eRbIssRmab;
Rmab; width-thickness ratios. Rbsin
h 2555 h 970
t
≤
F
¬xña
at
t IS¦
t
≤
F
¬xñat
at US¦
w y w y
Ggát;te;eRKOgbgÁ ú ú
RKOgbgÁ MRtUv)aneKcat;
v)aneKcat;TTukCa
ukCa beam edayminKi
nKitfavaCa rolled shape b¤Ca built-up. EpñkenH
RtUv)anerobrab;
v)anerobrab;enAkñ ú ú
enAkñg chapter F of the Specification, “Beams and Other Flexural Members”
ehIyvak¾CaRbFanbTEdlRtU
CaRbFanbTEdlRtUvykmkni
vykmkniyayenAkñ
yayenAkñgCM
gú CMBBUkenH.
UkenH. RbsinebI
T.Chhay 120
120 Beams
viTüasß
T üasßanCati
anCatiBhu
B hubec©
bec©keTskm< úCa Department of
Engineering
h 2555 h 970
t w
>
F y
¬xñaatt IS¦ t w
≤
F y
¬xñat
at US¦
enaHGgát;teRKOgbgÁ ú
e; RKOgbgÁ úRtU
RM tUv)aneKcat;TTukCa
ukCa plate girder nwgRtU gRtUv)anerobrab;
v)anerobrab;enAkñ ú enAkñ úg Chapter G of the
specification, “Plate Girders”. enAkñ ú ú enAkñgesovePAenHeyI
gesovePAenHeyIgnw gnwgniyayBI
yayBI plate girder kñ ú úkñgCM gCMBBUkTI
UkTI 10.
edaysarEt slenderness rbs;RTnug plate girder RtUvvkarBi karBicarNaBiessenABI essenABIelIelI nigBI
gBIeRkamEdl
eRkamEdl
caM)ac;
)ac;sRmab;
sRmab;F wmñ .
RKb; standard hot-rolled shape EdlGacrk)anenAkñ
EdlGacrk)anenAkñ ú úg Manual KWsßtenAkñ ú ú itenAkñgRbePT
gRbePT beams.
Built-up shape PaKeRcInRtUv)ancat;cM cMNat;fñaak;k;Ca
Ca plate girder b: u ub:EEnþnþ built-up shape xøHRtUv)ancat;
TukkCaFñ
CaFñmmedaykarkM
w edaykarkMNt; Nt;rbs;
rbs; AISC.
sRmab; beams
beams/ TMnak;TMngeKalrvag\T§
geKalrvag\T§ iBlbnÞkú (load effects) nig strength KW
M u ≤ φ b M n
Edl bnSMénm: U mg;g: ;emKuNEdlFM
M u = NEdlFMCageK
CageK
φ b = emKuNersI u u
NersIssþg;þg;sRmab;FFññmw = 0.9
M n = nominal moment strength
Design strength, φ b M n enAeBlxøHRtU HRtUv)aneKehAfa

v)aneKehAfa design moment.
5>2> kugRtaM
gRtaMgBt;
gBt; nigm:
nigm:m:g;g; asÞ
øasÞc (Bending Stress and the Plastic Moment)
edIm,I
m,IGackMNt; nominal design strength M n dMbUggeyI eyIgRtU
gRtUvBi
vBintüemI
ti üemIllkarRbRBw
karRbRBwteeTA
þ TA
(behavior) rbs;F wñmtamry³énkardak;bnÞkRKb;
kú RKb;lkçxNÐ taMgBI
gBIbnÞ ú
bnÞ úktUcrhUtdl;tdl;bnÞ ú ú
bnÞkEdlGaceFV
kEdlGaceFV Ieday
Fñmm)ak;
w )ak;. BicarNaFñ wmEdlbgð
mEdlbgðajenAkñ ú ú
ajenAkñgrUbTI
bTI 5>2 a EdlRtUv)andak;edayeFV Iy y::agNa[vaekageFobnwg
G½kSem ¬G½kkSS x − x sRmab; I- nig H-shape¦. sRmab; linear elastic material nigkM gkMhhUUcRTg;RTaytUc
karBRgaykugRtaM
gRtaMgBt;RRtUtUv)anbgð
v)anbgðajenAkñ ú
jenAkñ úg rUbTI
bTI 5>2 b CamYynw
ynwggkukuggRtaM
RtaMggEdlRtU )ansn μt;tf;faBRgay
EdlRtUvv)ansn aBRgay
μ tamTT
es
tamTTgrbsFñ
grbsFñ m. ¬kmøagkatRtU
gkatRtUv)anBcarNaedayELkenAkñ
)anBcarNaedayELkenAkñ ú úgEpñkT
kT 5>7¦. BB elementary
mechanics of materials/ kugRtaM

gRtaMgRtg;cMcN
Nu
M cNamY
ucNamYyGackM
yGackMNt;)anBI
)anBI flexural formula³
My
f b =
I
¬%>!¦
x
Edl M CamU :m:gBt;

B; t;enAelImmuxkat;
uxkat;EdlBi
EdlBicarNa/
carNa/ y Cacm¶aayEkgBI
yEkgBIbøbgg;ø ;NWt ¬neutral plane) eTAcMN
Nuuc
Edlcg;dwdgw nig I x Cam: Um:gnni; clPaBénmu
iclPaBénmuxkat;EdleFobnw
EdleFobnwggG½G½kSNW
kSNWt. t. sRmab; homogeneous
FñFñ w wm 121
121
T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
G½kSNWtRtY
material tRtYtsI usI uKanwañ nwgG½
gG½kSTI
kSTIRbCM u
bCM uTm¶nn;.; smIkar
kar %>! KWQrenAelI karsn μt;t;fa karBRgay strain
QrenAelIkarsn
manlkçN³CabnÞat;BBIeelI
I lIddl;l;eRkam
eRkam Edlmüa:geToteyI gGacsn μt;tf;faa muxkat;
geToteyIgGacsn xkat;Edlrab
Edlrab (plane) munrgkar
Bt;
EtsßeenArkSarabdEdleRkaykarBt;
inArkSarabdEdleRkaykarBt;
tenAkñggbø
ú bøg;gEdlmanG½
E; dlmanG½kSsI . el;
kSsIemRTI IssBIBIenH
enaH. eFñnH muxxkat;
wmEdlmi
mEdlmi kat;nbM
nbMFFñeeBjtamklç
mRtU
ñmw Bjtamklç
RtUvvEtmanG½
EtmanG½xkNÐSsI
SsI u uTTaMemRTI
eaMgenH
gmRTI
enHbBaÄr ehIybnÞ ú
RtUv)anBiycarNaenA
bnÞ úkRtUv
carNaenA
kñgEpñ
gú EpñkTI kTI 5>13. kugRtaM gRtaMgGtibrmanw
brmanwgekItenAsrésEpñkxageRkAbM kxageRkAbMppuut Edl y mantémøGti Gtibrma.
brma.
dUcenH vamantémøGGtitibrmaBI brmaBIrKW
rKW kugRtaM
gRtaMggsgásgát;t;GtibrmarnAsrésEpñ
brmarnAsrésEpñkxagelI kxagelIbbMMput nigku gkuggRtaM
RtaMggTaj
Taj
GtibrmaenAsrésEpñkxageRkambMpt. tu . RbsinebIGG½kSNW ½kSNWtCaG½
tCaG½kSsI u kSsI uemRTIkukgRtaM
gu RtaMgTaMg BIrenHnw renHnwgmantémø
gmantémø
μ IKKñña.
es
sRmab;kukggRtaM
u RtaMggGti
Gtibrma smIkar kar %>! GacsresrkñúgTRmg; gTRmg;
Mc M M
f max = =
I
=
I / c S
¬%>@¦
x x x
Edl c CacMN NayEdkBI

ayEdkBIGkSNW k½ SNWteTAsrésrEpñ kxageRkAbMpputu ehIy S x Cam: UDlmu
teTAsrésrEpñkxageRkAbM lu muxxkat;
kat;eGLasÞ
eGLasÞ icénmu
cénmux
kat; (elastic section modulus) . sRmab;RKb;rrUbragmu Ubragmuxkat;
xkat; section modulus mantémøefr. efr. sRmab;
mux kat;miminsIueemRTI
mRTI S x nwgmantémø
gmantémøBr³rI ³ mYysRmab;srésEpñ
srésEpñkxagelI
kxagelIbMbpupM ut nigmYyeTotsRmab;
yeTotsRmab;srés srés
EpñkxageRkambM
kxageRkambMpupt. tu . témørbs; rbs; S x sRmab; standard rolled shape RtUv)andak;
v)andak;kñ ú úkñg dimension and
properties table enAkñ
enAkñ ú úg Manual.
T.Chhay 122
122 Beams
viTüasß
T üasßanCati
anCatiBhu
B hubec©
Engineering
smIkkarar %>! nig %>@ mantémøeTA)ankñ ú

eTA)ankñ úgkrNIbnÞ ú c μl mEdlsmÖ
bnÞ úktUcl mEdlsmÖar³enAEtsß
ar³enAEtsß itenAkñgú linear
elastic range. sRmab;eRKOgbgÁ MEdk
Eú dk vamann½yfaku
yfakugRtaM
gRtaMg f max minRtU
vFMCag f y ehIymann½yfa
nRtUvFM yfa
m: Umm:g;:gmmi; nRtU
inRtUvFMCag
Cag
M y = F y S x

Edl M y Cam:Umm:g;:g;Bt;EdleFV
EdleFV I[
[FñFñ wmeTAdl;cMcN
Nu
M uc yielding.
enAkñ úgrUbTI 5>3 FñmTRmsamBaØ
enAkñ ú mw TRmsamBaØCamY
CamYynwgbnÞ
gbnÞkcM
kú cMccMMNuccenAkNþ
enAkNþalElVggRtU
RtUv)anbgð
v)anbgðajnU
ajnUvkardak;
vkardak;
bnÞúkktamdM
tamdMNak;
Nak;kalCabnþbnÞ bnÞab;. enAeBl yielding cab;eepþpþ Im karBRgaykugRtaM
gRtaMggenAelI
enAelImmuxkat;
uxkat;Elg
Elg
FñFñ w wm 123
123 T.Chhay

mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
manlkçN³CabnÞat; ehIy y yielding nwggrIrIkralBI

kralBIsrésEpñ
srésEpñkxageRkAeTAG½
kxageRkAeTAG½kSNWt. kñ ú úkñgeBlCamY geBlCamYyKñ yKña
tMbbn;n;EEdlrg
dlrg yield nwglatsn§ glatsn§gtambeNþ
gw tambeNþayFñ ayFñ wmBI
mBIGG½kSkNþ
½kSkNþalrbs;
alrbs;FñFñmmEdlm: w Edlm: Um:gBt;B; t;mmantémø e μs Innwwg
antémøes
M y enATItaMgCaeRcIn. n. tMbn;
bn;EEdlrg
dlrg yield enHRtUv)angð v)angðajedayépÞ
ajedayépÞBN’ BN’ex e μx AenAkñgú rUbTI
bTI 5>3 c nig d .
enAkñgú rUbTIbTI 5>2 b yielding eTIbnwgcab; gcab;epþ
epþ Im. enAkñ ú
enAkñ úgrUbTI
bTI 5>2
c yielding )anrIkralcUleTAkñ ú ú leTAkñggRTnu
RTnug
ehIyenAkñ ú ú
enAkñgrUbbTITI 5>2 b muxkat;
xkat;TaM
TaMgmUl)an yield . eKRtUvvkarm: karm: Umgg;: bEnß
b; Enßmkñ ú
mkñ úgtémøCamFüm
CamFüm vaes μ IRb
Ehl 12% én yield moment edImm,I,InaMF wñmBIdMdMNak;kal kal (b) eTAdMNak;kkal al (d) sRmab; W-shape .
enAeBleKeTAdl;dNak; N
M ak;kal
kal (d) RbsinebIenAEtbEnß
enAEtbEnßmbnÞ ú ú
mbnÞkeTotFñ
keTotFñmmnw
w nwg)ak;
g)ak; enAeBlEdlFatuTaM TaMgGs;
rbs;mmuxkat;
uxkat;)aneTAdl; yield plateau rbs; stress-strain curve ehIy unrestrict plastic flow nwg
ekIteLI
teLIg. Plastic hing RtUv)aneLIgRtg; gRtg;G½kSrbs;
kSrbs;FFñmñw ehIysnø
ysnøak; ak;enHCamY
enHCamYynw ynwgsnøak; ak;BiBitR)akdenA
xagcugrbs;grbs;F wñmbegát)anCa
tI )anCa unstable machanism . kñkñ ú úggeBl eBl plastic collapse, mechanism motion
RtUv)anbgð
v)anbgðajenAkñ ú
jenAkñ úgrUbTIbTI 5>4 . Structural analysis EdlQrelIkarBicarNa carNa collapse mechanism
RtUv)aneKehAfa
v)aneKehAfa plastic analysis. karENnaMBBII plastic plastic analysis nig design RtUv)anerobrab; v)anerobrab;enAkñ ú
enAkñ úg
Appendix A kñg gesovePAenH.
u esovePAenH.
lT§PaBm:Umm:g;:g;)aøsÞic EdlCam: Umm:g;:g;EdlRtUvkaredI vkaredIm,I

m,Ibegá Itsnø
tsnøak;
ak;))aøaøsÞscÞi GacRtUv)anKNnay:ag
gayRsYlBIkarBikarBicarNakarBRgaykugRtaM gRtaMgRtUvvKñKña.
a. enAkñ ú
enAkñ úgrUbTI
bTI 5>5 ers‘
ers‘ u ultg;kgRtaM
gu RtaMggsgá
sgát;t; nigku
gkug
RtaMgTajRtU
gTajRtUv)anbgð
v)anbgðaj aj Edl Ac CaRkLaépÞmuxkat;Edlrgkarsgá Edlrgkarsgát;t; nig At CaRkLaépÞmuxkat;Edl dl
rgkarTaj. RkLaépÞTTaMaMggenHCaRkLaépÞ
enHCaRkLaépÞEdlenABI EdlenABIxagelI
xagelI nigBIxageRkamG½kSNW kSNWt)aøt)aøsÞs iÞc (plastic
neutral axis) EdlmincaM ncaM)ac;
)ac;dUdUcKñanwanwgG½kSNWteGLasÞ
teGLasÞ ic. c. BIsßsanPaBlM
aß nPaBlMngrbs;
gw rbs;kmø kmøagM eyIg)an
g)an
= T
C =
Ac F y = At F y
Ac = At
T.Chhay 124
124 Beams

viTüasß
T üasßanCati
anCatiBhu
B hubec©
Engineering
dUccenHG½
enHG½kSNWt)aø
t)aøssÞ icEckmu
ÞcEckmuxkat;
xkat;CaBIcMENkes μ IKKñña. sRmab;rbragEdlsI UbragEdlsIemRTIeFobnwggG½G½kSénkarBt;
kSénkarBt;
G½kSNWteGLasÞ
teGLasÞ ic nigG½ gG½kSNW cU Kña. m: Umm::gg;;))aøaøsÞs iÞc M p Ca resisting couple Edlbegá IteLI
kSNWt)aøssÞ iÞcKWddUcKñ teLIg
edaykmøaMaMgBI μ IKKñña niggmanTi
gBIres manTisedApÞyKñ yú Kña b¤
⎛ A ⎞
M p = F y ( Ac )a = F y ( At )a = F y ⎜ ⎟a = F y Z
2 ⎝ ⎠
Edl A = RkLaépÞmmuxkat;
uxkat;srub
a = cm¶ayrvagG½
ayrvagG½kSNW kSNWtrbs;RkLaépÞ
RkLaépÞBak;
Bak;kNþ
kNþalTaMgBI
gBIr
⎛ A ⎞
Z = ⎜ ⎟a = m:D DuU lmu
lu muxkat;)aøsÞic (plastic section modulus)
⎝ ⎠
2
]TahrN_ 5>1³
5>1³ CamYynw
ynwg built-up shape
EdlbgðajenAkñ úgg rrU bTI
bU TI 5>6 cUrrkMkMNt;
N ¬k¦ elastic section
t; ¬k¦
modulus S nig
yielding moment M y nig ¬x¦ plastic section modulus Z nig plastic moment
M p . karekageFobnwgG½
kkS
S x ehIyEdkEdleRbI
KW A 572 Grade 50 .
dM eNaHRsay³
e NaHRsay³
¬k¦
¬k ¦ edaysarvamanlkçN³sI
N³sI ue mRTI enaH
elastic neutral axis ¬G½kS
k S x ¦ sßsß i itenABak;kNþalmuxkat; xkat;
¬TItaM
ggrbs;
rbs;TTI RbCM
I uTm¶
T m¶nn;¦.
¦; . m: Um gg;: nni; iclPaBrbs;
c lPaBrbs;mmu xkat;
uxkat;GacRtU
G acRtUvkM
vkMNt;)anedayeRbI
) anedayeRbIRTw sþsþ I IbTG½
kS
k S
Rsb (parallel axis theorem) ehIylT§plénkarKNnaRtU plénkarKNnaRtUv)ansegçv)ansegçbenAkñ úgtarag 5>1.
tarag 5>1
FñFñ w wm 125
125 T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
Component I
I A d + Ad 2
I +
Flange 260417 5000 162.5 132291667
Flange 260417 5000 162.5 132291667
Web 28125000 - - 28125000
Sum 292.71×106
Elastic section modulus KW

I 292.71 ⋅10 6 292.71⋅10 6
S = = =
= 1.67 ⋅10 6 mm3
c 25 + (300 / 2 ) 175
Yield moment KW KW
M y = F y S = 345 ×1. 67 = 576.15kN .m
cemø y ³
³ S = 1 .67 ⋅10 6 mm3 nig
M y = 576.15kN .m
¬x ¦ edaysarrUbragenHmanlkçN³sI N³sIemRTI
eu mRTIeFobnw
gG½kkS S x / enaHG½kSenHEckmu k SenHEckmuxkat; μ IKñ a
xkat;CaBIrcMEnkes
E nkes
ehIyG½ kSenHk¾
kSenHk¾Ca
plastic neutral axis Edr. TIRbCM u Tm¶n;n;rbs;éépÞ
pÞBak;
Bak;kNþ
k NþaalxagelI
lxagelIRtUv)an
v)an
kMNt;
N t;eedayeRbI
dayeRbI principle
of moment . Kitm:
t m: Umm: :gg;; eFobG½
e; FobG½kSNW
k SNWténmuxkat;xkat;TaMgmU
g mUl ¬rUbTI 5>6¦
5>6¦
ehIykarKNnaRtUv)anerobCatarag
)anerobCatarag 5>2.
tarag 5>2
Component A y Ay
Flange 5000 162.5 812500
Web 1875 75 140625

S um 6875 953125
y =
∑ Ay = 953125 = 138.64mm
∑ A 6875
rUbbTITI 5>7
5>7 bgðajfaédXñ
ajfaédXñas;
as;mm: :mm:U g;:g ;rbs; mm::mm:U :gg; KUK; UrEdlekItmanenAxagkñ
ggKW
ú KW
a = 2 y = 2(138 .64) = 277.28mm
T.Chhay 126
126 Beams
viTüasß
T üasßanCati
anCatiBhu
B hubec©
Engineering
ehIy plastic section modulus KW

⎛ A ⎞
Z = ⎜ 6
⎟a = 6875 × 277.28 = 1.906 ⋅10 mm
3

⎝ 2 ⎠
Plastic moment KWKW
M p = F y Z = 345 × 1.906
= 657.6kN .m
cemø y ³
³ Z = 1. 906 ⋅10 6 mm3 nig M p = 657.6kN .m
]TahrN_ 5>2³
5>2³ KNna plastic moment, M p sRmab; W 10 × 60 rbs;Edk
E dk A36 .
dM eNaHRsay³
e NaHRsay³ BI dimensions and properties tables enAkñ úg Part1 of the Manual
A = 17.6in 2
A 17.6
2
=
2
= 8.8in
TIRbCM u Tm¶nn;;sRmab;
s Rmab;RkLaépÞ
R kLaépÞBak;
Bak;kNþ
k NþalGacrk)anBI
alGacrk)anBIk úgtaragsRmab;
gñ taragsRmab; WT-shapes EdlRtUv)an
v)an
kat;ecjBI W-shapes. rUbragEdlRtU bragEdlRtUvKñarbs; vaKW vaKW WT 5 × 30 ehIycm¶
ayBIépÞxageRkAbM
xageRkAbMptrbs;
tu rbs;ssø ab
øab
eTATIRbCM
uTm¶
T m¶n;n;K W 0.884in dUcbgð
cbgðajenA kkñ ú úgrU
ñgrUbTI 5>8.
5>8.
a = d − 2(0.884) = 10.22
− 2(0.884) = 8.452in
⎛ ⎞
A

Z = ⎜ ⎟a = 8.8(8.452) = 74.38in 3
⎝ 2 ⎠
lT§plEdlTTY
plEdlTTYl)anenHmantémø
l)anenHmantémøRbhak;Rbhak;RbEhlnw
R bEhlnwgtémø
Edl[enAkñ
Edl[enAkñ úg dimensions and properties
tables ¬PaBxusKñ
sKñabNþ
abNþalmkBIkarKi
tcMnYn YnxÞg; eRkayex,ós¦
eRkayex,ós¦
cemø y ³ M p = F y Z = 36(74.38) = 2678in. − kips = 223 ft − kips
5>3> lMnwnwg (Stability)
FñFñ w wm 127
127
T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
RbsinebI
nebIFñF wmñmGacrkSalM
GacrkSalMnnwgrbs;
wgrbs;va)anrhU
va)anrhUtdl; tdl;vasß
vasß itkñ ú
tkñ úglkçxNÐ
xNÐ))aøaøssÞ iceBjelj
ÞceBjelj enaH nominal
moment strength RtUv)aneKKiv)aneKKitfamantémø
tfamantémøes e μs Ingw plastic moment capacity Edl
moment capacity
M n = M p
pÞymkvi
yú mkvij M n < M p .
dUcckrNI
krNIssrEdr PaBK μanlM
anlMnnwgGacmann½
wgGacmann½yCalkç yCalkçN³sru
N³srub b¤Gacmann½yCalkç yCalkçN³edaytM
N³edaytMbn;.
karekagrbs;Ggá
Ggát;tRRtU
; tUvv)anbgð
)anbgðajenAkñ ú ú
ajenAkñgrUbTIbTI 5>9 a. enAeBlFñ wmekag tMbn; bn;rrgkarsgá
gkarsgát;t ; ¬EpñkxagelI
kxagelI
buckle
G½lkçkkSNW
SNW t¦ manlkçRKan;
N³RsavRKb;
N³RsavRKb; N³
N.³ niEtvami
gkareFV
gkareFVndU
ndUkarRsedognw
kI carRsedognw
ssr edaysartM gssr
gssr bn; behIn;rrgkarsgá
ygkarsgá
vanwg t;trb; uxRbsi
r; b;mmuxkat;kat;RnnebI
tUebIv)anTb;
EEpñpñkrbs;
v)anTb; krbs; mmuxkat;
uxkat;kEdl
edayEpñ
edayEpñ kEdlman
man
rgkarTaj ehIyPaBdabmkxageRkA
yPaBdabmkxageRkA (flexural buckling) RtUvv)anbegá )anbegá IteLIgeday geday twisting (torsion).
μanlM
karbegá ItnUvvPaBK
PaBK anlMnnwgenHRtU
wgenHRtUv)aneKehAfa
v)aneKehAfa lateral-torsional buckling (LTB). eKGacbgáarar
Lateral-torsional buckling )aneday lateral bracing tMbn;rgkarsgá t; t ; CaBiesssøesssøabEdlrgkar
sgát;tC;CamY
amYynwgcenø
gcenøaHRKb;
aHRKb;RRKan;
Kan;. karBRgwgenHRtUv)anbgð v)anbgðajlkç ajlkçN³nimmiitþtsBaØ sþ BaØaenAkñ ú ú
enAkñgrUbTI 5>9 b. dUcGV cGV I
EdleyIgg)aneXI
)aneXIj moment strength GaRs½yeTAnw yeTAnwgRbEvgEpñkEdlmi kEdlminn)anBRgw )anBRgwgEdlCacm¶ayrvag ayrvag
cMNu
NcucénTRmxag
énTRmxag (lateral support) .
eTaHbICaFñ
CaFñ wmGacTTYlm: Um:m:g;RKb;
RKb;RKan;eedIdImm,I,IeFV
eFV I[vaeTAdl;
[vaeTAdl;lkç lkçxNÐ
xNÐ)aøsÞsceBjelj
Þci eBjelj vak¾RtUv
GaRs½yfaetIva)anrkSa
va)anrkSa cross-sectional integrity b¤Gt; Gt;. vanwg)at;
g)at;bg; bg; integrity RbsinnebI ebIEpñkrgkar
sgát;tN ;NamY
amYy
yrbs;
rbs;mmuxkat;
uxkat; buckle. RbePT buckling GacCa compression flange buckling Edl
eKehAfa flange local buckling (FLB) b¤ buckling buckling énEpñkrgkarsgá krgkarsgát;trbs; r; bs;RTnug EdleKehAfa web
local buckle (WLB). dUcEdl)anerobrab;
cEdl)anerobrab;enAkñ ú ú
enAkñgCM gCMBBUkU 4 RbePT local buckling epSgeTotekIteLI teLIg
edayGaRs½ynw ynwg width-thickness ratio rbs;Epñ Epñkrgkarsgá
krgkarsgát;rbs;mmuxkat; uxkat;.
T.Chhay 128
128 Beams
Department of
Engineering
viTüasß
T üasßanCati
anCatiBhu
B hubec©
bec©keTskm< úCa
rUbTI 5>10
bgðajBI\\T§T§ iBlrbs; local and lateral-torsional buckling. Fñ wmR)aMdac;eday
ELkRtUvv)anbgð
)anbgðajenAkñ ú ú
ajenAkñgRkaPi
gRkaPicénbnÞ cénbnÞk-PaBdab.
kú -PaBdab. ExSekagTI ! CaExSekagbnÞ ú ú
CaExSekagbnÞkk-PaBdabrbs;
-PaBdabrbs;FñFñmmEdlw Edl
μK anlM
anlMnwngw ¬edayviFFIINak¾eday¦ eday¦ ehIy)at; y)at;bg;
bg;lT§
lT§PaBRTbnÞ
PaBRTbnÞkrbs;
kú rbs;vamunneBlvaeTAdl;
eBlvaeTAdl; first yield ¬rUbbTITI
5>3 b¦. ExSekag @ nig # RtUvKñanwgFñwmEdlGacRTbnÞ ú ú EdlGacRTbnÞkkedayqø
edayqøggkat;
kat; first yield buEEnþ
: nþmimin)anyUrRKb;
rRKb;
RKan;edImm,I,Ibegá Itsnøaak;k;))aøaøssÞ iÞc nigTTY
gTTYl)an
l)an plastic collapse. RbsinebIvaGaceTAdl; plastic collapse
enaHExSekagbnÞk-PaBdabnw
kú -PaBdabnwgmanlkç gmanlkçN³dUN³dUcExSekag
cExSekag $ b¤ %. ExSekag $ sRmab;krNI krNIm:Umm:g;:g;e μs IenA
eBjRbEvgFñwmTaM mTaMgmU gmUl ehIyExSekag % sRmab;F wñmmEdlrgm: Edlrgm: Um:gERbRbY
E; RbRbYl (moment gradient) .
eKGacTTYl)ankarKNnaRbkbedaysuvvtßtß iPaBCamYynw ynwgFñwmEdlRtU
mEdlRtUvvKñKñaanwnwgExSekagNamY
gExSekagNamYyénExSekag
TaMggenH
enH b:b: u uEEnþnþExSekag
ExSekag ! nig @ bgðajBI
ajBIkkareRbI μanlk
areRbIsmÖar³edayK
ar³edayK μN³Rbsi
anlk N³RbsiT§PaB. PaB.
Nat;fñak;rbs;rUbrag
5>4> cMNat; (Classification of Shapes)
AISC cat;cMcNat;
N
M at;fñfñak;rrUbragmu
Ubragmuxkat;Ca
Ca compact, noncompact b¤ slender GaRs½ynw
ynwgtémø
rbs; width-thicknes
width-thicknesss ratios. sRmab; I- nig H-shapes pleFobsRmab;sab aø b (unstiffened element)
ypleFobsRmab;RTnug (stiffened element) KW h / t w . eKGacrk)an karcat;cMcNat;
KW b f / 2t f ehIypleFobsRmab; N
M at;
fñak;rbs;mmuxkat;
uxkat;enAkñ ú ú
enAkñg Section B5 of the specification, “Local Buckling” in Table B5.1. vanwg
RtUv)ansegçbbdUdUcxageRkam.
cxageRkam. edayyk
λ = width-thickness ratio
λ p = upper limit for compact category
λ r = upper limit for noncompact category
enaH RbsinebI
nebI λ ≤
≤ λ p ehIysø
ysøabP¢ gRTnugCab; μKK andac;
abP¢aab;b;eTAnw
eTAnwgRTnu andac; enaHrU
enaHrUbragmanlkçN³
N³ compact.
FñFñ w wm 129
129
T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
RbsinebInebI λ p < λ ≤ λ r enaHrUbragmanlkçN³ uncompact.

RbsinebI
nebI λ >> λ r enaHrUbragmanlkçN³N³ slender .
cMNat;
Nat;fñfañak;k;RtUvvQrelI
QrelI width-thickness ratio rbs;mmuxkat;
uxkat;EdlmantémøFMFCag.
CM ag. ]TahrN_ RbsinnebI ebI
RTnugCa
gCa compact ehIy ysøsøaabCa
bCa noncompact enaHrUbragRtU
bragRtUv)ancat;
v)ancat;cMcNat;
N
M at;fñfñak;Ca noncompact .
tarag 5>3 RtUv)andkRsg;
v)andkRsg;ecjBI AISC Table B5.1 nigmangman width-thickness ratio sRmab;mumuxkat;
hot-rolled I- nig H-shape.
tarag 5>3 Width-thickness parameters*

λ p λ r
Element
λ IS US IS US
b f 170 65 370 141
Flange F
F
F − 69
F − 10

2t f y y y y
h 1680 640 2550 970

Web F y
F y
F y
F y

t w
* sRmab; hot-rolled I- nig H-shape rgkarBt;

5>5> Bending Strength of Compact Shapes
FñmmGac)ak; edayvaTTYlm: Um:g ; M p ehIyvakø
w Gac)ak;edayvaTTY yvakøayCa)aø
ayCa)aøssÞ iceBjelj
ÞceBjelj b¤k¾k¾vvaGac)ak;
aGac)ak;eday
!>@> lateral-torsional buckling (LTB), eday elastically b¤ inelastically
flange local buckling (FLB), eday elastically b¤ inelastically
#> web local buckling (WLB), eday elastically b¤ inelastically

RbsinebI
nebIkggRtaM
u RtaMggBt;
Bt;Gti
Gtibrma
brma (maximum bending stress) tUcCagEdnsmamaRt
(proportional limit) enAeBlEdl buckling ekIteLI teLIg failure enHRtUv)aneKehAfa elastic. RbsinebI nebI
minGBa©
nGBa© wgenH vaCa inelastic. ¬sUmemIlkarbkRsayEdlTak;
lkarbkRsayEdlTak;TgenAkñ ú TgenAkñ úgEpñk 4>2 rbs;emeronTI 4 4 .¦
edIm,I
m,IggayRsY
ayRsYl CadMbgeyI UgeyIgcat;
gcat;cMcMNat;fñaak;k;FñF wmCa
mñ Ca compact, noncompact b¤ slender . kar
erobrab;enAkñ ú
enAkñ úgEpñkenHGnu
kenHGnuvtþvtþcMeBaHFñwmBI
mBIrRbePT³ ¬!¦ hot-rolled I-nig H-shape ekageFobG½kSxøaaMMg
channels
ehI yEdlbnÞ ú ú
EdlbnÞkenAkñ ú ú
kenAkñ
shear center b¤k¾ vgbø
g)anTb;
bøgg;énG½
k¾RtUv)anTb;;énG½RbqaM
kSexSay
kSexSay ehIyl.
ggnwnwgkarrmY
gkarrmY l.¬2¦
¬ Shear center ekageFobG½
CacMN
CacM kkSxø
SxømmuagM xkat;
NucenAelI
ucenAelI ehI EdltamcM
ybnÞ ú ú
uxkat; yEdltamcM
bnÞkdak;
kdak;N
tam
tamuc
enHbnÞkTTw
kú TTwgRtU
gRtUv)ankat;tam RbsinebIFFñmekagedayK μankarrmY
ñmw ekagedayK ankarrmYl.¦ vanwgekI
gekItmancMeBaH eBaH I-nig H-
T.Chhay 130
130 Beams
viTüasß
T üasßanCati
anCatiBhu
B hubec©
Engineering
Shapes
smIkar . eKmin
nBi
BicarNaGM
c
kar AISC xøHnwgRtU arNaGM B
BII
Hybrid beam ¬Edlsøab
gRtUv)anEkERbbnþ
v)anEkERbbnþ icbnþ
cbnþ ÜccedI
edImm,I,Ieqø yabtbeTAnw
nigRTnu
gRTnuggkarkM
eqø IytbeTAnw grbs;
gkarkM
rbs;Nt;
NvamanersI u u
vamanersI sþsgþg;epSgKñ
t;enH edayeKCM ;epSgKñnYsa¦eT
a¦eTF ehI niyg
yf
F yw EdlCa yield strength rbs;s søab

øab nigRTnu
gRTnugeday
geday F y .
eyIgcab;epþ
epþ ImCamY
mCamYynwg compact shape EdlRtUvv)ankM )ankMNt;
Nt;CarUbragEdlRTnu
bragEdlRTnugrbs; grbs;vaRtUvv)an )an
P¢ab;eTAsøaabCab;
bCab;\tdac;
\tdac; ehIyEdlbM
yEdlbMeBjnU
eBjnUvtRmU
vtRmUvkar vkar width-thickness ratio xageRkamsRmab;sab aø b nig
RTnugg³³
b f 170 h 1680 b f 65 h 640
2t
≤
F
ni
g t
≤
F
¬xñ atCa
a tCa IS ¦
2t
≤
F
ni
g t
≤
F
atCa IS ¦
¬xñatCa
f y w y f y w y
sRmab;RKb; standard hot-rolled shape Edl)anrayeQ μaHenAkñ

aHenAkñgú Manual )aneKarBlkçxNÐ xNÐxag
elI dUcenHeKRtUvkarBininitüEtpleFobsøabb: u ueeNÑ
NÑaH.
aH. rUbragPaKeRcI
bragPaKeRcInk¾ nk¾beBjtRmU
eM BjtRmUvvkarrbs;
karrbs;søsøabEdr
dUcenH vaRtUv)ancat;cMNat;fñaak;k;Ca Ca compact. RbsinebI
nebIFñwmmCa
Ca compact ehIy ymanTRmxagCab;
manTRmxagCab; b¤
unbraced length xø enaH nominal moment strength, M n Ca plastic moment capacity eBjrbs;
I enaH
rUbrag M p . sRmab;Ggá Ggátt;Edlmi
;EdlminmanTRmxagRKb;
nmanTRmxagRKb;RKan;
RKan; moment resistance RtUvv)ankM )ankMNt;
Nt;eeday
day
lateral-torsional buckling strength EdlmanlkçN³Ca N³Ca elastic b¤ inelastic .
RbePTTImmYYy (laterally supported compact beam) CakrNIEdlFm EdlFm μtata nigsamBaØ
gsamBaØCageK.
CageK.
AISC F1.1 [ nominal strength Ca
M n = M p (AISC Equation F1.1)
M p = F y Z ≤ 1.5 M y

Edl
témøkMNt;Nt;eday
eday 1.5 M y sRmab; M p KWedI edIm,IkarBarbnÞ ú
karBarbnÞ úkEdleFV IkarelI
karelIsslb;
lb;
niggRtU
RtUv)anbMeBj
eBj enAeBlEdl
F y Z ≤ 1.5F y S b¤ Z S ≤ 1.5
sRmab; I- nig H-shape ekageFobG½kSxøagM enaH Z / S EtgEttUccCag Cag 1.5 Canic©. ¬b: u
¬b: uEnþsRmab; I- nig
H-shape ekageFobG½kSexSay kSexSay enaH Z / S nwgminEdltU
nEdltUcCag
cCag 1.5 eT.¦
]TahrN_ 5>3³
5>3³ Fñ w
Fñ wmEdlbgð
ajenAkñ
bU TI 5>11 CaEdl A36 EdlmanrUbrag
brag W 16 × 31 . vaRTkM
continuous lateral support
ralxNÐebtugGarem:EEdlpþ
dlpþll;;nnU Uv dl;søabrgkarsgátt;;. Service dead
FñFñ w wm 131
131
T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
KWK W
load 450lb / ft . bnÞ ú ú
bnÞkenHRtU
kenHRtUv)andak;
v)andak;BBIIeelIlIFñF wmñ vaminRtUv)anKItbBa©
tbBa© ÚlbnÞ ú ú
bnÞkpÞkpÞal;rbs;
rbs;FñF wñmeT.
meT. Service
live load 550lb / ft
KW . etIF wñ wñmenHman moment strength RKb;RKan;
R Kan;b¤b eeT?
¤ T?
dM e NaHRsay³
NaHRsay³ Service dead load sru
srub edayrYmbBa©
mbBa©lTaM
lÚ TaMggTm¶
Tm¶nn;rbs;
;r bs;Fñ wF wñmKW

w D = 450 + 31
= 481lb / ft
sRmab;Fñ wF wmTRmsamBaØ
ñ rgbnÞ μ I m:mm:U g;:g ;Bt;Gti
rgbnÞ úkBRgayes GtibrmaekI
b rmaekItmanenAkNþ
alElV μ Ingw
alElVges
1
M max = wL2
8
Edl w CabnÞ úkEdlmanxñ
kEdlmanxñatkmø
atkmøagelI aRbEvg ehIy L CaRbEvgElVg.
gM elI2Éktþ g. enaH
1 0 . 481 × 30
M D = wL2 = = 54.11 ft − kips
8 8
0.55 × 30 2
M L =
8

= 61.88 ft − kips
edaysar dead load tU tUcCag live load min)an

n )an 8 dg enaHbnSMbnÞúk A4-2 nwgmantémø
FMFMCageK³
M u = 1.2 M D + 1.6 M L = 1.2 × 54.11 + 1.6 × 61.88 = 164 ft − kips
müa:gvijeTot
j eTot bnÞ úkGacRtUv)anKi
v)anKitemKuNmu
Nmun
0.431 + 1.6 × 0.550 = 1.457kips / ft
wu = 1.2 w D + 1.6 w L = 1.2 ×
1 2 1.457 × 30 2
M u = 8 wu L = = 164 ft − kips
8
RtYtB
tB nntü
tü compactness ³
b f
= 6.3 ¬BI Part 1 of the Manual ¦
2t f
65 65
F y
=
36
= 10.8 > 6.3 dUcenH
cenH søabCa compact .
h 640
t w
<
F y
¬sRmab;RKb;
R Kb;rrU bragenAkñ
UbragenAkñgú Manual ¦
dUccenH
enH W 16 × 31 Ca compact sRmab;Edk A36 .
edaysarFñmCa
w compact ehIymanTRmxag

M n = M p = F y Z x = 36(54.0 ) = 1944in − kips = 162 ft − kips
T.Chhay 132
132 Beams
viTüasß
T üasßanCati
anCatiBhu
B hubec©
Engineering
RtYtBi nintitüsRmab;
üsRmab; M p ≤ 1.5 M y ³
Z x 54
= = 1.15 < 1.5 (OK)
S x 47.2
φ b M n = 0.90(162) = 146
ft − kips < 164 ft − kips (NG)
cemø y ³
³ Design
Design moment tUcCagm:
cCagm:mm:U g;:g ;emKuN dUcenH
cenH W 16 × 31 minRKb;
n RKb;RKan;
R Kan;.
eTaHbICakarRtY
CakarRtYtBi ti üsRmab; M p ≤ 1.5 M y RtUv)aneFV
tBintüsRmab; v)aneFV IenAkñ ú ú
enAkñg]TahrN_
g]TahrN_xagelI
xagelI b: u ub:EEnþnþvami
vamin
caM)ac;ssRmab;
Rmab; I- nig H-shape ekageFobG½kSxø
kSxøaMaMg ehIyvami
yvaminRtU
nRtUv)aneFVdEdl²enAkñ ú
dI Edl²enAkñ úgesobePAenHeT.
Strength momentrbs; compact shape CaGnuKmn_ Kmn_nnwwg unbraced length, Lb EdlRtUv)ankM v)ankM
Nt;Cacm¶ayrvagcM
ayrvagcMN NucénTRmxag
ucénTRmxag b¤karBRgw
karBRgwg.
g. enAkñgesovePAenH
úgesovePAenH bgðajcM ajcMN NucénTRmxageday
ucénTRmxageday “X”
dUcbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 5>12 . TMnnak;
ak;TTMngrvag
Mngrvag nominal strength M n nig unbraced length RtUv)an
bgðajenAkñ
ajenAkñgú rUbbTITI 5>13 . RbsinebInebI unbraced length minFMCCag ag L p Fñ wmRtUv)anBi
v)anBicarNamanTRm
xageBj ehIy M n = M p . RbsinebI Lb FMCag Cag L p b:EEnþ Cag b¤e μs I)a:ra:Em:
u nþtUtcUcCag Rt Lr enaHersI
Em:Rt enaHersI u ussþþgg;;nnwwg
QrelI inelastic LTB . RbsinebI Lb FMCCag ag Lr enaHersI
enaHersI u usþgnwn; wgQrelI elastic LTB .
FñFñ w wm 133
133
T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
eKGacrksmIkarsRmab;
karsRmab; theorical elastic lateral-torsional buckling strength enAkñ úg
enAkñ ú
Theory of Elastic Stability (Timoshenko and Gere, 1961) nigCamY
gCamYykarpø
ykarpøas;
as;bþb ÚþrrninimmiitþtsBaØ
sþ BaØaaxøxøH
smIkarenHmanragdU
karenHmanragdUcxageRkam³
cxageRkam³
2
π ⎛ π E ⎞
M n =
Lb
EI y GJ + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ I y C w ¬%>#¦
⎝ Lb ⎠
Edl
Lb = unbraced length
G = shear modulus = 77225 MPa b¤ = 11200ksi sRmab;eRKOgbgÁ ú

eRKOgbgÁ úEdk
EM dk
J = torsional constant
C w = warping constant ( mm 6 )
RbsinebI
nebIm Umm:: g;:genAeBlEdl
e; nAeBlEdl lateral-torsional buckling ekIteLIgFM gFMCagm: Um:gEdlRtU
E; dlRtUvKñaanwnwg first yield
enaH strength QrenAelI inelastic behavior . m: Umm::gg;EdlRtU ;EdlRtUvKñanwg first yield KW
M r = F L S x (AISC Equation F1-7)
Edl F L CatémøEdltU EdltUcCageKkñ ú

cCageKkñ úgcMeeNam
Nam (F yf − F r ) nig F yw . enAkñ ú ú
enAkñgsmI
gsmIkarenH
karenH yield stress enA
kñgsø
gú søabRtUv)ankat;
v)ankat;bnßyeday yeday F r kugRtaM
gRtaMgEdlenAsl; (residual stress) . sRmab; nonhybrid
member, F yf = F ym = F y ehIy F L EtgEtes μ Innwwg F y − F r . teTAmuxeTotenAkñúggCMCMBUkenHkenH eyIg
CMnYnYs F L eday F y − F r . Ca]TahrN_ eyI eyIgsresr AISC Equation E1-7 Ca
M r = F y F r S x (AISC Equation F1 7)
T.Chhay 134
134 Beams
viTüasß
T üasßanCati
anCatiBhu
B hubec©
Engineering
EdlkugRtaM
gRtaMgEdlenAsl; F r = 10ksi = 69 MPa sRmab; rolled-shapes nig F r = 16.5ksi
= 114 MPa
sRmab; welded built-up shapes. dUccbgð bgðajenAkñ

ajenAkñgú rUbTI
bTI 5>13 RBMEdnrvag elastic behavior nig
inelastic behavior KW unbraced length Lr Edltémørbs; Lr RtUv)anTTYlBI
lBIsmI
smIkkarar %># enAeBl
Edl M n RtUv)andak; I μ M r . eKTTYl)ansmI
v)andak;[es l)ansmIkarxageRkam³
karxageRkam³
r X
1 + 1 + X 2 (F y − F r )2
y 1
Lr = (AISC Equation F1-6)
(F − F ) y r
Edl
π EGJA
X 1 =
S x 2
2
(AISC Equation F1-8 and F1-9)
4C w ⎛ S x ⎞
X 2 = ⎜ ⎟
I y ⎝ GJ ⎠
dUckrNIsssrEdr
srEdr inelastic behavior rbs;FFñmmanlkç μ ú úKs
ñmw manlkçN³s
N³s K μs ajCag
ajCag elastic behavior CaTUeTAeK
(empirical formulas) AISC
eRcI
neRbI
neRbIrbmnþ
)an[eRbI bUsmI
smnþ
mIkEdl)anmkBI
Edl)anmkBI
arxageRkam³karBi
karBieesaF
saF . CamYynwgkarEktRmU
gkarEktRmUvvd¾d¾titctY
ci tYc
⎛ Lb − L p ⎞
M n = M p − M p − M r ⎜ ( )
⎜ Lr − L p ⎟
⎟ ¬%>$¦
⎝ ⎠
790r
y 300r
y
Edl L p =
F y
¬xñaatt IS¦ L p =
F y
¬xñat
at US¦ (AISC Equation F1-4)
Nominal bending strength rbs; compact beam RtUvv)anbgð

)anbgðajedaysmIkar kar %># nig %>$ rgnUv
upper limit M p sRmab; inelastic beam RbsinebI
nebIm:Umm;g;;g;EdlGnuvtþ μ IelI
vtþBRgayes elI unbraced length
Lb . RbsinebI
nebIdUcenaHeT
cenaHeT vaman moment gradient ehIysmIkar kar %># nig %>$ RtUv)anEksRmY
v)anEksRmYl
edayemKuN C b . emKuN12
enHRtU v)an[eday AISC F1.2 kñ ú úkñgTRmg;
.5 M max
gTRmg;
C b =
2.5 M + 3 M + 4 M + 3 M
(AISC Equation F1-3)
max A B C
Edl M max =témødac;xatrbs;m:Umm:g;:g;GtibrmaenAkñ ú brmaenAkñ úg unbraced length (including the end points)
M A = témødac;xatrbs;xatrbs;mm: U:mm::gg;enAcM
;enAcMNu NucmYyPaKbYnén nén unbraced length
M B = témødac;xatrbs;xatrbs;mm: U:m:genAcM e; nAcMN NuucBak;
cBak;kNþ
kNþalén
alén unbraced length
M C = témødac;xatrbs;xatrbs;mm: U:mm::gg;enAcM
;enAcMN NuucbI
cbIPPaKbY
aKbYnén unbraced length
enAeBlm: Umm:g;:gBt; μ I témø
B; t;BBRgayes
Rgayes témø C b es μ Ingw
FñFñ w wm 135
135 T.Chhay

mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
12.5 M
C b =
2.5 M + 3 M + 4 M + 3 M
= 1.0
]TahrN_ 5>4³
5>4³ kMN
Nt;
t; C b sRmab;F wmTRmsamBaØ
ñ wñ RTbnÞ
RTbnÞ úkBRgayes
kBRgayes ICamYyEtnw
yEtnwgkarTb;
xxagenAxagcu μ
agenAxagcug
dMb: ueeeNÑ
NaHRsay³
NÑaH. edaysarlkçN³su I
NaHRsay³ ³su IemRTI
m:
Umm: :gg; Gti
;G tibrmasß i
rmasß itenAkNþ
t enAkNþalElV
alElVg dUcenH
1
M max = M B = 8
wL2
dUcKña edaysarlkçN³sI uemRTI
e mRTI m:
Um gg;: enAcM
e; nAcMN
Nu yPaKbIe μs Im: U mm: :gg; enAcM
uccmYmYyPaKbI ;e nAcMN
Nu
cbI
ucbIPaKbYn.
n. BIrU bTI
bTI 5>14
wL ⎛ L ⎞ wL ⎛ L ⎞ wL 2 wL2 3
M A = M C = ⎜ ⎟− ⎜ ⎟= − = wL2
2 4 ⎝ ⎠
4 8 ⎝ ⎠ 8 32 32
12.5 M max 12.5(1 / 8)
C b =
2.5 M max + 3 M A + 4 M B + 3 M C
=
2.5(1 / 8) + 3(3 / 32) + 4(1 / 8) + 3(3 / 32)
= 1.14
cemø y ³ C b = 1.14
rUbbTITI 5>15 bgð
bgðajBI émørbs; C b sRmab;krNI
ajBIttémø krNIF μm taCaeRcInénkardak;
nénkardak;bnÞ ú ú
bnÞk nigTRmxag.
gTRmxag.
sRmab; unbraced cantilever beams, AISC kMNt;témø témø C b = 1.0 . témø 1.0 CatémøtUtcU
¬edayminKitBI
tBIrrrUrUbragrbs;
bragrbs;F wñm nigkardak;bnÞ ú ú
bnÞkk¦¦ b:b: u uEnþ
Enþk úñ úñgkrNIxxøHvaCatémø
øHvaCatémøEdltU
EdltUccEmnETn.
EmnETn. karkMNt;Nt;
TaMgGs;én
én nominal moment strength sRmab; compact shapes GacRtUv)ansegçbdU bdUccxageRkam³
xageRkam³
sRmab; Lb ≤ L p /
M n = M p ≤ 1.5 M y (AISC Equation F1-1)
T.Chhay 136
136 Beams

viTüasß
T üasßanCati
anCatiBhu
B hubec©
Engineering
sRmab; L p < Lb ≤ Lr /

⎡ ⎛ Lb − L p ⎞⎤
(
M n = C b ⎢ M p − M p − M r ⎜
⎜
) ⎟⎥ ≤ M p
⎟
⎢ ⎣
L −
⎝ r p ⎠⎥
L
⎦
sRmab; L p > Lr /
M n = M
cr ≤ M p (AISC Equation F1-12)
2
π ⎛ π E ⎞
Edl M cr = C b
Lb
EI y GJ + ⎜⎜
L
⎟⎟ I y C w (AISC Equation F1-13)
⎝ b ⎠
C b S x X 1 2 X 12 X 2
= 1+
Lb / r y (
2 Lb / r y )2
efr X 1 nig X 2 RtUv)ankMNt;BBIImmunu ehIyRtUv)anrayCataragenAkñ ú ú
témøefr v)anrayCataragenAkñg dimensions and
properties tables in the Manual.
FñFñ w wm 137
137 T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
\T§ Blrbs
Blrbs C b eTAel
eTAel nominal strength RtUv)anbgð
ajenAkñgrUbT
bT 5>16 . eTaHbCa
eTaHbCa strength
smamaRtedaypÞal;eTAnweTAnwg C b k¾eday EtRkaPicenH)anbgð
cenH)anbgðajy:
ajy:aagc,as;
gc,as;BIBIsar³sMxan;
xan;rbs;
rbs; upper limit
M p edayminKi
nKitBIsar³sM
sar³sMxan;
xan;rbs;
rbs;smI
smIkarEdlRtU
karEdlRtUveRbI
veRbIssRmab;
Rmab; M n .
]TahrN_ 5>4³
5>4³ kMNt; design strength φ b M n sRmab; W 14 × 68 rbs;Edk
E dk A242 Edl³
k> TRmxagCab;
x> unbraced length = 20 ft / C b = 1.0
K> unbraced length = 20 ft C b = 1.75 /
dM e NaHRsay³
k> BI Part 1 of the Manual / W 14 × 68 KWsß
sß i itenAkñ
t enAkñgú /dUccenHvaGacman
enHvaGacman yield stress
shape group 2
F y = 50ksi / kMNNt;

t;faetI
f aetIrU bragenHCa
bragenHCa compact, noncompact b¤ slender .
b f 65
2t
= 7 .0 <
50

f
rUbragenHKW compact dUcenH

cenH
M n = M p = F y Z x = 50(115) = 5750in. − kips = 479.2 ft − kips
cemø y ³
³ φ b M n = 0.9(479
.2) = 431 ft − kips
x> Lb = 20 ft nig C b = 1.0 . KNna L p nig Lr ³
T.Chhay 138
138 Beams
viTüasß
T üasßanCati
anCatiBhu
B hubec©
Engineering
300r y 300 × 2.46

L p =
F y
=
50

= 104.4in. = 8.7 ft
BI torsion properties tables in Part 1 of the Manual,

C w = 5380in 6
J = 3.02in 4 nig
eTaHbICa X 1 nig X 2 RtUv)anerobCataragenAkñ úg dimensions and properties table in part 1 of
the Manual eyIgnw gKNnavaenATI
enHsRmab;
bgðaj
X 1 = π EGJA
π (11200 )(3.02)(20) = 3021ksi
S x 2 = 103
29000
2
2 2
C w ⎛ S x ⎞
⎛ 5380 ⎞⎛ 103 ⎞ −2
X 2 = 4 ⎜ ⎟ = 4⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 0.001649ksi
I y ⎝ GJ ⎠ ⎝ 121 ⎠⎝ 11200 × 3.02 ⎠
r
y X 1
Lr =
( F y − F r )
1 + 1 + X 2 ( F y − F r ) 2
2.46(3021)
=
(50 − 10)
1 + 1 + 0.001649(50 − 10)
2
= 316.8in = 26.40 ft
edaysar L p < Lb < Lr strength QrelI inelastic LTB nig
(50 − 10)(103)
M r = (F y − F r )S x = = 343.3 ft − kips
12
( ⎜ Lb − L p ⎞⎟⎤⎥

M n = C b ⎡⎢ M p − M p − M r ⎛ )
⎜ ⎟
⎢ ⎣ ⎝ Lr − L p ⎠⎥ ⎦
⎡ ⎛ 20 − 8.7 ⎞⎤
= 1.0⎢479.2 − (479.2 − 343.3)⎜ ⎟⎥
⎣ ⎝ 26.4 − 8.7 ⎠⎦
cemø y ³ φ b M n = 0.90(392
.4) = 353 ft − kips
K> Lb = 20 ft nig . Design strength sRmab; C b = 1.75 KWes
C b = 1.75 μ Inw g 1.75 dgén Design
strength sRmab; C b = 1.0 . dUc cenH
enH
M n = 1.75(392.4 ) = 686.7 ft − kips > M p = 479.2 ft − kips
Nominal strength minGacFMCag C ag M p / dUcenHeRbI

cenHeRbI nominal strength M n = 479 .2 ft − kips
cemø y ³
³ φ b M n = 0.90(479
.2 ) = 431 ft − kips
Part 4 of the Manual of Steel Construction, “Beam and Girder Design,” mantaragmanRbeyaCn_
CaeRcInnsRmab;
sRmab;viPaK nigKNnaFñ wm. Ca]TahrN_ Load Factor Design Selection Table raynUvrUvrUbrag
FñFñ w wm 139
139
T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
EdleRbICaTU
CaTUeeTAsRmab;
TAsRmab;FñF wmñ EdlRtUv)anerobCalM
)anerobCalMdab;
dab;én Z x . edaysar M p = F y Z x rUbragk¾
bragk¾RtU
RtUv)an
erobCalMdab;
dab;én
én design moment φ b M p . témøefrdéTeTotEdlmanRbeyaCn_
efrdéTeTotEdlmanRbeyaCn_k¾k¾RtU RtUv)anerobCatarag
EdlrYmman L p nig Lr ¬EdlCaEpñkmYyEdlKY
yEdlKYr[Fu
r[FujjRTan;
RTan;kgkarKNna¦.
gññ ú ú karKNna¦.
Plastic Analysis
enAkñ úgkrNICaeRcIn m: Um:m:g;emKu
enAkñ ú emKuNGti
NGtibrma
brma M u nwgRtUv)anTTY
v)anTTYlBI
lBI elastic structural analysis
edayeRbIbnÞ kemKu
nÞ kemKuN.
N. eRkamlkçxNÐ xNÐc,as;las;
las; ersIussþþgg;EdlcaM
E; dlcaM)ac;
)ac; (required strength) sRmab;rcna
sm½ <nn§§EdlminGackMNt;Nt;edaysþ
edaysþaTi
aTic (statically inderteminate structure) RtUvv)anrkedayeRbI
)anrkedayeRbI plastic
plastic
analysis. AISC GnuBaØaat[eRbI

t[eRbI plastic
plastic analysis RbsinebIrUrUbrag compact nigRbsi
gRbsinebI
nebI
Lb ≤ L pd
Edl L pd = 24800 + 15200 F

( M 1 / M 2 )
y
r ¬xñatat SI ¦ (AISC Equation F1-17)
y
M 1 =m: Umm:g;:gEdltU
E; dltUcCageKkñ ú
CageKkñ úgcMeeNamm:
Namm: Umgg;: cuc; ugTaMgBI
gBIrrsRmab;
sRmab; unbraced segment
M 2 = m:
Umm:g;:gEdlFM
E; dlFMCageKkñ ú ú
CageKkñgcM gcMeNamm: Umm::gg;;cucgTaM
gu TaMgBIrsRmab; unbraced segment
pleFob M 1 / M 2 viC¢C¢manenAeBlEdlm: Umm::gg;begá ;begáIt reverse curvature enAkñgú unbraced
segment L unbraced length failure
b
mechanism
. enAeBlenH RbsinebICaeKeRbI
. b: u ub:EEnþnþRbsi eKeRbI plastic EdlenACab;nnwgsnø
wgsnøak;)aø)aøs iÞcEdlCaEpñkmYyén
yén w
plastic analysis, nominal moment strength M EdlenACab;ng
n
snøaak;k;cucgeRkayEdlmi
gu eRkayEdlminenAEk,rsnø
nenAEk,rsnøaak;k;))aøaøssÞcRtU
Þci RtUv)anKNnatamviFIFdUdI UcKñasRmab;
asRmab;FñwmEdlvi
mEdlviPaKedayvi
PaKedayviFIFIeG
LasÞ ic ehIyvaRtUvEttU
vEttUcCag
cCag M p .
5>6> Bending Strength of Noncompact Shapes

dUckarkt;cMcMNaMBImmuun standard W-, M-, nig S-shapes PaKeRcInCa nCa compact sRmab; F = y
250 MPa nig F y = 350 MPa . cMnYn ntitictY

ctYccb: ub: ueNÑaHCa
aHCa noncompact edaysar width-thickness ratio
μ slender AISC Specification
rbs;søsønoncompact
Rsay ab b: u ub:Enþ
EnþKanrU
b niragmYyNaCa
yNaCaflexural member
g slender eT. edaysarmU lehtu
lehtu ½nn§TTaM§ (Appendix
enAkñ úg]bsm<
enAkñ ú aMggenH
enH F). enAkñ ú ú
enAkñgesovePAedaH
gesovePA
enH eyIgnw
gnwgBicarNa carNa slender flexural member enAkñ ú
enAkñ úgCMBBUkTI
UkTI110.
0.
T.Chhay 140
140 Beams
Department of
Engineering
viTüasß
T üasßanCati
anCatiBhu
B hubec©
bec©keTskm< úCa
CaTUeeTATA Fñ wmGac)ak;eday eday lateral-torsional buckling, flange local buckling b¤ web local
buckling. RKb;RbePTénkar)ak;
RbePTénkar)ak;Gacsß GacsßtenAkñ ú ú
ti enAkñgEdneGLasÞ
gEdneGLasÞ ic b¤ inelastic range. RTnugrbs;RKb;
rolled shapes enAkñ enAkñ ú úg Manual Ca compact dUcenH cenH noncompact shapes CaRbFanbTsRmab;EEtsß tsßaann
PaBkMN Nt;t; (limit states) én lateral-torsional buckling nig flange local buckling. ersIsþusgþg;EdlRtU
;EdlRtUv
nwggsßsßanPaBkM
anPaBkMNt;TTaMaMgBI gBIrrRtU
RtUvv)anKNna
)anKNna ehIyeKyktémø
yeKyktémøEdltUEdltUcCageK. BI AISC Appendix F CamYy
b f
λ =
2t

f
nebI λ p < λ ≤ λ r / enaHsøabCa noncompact ehIy buckling Ca inelastic eyIggnwnwgTTY

RbsinebI gTTYl)an
l)an
⎛ λ − λ p ⎞
(
M n = M p − M p − M r ⎜ )⎜ ⎟
⎟
(AISC Equation A-F1-3)
λ − λ
⎝ r p ⎠
170 65
Edl λ p =
F y
¬sRmab
¬sRmab IS ¦ λ p =
F y
¬sRmab
¬sRmab US ¦
370 141
λ r =
F y − F r
¬sRmab; IS ¦ λ r =
F y − F r
¬sRmab; US ¦

M r = F y − F r S x
F r = kugRtaM
gRtaMgEdlenAesssl;
gEdlenAesssl; = 69 MPa
= 10ksi sRmab; rolled shapes ¬GgÁenHRtU
enHRtUv)an
v)an
kMNt;
Nt;ssRmab;
Rmab; nonhybrid beam¦
]TahrN_ 5>6³
5>6³ Fñ w
Fñ wmTRmsamBaØ
mymanRbEvg
yY manRbEvg 40 feet R tUtvUv)anTb;
)anTb;xagenAxagcu
x agenAxagcugrbs;
grbs;va ehIyvargnU
v
service load dU dUcxageRkam³
¬edayrYmbBa©
Dead load = 400lb / ft mbBa© ÚlTaM
lTaMggTm¶
Tm¶nn;;F wññ wm¦
Live load = 1000lb / ft
RbsinebI
n ebIeKeRbI
AISC
A572 Grade 50 etI W 14 × 90 RKb;RKan; R Kan;b¤b GGt;
¤ t;?
dM eNaHRsay³
e NaHRsay³ bnÞúkemKu
kemKuN nigm: Umm: :gg; emKu
;e mKuN
NKWKW
wu = 1.2 w D + 1.6 w L = 1.2 (0.40) + 1.6(1.00) = 2.08kips / ft
2
1 2 2.08(40)
M u = 8 wu L = = 416.0 ft − kips
8
kMNt;
N t;llkç
kçN³rU
N³rUbragmu
bragmuxkat;
xkat; ¬faetI
¬faetICa compact, noncompact b¤
b¤ slender ¦³¦³
FñFñ w wm 141
141
T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
b f
λ =
2t f
= 10.2
65 65
λ p =
F y
=
50
= 9.19
141 141
λ r =
F y − F r
=
50 − 10
= 22.3
eday λ p < λ < λ r dUcenHrUbragenHKW
bragenHKW noncompact . RtYtBinni tülT§
it ülT§PPaBRTRTg;
aBRTRTg;edayQrelI
e dayQrelIsß anPaB
anPaB
kMNt;rbs;
r bs; flange local buckling³
50(157)
M p = F y Z x = = 654.2 ft − kips
12
M r = F y − F r S x = (50 − 10 )143 = 476.7 ft − kips
( )
12
⎛ λ − λ p ⎞ 10.2 − 9.19 ⎞
(
M n = M p − M p − M r ⎜ )⎜ ⎟ = 652.4 − (654.2 − 476.7 )⎛
⎜ ⎟ = 640.5 ft − kips
λ − λ ⎟ ⎝ 22 . 3 − 9. 19 ⎠
⎝ r p ⎠
Design strength EdlQrenAelI FLB dUcenH
.5) = 576 ft − kips
φ b M n = 0.9(640
RtYtBi
tBinin titülT§
ülT§PaBRTRTg;EdlQrelI
E dlQrelIsß anPaBkM
anPaBkMNt;
N t;rbs; lateral-torsional buckling. BI Load
Load
Factor Design Selection Table³
L p = 15 ft nig Lr = 38.4 ft

Lb = 40
ft > Lr
dUcenHvanwg)ak; edayeGLasÞ i
dayeGLasÞ ic LTB.
BI Part
1 of the Manual/
I y = 362in 4
J = 4.06in 4
C w = 16000in 6
sRmab;Fñ wF wmTRmsamBaØ
ñ RTbnÞ μ ICamY
RTbnÞkkBRgayes
ú BRgayes ynw
ynwgTRmxagenAxagcu
gsgç
gsgçaagg
C b = 1.14
AISC Equation F1-13

[ 2
π ⎛ π E ⎞
M n = C b
Lb
+ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ I y C w ≤ M p
EI y GJ
⎝ Lb ⎠
T.Chhay 142
142 Beams
viTüasß
T üasßanCati
anCatiBhu
B hubec©
Engineering
⎡ 2 ⎤
= 1.14⎢⎢ π (362)(11200)(4.06) + ⎛ ⎜ π 40
29000 × 29000 ⎞⎟ (362)(16000)⎥⎥
40(12) ⎝ ×12 ⎠
⎣ ⎦
= 1.14(5412 ) = 6180in. − kips = 515.0 ft − kips
M p = 654.2 ft − kips
> 515.0 ft − kips
edaysar 515.0 < 640.5 dUcenH

cenH LTB lub ehIy

φ b M n = (0.90)515.0 = 464 ft − kips > M u = 416 ft − kips (OK) /
cemø y ³
³ eday M u < φ b M n enaHFñ
enaHFñ w wmman moment strength RKb;RKan;
R Kan;.
noncompact shapes Load Factor Design Selection
.lkçN³kM
N³kMNt;
Nt;rbs;
rbs; RtUv)ankM
Table Noncompact shapes v)ankMNt; RtUeday
Nt;sMsMKal; evday
)ansRmY
footnote ledayfarUbragCa
bragCa noncompact sRmab;
F y = 250 MPa = 36ksi b¤ F y = 350 MPa = 50ksi . Noncompact shapes k¾RtUv)anerobcM v)anerobcMenAkñ ú ú
enAkñg
taragedaylkçN³xuN³xusEbø
sEbøkKñaadUdUcxageRkam³
cxageRkam³
!> sRmab; noncompact shapes témøEdlmanenAkñ ú
EdlmanenAkñ úgtaragrbs; φ b M p CatémøBiBitR)akd
rbs; design strength EdlQrelI flange local buckling. enAkñ ú enAkñ úg]TahrN_TTI 5>6I 5>6
eyIg)an
g)an KNnatémøenHes μ Innwwg 576 ft − − kips b: u u b:EnþEnþtémøRtwmRtU
enHes mRtUvvenAkñ ú ú
enAkñgtarag
gtarag φ b M p KW
− kips
0.90(654.2) = 589 ft −
@> témø L p enAkñ
enAkñ ú úgtaragCatémørbs;
rbs; unbraced length Edl nominal strength EdlQr elI
inelastic lateral torsional buckling es μ Ingw nominal strength EdlQrelI flange local
buckling dUcenH
cenH nominal strength sRmab; unbraced length GtibrmaGacRtUv)an v)an
KitCaersI u u ;EdlQrelI web local buckling. ¬rMlwkfa L p sRmab; compact shapes
tCaersIssþþgg;EdlQrelI
Ca unbraced length GtibrmaEdl brmaEdl nominal strength GacRtUv)anKi μ Innwwg plastic
v)anKites
tes
moment¦. sRmab;rbragenAkñ ú UbragenAkñ úg]TahrN_5>6 5>6 karKNna nominal strength EdlQrelI
FLB eTAersI
eTAersI u usþgEdlQrelI
E; dlQrelI inelastic LTB (AISC Equation F1-2) CamYynw ynwg
C b = 1.0 ³
⎛ Lb − L p ⎞
(
M = M − M − M ⎜ ) ⎟
n p p r ⎝
⎜ Lr − L p ⎠⎟ ¬%>%¦
FñFñ w wm 143
143
T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
rbs; M r nig Lr RtUv)anTTYlBI

témørbs; lBI]TahrN_
]TahrN_ 5>6
5>6 ehIynw
ynwgmi
gminRtU
nRtUv)anpø
v)anpøas;
as;b Úþr. b:b: u uEnþ
rbs; L p RtUvEt)anKNnaBI
témørbs; vEt)anKNnaBI AISC Equation F1-4³
300r y 300(3.70)
L p = = = 157.0in. = 13.08 ft .
F y 50
CMnstémø
sY témøxagelI
xagelIkkñ ú úñgsmIkar
kar %>% eyIgTTY
gTTYl)an
l)an
⎛ Lb − 13.08 ⎞
640.5 = 654.2 − (654.2 − 476.7 )⎜ ⎟
⎝ 38.4 − 13.08 ⎠
Lb = 15.0 ft .
enHCatémøbBa©
bBa©lkñ ú
lÚ kñ úgtaragCa L p sRmab; W = 14 × 90 CamYynw
ynwg F y = 50ksi . cMNaM
NaMfa
300r y
L p =
F

y
GaceRbIsRmab; sRmab; noncompact shapes. RbsinnebI
ebIeFV
eFV IEbbenH lT§plEdlTTY
plEdlTTYll)anenAkñ ú
)anenAkñ úg
smIkarsRmab; enAeBl Lb minmantémø
karsRmab; inelastic LTB EdlRtUv)aneRbIenAeBl nmantémøFRKb;
RM Kb;RKan;
RKan; enaH
ersI u usg;gþ EEdlQrelI
ersI ; dlQrelI FLB nwglu
glub.
b.
5>7> Summary of Moment Strength

viFIFIsaRsþkñkñgkarKNna
gú karKNna nominal moment strength sRmab; I- nig H-shaped sections Edl
ekageFobnwgG½kS x nwgRtU gRtUv)ansegç
v)ansegçbenATI
benATIenH. GgÁTTaMaMgGs;
gGs;EdlmanenAkñ ú ú
EdlmanenAkñgsmI gsmIkarxageRkamRtU
karxageRkamRtUvv)an
)an
kMNt;rYrcehI
cY ehIyBImmuun ehIy yelxsmI
elxsmIkarrbs;
karrbs; AISC minRtU
nRtUv)anbgð
v)anbgðaajenATI
jenATIenHeT.
karsegçbenHsRmab;
benHsRmab;Et compact shapes nig noncompact shapes Etb: Etb: u ueeNÑ
NÑaHaH ¬minmansRmab;
slender shapes eT¦.
!> kMNt;
Nt;ffaetI
aetIrbrag
bU rag compact b¤GGt;t;
@> RbsinebI
nebIrUrbUbrag
rag compact, RtYtBi tBintüsRmab;
ti üsRmab; lateral-torsional buckling dUcxageRkam³
cxageRkam³
RbsinebI nebI Lb ≤ L p vaminEmn
nEmn LTB ehIy M n = M p
RbsinebI nebI L p < Lb ≤ Lr / vaman inelastic LTB ehIy
⎡ ⎛ Lb − L p ⎞⎤
(
r ⎜
M n = C b ⎢ M p M p − M
⎜ ⎟
)
⎟⎥ ≤ M p
⎢ ⎣
L −
⎝ r p ⎠⎥
L
⎦
nebI Lb > br / vaman elastic LTB ehIy

RbsinebI
T.Chhay 144
144 Beams
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T üasßanCati
anCatiBhu
B hubec©
Engineering
2
π ⎛ π E ⎞
M n = C b
Lb
+ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ I y C w ≤ M p
EI y GJ
⎝ Lb ⎠
#> RbsinebI
nebIrrUUbrag
brag noncompact edaysarsøab/ RTnug b¤TaM TaMgBIr enaH nominal strength nwgCa
gCa
témøttUcCageKénersI u u
UcCageKénersIssþg;þg;EdlRtUvvKñKñanwanwg flange local buckling, web local buckling nig
lateral-torsional buckling.
k> Flange local buckling³

RbsinebI
nebI λ ≤ ≤ λ p vaminman
nman FLB.
nebI λ p < λ ≤ λ r søabCa noncompact, ehIy
RbsinebI
⎛ λ − λ p ⎞
(
M n = M p − M p − M r ⎜ )⎜ ⎟ ≤ M p
⎟

⎝ λ r − λ p ⎠
x> WebRbsi
local buckling³
nebI
nebI λ ≤ ≤ λ vaminman
nman WLB.
p
RbsinebI λ p < λ ≤ λ r RTnugCa noncompact, ehIy

⎛ λ − λ p ⎞
(
M n = M p − M p − M r ⎜ )⎜ ⎟ ≤ M p
⎟

⎝ λ r − λ p ⎠
K> Lateral-torsional buckling³
RbsinebI
nebI Lb ≤ L p vaminman
nman LTB.
RbsinebI L p < Lb ≤ Lr / vaman inelastic LTB ehIy
⎡ ⎛ Lb − L p ⎞⎤
M = C ⎢ M M − M ⎜ ⎟⎥ ≤ M
n b p p r Lr L p p
⎣⎢ ⎜ − ⎠⎟⎦⎥
⎝ ( )
nebI Lb > br / vaman elastic LTB ehIy
RbsinebI
2
π ⎛ π E ⎞
M n = C b
Lb
+ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ I y C w ≤ M p
EI y GJ
⎝ Lb ⎠
5>8> ersIsþ gkat;TTwg (Shear Strength)
sþg;kmøaMaMgkat;
ersIussþþgkmø
;kmøaMaMgkat;
gkat;rbs;FñF wmRtU
mñ RtUvEtRKb;
vEtRKb;RKan;
RKan;eedIdImm,I,IbMbeBjTM
eM BjTMnak;
nak;TTMMnngg
V u ≤ φ vV n
FñFñ w wm 145
145
T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
Edl V u = kmøaMaMggkat;

kat;TTwgGti
gGtibrmaEdll)anBI
brmaEdll)anBIkarbnSM
karbnSMbnÞkemKu
kú emKuNFM
NFMCageK
CageK
φ v = emKuNersI u u
ersIssþþgg;sRmab;
;sRmab;kmø
kmøaMaMgkat;
gkat;TTwg = 0.9
V = nominal shear strength
n
BicarNaFñ wmmsamBaØ
samBaØenAkñ bTI /5>17 . enAcm¶aay
nAkñ ú úgrUbTI y x BITRmxageqV
TRmxageqVggninigsß itenAelI
tenAelIGG½½kSNWtrbs;
trbs;
muxkat;
xkat; sß
sßanPaBrbs;
anPaBrbs;kkuugRtaM
gRtaMgRtU
gRtUv)anbgð
ajenAkñgrUbTI
bTI 5>17
d . . edaysarFatuenHsßenHsßtenAelI
ti enAelIGkS k½ S
NWt vaminrgnUvvkukugRtaM
gRtaMggBt;
Bt;eT.
eT. BI elementary mechanics of materials/ kuggRtaM RtaMggkmø
kmøagkat;
gM kat;TTw
TTwg
(shearing stess) KW
VQ
f v =
Ib
¬%>^¦
Edl kugRtaMgkmø
f v = gkmøaMaMgkat;TTwgbBaÄr
gbBaÄr nigedkenARtg;
gedkenARtg;cMNucEdleyIgBicarNa
V = kmøag gkat;
M kat;TTTwTwgbBaÄrenARtg;mmuxkat;
uxkat;EdlBi
EdlBicarNa
carNa
Q = m:m
m:U :gg;;RkLaépÞTTIImmYyeFobG½
YyeFobG½kSNW
kSNWt rvagcMNNucEdlBi
ucEdlBicarNanw
carNanwgEpñ
gEpñkxagelIb¤bEEpñ
¤ pñkxageRkam
kxageRkam
rbs;mmuxkat;
uxkat;
T.Chhay 146
146 Beams
viTüasß
T üasßanCati
anCatiBhu
B hubec©
Engineering
m:mm:U :gg;;niclPaBeFobnw
I = clPaBeFobnwgG½
gG½kSNW
kSNWt
b = TTwg grbs;
rbs;mmuxkat;
uxkat;enAcM
enAcMN
NuucEdlBi
cEdlBicarNa
carNa
smIkar %>^ KWQrelI karsn μt;t;fakugRtaM
QrelIkarsn gRtaMggmantémø
mantémøefreBjelITTTwTwg b dUcenHvapþ
cenHvapþl;ltémø
t; émøsusuRkit
sRmab;Et b mantémøtUc. sRmab;mxkat;
uxkat;ctu
ctueekaNEkgEdlmankm<
kaNEkgEdlmankm<s ; d nigTTw
gTTwg b témølMeGog
sRmab; d / b = 2 KWRbEhl
RbEhl 3% . sRmab; d / b = 1 témølMeGogKW 12% nigsRmab;
gsRmab; d / b = 1/ 4
témølMlMeGogKW 100% (Higdon, Ohlsen, and Stiles, 1960). sRmab;mmUlehtu
UlehtueenH
nH smIkar %>^ min
GacGnuvvtþtþ)ansRmab;
)ansRmab;søabrbs; W-shape dUcKñasRmab;
asRmab;RTnu
RTnugrbs;va.
rUbTI
bTI 5>18 bgðajBI
ajBIkkarBRgayku
arBRgaykugRtaMgkmøgkmøaMaMgkat;
gkat;sRmab; W-shape. ExSdac;Caku CakugRtaM
gRtaMggmFüm
mFüm
V / Aw EdlBRgayenAkñ
EdlBRgayenAkñ ú úgRTnu
gRTnug ehIytémøenHminxusKñaaBIBIkkuugRtaMgGti gGtibrmaenAkñ ú ú
rmaenAkñgRTnu
gRTnugeRcI
geRcInneT.
eT. eyIg
eXIjc,as;ehIyfa RTnuggnwnwg yield y:
y:agyU
agyUrrmumunnnwnwgsø
gsøabcab;
abcab;epþmI yield . edaysarbBaðaenH aenH yielding
rbs;RTnugsMEdgnUvsßaanPaBlI
nPaBlImmItkMItkMNt;
Nt;mYy. edayyk shear yield stress es μ Inwg 60% én tensile
yield stress eyIgGacsresrsmI
gGacsresrsmIkarsRmab;
karsRmab;kgRtaMgu RtaMggenAkñ
enAkñggRTnu
ú RTnugenAeBl)ak;
genAeBl)ak;Ca
Ca
V
f v = n = 0.60 F y
A
w
Edl Aw = RkLaépÞmuxkat;rbs;RRTnuTnug. dUcenH
cenH nominal strength EdlRtUvvKñKñaanwnwgsß
gsßanPaBkM
anPaBkMNt;enHKWenHKW
V n = 0.6 F y Aw
ehIyvaGacCa nominal strength in shear RbsinebInebIRTnu

RTnugmi
gminman
nman shear buckling. RbsinnebI ebIvaekIt
eLIgvanwggGaRs½ gpleFob width-thickness ratio h / t w rbs;RRTnu
GaRs½ynwgpleFob g. pleFob h / t w rbs;RTnu
Tnug. RTnug
EdlRsavxøagmantémø
gM mantémøFMFMNas; enaHRTnugGacnwg buckle in shear eday
eday inelastic b¤ elastic. TMnak; nak;TTMM
ngrvag shear strength nig width-thickness ration manlkçN³RsedogKñaanwnwggTMTMnnak;ak;TTMngrvag
Mngrvag flexural
FñFñ w wm 147
147 T.Chhay

mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
strength nig width-thickness ratio ¬sRmab; FLB b¤ WLB¦ nigrvag flexural strength nig
unbraced length ¬sRmab; LTB¦. TMn nak;
ak;TTMngRtU
MngRtUvbgð
vbgðajenAkñ ú ú
ajenAkñgrUbTI
bTI 5>19
nigRtU
gRtUv)an[enAkñ
v)an[enAkñgú AISC
F2.2 dUc
cxageRkam³
xageRkam³
sRmab; h / t w < 418 / F y ¬sRmab; US¦/ h / t w < 1100 / F y ¬sRmab; IS¦
RTnugmanesß
gmanesßrPaB
rPaB
V n = 0.6 F y Aw (AISC Equation F2-1)
sRmab; 418 / F y < h / t w ≤ 523 / F y ¬sRmab; US¦/ 1100 / F y ≤ h / t w < 1375 / F y
¬sRmab; IS¦ enaH inelastic web buckling GacnwgekI gekIteLIg
418 / F y 1100 / F y
V n = 0.6 F y Aw
h / t w
¬sRmab; US¦ V n = 0.6F y Aw h / t w
¬sRmab; IS¦
sRmab; 523 / F y < h / t w ≤ 260 ¬sRmab; US¦/ 1375 / F y ≤ h / t w < 260 ¬sRmab; IS¦
enaH sßaanPaBkM
nPaBkMNt;
Nt;KKWW elastic web buckling
132000 Aw
V n =
2
¬sRmab; US¦ V n = 910 Aw2 ¬sRmab; IS¦ (AISC Equation
(h / t w ) (h / t w )
F2-1)
Edl Aw = RkLaépÞmumuxkat;rbs; rbs;RTnu tCa ¬ mm 2 ¦
RTnug = dt w KitCa
d = km<ssru s; rubrbs;FFññmw
V n = nominal strength ¬KitCa tCa KN ¦
RbsinebI h / t w > 260 enaHeKRtUvkar vkar web stiffener ehI
ehIyvaRtU
yvaRtUv)anbriyayenAkñ ú úg Appendix
F2 ¬b¤ Appendix G sRmab; plate plate girder ¦. ¦.
AISC Equation F2-3 KWQrelI QrelI elastic stability theory, ehIy Equation F2-2 CasmIkar
Edl)anBIkarBi
karBieesaFsRmab;
saFsRmab;tMbn; inelastic Edlpþll;;nnUvkarpø Uvkarpøas;
as;bþb Úrrvagsß
þrrvagsßanPaBkM
anPaBkMNt; Nt; web yielding
nig elastic web buckling.
kmøaMaMgkat;CCabBað
abBaðaEdlkRmekItmansRmab;
tmansRmab; rolled steel beams karGnuvvtþtþTTUeTAKW UeTAKWbbnÞnÞab;
ab;BIBIKNna
Fñ wmsRmab;
msRmab; flexural ehIy yeyI
eyIggnwnwgRtY
gRtYtBi
tBininitümuxkat;
xkat;EdlTTY
EdlTTYl)ansRmab;
l)ansRmab;kmø kmøaMaMggkat;
kat;TTwg.
g.
T.Chhay 148
148 Beams

viTüasß
T üasßanCati
anCatiBhu
B hubec©
Engineering
]TahrN_ 5>7³
5>7³ RtYtBi nintüFñ
ti üFñmenAkñ
w úg]TahrN_
g]TahrN_ 5>6 sRmab;kmø
k møagkat;
gM kat;TTTw
Twg.

dM eNaHRsay³
e NaHRsay³ BI]TahrN_
5>6/
5>6/ wu = 2.080kips / ft nig L = 40 ft . Edk W 14 × 90 CamYynw
ynwg
F y = 50ksi μ
elITRm RtU μv)aneRbI
ehIyes v Inw )aneRbI k μm FñF mTRmsamBaØ
gkmøaMaMg.Rbti
sRmab;
km ñw RTbnÞ
RTbnÞkBRgayes
kú BRgayes I kmøagkat;
gM kat;GGti
tibrmaekI
b rmaekItmanenA

w L 2.080( 40)
V u = u = = 41.6kips
2 2
BI dimensions and properties tables in Part 1 of the Manual, web width-thickness ratio rbs;
W 14 × 90 KW
h
= 25.9
t w
418 418
F y
=
50
= 59.11
< 418 / F y
h / t w shear yielding
edaysarV n = 0.6F y Aw = 0.6 enaHersI ussþþg;RRtU
tUv)anRKb;
v)anRKb;RKgeday
R Kgeday
F y (dt w ) = 0.6(50 )(14.02 )(0.44 ) = 185.1kips
rbs;RTnu
R Tnug
φ vV n = 0.90(185.1) = 167kips > 41.6kips (OK)
cemø y ³
³ Shear design strength FMCagkmøagkat; gM kat;emKu
e mKuN dUcenHFñ
enHFñ w wmmanlkç
N³RKb;RKan;..
FñFñ w wm 149
149
T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
témø φ vV n EdlRtUv)anerobCatarag
)anerobCataragenAkñ
enAkñ ú úg factored uniform load table enAkñ
enAkñ ú úg part 4 of
the Manual dUc
cnHkarKNnarbs;
nHkarKNnarbs;vami
vaminmanRbeyaCn_
nmanRbeyaCn_sRmab;sRmab; standard hot-rolled shapes.
,
Block Shear
Block shear Edl)anBicarNasRmab;
carNasRmab;ttMNenAkñ MNenAkñgGgá
gú Ggát;trgkarTaj
r; gkarTaj k¾GacekItmanenAkñ ú ú
manenAkñgRbePT gRbePT
xøH rbs;tMtNenAkñ ú
N
M enAkñ úgFñ wmmEdr.
Edr. edImm,I,IsRmY
sRmYlkñ ú ú
lkñgkartP¢
gkartP¢ab;BIFFñmmY ñmw mYyeTAFñ wmmYyeTot
yeTot eday[nI Uv:ssøabxagelI
øabxagelI
μ IKñKañ enaHRbEvgd¾xxø Irbs;
es rø bs;søsøabxagelIrbs;FñF wmmY mñ mYy
yRtU
RtUvvEtkat;
Etkat;ecj b¤ coped . RbsinebI coped beam
RtUv)antP¢
v)antP¢ab; ab;edayb‘
edayb‘ UL LúúggdUdUckñ
ckñgú rUbTI
bTI 5>20
kMkMNt; Nt; ABC cg;rEhkecj. bnÞ ú ú bnÞkkEdlGnu
EdlGnuvtþ
vtþenAkñ ú
nAkñ úgkrNI
enHnwgCaRbti k μm bBaÄrrbs;
gCaRbtikm bBaÄrrbs;FñF wmñ dUcenHkmø
cenHkmøagkat;
gM kat;ngekI
gw ekItenAtamExS
tenAtamExS AB ehIynw ynwgekI
gekItmankmø
tmankmøaMaMgTaj
tam BC BC . dUcenH block shear strength nwgCatémø gCatémøEdlkMNt;rbs; rbs;Rbtikkm μm .
eyIg)anerobrab;BkarKNna kI arKNna block shear strength enAkñ enAkñ ú úgCM
gCMBBUUkTI3rYcehI
cehIy b:uEEnþnþeyI
eyIggnwnwgrMlwlwk
vaeLIgvijjenATI enATIenH.
enH. kar)ak;GacekI GacekIteLI
teLIgedaybnSMén én shear yielding nig tendion fracture b¤eeday day
shear fracture nig tension yielding. AISC J4.3, “Block Shear Rupture Strength,” [smIkar
BIrsRmab; block block shear design strength³
Rn = φ 0.6 F y Agv + F u Ant

φ
Rn = φ 0.6
φ F u Anv + F y Agt
(AISC Equation J4.3a)
(AISC Equation J4.3b)

Edl φ = 0.75
Agv = gross area rgkmøaMaMgkat;
gkat; ¬enAkñ
¬enAkñúgrUbTI
bTI 5>20 RbEvg
RbEvg AB KuNnw
NnwgkRmas;
gkRmas;RTnug¦
Anv = net area rgkmøaMaMgkat;
gkat;
Agt = gross area rgkmøaMaMgTaj
gTaj ¬enAkñ ú
¬enAkñ úgrUbTI
bTI 5>20
RbEvg
RbEvg BC KuNnwgkRmas;RTnu
RTnug¦
Ant = net area rgkmøaMgTaj
smIkarEdlmanlT§plFM plFMCagKW
CagKWCasmI
CasmIkarEdlmantY
karEdlmantY fracture FMCag.
T.Chhay 150
150 Beams
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Engineering
]TahrN_ 5>8³
5>8³ kMNt;
N
t;Rbtikm emKu
emKuNGti μ
NGtibrma
b rma EdlQrelI block shear EdlGacRTFñ
EdlGacRTFñmdU
w ccbgð
bgðajkñ
ajkñ úg
rUbTI 5>21.
5>21.
dM eNaHRsay³
e NaHRsay³ Ggátt;;p©p ©tRbehagRbsi
ti RbehagRbsiTT§ PaBKW
§PaBKW 3 / 4 + 1/ 8 = 7 / 8in. .
gross nig net shear areas KW
Agv = (2 + 3 + 3 + 3 )t w = 11(0.300) = 3.300in.2

⎛ 7 ⎞
Anv = ⎜11 − 3.5 × ⎟(0.300) = 2.381in.2
⎝ 8 ⎠
gross nig net tension areas KW
Agt = 1.25t w = 1.25(0.300 ) = 0.375in.2

⎛ 7 ⎞
Ant = ⎜1.25 − 0.5 × ⎟(0.300) = 0.2438in.2
⎝ 8 ⎠
AISC Equation J4.3a [
Rn = φ 0.6 F y Agv + F u Ant = 0.75[ 0.6(36 )(3.3) + 58(0.2438 )] = 64.1kips
φ
AISC Equation J4.3b [
Rn = φ 0.6 F u Anv + F y Agt = 0.75[0 .6(58)(2.381) + 36(0.3750 )] = 72.3kips
φ
tY fracture enAkñ úg AISC Equation J4.3b
J4.3b
MC ag ¬Edl 82.86>14.14¦ dUcenHsmIkarenH
mantémøFCag
mantémøFMFCag.
CM ag.
cemø y ³
³ Rbtikm k μm emKu
emKuNGti
NGtibrmaEdlQrelI
b rmaEdlQrelI block shear=72.3kips.
FñFñ w wm 151
151
T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
5>9> PaBdab (Deflection)
bEnßmBIelIelIsuvvtßtß iPPaB
aB eRKOgbgÁ MRúRtUtUvEt
vEt serviceable . eRKOgbgÁ MúEdlman serviceable CaeRKOg
bgÁ ú úEEdleFV
bgÁ M dleFV Ikkar)anl¥
ar)anl¥ miminbNþ
nbNþal[GñkEdleRbI
kEdleRbIR)as; R)as;vamanGarm μNN_favaK
vamanGarm μansu
_favaK ansuvtß iPaB. sRmab;FñF wñm edImm,I,I
TTYll)an )an serviceable eKRtUvvkMkMNt; Nt;bMlas;
las;TTIIbBaÄrbBaÄr b¤PaBdab.
PaBdab. PaBdabFMCaTUeTAekIeTAekItmancMeBaH flexible
beam EdlGacmanbBaðaCamY aCamYynw
ynwgrMjr½. PaBdabGacbgábBað bBaðaeTAdl;Ggát;déTeTotEdlP¢ ab; ab; eTAnw
eTAnwgva
edaybNþal[mankMhhUUccRTg; RTg;RTaytU
RTaytUc.
c. elIsBI sBIenH
enH GñkeRbIkeRbIR)as;
R)as;sMsMNg;nnwgeXI
wgeXIjjPaBPaB GviCmanedaysar
¢manedaysar
PaBdabFM ehI ehIyeFV Ikarsni
karsniddæanxu æanxusfasM
sfasMNg; Ng; μK ansu
ansuvvtßtß iPaB.
μ
GtibrmaKWsRmab;
³ krNITTUeTArbs;
UeTArbs;FñwmTRmsamBaØ
mTRmsamBaØEdlRTbnÞ ú úkkBRgayes
BRgayes Idckú
cU kú ñrUrUbTI 5>22
PaBdabbBaÄr
PaBdabbBaÄr
5 wL4
Δ=
384 EI

eKGacrk)anrUbmnþ
bmnþPPaBdabsRmab;
aBdabsRmab;FñF wmeRcI
mñ eRcInRbePT niglkç
glkçxNÐdak;
dak;bbnÞ ú únÞkenAkñ ú ú
kenAkñg Part 4, “Beam
and Girder Design,”of the Manual . sRmab;sßanPaBminFm μtaeKGaceRbI
nFm taeKGaceRbI standard analytical
method dU
dUccCa
Ca method of virtual work CaedIm. PaBdabCa serviceability limit state minEmnCa nEmnCa
sßaanPaBkM
nPaBkMNt;
Nt;ssRmab;
Rmab;ersI
rsI u ussþþgg;eT
;eT dUcenHCaTU
cenHCaTUeTAPaBdabRtU
eTAPaBdabRtUv)ankMNt; Nt;CCamY
amYy service loads.
karkMNt;
Nt;dd¾¾smrmüsRmab;PaBdabGti PaBdabGtibrmaGaRs½
brmaGaRs½yeTAnwgtYnnaTI
aTIrrbs;
bs;F wñm nwgkarRbmaNBIPaB PaB
xUcxatEdlekI
cxatEdlekItBIPaBdab.
PaBdab. AISC Specification pþl;nUvvkarENnaMkarENnaMtitctY
ci tYccEdlmanEcgenAkñ ú
EdlmanEcgenAkñ úg Chapter
L, “Serviceability Design Consideration,” faeKRtUvEtRtY vEtRtYtBi
tBinniitüPaBdab. eKGacrk)ankarkMNt;
d¾ssmrmüsRmab;
mrmüsRmab;PaBdabBI
PaBdabBI governing building code. témøxageRkamCaPaBdabGnuBaØ BaØatGtibrma
brma
srub ¬service dead load bU
bUkknwnwg service live load ¦¦..
T.Chhay 152
152 Beams
Department of
Engineering
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bec©keTskm< úCa
L
Plastered construction:
360

L
Unplastered floor construction:
240

L
Unplastered roof construction:
180

Edl L CaRbEvgElVg.
eBlxøHeKcaM
HeKcaM)ac;
)ac;eRbI
eRbIkkarkM
arkMNt;
Nt;PaBdabCatémø
PaBdabCatémøelx
elx CagkareRbIPaBdabCatémø
PaBdabCatémøRbPaK.
bPaK. eBlxøH
karkMNt;
Nt;RtU
RtUv)anKitcM
tcMeeBaHPaBdabEdlbNþ
BaHPaBdabEdlbNþalEtBI live load, edaysarCaerOy² dead load
deflection RtUv)ankarBarkñ ú
v)ankarBarkñ úgeBlsagsg;.
]TahrN_ 5>9³
5>9³ RtYtBi
tBinni itüPaBdab;rbs;Fñ wF wmEdlbgð
ñ ajenAkñ
ajenAkñgú rUbTI 5>23.
5>23. PaBdabGtibrmasru
b rmasrub
L
GnuBBaØaØaatKW
tKW 240 .
L 9100
dM eNaHRsay³
e NaHRsay³ PaBdabGtibrm rmasru
asrubGnu
bGnuBBaØaØaatt = 240 = = 38mm
240
Total service load = 7.3 + 8 = 15.3kN / m
5 wL4 5 × 15.3 × 9100 4
Maximum total deflection = =
5 6
= 32.2mm < 38mm (OK)
384 EI 384 × 2 ⋅10 × 212 ⋅10
cemø y ³
³ Fñ w
Fñ wmbM
eBjlkç
e BjlkçxNÐ
xNÐPaBdab
FñFñ w wm 153
153
T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
Ponding CaPaBdabmYyEdlb: yEdlb:HBal;dl; dl;ssuuvvtßtßiPaBrbs;

PaBrbs;eRKOgbgÁ
eRKOgbgÁ M.ú vaeRKaHfñak;bMbpupM utsRmab;
RbB½n§n§kRmalxNÐrabes
rabes μ IGaceFV I[TwkePø ógdk;. RbsinebI nebIRbB½nn§§bgð
bgð ÚrTwksÞ
ksÞHkñ
HkñggGM
ú GMLú
LgeBlePø
gú eBlePøógTm¶n;rbs; rbs;
Twk Edldk;elIelIkRmaleFV
kRmaleFV I[kRmaldab Edlvabegá Edlvabegátt)anCaGagsRmab;
I )anCaGagsRmab;sþ ú úskTw þkTwkkan;EteRcI
EteRcInn..
RbsinebI
nebIkrNI enHekI
enHekIteLI teLIgg\tQb;
\tQb;Qr Qr enaHeRKOgbgÁ MGacnw Gú acnwg)ak;
g)ak;. AISC specificationtRmUvvfaRbB½ faRbB½nn§§
dMbUllRtU
RtUvEtmanPaBrwgRkajRKb;
gRkajRKb;RKan; RKan;eedIdImm,I,IkarBar
karBar ponding, elIsBI sBIenH vaerobrab;BIBIkarkMNt; Nt;mm: U:m:g ;
niclPaB nig)a:rra:a:EEm:m:RtdéTeTotenAkñ ú ú
RtdéTeTotenAkñg Section K2, “Ponding”.
5>10> karKNnamuxkat; (Design)
karKNnamuxkat; xkat;FFñmtRmU
ñmw tRmUvkareRCI
vkareRCIserI
serIsrU
srUbragmuxkat; xkat;EdlmanersI u
EdlmanersI usgg;þ RKb;
;RKb;RKan; ninigbM
gbMeBj
eBj
tRmUvkar
vkar serviceability. enAeBleyIgKi gKitBIersIussþþgg; ; flexure EtgEtmaneRKaHfñak;CagkmøaMaMggkat; kat; dUdUc
enHkarGnuvtþ vtþTUeTAKWeKKNnamu
eKKNnamuxkat;sRmab; sRmab; flexure rYcehI cehIyRtY
yRtYtBi
tBintükmø
ti ükmøaMaMgkat;
gkat;ttameRkay.
ameRkay. viFI
saRsþkgñ ú úñ karKNnamuxkat; xkat;RtUv)anerobrab;
v)anerobrab;xageRkam³
!> kMNt;mm: U:mm::gg;emKu
e; mKuN/ M u . vadUcKñanwanwg required design strength, φ b M n . Tm¶n;n;rbs;FñF wñm
CaEpñkkrbs;
rbs; desd load b: u u
b:EEnþnþvaminRtUv)andw
v)andwgenARtg;cNu NM ucenH. eKGacsn μt;t;témøeenH nH b¤k¾keK
e¾ K
ecalvasin bnÞaab;b;mkeKnw
mkeKnwgRtYtBinitüvaeLI
tüvaeLIggvivijeRkayeBleKeRCI
jeRkayeBleKeRCIseI seIsrU
srUbbragehI
ragehIy y..
@> eRCIserI
serIsrUbragEdlbM
bragEdlbMeBjnU
eBjnUvvtRmU tRmUvkarersI
karersI u ussþg;þg;enH. eKGacGnuvtþ
vtþtamviFIFmmYI ykñ
YykñggcM
ú cMeNamvi
eNamviF I
BIrrxageRkam³
xageRkam³
k> eRkayeBlsn μtt;;rrUbragEdk UbragEdk KNna design strength rYcehI cehIyeRbobeFobvaCamYy
nwggm:m:Umm::gg;emKu
e; mKuN
N.. epÞ
epÞ ogpÞ
ogpÞat;eLI
eLIgvi
gvijRbsinebI
nebIccaMaM)ac;. eKGaceRCIserI
serIsrU ragsn μt;t ;
srUbbragsn
y:aggayRsY
aggayRsYlEtenAkñ ú
lEtenAkñ úgsßanPaBkMNt;
Nt;mmYycM
YycMnnYYn ¬]TahrN_ 5>10¦.
5>10¦.
x> eRbI beam
beam design charts in Part 4 of the Manual Manual. eKcUlci lcitþvviFIiFenH
eI nH ehIyva
yva
RtUv)anBnül;enAkñ ú enAkñ úg]TahrN_ 5>10
5>10 xageRkam.
#> RtYttBiBininittüü shear strength.
$> RtYttBiBininittüPaBdab.
üPaBdab.
T.Chhay 154
154 Beams
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Engineering
standardhot-rolled shape of A36

]TahrN_ 5>1 ³
³ eRCIserI
s sRmab;F wmñ wñ EdlbgðaajenAkñ
jenAkñ
úg rUbTI
bTI
5>24. Fñ wFñ wmenHmanTRmxagCab; ehI
5>24. ehIyRtU
v)anRT
v)anRT uniform service live load 5kips / ft . PaBdab
GtibrmaGnu
b rmaGnuBBaØaØatsRmab;
atsRmab;bnÞ
b únÞkGefrKW L / 360 .
dM eNaHRsay³
e NaHRsay³ sn tt;Tm¶ μ μ
;T m¶nn;;F wññ wmes
I 100lb / ft .
(0.10) + 1.6(5.00) = 8.120kips / ft
wu = 1.2 w D + 1.6 w L = 1.2
2
1 8.12(30)
M u =
8
wu L2 =
8
= 913.5 ft − kips = required φ b M n
μt;t;farUbbrag
sn rag compact . sRmab;rbrag Ubrag compact ehIymanTRmxagCab;

M n = M p = Z x F y
BI φ b M n ≥ M u /
x ≥ M u
φ b F y Z
M u 913.5(12)
Z x ≥ = = 338.3in.3
φ b F y 0.90(36)
témø μ plastic section modulus fycuH.

Load Factor Design Selection Table rolled shapes
CaFm ta erob EdlRtUv)aneRbICaFñ w CaFñ
wmeday

H. elIsBI enH
RtUv)andak;
v)andak;CaRku
C aRkumedayrUbragenAxagelI
bragenAxagelIeKenAkñ úg
Rkum ¬GkSrRkas;¦ rUbragEdlRsalCageKEdlman
bragEdlRsalCageKEdlman section modulus RKb;RKan; R Kan;edIe dIm,I
bM eBj
e Bj section
modulus EdlfycuHHenAkñ enAkñ úgRkumm.. kñ úg]TahrN_enH e nH rUbragEdlmantémø
bragEdlmantémøEk,rnwg section modulus
requirement KW W 27 × 114 CamYynw ynwg Z x = 343in.3 b: u EnþrUrUbragEdlRsalCageKKW W 30 ×108 Ca
mYynw
ynwg Z x = 343in.3 . edaysar section modulusminsmamaRtedaypÞ n smamaRtedaypÞal; al;nwn wgRkLaépÞ karEdlman
section modulus FMC CamY
amYynw
ynwgRkLaépÞ
ttUcU dUcenHTm¶
cenHTm¶nn;k¾k; ¾GacRsaleTAtamRkLaépÞ
.
sakl,g W 30 ×108 . rUbrag brag compact dUcEdl)ansn
cEdl)ansn μtt;; ¬ ¬ noncompact
noncompact shapesRtUvv)ankM )ankM
M = M
μt;.
n p
Nt;ccM MNaMeenAkñ
nAkñ úgtarag¦ dUcenH dUcEdl)ansn
cEdl)ansn
FñFñ w wm 155
155 T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
Tm¶n;nrrbs;
; bs;vaF¶ μtt;bnþ
v aF¶n;n;Cagkarsn ;b nþi c dUcenHeKRtU
cenHeKRtUvKNna
vKNna required strength eLIgvi
j eTaHbICa
manlT§PPaBRTRTg;
aBRTRTg;FCaglT§
CM aglT§PaBRTRTg;tRmUvkaredayrU
vkaredayrUbragsn μt;k¾ eday
EtvaPaKeRcIn
W 30 × 108
EtgEtmanlT§PaBRTRTg;
PaBRTRTg;FCaglT§
CM aglT§PaBRTRTg;tRmU t RmUvkaredayrU μtt;.;
vkaredayrUbragsn
bragsn
wu = 1.2(1.08) + 1.6(5.00 ) = 8.130kips / ft
2
8.130(30)
M u = = 914.6 ft − kips
8
BI Load Factor Design Selection
Selection Table,
φ b M p = φ b M n = 934 ft − kips > 914.6 ft − kips (OK)
CMns[kareRCI
sY [kareRCIserI
srU
bragEdlQrelI required section modulus, eKGaceRbI design strength
φ b M p edaysarvasmamaRtedaypÞal; al;ngw Z x ehIyvak¾
RtUv)anrayenAkñ
v)anrayenAkñ úgtarag. bnÞab;ab;mmkeTot
keTot
epÞ ógpÞat;kmø
k møaaMMggkat;
kat;
wu L 8.13(30)
V u =
2
=
2
= 122kips
BI factored uniform load tables /
φ vV n = 316kips
> 122kips (OK)
cugeRkaybM
geRkaybMpup ut epÞ ógpÞat;PaBdab.
P aBdab. PaBdabGtibrmaGnu
b rmaGnuBBaØaØatsRmab;
atsRmab;b únÞkGefrKW L / 360
L 30 × 12
= = 1in.
360 360
4
5 w L L 5(5.00 / 12)(30 × 12)4
Δ= = = 0.703in. < 1in. (OK)
384 EI x 384 29000(4470)
W 30 × 108
cemø y ³
³
dff eRbI .
Beam Design Charts
eKmanRkaPic nigtaragCaeRcI
gtaragCaeRcInsRmab;
nsRmab;vivsisVkrEdlGnu
VkrEdlGnuvtþ
vtþ ehI
ehIyRkaPi
yRkaPic nigtaragCMnYnYyTaMgenHCY
genHCYy
sRmYly:ageRcI ageRcIndl;ddMeNI
eM NIrkarKNnamu
rkarKNnamuxkat;. vaRtUv)aneKeRbIy: y:agTUlMlTMTUlayenAkñ
UlayenAkñgú design office
b: u ub:EEnþnþvvisViskrRtU
kV rRtUvEteRbIvaedayRbytñ
vaedayRbytñ ½. enAkñgesovePAenHmi
gú esovePAenHmin)anENnaM
n)anENnaMnnUvRkaPi
UvRkaPic nigtaragTaM
gtaragTaMgGs;
gGs;enaH
lMGiGitGs;eT b: ub: uEnþRRkaPi kaPic nigtaragxø
gtaragxøHmansar³sM
Hmansar³sMxan;k úgñ úñ karENnaM CaBi
CaBiessKW
essKW ExSekag design moment
versus unbraced length Edl[enAkñ Edl[enAkñ ú úg Part 4 of the Manual.
T.Chhay 156
156 Beams
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ExSekagenHRtUv)anbgðajenAkñ ú úgrUbTI
bTI 5>25
Edlbgð
EdlbgðajBIRkaPi
RkaPic design moment φ b M n Ca
GnuKmn_én
én unbraced length Lb sRmab; particular
particular compact shape. eKGacsg;RkaPi RkaPicEbbenH
cEbbenH
sRmab;mmuxkat;
uxkat;epSg²CamY
epSg²CamYynwgtémø
gtémøCak;
Cak;lak;lak;én F y nig C b edayeRbIssmImIkkarsmRsbsRmab;
arsmRsbsRmab;
moment strength.
rYmmanRKY
Manual chartmmanRKYsarénExSekagsRmab;
sarénExSekagsRmab; rolled shapes CaeRcIn. ExSekagTaMgenHRtUgenHRtUv
)anbegáteLI
tI eLIggCamY
CamYy C b = 1.0 . sRmab;ExSekagepSgeTotrbs;
ExSekagepSgeTotrbs; C b KuN design moment Edl)an
caMffaa φ b M n minGacFM
BItarageday C b . RtUvvcaM Cag φ b M p ¬b¤ sRmab; noncompact shapes φ b M n
nGacFMCag
QrelI local buckling¦. beRmIbRmas; bRmas;rbs;
rbs;RkaPi
RkaPicRtU
cRtUv)anbgðajbgð
ajbgðajenAkñ ú ú
ajenAkñgrUbTI
bTI 5>26
Edl
Edl ExS
ekagEbbenHBIrRtUv)anbgðaj.
aj. cMN NucNak¾
ucNak¾edayenAelI
edayenAelIRkaPi
RkaPicenH
cenH dUccCacM
CacMN
NucCY
ucCYbKñaénExSdac;Brbgð
rI bgðaj
BI design moment nig unbraced length. RbsinebI nebIm:Umm::gg;;Ca
Ca required moment capacity enaH ExS
ekagEdlenABI elIcMcN Nu
M uccenaHRtU
enaHRtUvKñanwgFñ
gFñ wmEdlman moment capacity FMCag. ExSekagEdlenAxag
sþaMKWKW sRmab;F wñmEdl man required moment capacity Cak;lak; lak; eTaHbI
eTaHbIsRmab;
sRmab; unbraced length
FMCag k¾eday.
eday. dUcenH
cenH enA kñ úkñ úgkarKNnamuxkat;
xkat; Rbsi
RbsinebIeyI eyIggdak;
dak; unbraced length nig required
design strength cUleTAkñ ú
eTAkñ úgRkaPc
RkaPc ExSekagenABel
ExSekagenABel n ngenAB
genABsþsþacNucenaH
cenaH RtUvvKñKñangFñ
angFñ mEdlGacTTY
mEdlGacTTYl
yk)an. RbsinebI
nebIeKKi
eKKitTaM
tTaMg ExSekagdac;² enaHExSekagsRmab;rrUbragRsalCagsß
UbragRsalCagsßtenABIti enABIelI
elI ninigBI
gBIxag
xag
sþaMExS ExSekagEdlRtUvnwg L p RtUvv)anbgð
ExS ekagdac;². cMNucenAelI ExSekagEdlRtU )anbgðajeday solid circle ehIy Lr
FñFñ w wm 157
157
T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
RtUv)anbgðajeday ysRmab; F y = 36ksi = 250 MPa nig

ajeday open circle. eKmanExSekagBIrRbePT mYysRmab;
mYyeTotsRmab;
yeTotsRmab; F y = 50ksi = 350 MPa .
required design strength 913.5
ft −
kñ úkñ úgehI]TahrN_
− kips yvaman 5>10
5>10 ¬EdlrYTRmxagCab;
mbBa© ÚlTaMgTm¶
continuous lateral support. sRmab;TRmxagCab;
geKGacyk ñmsn μ Lt;¦=KW0 .
Tm¶n;FñF wmsn
b
BIRkaPic F y = 36ksi ExSekagRkas;TmYmI YyenABIeelIlI 913.5 ft −− kips KW W 30 ×108 EdldUccKñKña
nwgkareRCIserI
serIs enAkñ ú
enAkñ úg]TahrN_ 5>10.
5>10. eTaHbICaCa Lb = 0 minRtU
nRtUv)anbgð
ajenAkñgRkaPi
gRkaPicBiessk¾
essk¾
eday k¾témøtUtcbM
cU bMptrbs;
tu rbs; Lb EdlbgðajKW
ajKWttUUcCag L p sRmab;RKb;
RKb;rUrUbragenAelITMB½renaH.
renaH.
ExSekagFñ wmEdlbgð
mEdlbgðajenAkñ ú ú
ajenAkñgrUbTI 5>25
KWKWsRmab;
sRmab; compact shape dUcenHtémørbs; rbs; φ b M n
sRmab;témø
témøtUtcUcEdlRKb;
EdlRKb;RKan;
RKan;rbs;
rbs; Lb KW φ b M p . dUcEdl)anerobrab;enAkñ ú ú nAkñggEpñ
Epñk 5>6 RbsinebI
nebIrrUUb
ragCa noncompact témøGti Gtibrma φ b M n nwgQrelI flange local buckling. vaCakarBitEdl tEdl
maximum unbraced length sRmab; φ b M n xagelIngxu wgxussKñKñaaBIBItémø
témø L p EdlTTYlCamY
lCamYynw
ynwg AISC
Equation F1-4. The moment strength rbs; noncompact shape RtUvv)anbgð )anbgðajCalkçN³RkaPic
enAkñgú rUbTI
bTI 5>27
Edl maximum design strength RtUv)ankM v)ankMNt; Nt;sMKKal; al;eday φ b M 'n ehIy
maximum unbraced length EdlRtUvnw vnwg φ b M 'n xagelIRRtUtUv)ansM
v)ansMKal;Kal;eday
eday L' p .
eTaHbICaRkaPi
CaRkaPicsRmab; compact nig noncompact shapes manlkçN N³RsedogKñ
³RsedogKñak¾eday k¾
φ b M n nig Lb RtUv)aneRbI
v)aneRbIsRmab;
sRmab; compact shapes Et φ b M 'n nig L' p RtUv)aneRbI v)aneRbIsRmab;
sRmab;
noncompact shapes .
T.Chhay 158
158 Beams
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anCatiBhu
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Engineering
]TahrN_ 5>11³
5>11³ Fñ w
Fñ wmEdlbgðajenAkñ
ajenAkñ úg rUbTI
bTI 5>28
5>28 RtU
RtUvRTbnÞ úkcM
kcMcNu
N
M ucGefrBI rEdlmY
y²mantémø
y²mantémø
20kipsRtg;cMc N
Nu
M ucmY
cmYyPaKbY
yPaKbYn. PaBdabGtibbrmami
rmaminRtU
n RtUvFM ag L / 240 . Lateral support RtUvv)an
vFMCCag )an
pþll;[enAcu
[
; enAcuggrbs;
rbs;FñF m.
ñw eRbIEdk A572 Grade50 nigeRCI
g eRCIserI
s rolled shape .
FñFñ w wm 159
159 T.Chhay

mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
dM e NaHRsay³
NaHRsay³ RbsinebI
n ebIeKecalTm¶
n;nrbs;
r; bs;FñF mñw enaHkMNat;
N
at;F wmcenø
ñ w ñ aHbnÞ úkcM
kcMccM MN
Nu
crgnU
ucrgnUvm:
vm: Umm: g;:g ;efr.
M A = M B = M C = M max
ehIy C b = 1.0
eTaHRbsinCaeKKitTm¶nn;ppÞ; Þal; al;rbs;
r bs;FñF mk¾
ñw eday
k¾vaGacRtU
v)anecaledayeFobnwgbnÞ úkkcMcMcNu
N
M uc
ehIy C b k¾enAEtmantémøes e μs I 1.0 EdlGnuBBaØaØat[eKGaceRbIRkaPi
cedayK μankarEkERb.
c edayK
edayminKi n KitBI
t BITm¶
nn;;F wññ wmbeNþaHGasnñ eyIgTTY l)an
l)an
M u = 6(1.6 × 20 ) = 192 ft − kips
BIRkaPic CamYy ynwnwg Lb = 24 ft sakl,g W 15 × 53 ³
φ b M n = 219 ft − kips > 192 ft − kips (OK)
\LÚvveyI eyIgKi
tBI Tm¶ n;F wñ wñm
1
M u = 192 + (1.2 × 0.053)(24 )2 = 197 ft − kips < 219 ft − kips (OK)
8
kmøaaMMggkat;
kat;TTwgKW
V u = 1.6(20 ) + 1 .2( 0.053)(24) = 32.8kips
2
BI factored uniform load tables
tables/
φ vV n = 112kips
> 32.8kips (OK)
PaBdabGtibrmaGnuBaØatKW
L 24(12)
240
=
240
= 1.2in.
BI Beam Diagrams nig Formulas section in Part 4 of the Manual/ PaBdabGtibrma
¬enAkNþalElV
alElVg¦ sRmab;bnÞ μ IKaEdlRtU
b únÞkkBIBIres añ EdlRtUv)andak;
v)andak;sIs uemRTI
eI mRTIKaaKWñ KW
Δ=
Pa
24 EI
(3 L2 − 4a 2 ).
Edl P = GaMgtg; g tg;sI s uIe tbnÞ úkkcMcMcMNuc

a. =cm¶ayBI ayBITRmeTAbnÞ
úk
L = RbEvgElVg
20(6 × 12) 13.69 ×10 6

Δ=
24 EI
[3(24 × 12)2 − 4(6 × 12)2 ] =
EI

sRmab;Tm¶
T m¶n;npÞp; Þal;rrbs;
bs;F wññ wm PaBdabGtibrmak¾ brmak¾sßsß i itenAkNþ
t enAkNþalElValElVggEdrEdr dUcenH
T.Chhay 160
160 Beams

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Engineering
5 wL4 5 (0.053 / 12)(24 × 12)4 0.04 × 106

Δ=
384 EI
=
384 EI
=
EI

PaBdabsrub
13.69 × 106 0.04 × 10 6 13.73 × 106
Δ=
EI
+
EI
=
29000(425)
= 1.114in. < 1.2in. (OK)
cemø y ³ eRbI W 12 × 53 .
eTaHbICaRkaPi cQrelI C b = 1.0 k¾eday

CaRkaPicQrelI eday b: ub: uEnþeeKk¾
Kk¾GaceRbI
GaceRbIvay:
vay:agRsYledI
ledIm,I
m,IKNnamuxkat;
xkat;enA
enA
nesI μnnwwg 1.0 edayEck required design strength eday C b munnwgdak;
eBlEdl C b minesI gdak;vaeTAkñ
vaeTAkñgRka
gú Rka
Pic. ]TahrN_ 5>12
5>12 nwgbgðajBI ajBIbec©keTsenH.
keTsenH.
]TahrN_ 5>12³
5>12³ eRbIEdk
A36 ehIyeRCI
serI
s sRmab;F wmenAkñ
ñ wñ úg rUbTI
rolled shapes bTI 5>29
5>29 . bnÞ úkcM
cMNu
N cucCa
Ca service live load ehIybnÞ úkBRgayes
kBRgayes μ IKW 30% CabnÞ úkefr nig 70% CabnÞ úkGefr.
kGefr.
Lateral bracing RtUv)anpþ
v)anpþl;l;[enAcug nigkNþ
g kNþalElV
alElVg. g. vaminmankarkMNt;
N
t;sRmab; s Rmab;PaBdabeT.
P aBdabeT.
dM eNaHRsay³
e NaHRsay³ edaysn tt;Tm¶ μ
T; m¶nn;;F wññ wmes μ
I I 100lb / ft . enaH
w D = 0.30(3 ) + 0.10 = 1kips / ft .
w = 1.2(1.0 ) + 1.6(0.7 × 3) = 4.560kips / ft .
L
Pu = 1.6( 9 ) = 14.4kips
bnÞ úkkemKu
emKuN niggRbti k μm RtU
Rbtikm RtUv)anbgð
v)anbgðajenAkñ
ajenAkñ úgrrU bTI UbTI 5>30.
5>30.
m: Um :gEdlcaM
E; dlcaM)ac;sRmab;KNna K Nna C b ³ m:Umm::gg; Bt;
B; t;enAcm¶ay
ay x BIcugxageqV
gxageqVggKWKW
⎛ x ⎞
M = 61.92 x − 4.590 x⎜ ⎟ = 61.92 x − 2.280 x 2 ¬sRmab; x ≤ 12 ft ¦
⎝ ⎠2
FñFñ w wm 161
161
T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
sRmab; x = 3 ft / M (3)2 = 165.2 ft − kips

= 61.92(3) − 2.280
A
sRmab; x = 6 ft / M B = 61.92(6) − 2.280

(6)2 = 289.4 ft − kips
sRmab; x = 9 ft / M C = 61.92(9) − 2.280

(9)2 = 372.6 ft − kips
(12)2 = 414.7 ft − kips

sRmab; x = 12 ft / M max = M u = 61.92(12) − 2.280
12.5 M max
C b =
2.5 M + 3 M + 4 M + 3 M

max A B C
12.5(414.7 )
=
2.5(414.7 ) + 3(165.2) + 4(289.4) + 3(372.6 )
= 1.36
bBa©leTAkñ
lÚ eTAkñggRkaPi
ú RkaPicCamYynw
ynwg unbraced length Lb = 12 ft nigm:mmU : :Ugg; Bt;
;B t;K W
M u 414.7
C b
=
1.36
= 305 ft − kips
sakl,g W 21× 62 ³
φ b M n = 343 ft − kips ¬sRmab; C b = 1 ¦

edaysar C b = 1.36 design strength BitR)akdKW
t R)akdKW
) = 466 ft − kips
φ b M n = 1.36(343
b: uE nþ design strength minRtUvelI velIs φ b M p Edles μ

I
Rtw
mEt 389 ft − kips ¬TTYl)anBI l)anBIRka
Picc¦
¦ dUccenH
enH design strength BitR)akdRtU t R)akdRtUvEtes μ Inw g
φ b M n = 389 ft − kips < M u = 414.7 ft − kips (N.G.)
sRmab;rUbragsakl,gbnÞ
bragsakl,gbnÞab; ab; eyIgRtUvvrMrMkki leLI
il eLIgelI eTArkExSekagCab;
Rkas;
R kas;bnÞ
b nÞaab;b;eenAelI
nAelIRkaPic
eyIgTTY
l)an
l)an W 21× 68 . sRmab; Lb = 12 ft design strength Edl)anBIRkaPicKW c KW
385 ft −− kips sRmab; C b = 1.0 . ersIus s; Rmab; C b = 1.36 KW
sþþgg;sRmab;
φ b M n = 1.36(385) = 524 ft − kips > φ b M p = 432 ft − kips
cenH φ b M n = φ b M p = 432 ft − kips > M u = 414.7 ft − kips

dUcenH (OK)
Tm¶n;nFñ wF; wñmKW 68lb / ft EdltUcCagTm¶nn;sn s; μn tt;; 100lb / ft . (OK)
kmøaMaMgkat;TTTw TwgKW

V u = 61.92kips
¬lT§plBi plBitR)akdnw
t R)akdnwgtU
cCagenHbnþ i
CagenHbnþ ic edaysarTm¶n;n;paal; Þ l;rbs;
r bs;F wñ wñmtUcCagbnÞ
cCagbnÞksn μtt;¦;
kú sn
BI factored uniform load table table
φ vV n = 177kips > 61.92kips (OK)
T.Chhay 162
162 Beams
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Engineering
cemø y ³
³ eRbI W 21× 68
RbsinebI
nebItRmU
tRmUvkarPaBdabRKb;
vkarPaBdabRKb;RKgelI
RKgelIkarKNnamuxkat; xkat; eKRtUvvkMkMNt;
Nt;mm: Um::m:gni;niclPaBcaM)ac;
)ac;Gb,-
Gb,-
brma ehIyeKRtU
yeKRtUvrkrU
vrkrUbbragRsalCageKEdlRtU
ragRsalCageKEdlRtUvvnwnwgtémøenH.enH. kargarenHRtUv)ansRmY
v)ansRmYly: ly:aageRcI
geRcInneday
eday
sar moment of inertia selection table in part 4 of the Manual. ]TahrN_ 5>13 5>13 nwgbgðgbgðajBI
ajBIkar
eRbIRR)as;
)as;taragenH ehIynw
ynwgBnül;
gBnül;pgEdrBI
pgEdrBIviFIsaRsþ
saRsþkkñ ú úñgkarKNnamu
gkarKNnamuxkat;FñF wñmmenAkñ ú
enAkñ úgRbB½nn§kRmalxNÐ
§kRmalxNÐ.
]TahrN_ 5>13³
5>13³ Epñk
kénRbB½
énRbB½n§n §eRKagkRmalRtUv)anbgð
v)anbgðajenAkñ
ajenAkñ úg rUbTI
bTI 5>31.
5>31. kRmalebtugBRgw
gBRgwg
edayEdkmankRmas; 4in. RtUv)anRTeday v)anRTeday floor beams EdlmanKMlatBI l atBIKañ 7 ft . . Floor beams
RtUv)anRT eday girders EdlRtUv)anbnþ v)anbnþedayssr.
edayssr. ¬eBlxøH floor beamsRtUvv)aneKehAfa )aneKehAfa filler
beams¦. bEnßmBI mBIelI Tm¶
n;nrbs;
r; bs;rcnasm½
r cnasm½n§n< § bnÁ ú ÞkkrYrYmmanbnÞ
mmanbnÞ úkGefrBRgayes μ I 80 psf nig movable
partitions EdlRtUv)anKi v)anKitCabnÞ
t CabnÞ úkkBRgayes
BRgayes μ I I 20 psf elIépÞ kRmal . PaBdabsrubGti bGtibrmami
b rmaminRtU
n RtUv
elIsBI
1/ 360 énRbEvgElVgg.. eRbIEdk A36 niggKNnamu KNnamuxkat;
xkat;rbs; floor
floor beams. sn μt;t;fa kRmal
pþll;nUn; Uv continuous lateral support rbs; floor floor beams.
FñFñ w wm 163
163 T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
dM e NaHRsay³
eRbIebtu
gGarem: F; μm taEdlmanTm¶
gGarem:Tm¶n;nFm taEdlmanTm¶n ; 150lb / ft 3 sRmab;KNnabnÞ
K NnabnÞ úkefr. Tm¶nGacRtU
G; acRtUv)anKitCa
bnÞ úk kñ úgmYyÉktþ
yÉktþaaépÞépÞedayKuNTm¶ NTm¶n;nmmaDnw
; aDnwgkRmas;kRmalxNÐ
k RmalxNÐ.
Tm¶n;n;kRmalxNÐ = 150⎛ ⎜ 124 ⎞⎟ = 50 psf
⎝ ⎠
μ (tributary width) 7 ft .
sn t;ffaFñ w
aFñkRmalxNÐ
wmnImY y
y²RTnU
²RTnU
³ 50vvTTw
TTw(7g) rgbnÞ=úk350lb / ft rbs;kRmalxNÐ
k RmalxNÐ.
Partition³ 20(7 ) = 140lb / ft
Tm¶n;n;Fñm³
w = 40lb / ft ¬)a:n μ
s
s; an¦
a n¦
srub³
b³ = 530lb / ft ¬ service
service dead load ¦
eTaHbI partition
Gaccl½tt)an
)an b:uEnþ Enþ national model building codes KitvaCabnÞ t vaCabnÞ úkefr
kefr (BOCA,
1996; ICBO, 1997;nig SBCC, 1997). eyIgk¾Ki tvaCabnÞkGefrEdrenATI
kú GefrEdrenATIenH.
bnÞ úkkGefr³
Gefr³ 80(7 ) = 560lb / ft
ehIybnÞúkemKu
kemKuNsru NsrubKW bKW
wu = 1.2 w D + 1.6 w L = 1. 2(0.53) + 1.6(0.56 ) = 1.532kips / ft
kartP¢ab; ab;kkRmal-Fñ w
Rmal-Fñ wmpþ ll;nU;n Uv no moment restraint ehI ehI yFñ w
yFñ
wmRtU
v)anKitCaFñ w
t CaFñ wmEdlRTedayTRmsamBaØ
.
2
1 2 1.532(30)
M u = wu L = = 172.4 ft − kips
8 8
T.Chhay 164
164 Beams
Department of
Engineering
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BI beam design chart CamYynwg Lb = 0 sakl,g W 18 × 35 ³
φ b M u = 179.5 ft − kips > 172.4 ft − kips (OK)
kmøaaMMggkat;
kat;TTw
T TwgKW
1532(30)
V u ≈ = 22.98kips
2
BI factored uniform load tables
> 22.98kips
φ vV n = 103kips (OK)
PaBdabGtibrmaGnuBaØatKW
L 30(12)
= = 1in.
360 360
5 wL4 5
(0.35 + 0.14 + 0.035 + 0.56)(30)4 (12)3
Δ=
384 EI
=
384 29000(510)
= 1.3in. > 1in. (N.G.)
edayedaHRsaysm karPaBdabsRmab required moment of inertia TTYll)an
)an
4 3
5wL4 384 5(1.085)(30 ) (12 )
I required = = = 682in.4
384 E Δ required 384(29000)(1)
Moment of Inertia Selection Table

Table RtUv)anerobcMeLI
e LIgkñúgvi
gviFIF dUI cKñanwanwg Load Factor Design Design
Selection Table dUcenHkareRCI

cenHkareRCIserI
srU
bragEdlRsalCageKCamYynwgm: Umm::gg; nni; iclPaBRKb;
c lPaBRKb;RKan;
R Kan;man
m an
N³samBaØ. BI I x Table sakl,g W 21× 44 ³
lkçN³samBaØ
in.4 > 682in.4
I = 843 (OK)
x
φ b M n
= 257.5 ft − kips > 172.4 ft − kips (OK)
Tm¶nrbs;
r; bs;rUbbragenHFM
ragenHFMCagkarsn μt;t;dbUMb gbnþ i
C agkarsn gU bnþ ic b: uEEnþ nþTm¶nEdlbEnß
E; dlbEnßmmenHmi
enHminGaceRbobeFobnwg moment
capacity d¾FM eenaH)aneT.
naH)aneT.
φ vV n = 141kips > 22.98kips (OK)
cemø y ³ ³ eRbI W 21× 44 .
5>11> rn§RbehagenAkñgFñm (Holes in Beam)

RbsinebIkartP¢
kartP¢ab;F wmRtU
mñ RtUv)aneFV
v)aneFV IeeLI
LIgCamY
gCamYyb‘ ULú
Lgú søab b¤RTnu
RTnugrbs;
grbs;FñF wmRtU
ñmRtUv)anecaHRbehag
b¤xYgg.. elIsBIenH
enH eBlxøHRTnu
HRTnuggFñFñ wmRtUv)anecaHrn§
v)anecaHrn§FMF²edI
²M edIm,Irt;eRKOgbri
eRKOgbrikaepSg²dU
aç epSg²dUcCa
cCa bMBugExSePøIg
GKÁisnI
snI bM
bMBuggxül;
xül;CaedIm.
m. eKcUlcittþecaHrn§
þecaHrn§enAelI
enAelIRTnu
RTnugFñ
gFñ wmRtg;
mRtg;kEnø
kEnøgNaEdlmankmøagkat;
gM kat;TTTwTwgtUc
FñFñ w wm 165
165
T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
ehIyrn§RbehagRtUv)anecaHenAelIssøabRtg; øabRtg;kEnø
kEnøgNaEdlmanm:
gNaEdlmanm: Um:gtUt; c.
cU . b: u ub:EEnþnþeKmi
eKminnGaceFV
GaceFV IEbbenH)an
EbbenH)an
rhUteT dUcenHeKRtU
cenHeKRtUvvKiKitBI
tBI\\T§T§ iBlrbs;rn§
rn§Rbehag.
Rbehag.
sRmab;rn§RbehagtUc dUcsRmab;b U‘Lgú \T§Blrbs; iBlrbs;vanwgtU
gtUc CaBiesssRmab;
esssRmab; flexure eday
mUlehtu
lehtuBIBrIr.. TI11KWKW karkat;bnß bnßymuxkat;
xkat;tUc. TI2KW
2KW muxkat;
xkat;EdlenAEk,rmi
EdlenAEk,rmin)ankat; n)ankat;bnßbnßy ehIykar
ykar
pøas;b Úþrmuxxkat;
kat;énPaBmi
énPaBminCab;
nCab;tUcFMCag Cag “weak link”.
dUcenH AISC B10 GnuBBaØaØaat[ecalnU
t[ecalnUv\T§ iBlrbslrn§RbehagenAeBlEdl
RbehagenAeBlEdl
0.75F u A fn ≥ 0.9 F y A fg (AISC Equation B10-1)
Edl A fg = gross flange are

A fn = net flange are

RbsinebI
nebIeKminCY
nCYbnU
bnUvlkçxNÐ
xNÐenHeT flexural properties RtUvEtQrelI
vEtQrelIRkLaépÞsøsaøabrgkarTajRbsi
brgkarTajRbsiTT§§
PaB
5 F u
A fe = A fn (AISC Equation B10-3)
6 F y
]TahrN_ 5>14³
5>14³ KNna elastic section modulus EdlRtUv)ankat
v)ankat bnß
bnßy sRmabmuxkat
xkat Edl
Edl S x
bgðajenAkñ
ajenAkñ úgrU
grUbTI
bTI 5>32.
eKeRbIEdk
A36 nigRbehagsRmab;b‘Lú
ULgGgá
gú Ggát;p i© i©t 1in. .
dM e NaHRsay³
NaHRsay³ A fg = b f t f = 7 .635(0.81) = 6.184in 2
Ggát;tp©p; ©ttRbehagRbsi
i RbehagRbsiTT§ PaBKW
§PaBKW
1 1
d h =1 + =1 in.
8 8
net flange area KW
− 2(1.125)(0.810) = 4.362in.2
A fn = A fg − ∑ d h t f = 6.184
T.Chhay 166
166 Beams
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Engineering
AISC Equation B10-1

BI 0.75F u A fn = 0. 75(58)(4.362) = 189.7kips
nig 0.9F y A fg = 0. 9(36)(6.184) = 200.4kips
edaysar 0.75F u A fn < 0.9F y A fg eyIgRtU
vEtKitrn§Rbehag.
Rbehag. edayeRbI AISC Equation B10-3
[RkLaépÞsabRbsi
aø bRbsiTT§ PaB
§PaB
5 F u 5 ⎛ 58 ⎞
A fg = A fn = ⎜ ⎟4.362 = 5.856in.2
6 F 6 36
y ⎝ ⎠
RkLaépÞsabenHRtU
aø benHRtUvvKñKñanwanwgkarkat;
bnß
b nßy
yeday
eday 6.184 − 5.856 = 0.328in.2 . G½kSNW
k SNWteGLasÞ i
teGLasÞ
icsß i
c sß itenA
t enA
cm¶ay
ay y BIkM BBU lrbs;
lU rbs;muxkat;
y = 20.8(18.47 / 2 ) − 0 .328(18.47 − 0.405) = 9.094in.
20.8 − 0.328
m: Um:m g;g: nin; ciclPaBEdlRtU
lPaBEdlRtUv)ankat;bnßyKW
)2 − 0.328(9.094 − 18.06)2 = 1144in.4
I x . = 1170 + 20.8(9.094 − 9.235
S x sRmab;søs abxagelI
aø bxagelIK W
I 1144
S x = x =
y 9.094
= 126in.3
S x sRmab;sabxageRkamKW
øabxageRkamKW
I x 1144
S x = = = 122in.3
d − y 18.47 − 9.094
3
cemø y ³
³ The reduced elastic section modulus sRmab;Epñ
E pñkxagelIKW 126in. nigsRmab;EEpñ
pñkxag
kxag
eRkamKW 122in. . 3
FñmmEdlmanrn§
w Edlmanrn§RbehagFM
RbehagFMenAelIRTnu
RTnug RtUvkarkarKNnaBi
vkarkarKNnaBiessEdlmi
essEdlminmanerobrab;enAkñ ú ú
enAkñgesov
gesov
ePAenHeT. Design of Steel and Composite Beam with Web Openings KWCakarENnaM
CakarENnaMd¾d¾manRb
eyaCn_sRmab;RbFanbTenH (Darwin, 1990).
5>12> Open-Web Steel Joists

Open-web steel joists
Open-web steel joists
CaRbePT
xøHEdlmanTM
truss EdlplitrY
)arEdkmUtlrYCab;
HEdlmanTMhhMMttUcU eRbIrr)arEdkmU cCaeRscdU
sRmab;ccbgð
sRmab; eFVbgðICaGgá
eFV ajenAkñ ú
ajenAkñ
CaGgá úgrUgbTI
t;tRTnu
R; Tnu b(web
TI 5>33
.
FñFñ w wm 167
167
T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
member) ehIyvaRtUv)aneKehA bar joists. vaRtUvv)aneKeRbI

)aneKeRbIenAkñ
nAkñ ú úgkRmal
gkRmal nigRbB½
gRbB½nn§§dMdbUbM llsRmab;
U sRmab;
eRKOgbgÁ MCaeRcI
Cú aeRcIn.
n. sRmab;RbEvgElV
RbEvgElVggEdl[dU
Edl[dUcKña open-web steel joists manTm¶n;RsalCag rolled
shapes ehIy yGvtþ
Gvtþmanrbs;
manrbs;RTnu
RTnuggtan;
tan;Gnu
GnuBBaØaØaat[eKrt;
t[eKrt;RbB½ RbB½nn§bri
§brikaary:
ç ry:agRsY
agRsYl.
l. GaRs½yeTAnw yeTAnwggRbEvg
RbEvg
ElVg open-web steel joist manlkçN³esdækikicCCag © ag rolled shapes eTaHbICCavaKñ avaKñaeKalkarN_ENnaM ENnaM
sRmab;karkM
karkMNt;Nt;vak¾eday.
eday.
eKGacrk open-web steel joists CamYynw ynwgkm< gkm<ss;ssþ; þgg;dar
d; ar niglT§
glT§PPaBRTbnÞ
aBRTbnÞkBI kú BIeragcRkCaeRcInn..
Open-web steel joist xøHRtUHRtUv)anKNnaedI
v)anKNnaedImm,I,IeFV eFV IkarCa
karCa floor b¤ roof joists ehIy open-web steel
joists xøHeTotRtU
HeTotRtUv)anKNnaedIm,Ie IFVkarCa
karCa girder EdlRTRbtikm k μm EdlRbmU
EdlRbmUllpþ ú úpþ MB joists
I joists. AISC
Specification min)anerobrab;
n)anerobrab;BBII open-web steel joists eT Etsßabn½mmYyepSgeTotEdleKehAfa
YyepSgeTotEdleKehAfa Steel
Joist Institute (SJI) manBiBN’
BN’naBI
naBIvva.
a. ral;kareRbIR))as;
as; steel joists rYmTaM
mTaMgkarKNna
gkarKNna nigkarpli
gkarplit
RtUv)ane)aHBu
v)ane)aHBumm<pSayenAkñ ú ú
<pSayenAkñg Standard Specifications, Load Tables, nig Weight Table for Steel
Joists and Joist Girders (SJI, 1994).
eKGaceRCIserIs open-web steel joists CamYynwg the aid of the standard load tables (SJI,
1994) ehIy ytaragmY
taragmYyenAkñ ú
yenAkñ úgcMeeNamenaHRtU
NamenaHRtUv)anbgðaajenAkñ ú ú
jenAkñgrUbTI
bTI 5>34
. CamYynwgkarpSM
gkarpSMKKññarvag
arvag
ElVg nig joist eKnwggTTY TTYl)antémø
l)antémøbnÞ ú ú
bnÞkkmYmYyKU
yKUr. elxxagelICa Ca total service load capacity KitCa
tCa
pounds kñ ú úkñggmYmYy foot ehIyelxenAxageRkamCa
yelxenAxageRkamCa service live load kñggmY ú mYy foot EdlnwgbegátPaBdab
ItPaBdab
μ Inwngw 1/ 360 énRbEvgElVg.
es g. ¬eTaHbICabnÞ
CabnÞkenAkñ
kú enAkñgtaragCa
gú taragCa service load capacities k¾eday k¾eK eK
LRFD
sMGaceRbI
KKal;CtaragenHy:
takm<
aragenHy:
al;Cakm< r; bs;aggayRsY
s;srbs; aggayRsY lCamY
lCamYynw
ynwggviviFIF I tCaEdleyI
open-web steel joist EdlKitCa
ggnwnwgbgð
gbgð[ajenATI
ajenATI
in. . taragk¾[pgEdrpgEdr enUnH¦.
vTm¶n;nelxdM
vTm¶ ;Rbhak;bUbgénelx
gURbEhl
énelx
RbEhl
EdlKitCa pound kñ kñggmY
ú mYy foot énRbEvg.
eKGacrk open-web steel joists EdlRtUv)anKNnaedImm,I,ImannaTI mannaTICa
Ca floor or roof joist ¬Edl
pÞ úpÞ úyBImmannaTI
annaTICaCa girder ¦ Ca open-web steel joist (K-series,
(K-series, both standard and KCS), longspan
steel joists (LH-series), nig deep longspan steel joist (DLH-series). enAeBleyIg grMrMkikilesrIeLI
eLIg
kan;EEtx< tx<s;s eyI
; eyIgnw
gnwgTTY
gTTYl)anRbEvgElV
)anRbEvgElVg niglT§glT§PaBRTbnÞ ú ú
PaBRTbnÞkkan;
kkan;EtFM
EtFM. Ca]TahrN_ 8K1 manRbEvg
ElVg 8 ft . nigglT§ lT§PPaBRTbnÞ ú
aBRTbnÞ úk 550lb / ft . b: u
b: uEnþ 72DLH19 GacRTbnÞk)anúk)an 497lb / ft . elIRRbEvg
bEvg 144 ft . .
T.Chhay 168
168 Beams
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Engineering
edayelIkElg
kElg KCS joists, open-web steel joists TaMgGs;RtU
RtUvv)anKNnaCa
)anKNnaCa trusses EdlRT
edayTRmsamBaØ CamY CamYyngbnÞ μ enAel
yngbnÞ ú úkBRgayes
enAel top chord . kardakbnÞ ú
kardakbnÞ úkenHeFV[ top chord rgnU rgnUv
bending k¾dU
dcU axial compression dUccenHenH top chord RtU RtUv)anKNnaCa
v)anKNnaCa beam-column ¬emIlCM lCMBkU 6¦.
edIm,I
m,IFFananU
ananUvsi ßrPaBrbs;
rPaBrbs; top chord eKRtU
eKRtUvvP¢P¢aab;b; the floor or roof deck kñ ú úkñgvi
gviFIEbbNaedI
EbbNaedImm,I,IeFV
eFV I[ man
continuous lateral support.
FñFñ w wm 169
169
T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
TaMg top nig bottom chord members rbs; K-series joists RtUv)anpli

v)anplitedayEdkEdlman
tedayEdkEdlman
yield stress 50ksi . lT§PaBRTbnÞ ú
PaBRTbnÞ úkrbs; K-series joists RtUvv)anepÞ ógpÞ
)anepÞ ógpÞat;
at;edaykarBi
edaykarBiesaF ehIy
μ 1.65
emKuN
Nsusuvivtß
vFIFtßIsiPPaBGb,brmaRtU
aBGb,brmaRtU
aRsþ v)anbgð
v)anbgð
eRbIaRR)as;
d¾d¾samBaØsRmab;
sRmab;eRbI j[eXI jes Innwwgload tables
)as; standard . CamYynw
ynwg LRFD RtUv)anENnaM
v)anENnaMeday
eday
SJI (1994) ehIy yRtU
RtUv)anbgðajenATIajenATIenH
enH kñgTRmg; úgTRmg;EkERbbnþ
EkERbbnþ icbnþ
cbnþ Üc.
c. BicarNa
carNa TMnak; nak;TTMngeKal
MngeKal LRFD
smIkar
kar @>#³
∑ γ i Q i ≤ φ Rn
vaRtUv)ansresrsRmab;
v)ansresrsRmab;bnÞ ú ú bnÞkkBRgayes μ Ik úñ úñgTRmg;CaCa
BRgayes
wu ≤ φ wn ¬%>&¦
Edl wu CabnÞ
CabnÞ ú úkBRgayes
kBRgayes μ IeemKu
mKuN nig wn Ca nominal uniform load strength of the joist . Rbsin
ebIeyI
eyIgeRbI
geRbIpleFobmFümén nominal strength elI allowable strength es μ Innwwg 1.65 eyIggGac
*
Gac
sresr nominal strength eday
wn = 1.65wsji
Edl wsji Ca allowable strength (allowable load) Edl[enAkñúg standard load tables.
Design strength KW
φ wn = 0.9 1.65wsji ) = 1.485wsji ≈ 3 2 wsji
\LÚveyIggGacsresrsmI
GacsresrsmIkar kar %>& Ca
wu ≤ 3 2 wsji
sRmab;eKalbM
eKalbMNgénkarKNna eyIgGacsresrTM gGacsresrTMnak; nak;TTMngenHCa
MngenHCa
required wsji = 2 3 wu
]TahrN_ 5>15³
5>15³ eRbI load table Edl[enAkñ úg rUbTI
bTI 5>34 eRCIserIs open-web steel joist sRmab;
sRmab;
RbB½n§n kRmal
k§ Rmal nigbnÞ
g bnÞ úkkxageRkam.
xageRkam.
Joist spacing = 3 ft
Span length = 20 ft
bnÞ úkKW³ kRmalxNÐkRmas; 3in.
*
cMNaM
NaMfaemKuNsu
Nsuvtß PaBsRmab; K-series joists RtUv)ankM
vtß iPaBsRmab; v)ankMNt;edaykarBesaFEdleFV
edaykarBesaFEdleFV IeLI
eLIgedayplitkr.
tkr.
T.Chhay 170
170 Beams
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Engineering
bnÞúkkefrepSgeTot
efrepSgeTot = 20 psf
bnÞúkkGefr
Gefr = 50 psf
dM eNaHRsay³
e NaHRsay³ sRmab;bnÞb únÞkefr
kRmalxNÐ³ 50⎛ ⎝ ⎜ 123 ⎞ ⎠⎟ = 37.5 psf
bnÞúkkefrepSgeTot
efrepSgeTot = 20 psf
Tm¶n;nrbs;
r; bs; joist
joist = 3 psf ¬]bma¦
srub = 60.5 psf
w D = 60.5( 3) = 181.5lb / ft
sRmab;bnÞ ú ú
bnÞkkGefr
Gefr 50 psf
w L = 50(3 ) = 150lb / ft
bnÞ úkkemKu
emKuNKW
(181.5) + 1.6(150) = 457.8lb' ft
wu = 1.2 w D + 1.6 w L = 1.2
bMElgbnÞ úkenHeTACa required service load ³
2 2
required wsji = wu = (457.8) = 305lb / ft
3 3
rUbTI 5>34
5>34 bgðajfaajfa joist xageRkambMeBjnU
e BjnUvtRmUvkarénbnÞ
vkarénbnÞkxagelI
kú xagelI³ 12K 5 Tm¶nn;;RbEhl
R bEhl
7.1lb / ft / 14 K 3 Tm¶nRbEhl
R; bEhl 6lb / ft nig 16K 2 Tm¶nn;RbEhl
;R bEhl 5.5lb / ft . edayminman
karkMNt;sRmab;km<ss; dU ; dUcenHeyIgerIsnUv joist NaEdlRsalCageK.
cemø y ³
³ eRbI 16 K 2 .
5>13> bnÞHRTFñm nigbnÞH atssr

(Beam Bearing Plates and Column Base Plate)
viFKNnabnÞ
IKNnabnÞHRTssrmanlkç
HRTssrmanlkçN³RsedogKñ
N³RsedogKñanwanwgvi gviFIKNnabnÞ
KNnabnÞHRTFñ HRTFñmw ehIy yedaysarmU
edaysarmUlehtu
enH eyIgnw
gnwggBiBiccarNavaCamY
arNavaCamYyKñ
yKñaa.. elIsBI karkM
karkMNt;kRmas; kRmas;rbs;
rbs;bnÞbnÞHH)atssrtRmU
)atssrtRmUvv[mankarBi
[mankarBicarNa carNa
BI flexure dUcenHvaRtU
cenHvaRtUvv)anelI
)anelIkykmkerobrab;
kykmkerobrab;enATIenH EdlminEmnenAkñ ú ú nEmnenAkñgCM gCMBBUUk 4. kñkñ ú úgkrNI
gkrNITaM
TaMgBIr
tYnaTIrbs;
rbs;bnÞ
bnÞHEdkKWEbgEckbnÞ
EbgEckbnÞkEdlRbmU
kú EdlRbmUlpþ ú ú
lpþ M (concentrated load) eTAsmÖar³EdlRTva. r³EdlRTva.
bnÞHRTFñ wmmanBI
mmanBIrRbePTKW
rRbePTKW³ mYysRmab;bbBa¢ μm rbs;
Ba¢ ÚnRbtikkm rbs;FñF wñmeTATRm dUcCaCBa¢aMaMgebtu gebtug nig
mYyeTotsRmab;
yeTotsRmab;bBa¢ ÚnbnÞ ú ú
nbnÞkkeTAsø
eTAsøabxagelIrbs;FñF wm.mñ . dMbUbgU BicarNaTRmFñ
carNaTRmFñmEdlbgð mw EdlbgðajenAkñ ú ú
ajenAkñgrUbTI bTI
FñFñ w wm 171
171 T.Chhay

mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
5>35 . eTaHbICaFñ CaFñ wmCaeRcI

mCaeRcInnRtURtUv)antP¢aab;b;eTAssrb¤
eTAssrb¤eTAFñ
eTAFñ wmepSgeTotk¾eday eday EtRbePTénTRmEdl
bgðajenATIajenATIenH RtUv)aneRbI
v)aneRbICaerOy²CaerOy² CaBiessenARtg;
essenARtg; bridge
bridge abutments. karKNnaBIbnÞHRTrYmman mman
bICMChhan³
M an³
!> kMNt;
Nt;TMThMhM M N EdleKGackarBar web yielding nig web crippling.
@> kMNt;TMThMhM B M B EdlRkLaépÞ B × N manTMhhMRKb;
MRKb;RKan;
RKan;edImm,I,IkarBarsmÖar³EdlRT
ar³EdlRT ¬CaTUeTAKW
eTAKW
ebtug¦ g¦ BIkarEbk.
karEbk.
#> kMNt;kRmas;
kRmas; t EdlbnÞHRTman bending strength RKb;RKan; RKan;.
karBN’naBI
naBI Web yielding and web crippling manenAkñ manenAkñ ú úg Chapter K of AISC Specifica-
tion, “Strength Design Consideration”. ÉcMENk ENk bearing strength rbs;ebtu ebtugRtU
gRtUv)anni
v)anniyayenA
yayenA
kñ ú úkñg Chapter J, “Connections, Joints, and Fasteners”.
Web Yielding
KWCakarpÞ ú ú
Web yielding CakarpÞHEbkedaykarsgá
HEbkedaykarsgátt;; (compressive crushing) rbs;RTnu
RTnugFñwmEdl
mEdl
bNþalBIkkarGnu
arGnuvtþ
vtþn_kmøaMaMgsgátt;edaypÞ
;edaypÞal;eTAsøabEdlenABI
abEdlenABIxagelI
xagelI b¤
b¤BxageRkamRTnu
IxageRkamRTnug.
g. kmøaMaMgenH
genH
μ
GacCakmø
ssr b¤FñF wñmaMaMgRbti
gepSgeTot.
Rbtikm
km BITRménRbePTdU
TRménRbePTdU cbgð
cbgðgajkñ úg rUbTI
Yielding ekIteLIgenAeBlEdlku
bTI 5>35
enAeBlEdlku gRtaM
gRtaMb¤ggsgá
vvaGacCabnÞ
aGacCabnÞ
sgát;enAelIkEdlbBa¢
kú EdlbBa¢
mumuxkat; Úedktamry³RTnu
neTAsø
neTAsøabeday g
edktamry³RTnu
xiteTArkcM
teTArkcMNu Ncu yield . enAeBlbnÞkRtU
úkRtUv)anbBa¢
v)anbBa¢ Úntamry³bnÞ
ntamry³bnÞHEdk HEdk web yielding RtUvv)ansn )ansn μt;tf;faekI
aekIt
manenAEk,rmuxkat;EdlmanTTwg t w . enAkñúg rolled shape muxkat;enARtg; enARtg;cucgénBi
gu énBitekag (toe of the
fillet) Edlmancm¶ay ay k BIépÞ
épÞxxageRkArbs;
ageRkArbs;ssøab
øab ¬TMhhMenHRtU
MenHRtUv)anerobCatarag enAkñ ú enAkñ úg dimensions and
properties tables in the Manual). RbsinebI nebIbnÞúkRtU v)ansn μt;t;faEbgEckxø Ünvaeday
kRtUv)ansn nvaeday slope 1 : 2.5
T.Chhay 172
172 Beams

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Engineering
dUcbgðajenAkñ ú úg rUbTI
bTI 5>36 RkLaépÞenARtg;
enARtg;TRmrgnUv yielding KW (2.5k ++ N )t w . edayKuN
RkLaépÞenHnw
enHnwg yield stress [ nominal strength sRmab; web yielding enARtg;TRm³ TRm³
Rn = ( 2.5k + N )F y t w (AISC Equation K1-3)
The bearing length N enARtg;TRmmi TRmmikKYrtU

rtUcCag k . enARtg;bnÞ ú ú
bnÞkxagkñ ú ú
kxagkñg beNþayrbs;
ayrbs;mmuuxxkat;
kat;rgnU
rgnUv
yielding KW
2(2.5k ) + N = 5k + N
The nominal strength KW

Rn = (5k + N )F y t w (AISC Equation K1-2)
The design strength KW φ Rn , Edl φ = 1.0
Web Cripplimg
Ca buckling rbs;RTnu
Web crippling RTnuggEdlbNþ
EdlbNþalBI
alBIkmøaMaMgsgát;tEdlbBa¢
E; dlbBa¢ Úntamry³sø
ntamry³søab.
ab.
sRmab;bnÞ ú
bnÞ úkxagkñgú nominal strength sRmab; web crippling KW³
⎡ ⎞ ⎤
1.5
⎛ N ⎞⎛ t F y t f
2⎢
Rn = 135t w 1 + 3⎜ ⎟⎜ w ⎟ ⎥ (AISC Equation K1-4)
⎢ ⎝ d ⎠⎝ t f ⎠⎟ ⎥
⎜ t w
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
nominal strength
sRmab;bnÞ ú ú
bnÞkkenARtg;
enARtg; ⎡b¤Ek,rTRm
Ek,rTRm⎛ ¬minFM
n ⎞FM1.CCagBak;
5 agBak;
⎤ F t kNþ
kNþalkm<
alkm<s;sFñF; mBI
ñmw BIcucg¦
gu ¦ KW³
2⎢ ⎛ N ⎞ t N
1 + 3⎜ ⎟⎜ w ⎟ ⎥
y f
Rn = 68t w
⎢ d ⎜ t ⎟ ⎥
sRmab; ≤ 2 (AISC
(AISC Equation K1-5a)
⎝ ⎠⎝ f ⎠ t w d
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
⎡ ⎛ ⎞
1.5 ⎤
F y t f
⎛ N ⎞ t
b¤ 2⎢
Rn = 68t w 1 + ⎜ 4 − 0.2 ⎟⎜ w ⎟ ⎥
⎢ ⎝ d ⎜ t f ⎟ ⎥ t w
sRmab; N d > 2 (AISC
(AISC Equation K1-5b)
⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎥⎦
⎢⎣
emKuNersI u
ersI usgg;þ sRmab;
;sRmab;sanPaBkM
aß nPaBkMNt;
Nt;enHKW
enHKW φ = 0.75
FñFñ w wm 173
173 T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
Concrete Bearing Strength

smÖar³EdleRbIsRmab;RTFñ RTFñmGacCa
mw GacCa ebtug \dæ b¤b¤smÖar³epSg²eTot
ar³epSg²eTot b: u ub:Enþ
EnþCaTUeTAvaCaebtu
eTAvaCaebtug.
g.
smÖar³enHRtUvEtTb;
vEtTb;nnwwg bearing load EdlGnu
EdlGnuvvtþtþedaybnÞ
edaybnÞHEdk.
HEdk. The nominal bearing strength
EdlbBa¢ak;enAkñ ú ú
nAkñg AISC J9 dUccKñKñaenAkñ ú ú
aenAkñg American Concrete Institute’s Building Code (ACI,
1995). RbsinebInebI plate
plate RKbeBjelIépÞrbs; rbs;TRm
TRm enaH nominal strength KW
P p = 0.85 f 'c A1 (AISC Equation J9-1)
RbsinebI
nebI plate
plate minRKbeBjelI
nRKbeBjelIépÞrbs;rbs;TRmeT
TRmeT enaH nominal strength KW
P p = 0.85 f 'c A1 A2 / A1 (AISC Equation J9-2)
Edl f 'c =ersIusþsþgrgkarsgá

;rgkarsgátt; 28éf¶
; 28éf¶rbs;ebtu
ebtug
A1 = bearing area R
=
A2
nebI mi rbs; CamYTyRm A1 enaH A2 KYrmantémø
full area
RbsinebI ncMCamY
A2 rmantémøFMFMCag A1 EdlvamanragFrNImaRtRsedog
Kñanwg A1 dUcbgðajenAkñ ú
ajenAkñ úgrUbTI 5>37
. AISC tRmUv[ v[
1 ≤ 2
A2 / A
The design bearing strength KW φ c P p Edl φ c = 0.60 .
m
T.Chhay 174
174 Beams
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Engineering
Plate Thickness
enAeBlEdlbeNþay ay niggTTw TTwgrbs;
grbs;bnÞ
bnÞHHTRmRtU
TRmRtUvv)ankM
)ankMNt;
Nt;ehIy bearing pressure mFüm
RtUv)anKitCabnÞkBRgayes μ IeeTAelI
kú BRgayes atén plate EdlRtUv)ansn μt;tRRTedayTTw
TAelI))atén ; TedayTTwg 2k EdlenAkNþalFñ
alFñ wm
niggbeNþ
beNþay N dUcbgðajenAkñ ú ú
ajenAkñgrUbTIbTI 5>38
. bnÞaab;b;mkeTotbnÞ
mkeTotbnÞHHRtU
RtUvv)anBi
)anBicarNafaekageFobG½
carNafaekageFobG½kSRsb
eTAnwgElVgFñ
gFñ wmm.. dUccenH
enH bnÞHRtU
HRtUv)anKi
v)anKitCa
tCa cantilever EdlmanRbEvgElVg n = ( B − 2k )/ 2 nigTTw gTTwg
N . edIm,I
m,IgayRsYl TTwg 1in. RtUv)anBi
v)anBicarNa CamYynw
ynwgbnÞ ú ú
bnÞkBRgayes μ IKiKitCa lb / in. Edles
kBRgayes μ Innwwg
bearing pressure tCa lb / in.2 .
EdlKitCa
BIrUrbbTI
U TI 5>38 m: Um:gGti
G; tibrmaenAkñ ú
rmaenAkñ úgbnÞHKW
2
R n R n
M u = u × n × = u
BN 2 2 BN

Edl Ru / BN Ca bearing pressure mFümrvagbnÞH nigebtu gebtugg.. sRmab;mmuxkat;
uxkat;ctu
ctueekaNEkg
kaNEkg
EdlekageFobG½kSexSay kSexSay (minor axis) enaH nominal moment strength M u es μ Innwwg plastic moment
capacity M p . dUc cbgð
bgðajenAkñ ú ú
ajenAkñgrUbTI bTI 5>39 plastic moment sRmab;mxkat;
uxkat;ctu
ctuekaNEkg
EdlmanTMhMhTTw TM TwggmYmYyÉktþ
yÉktþa nigkRmas; t KW
⎛ t ⎞⎛ t ⎞ t 2
M p = F y ⎜1× ⎟⎜ ⎟ = F y
⎝ 2 2 ⎠⎝ ⎠ 4
FñFñ w wm 175
175 T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
edaysar φ b M n RtUvEttU

vEttUcCag
cCag M u
φ b M n ≥ M u
2
t 2 Ru n
0.9 F y
4
≥
2 BN

2 Ru n 2 2.222 Ru n 2
t ≥
0.9 BNF y
b¤ t ≥
BNF y
¬%>* / %>(¦
bearing plate W 21 × 68

]TahrN_ 5>16³
5>16³ KNna k μm EdlKi
KittBI
15 ft . 10in. BIG½ kkSeTAG½
SeTAG½kSrbs;TRm.T Rm. edI m,IEbgEckRbti
srubkm
Service load sru
rbs; ttbBa© Ú TaMg CamY
bBa©llTaM Tm¶nn;ynw
y;Fñ wF wnwmKW
ñ gRbEvgElV
9kips / ft g
EdlmanbnÞ úkefr
kefr nigbnÞ úkGefres μ IKñ a. FñmRtU
kGefres w v)anRTenABI
v)anRTenABIelI
CBa¢agebtu gM ebtugGarem:Edlman
f 'c = 3500 psi . TaMgbnÞ g bnÞHEdk nigFñ w
g Fñ wmCaEdk A36 .
dM e NaHRsay³
NaHRsay³ bnÞ úk kemKu
emKuNKW
NKW
wu = 1.2 w D + 1.6 w L = 1.2( 4.5) + 1.6( 4.5) = 12.6kips / ft .
ehIyRbtik μm KWKW
w L 12.6(15.83)
Ru = u = = 99.73kips
2 2
R bEvgrbs; bearing N EdlcaM)ac;
kMNt;RbEvgrbs; ) ac;edI web yielding. BI AISC
e dIm,I karBar Equation K1-3,
design strength sRmab;sanPaBkM ßanPaBkMNt;enHKW
e nHKW
Rn = ( 2.5k + N )F y t w
sRmab; φ Rn ≥ Ru /

1[2.5(1.438) + N ](36)(0.430) ≥ 99.73
≥ 2.85in.
N ≥
eRbI AISC Equation K1-5edIm,IkM Nt; Nt;témørbs; rbs; N EdlcaM
EdlcaM)ac;
) ac;edI
e dIm,I
karBar μtt;;
web crippling. sn
≥ 0.2 nig
N / d gsakl,gTRmg;
sakl,gTRmg;TIT IBIrrbs;
smI sRmab; φ Rn≥ Ru /
s mIkar.
⎡ ⎛ ⎞
1.5 ⎤
F t
φ 68t w ⎜ d − ⎞⎟ ⎜⎜ t t w ⎟⎟
2 ⎢1 + ⎛ 4 N 0. 2 ⎥⎥ y f ≥ Ru
⎢ ⎝ ⎠⎝ f ⎠ t w
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
⎡ ⎛ 4 N ⎞⎛ 0.43 ⎞1.5 ⎤ 36(0.685)
0.75(68)(0.43) ⎢1 + ⎜ 2
− 0.2 ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎥ ≥ 99.73
⎢⎣ ⎝ 21.13 ⎠⎝ 0.685 ⎠ ⎥⎦ 0.43
N ≥
≥ 5.27in. (controls)
T.Chhay 176
176 Beams
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Engineering
μtt;;
RtYtBini ttükarsn
ükarsn
N 5.268
d
=
21.13
= 0.25 > 0.2 (OK)
μt;t;Edlmansuvvtß itß iPaBKWRkLaépÞ
sakl,g N = 6in. . kMNt;TTMMhhMM B BI bearing strength. karsn eBjeBj
TaMggGs;
Gs; rbs;
rbs;TRmRtUv)aneRbI.
1 ≥ Ru
φ c (0.85) f 'c A
0.6(0.85)(3.5 ) A1 ≥ 99.73
A1 ≥ 55.87in 2
Gb,brmarbs;TTM MhhM M B KW

témøGb,brmarbs;
A 55.87
B = 1 = = 9.31in.
N 6
TTgsøabrbs
abrbs W 21× 68 K 8.270in. EdleFV[bnÞ
HEdkF
HEdkF CCagsø
agsøabbnþ
abbnþc EdleKcg )an.
)an. sakl,g
B = 10in. .
kMNt;
N
t;kkRmas;
Rmas;bnÞ
b nÞHEdkEdlcaM)ac;
) ac;
B − 2k 10 − 2(1.438)
n= = = 3.562in.
2 2
BIsmIkar
¬%>(¦
2
t = 2.222 Ru n = 2.222(99.73)(3.562)2 = 1.14in.
BNF y 10(6)(36)
cemø y ³
³ eRbI PL1 1 4 × 6 × 10 .
RbsinebI
nebIFñF wmñmmiminRtU
nRtUv)anBRgw
v)anBRgwgxagenARtg;
gxagenARtg;cMcNNu
M crgbnÞ ú ú
ucrgbnÞk ¬kñúggviviFIFIEbbNaedIm,IkkarBarbM
arBarbMlas;
las;TIxag
rvagsøabrgkmø
abrgkmøaMaMgsgá
gsgátt; ni; nigsøabrgkmø
abrgkmøagTaj¦
gM Taj¦ eTenaH Specification tRmUvv[Gegá [Gegát sidesway web
buckling (AISC K1.5). enAeBlbnÞ úenAeBlbnÞ úkGnuvtþeTAelI
eTAelIsøsøabTaMgBIr eKRtUvRtYvRtYtBinnitü
itü compression
buckling (AISC K1.6).
FñFñ w wm 177
177 T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
Column Base Plate

dUcKñanwggkarKNna
karKNna beam bearing plateEdr karKNna column base plate tRmUv[mankar
BiccarNaBI
arNaBI bearing
bearing pressure eTAelIsmÖ
smÖar³EdlRT nig bending rbs;bnÞ bnÞHHEdk.
Edk. PaBxusKñ
sKñad¾ad¾FMbMbppuM uttKWKW
bending enAkñúg beam bearing plate KWmY
mYyTis b: u ub:Enþ
Enþ column base plate rgnUv bending BIrTi
rTis.
elIsBIenHeTot web crippling nig web yielding minEmnCabBaðaenAkñ ú ú
aenAkñgkarKNna
gkarKNna column base plate
eT.
Column base plate GacRtUv)ancat;cMcNat;
N
M at;fñfñak;CabnÞ
CabnÞHFM b¤
b¤bnÞ
bnÞHtU
HtUc EdlbnÞHtUcmanTMhhMRbhak;
MRbhak;
RbEhlTMhMssr. elIsBIenH enH bnÞHtUceFV
ceFVkarxu
kI arxusKña enAeBlvargbnÞ ú ú
enAeBlvargbnÞkRsal kRsal nigeBlvargbnÞ ú ú
geBlvargbnÞkF¶ kF¶nn;;.
kRmas;rbs;rbs;bnÞHFM
HFMRtU
RtUv)ankMNt;
Nt;BBIkarBi
IkarBicarNaén bending rbs;Epñ EpñkénbnÞHEdllyecjBI
HEdllyecjBI
ssr. Bending RtUv)ansn μt;t;faekItmaneFobnwgG½ gG½kSenAkm<
kSenAkm<ss;Bak;;Bak;kNþalrbs;bnÞ
bnÞHHEk,rRCu
Ek,rRCugrbs;
grbs;ssøab
øab
ssr. G½kSBIrRsbeTAnw
rRsbeTAnwgRTnu ayBIKKñña 0.80b f nigG½
gRTnugmancm¶ayBI gG½kSBI
kSBIreTotRsbeTAnwgsø
gsøabmanKM
abmanKMlatBIKKñña
0.95d . kñ ú
kñ úgcMeeNamceRmok
NamceRmok cantilever 1in. BIrEdlsMKal;eday eday m nig n dUcenAkñ ú ú
enAkñgrUbTI
bTI 5>40
témø témø
n
EdlFMCag
Cag eKRtUvv)aneRbI
)aneRbI
2 Pu C
CMnYMnYs[ enAkñúggsmI
smI ikar
kar %>* edIm,I
m,IKNnakRmas;bnÞH b¤
t ≥ l
0.9 BNF
¬%>!0¦
y
T.Chhay 178
178 Beams
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Engineering
l m n cantilever method
Edl Catémø FCageKkñ ú
bnÞH)attUMCageKkñ úgcMeeNam
cEdlRTTm¶ Nam
nn;;RsalRtU nigv)anKNnaedayeRbI
. viFIFenHsM
eI nHsMedAdUc eTAnw g
Murray-Stockwell method (Murray,
.
1983). enAkñ ú
enAkñ úgviFIFIenH EpñkénbnÞ ú ú
kénbnÞkssrEdlGnu
kssrEdlGnuvtþenAkñ enAkñgRBM
gú RBMEdnrbs;mmuxkat; uxkat;ssr
ssr ¬BIelI elIRkLaépÞ
RkLaépÞ
)ansn μtt;faEbgEckes
b f d ¦ RtUvv)ansn ;faEbgEckes μ IeenAelI
nAelIRkLaépÞ H-shaped dUdUcbgð cbgðajkñ ú
ajkñ úg rUbTI 5>41
. dUccenH enH
bearing pressure KWRbmUlpþ lpþ MúenAEk,rExSRBM
enAEk,rExSRBMrbs; rbs;ssr. kRmas;bbnÞnÞHHRtU RtUvv)ankM
)ankMNt;
Nt;BBII flexural analysis
rbs;ceRmok cantilever énTTw énTTwgÉktþa nigénRbEvg génRbEvg c . viFIFenHpþeI nHpþl;llT§
l; T§plCasmI
plCasmIkarkar
2 Po
t ≥ c
0.9 A F
¬%>!!¦
H y
P
Edl Po = u × b f d
BN

= bnÞ
bnÞ ú úkkenAkñ ú ú
enAkñgRkLaépÞ
gRkLaépÞ b f d
= bnÞ
bnÞ ú úkkenAelI
enAelIRklaépÞ H-shape
A H = RklaépÞ H-shape
c = TMhMEdlcaM)ac; )ac;eedIdImm,I,I[ku
[kugRtaM
H
μ IeeTAnw
gRtaMg APo es TAnwg design bearing stress rbs;ssmÖmÖaar³EdlRT.
r³EdlRT.
cMNaM
NaMffasmI
asmIkar %>!! manTRmg;RsedogKñ
RsedogKñanwgsmIkar
kar %>!0 edayeRbIkukgRtaM
gu RtaMg Pu / BN
EdlCMnYnsseday
Y eday Po / A H .
sRmab;bnÞ
bnÞHHEdlRTTm¶
EdlRTTm¶n;n;F¶n; ¬RBMEdnrvagbnÞHRTTm¶
HRTTm¶nn;Rsal
;Rsal nigbnÞHRTTm¶
HRTTm¶nn;;F¶nn;;mminRtU
inRtUv)ankM
v)ankMNt;
Nt;
Cak;lak;
lak;¦/ Thornton (1990a) Edlesñ IrnUvkarviPaKedayQrelI
PaKedayQrelIkarBt;
karBt;BrTi
rI Tisrbs;EpñkénbnÞkénbnÞHrvagRT
HrvagRT
FñFñ w wm 179
179 T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
nug nigsø
gsøab. dUcEdl)anbgð
cEdl)anbgðajenAkñ ú ú
jenAkñg rUbTI 5>42
kMkMNat;
Nat;énbnÞ
énbnÞHHenHRtU
enHRtUv)ancat;TTukfa
ukfa fixed enAnwgRT
gRT
nug/ TRmsamBaØenAnw
enAnwggsøsøab
ab niggTMTMenrenARCugmY
gmYyeTot. kRmas;EdltRmUvvkarKW
karKW
2 Pu
t ≥ n'
0.9 BNF

y
1
Edl n' =
4
db f ¬%>!@¦
viFIFTITaMaMgbI
gbIenHRtU
enHRtUv)anbBa©
v)anbBa© ÚlKñaeday Thornton (1990b) ehIy
ykarsegç
karsegçbbmandU
mandUccxageRkam.
xageRkam. kM
ras;bnÞ
bnÞHEdlcaM)ac; )ac;KWKW
2 Pu
t ≥ l
0.9 BNF
¬%>!#¦
y
Edl l = max(
m, n, λ n' )
2 X
λ =
1 − 1 − X
≤1
⎛ 4db f ⎞ P
X = ⎜ ⎟ u
⎜ (d + b )2 ⎟ φ c P p
⎝ f ⎠
1
n' =
4
db f
φ c = 0.60
P p = nominal bearing strength BI AISC Equation J9-1 b¤ J9-2.
T.Chhay 180
180 Beams
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Engineering
CamYynw
ynwggsmI
smIkarxagelI
karxagelIenH eKmincaM)ac;
)ac;kkMNt;
MNt;fabnÞHFM b¤
b¤tUtcU rgbnÞ ú
rgbnÞ úkRsal b¤F¶Fnn;¶ ;. λ Gacyk
μ Inwngw 1.0 (Thornton, 1990b).
es
viFenHRsedogKñ
IenHRsedogKñaeTAnwgGV
gGV IEdl[enAkñ ú
Edl[enAkñ úg Part 11 of the Manual (Volume II), “Connections
for Tension and Compression”.
]TahrN_ 5>17³
5>17³ eKeRbI W 10 × 49 CassrnwgRtU
v)anRTeday
v)anRTeday dUdcUcbgð
concrete pier bgðajkñúgg rUr UbTI 5>43.
5>43.
épÞxagelI
xagelIrbs;
pier manTM manTMhhM M 18in. × 18in. . KNnabnÞH A36 sRmab;bnÞ
b únÞkefr
kefr 98kips nig bnÞ úkGefr kGefr
145kips . ersI
us gg;þ ebtu
;e btuggKWKW f 'c = 3000 psi .
dM eNaHRsay³
e NaHRsay³ bnÞúkemKu
kemKuNKW
NKW
Pu = 1.2 D + 1.6 L = 1.2 (98) + 1.6(145 ) = 349.6kips
KNna required bearing area
φ c P p ≥ Pu
φ c (0.85) f 'c A1 A
2 / A1 ≥ Pu
0.6(0.85)(3) A1 18(18 ) / A1 ≥ 349.6
A1 ≥ 161.1in.
2

RtYtB n nttü
ü
A2 / A1 = 18(18 ) / 161.1 = 1.41 < 2
(OK)
mü:aageTot
geTot bnÞHRtU
HRtUvEtmanTMhhM FMMF MCagTMhhM ssr
Ms sr dUcenH
cenH
b f d = 10.00(9.98
2
) = 99.8in. < 161.1in. 2

(OK)
FñFñ w wm 181
181
T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
sRmab; B = N = 13in. . A1 = 13 (13) = 169in.2
TMhhM Mrbs;
r bs;ceRmok cantilever m nig n GacRtUv)ankMNt;BBI I rU bTI 5>43 b¤
5>43 b¤
N − 0.95d 13 − 9.48
m= = = 1.76in
2
N − 0.8b f
2
13 − 8

n=
2
=
2
= 2.5in.
BIsmI
kar
%>!@
1 1
n' =
4
db f =
4
9 .98(10) = 2.497in.
edayyk λ = 1.0 eKTTYl)an
l = max (m, n, n') = max
(176,2.5,2.497 ) = 2.5in.
BIsmIkar
%>!#/ required plate thickness KW
2 Pu 2(349.6)
t = l = 2 .5 = 0.893in.
0.9 BNF y 0.9(13)(13)(36)
cemø y ³
³ eRbI PL1× 13
× 13 .
5>14> Biaxial Bending
T.Chhay 182
182 Beams
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Engineering
Biaxial bending ekItmanenAeBlEdlFñ

tmanenAeBlEdlFñ wmrgnU
mrgnUvlkç
vlkçxNÐ xNÐbnÞ ú
bnÞ úkEdlbegá It bending tamTaMgG½ gG½kS
kS
xøaMg (major or strong axis) nigG½ gG½kSexSay
kSexSay (minor or weak axis). dUckrNIbgð bgðajenAkñ ú
ajenAkñ úgrUbTI
bTI 5>44

EdlbnÞ ú úkcMccMMN
EdlbnÞ NuceTaleFV
uceTaleFV IGGMMeeBIBIeTAelI
eTAelIG½G½kSbeNþayrbs;
ayrbs;F wmñ b: u ub:EEnþnþeRTteFobeTAnw
eRTteFobeTAnwgG½kSeKalnImmYYy y²rbs;
²rbs;
muxkat;
xkat;. eTaHbICakardak;Cakardak;bnÞ ú ú
bnÞkkenHmanlkç
enHmanlkçN³TUeTACagkardak;
eTACagkardak;bnÞ ú ú
bnÞkBI
kBIelI
elIkmunnk¾k¾eday
eday k¾vvaenAEtCakrNI
aenAEtCakrNI
Biess edaysarbnÞ ú
edaysarbnÞ úkkat;tam tam shear center rbs;
rbs;mmuxkat;
uxkat;. The shear center KWKWCacM
CacMNucEdlbnÞúkeFV
keFV IGM
eBIeelIlIF wñmedaymin[Fñn[Fñ wmrgrmY
mrgrmYl (no twisting nor torsion). TItaM
taMgrbs; shear center GacRtU
GacRtUv)an
kMNt;
Nt;BIBI elementary mechanics of materials edayKNna internal resisting torsional moment
EdlbMEbkBI EbkBIrMrhMhUrkmø
Urkmøagkat;
gM kat;enAkñ ú
enAkñ úgmuxkat;
xkat;eTA external torque.
TItaMggrbs;
rbs; shear center sRmab;
sRmab;mxkat;
uxkat;TTUeTACaeRcI
UeTACaeRcInRtUv)anbgðajenAkñ ú úg rUbTI
bTI5>45 a Edl
shear center RtU RtUv)ansM
v)ansMKal;
Kal;eday “o”. témørbs; rbs; eo EdlkMNt;TTItaM ItaMggrbs;
rbs; shear center sRmab;
sRmab;
channel shapes RtUv)anerobcMCataragenAkñ
CataragenAkñgú Manual. CaTUeTA eTA shear center EtgEtsß
EtgEtsß itenAelI
tenAelIGG½kS
½kS
sIeemRTI
u mRTI dU dUcenH
cenH shear center nwnwgsß
gsß itenAelI
tenAelITTIRbCM u u
IRbCMTm¶
Tm¶nn;rbs;
;rbs;mmuxkat;
uxkat;EdlG½
EdlG½kkSsI u u
SsIemRTI
emRTITTaMaMgBI
gBIrkat;
rkat;Ka.
añ . rUbTI
bTI
FñFñ w wm 183
183 T.Chhay

mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
5>45 b bgðajTI
ajTItaMgdabrbs;
gdabrbs;F wñmBIrepSgKñ
repSgKña enAeBlbnÞ ú ú
enAeBlbnÞkGnu
kGnuvtþ
vtþkat;tam
tam shear center nigmi
gminkat;tam
shear center .
krNIT1³
1I ³ bnÞkEdlGnuvtþ
vtþkat;tam shear center
RbsinebI
nebIbnÞ únÞ úkeFV IGeBI
eM BIkat;tam
tam shear center bBaðaaFñFñ wmrgnUvm: Um:gBt; μm takñ
B; t;FFm takñ ú úgTi
gTisedAEkgBI
sedAEkgBIr.r.
dUcbgðajkñ ú ú
jkñg rUbbTITI 5>46 bnÞ bnÞ ú úkkGacRtU
GacRtUv)anbMEbkCakM u u
EbkCakMb:b Usg;
s: g;ctu
ctueekaNEkgkñ ú ú
kaNEkgkñgTi gTisedA
sedA x nigTi gTissedA
edA y
EdlkMb:bu ssg;
:U g;bnÞ ú ú
bnÞknI knImmYy²begá
Yy²begá It bending eFobG½kSepSgKñ
kSepSgKña.
edIm,Im,IeedaHRsayCamY
daHRsayCamYybnÞ
ybnÞkpÁkú pÁ Üb munndMdMbUbUgeyIgsakl,gemI
gsakl,gemIl chapter H of the Specification,
“Manuals Under Combined Forces and Torsion” ¬ehIyemIleTACM leTACMBkTI
kU TI6 kñkñ ú úgesovePAenH¦
gesovePAenH¦ sinn..
The Specification edaHRsaybnÞ
edaHRsaybnÞ ú úkpÁ ÜbCadM
bCadMbUbUgtamry³kareRbI interaction formulas EdlKittBIBIsar³sM sar³sM
xan;én\T§
én\T§ iBlbnÞ ú
lbnÞ úknImmYy²EdlmanTM
Yy²EdlmanTMnak;TTMngeTAnwMngeTAnwgersI u
gersI usgg;þ EdlRtU
;EdlRtUvKñ
vKñanwg\T§ iBlénbnÞ
BlénbnÞkenaH.kú enaH. ]Tahr-
N_ Rbsi
RbsinebI
nebImanman bending eFobEtnwgG½ gG½kkSS x /
M ux
M ux ≤ φ b M nx
b¤ φ b M nx ≤ 1.0
Edl M ux = m: Um:gBt;B; t;emKuNeFobG½
NeFobG½kkSS x
M nx = nominal moment strength eFobG½k kSS x
dUcKña RbsinmanEt
nmanEt bending eFobG½kkSS y enaH
M uy ≤ φ b M ny b¤ φ M M
uy
≤ 1.0
b ny
Edl M uy = m: Um:gBt;

B; t;emKuNeFobG½
NeFobG½kkSS y
T.Chhay 184
184 Beams

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M ny = nominal moment strength eFobG½kkSS y

enAeBlmanRbePT bending TaMggBIBIr viFIF I interaction formula tRmUvv[plbU
[plbUkpleFobTaM
kpleFobTaMggBIBIrtU
rtUcCag
cCag
e μs Inwnwg 1.0 Edl
b¤es
M ux M uy
+ ≤ 1 .0 ¬%>!$¦
b φ M nx φ M b ny
tamkarBit tRmUvkarenHGnu
vkarenHGnuBBaØaØat[
at[ designer dak;bnÞúkkñ kkñgTi
gú TisedAmY
sedAmYy yEdlmi
Edlminnmandak;
mandak;enAelI
enAelITTiissedAedA
mYyeTot.
yeTot. AISC Section H1 bBa©lpleFobsRmab;
ÚlpleFobsRmab;bnÞ úktamG½kS kS nig[
g[ interaction formulas BIr
EdlmYysRmab;bnÞ úktamG½kStU kStUc nigmY
gmYyeTotsRmab;
yeTotsRmab;bnÞ únÞ úktamG½kSFM kSFM ¬eyIgnwggsisikSamUlehtusRmab; sRmab;
krNIenHenAkñgCM
gú CMBUk 6¦. CamYynw ynwgm: Umm::gg;Bt; rTis ehIy μK anbnÞ ú ú
;Bt;BBIIrTi anbnÞktamG½
ktamG½kSkS rUbmnþ
bmnþssRmab;
Rmab;bnÞnÞ ú úktam
G½kStUcKW
Pu M ux M uy
+ + ≤ 1.0 (AISC Equation H1-1b)
2φ P φ M
n φ M
b nx b ny
RbsinebI
nebIbnÞúkktamG½
tamG½kS Pu = 0 enaHsmIkarenHRtU
karenHRtUvKñanwgsmI
gsmIkar
kar %>!$.
I- H-shaped
mkdl;
exSayeT. RbsicMcnebI
nN
Nu
M ebIcenH
uceFV
eenH eKminBi
FV IEbbenH
EbbenHnBivanwcarNaersI u
carNaersI
gmanlkç usN³smBaØ
Nþg³smBaØ
rbs;
r; bs;mmuxkat;
ux.kat;
RKb; rrUbragEdlekageFobnw
Ub niragEdlekageFobnw
g EdlekageFobG½ kS
kS
ggG½G½kSexSayrbs;
kSexSayrbs;
vaminGac
nGac buckle kñ kñ ú úgTi
gTisedAepSgeToteT
edAepSgeToteT dUcenH cenH lateral-torsional buckling minEmnCasß nEmnCasßanPaBkM
anPaBkM
Nt;eeT.
T. RbsinebIrrUbragmanlkç
UbragmanlkçN³ N³ compact enaH
M ny = K py = F y Z y ≤ 1.5 M yy
Edl M yy = F y S y = yield moment sRmab;GG½½kkSS y . sRmab;muxkat; I- nig H-shaped Edlekag Edlekag
eFobG½kSexSay
kSexSay Ednx<ss;bM;bMput 1.5 M yy nwglubCanic©c ¬ © ¬ Z y / S y nwgFM gFMCag
Cag 1.5 Canic¦.¦© . RbsinebInebIrUbbrag
rag
Ca noncompact ersI ersI u ussþg;þg;Edl[eday AISC Equation A-F1-3 sRmab; flange local buckling b¤
web local buckling. ¬RKb; standard shapes EdlRtUv)anerobCatarag )anerobCataragenAkñ enAkñgú Manual manRTnug
compact dUccenHvaGacekI
enHvaGacekItmanEt tmanEt flange local buckling Etb:ueeNÑ NÑaH.¦
aH.¦
]TahrN_ 5>18³
5>18³ W 21× 68 RtUv)aneRbI
v)aneRbICaFñ w
CaFñ
wmTRmsamBaØ
EdlmanRbEvg
EdlmanRbEvg 12 feet . søaabrgkarsgá
brgkarsgát;t;
RtUv)andak;TRmxagEtenAxagcu
T RmxagEtenAxagcug.
g. bnÞ úkkeFV I
eFV IGM eeBI
BItamry³
shear center CamYym:
ym: Umm: :gg; emKu
;e mKuN
FñFñ w wm 185
185 T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
M ux = 200
ft − kips ehIy M uy = 25 ft − kips . RbsinnebI
ebIeKeRbI
A 36 etIF wñ wñmenHbMeBjlkç
e BjlkçxNÐ
xNÐ
rbs; AISC
AISC Specification? sn μtt;fam:
;f am: Umm: :gg; TaM
;T aMggBI μ IenAelI
BIrEbgEckes
RbEvgrbs;
F wñ wñm.
dM e NaHRsay³ eKTTYl)anTil)anTinn½nñ ½yxageRkamsRmab; A36 BI Load Load Factor Design Selection Table.
rUbragCa
bragCa compact ehI ehIy
L p = 7.5 ft , Lr = 22.8 ft
φ b M p
p
= 432 ft − kips, φ b M r = 273 ft − kips

dUcenH L p < Lb < Lr ehIysß
The unbraced length Lb = 12 ft , anPaBkM
anPaBkMNt;
N
t;EdllubKW sß isß itenAkñ úg
elastic lateral-torsion buckling enaH
⎡ ⎛ Lb − L p ⎞⎤
(
φ b M nx = φ b C b ⎢ M p − M p − M r ⎜
⎜
) ⎟⎥
⎟

⎢ ⎣ ⎝ Lr − L p ⎠⎥ ⎦
⎡ ⎛ Lb − L p ⎞⎤
= C b ⎢φ b M p − (φ b M p − φ
b M r )⎜ ⎟⎥ ≤ φ b M P
⎢⎣ ⎜ − ⎟
⎝ r p ⎠⎥⎦
L L
μ I/ C b = 1.0 ehIy

edaysarm:m:mU g;g: ;Bt;BRgayes
⎡ ⎛ 12 − 7.5 ⎞⎤
φ b M nx = 1.0⎢432 − (432 − 273
)⎜ ⎟⎥ = 385.2 ft − kips
⎣ ⎝ 22.8 − 7.5 ⎠⎦
müa:gvi
g vijeTot
j eTot eKGacTTYl φ b M nx BI beam design charts
μanan flange local bucklingehIy
edaysarrUbrag compact dUdUcenHvaK
cenHvaK
φ b M ny = φ b M py = φ b Z y F y = 0.90(24
.4 )(36) = 790.6in. − kips = 65.88 ft − kips
Z y 24.4
RtYtBi
tBinni itü S y
=
15.7
= 1.55 > 1.5
dUcenHeRbI M ny = 1.5 M yy = 1.5 F y S y = 1.5(36 )(15
.7 ) = 847.8in. − kips = 70.75 ft − kips
φ b M ny = 0.9(70. 75) = 63.59 ft − kips
BIsmI
kar %>!!
M ux + M uy = 200 + 25 = 0.912 < 1.0
φ b M nx φ b M ny 385.2 63.59

(OK)
cemø y ³
³ W 21× 68 RKb;RKan;
T.Chhay 186
186 Beams
viTüasß
T üasßanCati
anCatiBhu
B hubec©
Engineering
krNIT2³
T2³ bnÞkEdlGnuvtþmnkat;
mnkat;tam shear center
enAeBlEdlbnÞkGnu
kú Gnuvtþ
vtþminkat;tam
tam shear center rbs;
rbs;mmuxkat;
uxkat; lT§ lT§plKWF wñmnwgrg
grg flexure bUk
nwg torsion. RbsinebIGaceFV
GaceFV IeTA)an
eTA)an rUbragFrNImaRtrbs;
maRtrbs;eRKOgbgÁ ú
eRKOgbgÁ ú niM nigtM
gtMNrKYrRtU
rRtUvvEkERbedI
EkERbedImm,I,IbMb)at;
)M at;c M
Nakp©tt.
i . bBaðarbs; enAkñ g rolled shapes KW μs Ks
arbs; torsion enAkñ μaj
aj ehIyeyIggnwnwgedaHRsayvaCamY
gedaHRsayvaCamYyvi yviFIFIRb
hak;RbEhl.
RbEhl. eKGacrkkarerobrab;EEdllkç dllkçN³lM N³lMGitsRmab;
tsRmab;RbFanbT nig design aid RKb; RKb;RKan;
RKan; enA
kñgú Torsional Analysis of Structural Steel Members Me mbers (AISC, 1997). lkçxNÐénkardak; énkardak;bnÞ ú úbnÞkEdl
kEdl
eFV I[
[ekI
ekItman torsion RtUv)anbgð
v)anbgðajenAkñajenAkñgú rUbTI
bTI 5>47
a. bnÞkpÁ úkpÁ ÜbRtUv)andak;
v)andak;enAelIGG½kSrbs; ½kSrbs;søsab aø b
μrbs;
xagelI b: ub: uEnþEExSskm
xSskm rbs;vami
vaminkat;
nkat;tam tam shear center rbs;
rbs;mmuuxkat;
xkat;eT. eT. RbsinebIeyI eyIggKiKittBIBIsßsaßanPaBlM
nPaBlM
nwg eyIgGacrM
gGacrMkikilkmøageTA
gM eTA shear center edaybEnß
edaybEnßm couple. dUcenHeKTTYl)anRbB½ l)anRbB½n§n§lMnwgEdlpSMgEdlpSM
eLIgedaykmøaMaMgEdl[eFV
gEdl[eFVIGMGMeBIkat;
kat;tamtam shear center bU
bUkknwnwg twisting moment dUcEdl)anbgð
cEdl)anbgðaaj. j.
enAkñgú rUbTI
bTI 5>47 b eKmankM
eKmankM u ub Us: g;bnÞ úkEtmYyEdlRtU
yEdlRtUvedaHRsay
vedaHRsay EtKMnnitKW itKWEEtdU
tdUccKñKña.
a.
rUbbTITI 5>48
bgðajBI
ajBIvivFIFi EdlsRmY
EI dlsRmYlkñ ú ú
lkñgkaredaHRsaykrNI
gkaredaHRsaykrNITaMgBI gBIrenH. renH. enAkñ ú ú
enAkñgrUbTI
bTI5>48 a eK
sn μt;t;sabxagelI
øabxagelIpll;þ ;nnUversI
UversIussþþgg;sru
s; rubeTAnwgkM
gkMubb:sg;
:sU g;bnÞ ú
bnÞ úkedk. enAkñ
enAkñ ú úg rUbTI bTI5>48 b m: Um:g;rmYl (twisting
moment) RtUv)anTb;eday eday couple EdlpSMeLIgedaybnÞ gedaybnÞkBI μ IKKñaeFV
kú BIres ñaeFV IGGMMeeBIBIelI
elIsøabnI
abnImYy². tamviFRb IRb
RbEhl eKGacsn μtt;fasø
hak;RbEhl ;fasøaabnI bnImmYy²Tb;
Yy²Tb;nwnwgkmøaMaMgdac;edayELkBI
edayELkBIKKña. ña. dUcenH
cenH bBaðaRtU
aRtUv)ankat;
v)ankat;bnß
bnßy
FñFñ w wm 187
187 T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
eTACakrNIénén bending rbs;rbragBI
UbragBIr EdlrUbragnI
bragnImmYy²TTY
Yy²TTYlbnÞ ú ú
lbnÞktamry³
ktamry³ shear center . kñgsß úgsßan
PaBnImmYy²Edl)anBi
Yy²Edl)anBiBN’
BN’naenAkñgú rUbTI
bTI 5>48
muxkat;
xkat;EtRbEhlBak;
EtRbEhlBak;kNþalb: alb:ueeNÑ
NÑaHaH RtUv)anBi
v)anBicarNa
carNa
famanRbsiT§TPaBtamG½
P§ aBtamG½kkSS y dUcenH
cenH enAeBlBiccarNaersI u u
arNaersIssþg;þg;rbs;rbs;
rbs;søsaøabeTal
beTal eRbItémø témøEtBak;
EtBak;
kNþalrbs;
alrbs; Z y sRmab;mmuxkat;
uxkat;EdlmanenAkñ ú
EdlmanenAkñ úgtarag.
Design of Roof Perlins

édrENgdMbUbUl (roof purlin) CaEpñkénRbB½nn§§ddMbUbM lCRmal
lU CRmal (sloping roof system) EdlrgnUvvm:m:U
m:g;gBt;
B; t;BIBrTi
rI Tis (biaxial bending) énRbePTEdleTIbnwgBN’na. na. sRmab; roof purlin EdlbgðaajenAkñ jenAkñgú
rUbTI
bTI 5>49 bnÞ bnÞ ú úkkmanTi
manTisedAbBaÄr EtG½kkSénkarBt;
SénkarBt;KWKWeRTt. lkçxNÐ xNÐénkardak;bnÞ ú ú bnÞkenHRtU
kenHRtUvvnwnwgrUbTI
bTI
5>48 a. kM u ukMb:b Ussg;
: g;EkgeTAnw
EkgeTAnwggdMdMbUbUlnwgbegáIt bending eFobG½kS kS x ehIykM u ukMb:b U:sg;RsbBt;
RsbBt;FñF wmeFobG½
ñmeFobG½kS kS
y rbs;va. RbsinebI nebI purlin
purlin RtUv)anRTedayTRmsamBaØ
v)anRTedayTRmsamBaØenAnw enAnwg trusses ( b¤ rigid frame rafter) m:mm:U :gg;;
Bt;GGtitibrmaeFobG½kSnI kSnImmYy²KW
Yy²KW wL2 / 8 Edl w CakM CakM u ub Usg;
s: g;rbs;
rbs;bnÞ ú ú
bnÞk.
k. RbsinebI nebIeKeRbI
eKeRbI sag rods vanwg
pþl;nUnUv lateral support tamG½kS x ehIynw ynwgCaTRmsRmab;G½G½kS y EdltRmUv[Kit purlin CaFñ wmCab;.
sRmab; sag rods EdlmanKMlates lates μ I eKGaceRbIrrUbmnþ
UbmnþsRmab;FñFmCab; ñmw Cab;enAkñ ú
enAkñ úg Part 4 of the Manual.
]TahrN_ 5>19³
5>19³ RbB½n§dMdMbUl trusses
EdlbgðajenAkñgú rUbTI bTI 5>50 EdlmanKM
5>50 EdlmanKMlatBI l atBIKñ a 15 ft . . éd
rENgRtUv)andak;
v)andak;eenAelI
nAelItNM nigenAelIcM N
Nu
ckNþ
uckNþalrbs;GgáG gátt;xagelI
;x agelI. eKdak; sag rods enAkNþal
purlin nImYy². bnÞ úk gravity srub EdlrYmbBa©lTaM
ÚlTaMggTm¶
Tm¶n;n;édrENgsn μt;t;KW 30 psf énépÞddMbUMb Ul CamYy
T.Chhay 188
188 Beams
viTüasß
T üasßanCati
anCatiBhu
B hubec©
Engineering
nwgpleFobbnÞ
úkGefrelI
kGefrelIbnÞ μ Inw g 1.0 . edaysn μt;tf;favaCalkç
úkkefres
efres avaCalkçxNÐdak;
dak;bbnÞ ú únÞkeRKaHfñ
keRKaHfñak;
ak; cU cUreRbIEdk
Edk
A36 nigeRCIserI
s W-shape Edlmankm<ss;; 6in. sRmab;édrENg.
dM eNaHRsay³
e NaHRsay³ sRmab;lkç
l kçxNÐbnÞ
b únÞkkenH
enH bnÞ úkkefr
efr bUknwg roof live load edayK anxül;
anxül; nigRBi
g RBil μ
bnSMbbnÞ
únÞk (A4-3) nwgmantémø
FCageK³
CM ageK³
wu 1.2 w D + 1.6 Lr = 1
.2(15) + 1.6(15) = 42 psf
TTwgénépÞrrgsM
gsMBaFEdlmanGMeBIelI
édrENgKW

15 10
2 3
= 7.906 ft .
enaH bnÞkelI
úkelIédrENg = 42(7.906 ) = 332.1lb / ft
kMbb:u sg; E kg = 310 (332.1) = 315.1lb / ft

:sU g;Ekg
1
kM ub:b Usg;
s: g;Rsb
R sb = 10
(332.1) = 105.0lb / ft
g M ux = 18 (0.3151)(15 )2 = 8.862 ft − kips

nig
CamYynwg sag rods Edldak;enAcM e nAcMN Nu
uckNþ ckNþalédrENgnI
alédrENgnImY y²
y² enaHédrENgCaFñ w
enaHédrENgCaFñ wmCab;
BIB IrElVgtamTi s
exSay. BI “Beam Diagrams and Formulas” section in Part 4 of the Manual, m: Umm: :gg; Bt; ;B t;enAelI
e nAelI
TRmxagkñgCamY
gú CamYynw
ynwgkarrgbnÞ
úkEtmY
kEtmYyElV yElVggKWKW
1
M = wL2
16
Edl w = bnÞ úkkBRgayes
BRgayes μ I
L = RbEvgElVg ¬ElV
¬ ElVgBIres μ IKñ aa¦¦
CamYynw
ynwgbnÞ úkkenAelI
enAelIElVgTaM
gTaMgBI
g BIr m: Umm: :gg; GacTTY
;G acTTYleday
leday superposition³
1 1
M = M max = wL2 (2 ) = wL2
16 8
dUcenH M uy = 18 (0.105)(15 / 2)2 = 0.7382 ft − kips
FñFñ w wm 189
189
T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
edIm,I eRCI
serI srU bragsakl,g eRbI beam design charts nigeRCIserI srU bragCamYynwgersI
usþs g;gþ ;tam
G½kkSxø SxøaaMMgFM
g FM. sRmab; unbraced length 15 / 2 = 7.5 ft / sakl,g W 6 × 9 .
sRmab; C b = 1.0 / φ b M nx = 14.0 ft − kips . BI rU bTI 5>15 b C b = 1.3 sRmab;lkç
bTI 5>15 l kçxNÐ
xNÐbbnÞ úk nig
lkçxNÐ xNÐTRmxagénFñ w
TRmxagénFñ wmenH. dUcenH
cenH
φ b M nx = 1.30(14 .0) = 18.20 ft − kips
b:EEnþ u nþ φ b M px = 16.8 ft − kips < 18.20 ft − kips

dUcenHeRbI φ b M nx = 16.8 ft − kips
rUbragenH
bragenH compact dUcenH cenH
φ b M ny = φ b M py = φ b Z y F y = 0.9(1 .72)36 = 55.73in. − kips = 4.644 ft − kips
b: u ub:EEnþnþ Z S y = 11..7211

= 1.55 > 1.5
y
dUcenH
= φ b 1.5F y S y = 0.9( 1.5)(36 ))((1.11) = 53.95in. − kips = 4.496 ft − kips
φ b M ny = φ b 1.5 M yy
edaysarbnÞ úkRtUvv)anGnu
)anGnuvvtþtþenAel
enAel søabxagel
abxagel eRb lT§PaBenHEtBak
PaBenHEtBak kNþ
kNþaaled
led m, TbTl ng\T§
ng\T§ Bl
Bl
rmYl. BIsmIkar
%>!$
M ux M uy 8.862 0.7382
+ = + = 0.856 < 1.0 (OK)
φ M
b φ M
nx b 16.8 4.496 / 2
ny
kmøaggkat;
M kat;TTTw
TwgKW

0.3151(15)
V u =
2
= 2.363kips
BI factored uniform load table³
φ vV n = 19.5kips
> 2.363kips (OK)
cemø y ³
³ eRbI W 6 × 9 .
5>15> ersIsg;gþ ;m:m:mg;g: ;Bt;

Bt;rbs;
rbs;rUrUbragepSg² (Bending Strength of Various Shape)
W-, S- nig M-shapes Ca hot-rolled shapes EdleKeRbICaTUeTAsRmab;
eTAsRmab;F wmñ ehIy bending
strength rbs;vaRtUv)anerobrab;
v)anerobrab;BBIxagedI
IxagedIm.
m. b: u ub:Enþ
EnþeeBlxø
BlxøHeKk¾eRbIrUrUbragepSg²eTotCa flexural mem-
bers Edr ehIykñ
ykñgEpñ
gú EpñkenHnw
kenHnwgniyaysegçbBIkarpþll;[rbs; ;[rbs; AISC. smIkarTaMkarTaMgGs;
gGs;)anBI Chapter F
T.Chhay 190
190 Beams
viTüasß
T üasßanCati
anCatiBhu
B hubec©
Engineering
Appendix F of the Specification Nominal strength compact noncompact

b¤hot-rolled shapes b: u u
b:EnþEnþmiminEmnsRmab;. slender
eK[ shapes b¤rrUbragEdlpSM
sRmab;eLI
UbragEdlpSMeLI gBIEdkbnÞniHeT.
HgeT. kñ úkñ úgEpñkenH
kenH
min)anpþ
n)anpþlnUn; Uvv]TahrN_
]TahrN_Catémø
CatémøelxeTelxeT Et]TahrN_ 6>11
6>11 bBa© ÚlnUvkarKNnaBI
vkarKNnaBI flexural strength
rbs; structural tee-shape.
dUccEdl)anerobrab;
Edl)anerobrab;BxagedI sRmab; nonhybrid section ( F yw = F yf = F y ) nig
xI agedIm smIkarKWsRmab;
sRmab;krNI
krNIBt; Bt;Etb:ueNÑ
eNÑaHaH ¬minmanbnÞ ú ú
nmanbnÞkktamG½
tamG½kSeT¦.
I. Channels
A. Width-thickness parameters for flexure
1. søab
b f 65 141
λ = t f / λ p = nig
F y λ r =
F y − 10 ¬sRmab; US¦
b f 170 370
λ =
t
/ λ p =
F
nig λ r =
F − 69
¬sRmab; IS¦
f y y
2. RTnug
h 640 970
λ =
t w
/ λ p =
F y
nig λ r =
F y − 10
¬sRmab; US¦
h 1680 2550
λ =
t w
/ λ p =
F y
nig λ r =
F y
¬sRmab; IS¦
B. Bending eFobG½kSxø
kSxøaMg [CamYy ¬!¦ bnÞkGnu
kGnuvvtþtþkat;
kat;tam shear center ehIysßitenA
tenA
kñkñ ú úgbø]g ³Rsbnw
TRm R; M
sbnwdUgccKñ
RTnu
Kñ g b¤ ¬@¦
¬@¦I-shapes
asRmab;
a sRmab; karTb;RbqaM
R¬emI
bqaMlEpñ
gnwEpñgkarrmY
l gkkarrmY
5>5 lenAcM
lnienAcM
g N
NuuccbnÞ
5>6¦. bnÞ

kkGnu
ú Gnuvvtþtþ ni nigenARtg;
n
C. Bending eFobG½kSexSay³ kSexSay³ M n dUccKñKñasRmab;

asRmab; I-shapes ¬emIlEpñk 5>14¦.
II. Rectangular Structural Tubes
A. Width-thickness parameters ¬emIlrrU b U 5>51 ¦
1. søab
b 190 238
λ = / λ p = nig λ r = ¬sRmab; US¦
t F
y F y
b 500 625
λ =
t
/ λ p =
F y
nig λ r =
F y
¬sRmab; IS¦
2. RTnug
FñFñ w wm 191
191
T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
h 640 970
λ =
t
/ λ p =
F y
nig λ r =
F y
¬sRmab; US¦
h 1680 2550
λ =
t
/ λ p =
F y
nig λ r =
F y
¬sRmab; IS¦
RbsinebInebIeKminndwdwgTM
gTMhhMMBBitR)akd
itR)akd b nig h EdlbgðaajenAkñ ú ú
jenAkñg rUbTI bTI 5>51
eKGac)a:nn;;
μs anedayykTTw
anedayykTTwgsru gsrub b¤km< km<ss;sru
;srubbdknw
dknwgbI
gbIdgkRmas;
dgkRmas; ¬lkçN N³rbs;
³rbs;EdkTI
EdkTIb
RCuggEdlmanenAkñ ú
EdlmanenAkñ úg Manual KWQrelIkaMxageRkAEdles μ Innwwg 2t ¦.
B. Bending eFobG½kSxøaMaMg ¬bnÞ ú

¬bnÞ úkenAkñgbø gú bøg;g;sIemRTI
uemRTI¦
1. rUbrag compact
sRmab;rbrag
bU rag compact ersI
ersI u ussþþgg;;nwgQrelI
gQrelIsßsßanPaBkMNt;
Nt;én lateral-torsional
buckling (LTB).
sRmab; Lb ≤ L p

sRmab; L p < Lb ≤ Lr

⎡ ⎛ Lb − L p ⎞⎤
⎜ ⎟
M n = C b ⎢ M p ( M p M r )⎜ ⎟

⎥ ≤ M p (AISC Equation F1-2)
⎢⎣ ⎝ Lr − L p ⎠⎥ ⎦
sRmab; Lb > Lr
M n = M
57000C b JA
Edl M cr =
Lb / r y
xñat
at US (AISC Equation F1-14)
393000C b JA
M cr =
Lb / r y
xñat IS
3750r y JA
L p = M p xñat
T.Chhay 192
192 Beams
viTüasß
T üasßanCati
anCatiBhu
B hubec©
Engineering
25855r y JA
L p =
M p
xñat
at IS
Lr = 57000r y JA xñat
M p
393000r y JA
Lr =
M p
xñat
at IS
M r = F y S x (AISC Equation F1-11)
2. rUbrag noncompact ³ The nominal strength es μ Innwwgtémø

gtémøEEdltU
dltUccCageKéntémø
CageKéntémø
Edl)anKNnasRmab;ssßßaanPaBkM
nPaBkMNt; lateral torsional buckling (LTB), flange
local buckling (FLB) b¤ web local buckling (WLB). sRmab;sßaanPaB nPaB
nImmYy²
Yy² én local buckling TaMggBIBIr ersI
ersI u usgg;þ RtU
;RtUv)ankM
v)ankMNt; Nt;BIsmI
smIkkarxageRkam³
arxageRkam³
⎛ λ − λ ⎞
M n = M p − M p − M r ⎜ p
⎜ λ r − λ p ⎟⎟
(
⎝ ⎠
) (AISC Equation A-F1-3)
C. Bending eFobG½kSexSay³

kSexSay³ vaminmansßanPaBkM
anPaBkMNt;
Nt; LTB sRmab;RKb;
RKb;rUbragEdlrg
bragEdlrg
karBt;eFobG½
eFobG½kSexSayrbs;
kSexSayrbs;va.
1. rUbrag compact
2. rUbrag nonompact³ RtYtBini

nitü FLB nig WLB CamYynw
ynwg AISC Equation A-F-
1-3.
III. Square Structural Tubes
A. Width-thickness parameters
λ = b / λ p = 190 nig λ r = 238 ¬sRmab; US¦
t F y F y
b 500 625
λ =
t
/ λ p =
F y
nig λ r =
F y
¬sRmab; IS¦
B. Nominal bending strength
vamnmansß
vam nmansßanPaBkNt
nPaBkNt LTB sRmabsRmabrUrUbragkaer
bragkaer ¬b¤cctutuekaNEkgeT¦.
1. rUbrag compact
FñFñ w wm 193
193
T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
2. rUbrag nonompact³ ersIussþg;þg;RtUv)ankM

v)ankMNt;eday
eday local buckling eday WLB b¤
FLB edayykmYyNaEdl
yNaEdl M n tUcCageK.
⎛ λ − λ p ⎞
⎜ ⎟
M n = M p − M p − M r ⎜ λ r − λ p ⎟
( )⎝ ⎠ (AISC Equation A-F1-3)
IV. Solid Rectangular Bars
sRmab; rectangular bars sßanPaBkM
anPaBkMNt;
Nt;EdlGacGnu
EdlGacGnuvvtþtþ)anKW
)anKW LTB sRmab;G½G½kSBt;
xøaMaMg local buckling minEmnCasß
nEmnCasßanPaBkM
anPaBkMNt;
Nt;sRmab;
sRmab;G½G½kSBt;xøaMaMg b¤k¾k¾exSay.
A. Bending eFobG½kSxøaMaMg
sRmab; Lb ≤ L p

sRmab; L p < Lb ≤ Lr

⎡ ⎛ Lb − L p ⎞⎤
⎜ ⎟
M = C ⎢ M − M − M ⎜ Lr − L p ⎟⎥ ≤ M p (AISC Equation F1-2)
n b p p r
⎣ ( )⎝ ⎠⎦
sRmab; Lb > Lr
M n = M
57000C b JA
Edl M cr =
Lb / r y
xñat
393000C b JA
M cr =
Lb / r y
xñat IS
3750r y JA
L p =
M p
xñat
25855r y JA
L p = M p xñat IS
57000r y JA
Lr =
M p
xñat
393000 r y JA
Lr =
M p
xñat
at IS
M r = F y S x (AISC Equation F1-11)
B. Bending eFobG½kSexSay³

kSexSay³
M n = M p ≤ 1.5 M y (AISC Equation F1 1)
V. Tees and double-anfle Shapes
T.Chhay 194
194 Beams
viTüasß
T üasßanCati
anCatiBhu
B hubec©
Engineering

1. Tees
a. søab
b f 95
λ =
2t f
nig λ r =
F y
eKmineRbI λ p ¬sRmab; US¦
b f 250
λ =
2t f
nig λ r =
F y
eKmineRbI
neRbI λ p ¬sRmab; IS¦
b. RTnug
d 127
λ =
t w
nig λ r =
F y
eKmineRbI λ p ¬sRmab; US¦
d 333
λ =
t w
nig
eKmineRbI
λ r =
F y
2. Double angles with separators, either leg
b 76
λ = nig λ r = eKmineRbI
neRbI λ p ¬sRmab; US¦
t F y
λ = b nig λ r = 200 eKmineRbI

t F y
3. Double angles in continuous contact, outstanding leg

b 95
λ =
t
λ r =/ F y
λ p US eRbI
eKminneRbI ¬sRmab; ¦
b 250
λ =
t
/ λ r =
F y
eKminneRbI
eRbI λ p ¬sRmab; IS¦
B. CamYybnÞ ú ú
ybnÞkenAkñ ú ú
kenAkñgbø
gbøg;g;s uI uIemRTI
π EI y GJ
M n = M cr = ⎡ B + 1 + B 2 ⎤ (AISC Equation F1-15)
⎢ ⎥
Lb ⎣ ⎦
Edl M n ≤ 1.5 M y sRmab; stem rgkarTaj
M n ≤ 1.0 M y sRmab; stem rgkarsgát;
⎛ d ⎞ I y
B = ±2.3⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ (AISC Equation F1-16)
⎝ b ⎠ j
L
M y = F y S x
FñFñ w wm 195
195
T.Chhay

mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
eKeRbIsBaØabU
abUksRmab; B enAeBlEdl stem rgkarTaj ehIysBaØaadkenAeBlEdl
dkenAeBlEdl
stem rgkarsgát;t;enARKb;kEnøgTaM
gTaMgGs;tambeNþ
tambeNþay unbraced length.
C. Bending eFobG½kSexSay³
kSexSay³
sRmab; nonslender shapes (λ ≤ ≤ λ r )
M n = M p ≤ 1.5 M y
VI. Solid circular and square shapes
M n = M p ≤ 1.5 M y
VII. Hollow circular shapes
D 2070 8970
λ =
t
λ p = /F y
nig λ r =
F y
¬sRmab; US¦
D 14270 61850
λ =
t
/ λ p =
F y
nig λ r =
F y
¬sRmab; IS¦
Edl D CaGgátt;;pp© i©txageRkA
B. Norminal bending strength:
vaminmansßanPaBkM
anPaBkMNt;Nt; LTB sRmab;rrUbragmU
UbragmUl ¬b¤kaer¦.
kaer¦. ersI u
ersI usgg;þ RtU
;RtUv)ankNt;
v)ankNt;
eday local buckling.
sRmab; λ ≤ ≤ λ p
M n = M p ≤ 1.5 M y
sRmab; λ p < λ ≤ λ r

⎛ 600 ⎞
M n = ⎜ + F y ⎟ S (AISC Appendix F, Table A-F1.1)
⎝
D / t ⎠
T.Chhay 196
196 Beams

viTüasß
bec©keTskm<
keTskm< úCa
VI. Fñm ssr

Beam-Columns
6>1> esckþepþm (Introduction)
enAeBlEdlGgátt;eRKOgbgÁ ú ú
;eRKOgbgÁ MCaeRcInRtUv)anKi v)anKitCassrrgkmø
tCassrrgkmøaMaMgtamG½kS kS b¤CCaFñ aFñ wmEdlrgEtkmøaMaMg
Bt; (flexural loading) Fñ wm nigssrCaeRcI gssrCaeRcInrgnU nrgnUvkmø vkmøaMaMgTaM
gTaMgBIrKwrKw kmøaMaMgBt; ni nigkmøagtamG½
MgtamG½kS. kS. vaCakar
Bit CaBiesssRmab;eRKOgbgÁ RKOgbgÁ ú ússþM þaaTiTiccmiminkM
nkMNt;. sUm,I m,IEtTRm roller rbs;FñFmsamBaØ ñmw samBaØGacpþGacpþl;lnUn; UvkmøagM
kkitEdlGacTb;
tEdlGacTb;FñF wmcl½
mñ cl½ttambeNþ
ttambeNþay ay enAeBlEdlbnÞ ú ú
enAeBlEdlbnÞkGnu kGnuvtþEkgnw
EkgnwgG½ gG½kSbeNþ
kSbeNþayrbs; ayrbs;F wñm. b: u ub:Enþ Enþkgñ ú úñ
krNIBBiiessenH CaTUeTA\T§ eTA\T§ iBBlrg
lrg ¬TIBIBIr¦mantémøttUcU ehIyGacecal)an. yGacecal)an. ssrCaeRcInnRtU RtUv)anCa
v)anCa
Ggát;tr;rgkmø
gkmøagMaMgsgá
sgátt;su;suT§CamYynw
ynwgkMrwtlM tlMeGogEdlGacecal)an.
eGogEdlGacecal)an. RbsinebIssrCaGgát;ts;sRmab; Rmab;eRKOg
bgÁ MúmmYYyCan; ehIyTRmrbs;
yTRmrbs;vaTaM vaTaMggBIBIrRtU rRtUvv)anKi
)anKitCaTRm
tCaTRm pinned Fñ wmnwgrgEt
grgEt bending EdlCalT§pplBI lBI
bnÞ ú úkcMN
bnÞ Nakp©
akp© ittEdleRKaHfñ
EdleRKaHfñaak;k;ttictY
ictYc.
b:EEnþ
u nþ sRmab;Ggát;eRKOgbgÁ ú ú
RKOgbgÁ MCaeRcIn \T§BlTaM iBlTaMgBIgBIrrnwnwgmantémø
gmantémøF M EdlGgát;tTTaM ; aMgenaHRtU
genaHRtUv)aneK
ehAfa beam-columns. BicarNa carNa rigid frame enAkñúgrUbTI 6>1 . sRmab;lkç lkçxNÐbnÞ ú ú
bnÞkEdl[Ggá
kEdl[Ggát;t;
edk AB minRtw nRtwmEtRTbnÞ ú ú
mEtRTbnÞkbBaÄrBRgayes
kbBaÄrBRgayes μ IeeTT EfmTaMggCYCYyGgát;bBaÄredI
bBaÄredIm,ITb; Tb;ngbnÞ ú
gw bnÞ úkxagcMcMcNNu
M uc P .
Ggát ; CD CakrNIEdleRKaHfñ EdleRKaHfñak;Cag eRBaHvaTb; ; ; gbnÞk P1 + P2 edayminmanCM
eRBaHvaTb;nnwwgbnÞ ú ú nmanCMnnYyBI YyBIGgá
GgátbBaÄr;bBaÄr
NaeT. mUlehtuKWffaa x-bracing EdlbgðajedayExSdac; karBar sidesway enACan;xageRkam.
sRmab;karbgðajTi ajTisedArbs; P2 Ggátt;; ED nwgrgkmø grgkmøaMaMgTaj ehIyGgát;t ; CF nwgFUrRbsi rRbsinebI bracing
element RtUv)anKNnaedI
v)anKNnaedImm,I,ITb; Tb;Etkmø EtkmøaMaMgTaj. b: ub: uEnþsRmab; sRmab;krNIkrNIeenH nH Ggát;t ; CD RtUvbBa¢ vbBa¢ ÚnbnÞ ú ú
bnÞk
P1 + P2 BI C eTA D .
Fñm-ssr
w 197
197 T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
Ggát;tb;bBaÄrrbs;
BaÄrrbs;eRKagenHk¾
eRKagenHk¾RtUv)anKi
v)anKitCa
tCa beam-columns. enACan;xagelI Ggá
Ggát;t ; AC nig BD
nigekageRkam\T§ iBlrbs; P1 . elIsBI sBIenH enARtg; A nig B m:mm:U g;:g;Bt;RtU
RtUv)anbBa¢nBI
nÚ BIGgát;edktamry³
edktamry³
tMN Nrwrwg. karbBa¢ Únm:nm:mm:U :gg;enHk¾
;enHk¾eekIkIteLI
teLIggenARtg;
enARtg; C nig D ehIyvaBitsRmab;RKb; rigid frame eTaHbI
m: Um:m:g;TTaMaMgenHtU
genHtUcCagm:
cCagm:mm:U g;:g;Edl)anBIbnÞ ú ú
bnÞkkxagk¾
xagk¾eday.
eday. ssrCaeRcInenAkñ ú enAkñ úg rigid frames Ca beam-
columns ehIy y\T§
\T§ iBlrbs;mm: U:mm::gg;Bt;
;Bt;mminRtU
inRtUv)anecal.
v)anecal. b: ub: uEnþ ssrrbs;GaKarmY
GaKarmYyCan;
yCan;EdlenAdac;
EdlenAdac;BeK
eI K
GacRtUv)anKi
v)anKitCaGgá
tCaGgátt;rgkmø
;rgkmøaMaMgsgátt;;cMcGMG½kS.
½kS.
eBlxøH]TahrN_
H]TahrN_epSgeTotrbs;
epSgeTotrbs; beam-columns
beam-columns GacCYbenAkñ ú
benAkñ úg roof trusses. eTaHbICaFm μtata
CaFm
top chord RtUv)anKitCaGgá
tCaGgátt;rgkmø
;rgkmøaMaMgsgá
gsgát;tamG½kSk¾
kSk¾eday
eday RbsinebI
nebI purlins RtUv)andak;
v)andak;enAcenø
enAcenøaHaH
tMN kmøagRbti k μm rbs;
MgRbtikm rbs;vanw
vanwgbegáItCa
tCa bending Edldac;xatRtU xatRtUvv)anKi
)anKitkñkñ ú úgkarKNna.
gkarKNna. krNIenHnwg
RtUv)anerobrab;
v)anerobrab;enAkñ
enAkñggCM
ú CMBUkenH.
kenH.
6>2> smIkarGnþrkm (Interaction Formulas)

vismPaBrbs;
smPaBrbs;smI
smIkar @># GacRtUv)ansresrkñ
v)ansresrkñgTRmg;
gú TRmg;xageRkam³
xageRkam³
∑ γ i Qi
φ
Rn ≤ 1.0 ¬^>!¦
b¤ ∑resistance
load effects
≤ 1 .0
RbsinebI
nebIman
man resistance eRcInRbePTBak;
nRbePTBak;B½n § smIkar
kar ^>! GacRtUv)ansresrkñ
v)ansresrkñgTRmg; gú TRmg;eKal
rbs; interaction formulas. dUcEdl)anerobrab;enAkñ ú ú
enAkñgCM
gCMBBUkU 5 Rtg;Epñ
Epñkm: Umm:g;:g;Bt;BIBIrTis plbUkén kén
pleFob load-to-resistance RtUv)ankMNt; Nt;RtwmmY
mmYy
yÉktþ
Éktþa.
a. ]TahrN_ Rbsi
RbsinebIeKGnu eKGnuvtþTaM TaMgm: Umm::gg;Bt;
;Bt;
nigkmøaMgtamG½kkSS interaction formulas GacsresrCa
Pu M u
+ ≤ 1.0 ¬^>@¦
φ P φ M
c n b n
Pu =
Edl bnÞ úksgátt;tamG½
bnÞ ú ;tamG½kSemKu
kSemKuN
φ c Pn = compressive design strength
M u = m: Um:gBt;
B; t;eemKu
mKuN
φ b M n = design moment
sRmab;m Umm:: g;:gBt;
B; t;BBIIrTis vanwgmanpleFobm:
gmanpleFobm: Umm::gg;;BBt;t;BBIIr
T.Chhay 198
198 Beam-Column
viTüasß
bec©keTskm<
keTskm< úCa
Pu ⎛ M ux M uy ⎞
+⎜ + ⎟ ≤ 1 .0 ¬^>#¦
⎜ φ b M nx φ b M ny ⎟
φ c Pn ⎝ ⎠
Edl x nig y sMedAelI
edAelIkarBt;eFobG½
eFobG½kS
kS xx nigG½kS
kS y .
smIkar ^># CasmIkareKalrbs;
kareKalrbs; AISC sRmab;Ggát;rgkarBt; nigrgkmø
grgkmøagtamG½
gM tamG½kS. eK[
smkarBrenAkñ
smkarB renAkñ ú úg Specification: mYysRmabbnÞ
ysRmabbnÞ ú úkccGGkSEdlmantémøtUc ngmY
ngmYyeTotsRmab
eTotsRmabbnÞ
bnÞúkc
kc
G½kkSEdlmantémø
SEdlmantémøFMF.M RbsinebI
nebIbnÞúktamG½
ktamG½kSmantémø
kSmantémøtUc tYbnÞ ú
bnÞ úktamG½kSRtU
kSRtUv)ankat;bnßy. sRmab;
bnÞ ú úktamG½kSEdlmantémø
bnÞ kSEdlmantémøFMFM tYkmøagBt;
MaMgBt;RtU
RtUv)ankat;bnßybnþc.
ci . tRmUvkarrbs;
vkarrbs; AISC RtUv)an[enAkñ ú ú
)an[enAkñg
Chapter H, “Members Under Combined Forces and Torsion,” ehIyRtU yRtUvv)ansegç
)ansegçbdU
bdUccxageRkam³
xageRkam³
sRmab; φ PuP ≥ 0.2
c n
Pu 8 ⎛ M ux M uy ⎞
+ ⎜ + ⎟ ≤ 1 .0 (AISC Equation H1-1a)
φ c Pn 9 ⎝ φ b M nx φ b M ny ⎠⎟
⎜
sRmab; φ PuP < 0.2

c n
Pu ⎛ M ux M uy ⎞
+⎜ + ⎟ ≤ 1 .0 (AISC Equation H1-1b)
⎜ φ b M nx φ b M ny ⎟
2φ c Pn ⎝ ⎠
]TahrN_6>1 bgðajBI
ajBIkkarGnu
arGnuvtþ
vtþnsmI
s_ mIkarTaMgenH.
genH.
6 >1³ Fñm-ssrEdlbgð
]TahrN_6>1³ w ajenAkñ úg 6>@ manTRm pinned enAcugsgçag
rUbTI
bTI6>@ ag ehIyrgbnÞ
y rgbnÞkem
kú em
KuNdUcbgð
cbgðaj.
aj. karBt;KWK WeFobnwgG½ kSxøaMaMg. kMNt; N
t;faetIGgá
G gát;te;enHbM
nHbMeeBjsmI
BjsmIkkarGnþ μrbs;
arGnþrkm
rkm rbs; AISC
Specification b¤eT.eT.
dM eNaHRsay³
e NaHRsay³ dUcEdl)anbkRsayenAkñ
cEdl)anbkRsayenAkñggEpñ ú Epñk 6>3 m:m:Umg;g: ;EdlGnuvtþ
vtþenAkñ úg AISC Equations H1-1a
nig b eBlxøHnwHnwgRtUv)anbegá I
)anbegá Inedaym:
n edaym:m:mU :gg; bEnß
;b Enßm (moment amplification). eKalbMNgén]TahrN_ N
gén]TahrN_
enHKWbgð
b gðajBIrebobeRbIsmIkkarGnþ
arGnþrkm μ.
rkm
column load table (axial compression design
strength)
BI rbs; CamYynw
W 8 × 58 ynw g ersI F u ysþs =gþg;;KNnakmø
K 50Nnakmø aMaRbEvgRbsi
ksi nig
Mggsgá
sgát;tamG½
gRbEvgRbsi § kkS aB S K y L = 1.0 × 17 = 17 ft KW
T§T PPaB
φ c Pn = 365kips
edaysarkarBt;eFobG½kkSxø K; Nna (design moment) φ b M n sRmab; C b = 1.0 GacTTYl
SxøaMaMg m: Um :gKNna
Fñm-ssr
w 199
199 T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
)anBI beam design chart in Part 4 of the Manual.
sRmab; unbraced length Lb = 17 ft /
φ b M n = 202 ft − kips
sRmab;lkçxNÐxNÐbnÞ
b únÞk niglkç
g lkçxNÐ
xNÐcggsRmab; aenH C b = 1.32 ¬emIlrU
u sRmab;bBaðaenH l rUbbTITI 5>15
5>15 c¦.
sRmab; C b = 1.32 /
φ b M n = 1.32(202
) = 267 ft − kips
b: uEnþ
E nþm:Umm::gg; ;enHFM
e nHFMCag
φ b M p = 224 ft − kips ¬EdlTTY l)andU
l)andUcKñaBI beam design charts¦/ dUccenH
enH
design moment RtUv)ankM v)ankMNt;
N
t;Rtw m φ b M p . dUcenH
φ b M n = 224 ft − kips
m: U m:gBt;
B; t;GtibrmaenAkNþ
b rmaenAkNþalElV
alElVggKWKW
22(17 )
M u = = 93.5 ft − kips
4
kMNt;faetI f aetIssmI mIkarGnþ μmYmYyNalub
k arGnþrkm
rkm
Pu 200
= = 0.547 > 0.2 dUcenHeRbI
cenHeRbI AISC Eq.H1-1a.
c n φ P 365
Pu 8 ⎛ M ux M uy ⎞
⎟ = 0.5479 + 8 ⎛ 93.5 ⎞
+ ⎜ + ⎜ + 0 ⎟ = 0.919 ≤ 1.0 (OK)
φ c Pn 9 ⎜⎝ φ b M nx φ b M ny ⎠⎟ 9 ⎝ 224 ⎠
³ Ggátt;enHbM
cemø y ³ ;e nHbMeBj
e Bj AISC Specification.
T.Chhay 200
200 Beam-Column
viTüasß
bec©keTskm<
keTskm< úCa
bEnßm (Moment Amplification)
6>3> m:mg;g: ;bEnß
viFBIIBmmuI unnsRmab;
sRmab;karKNnaGgátt;;rgkarBt; nigkmø gkmøaMaMgtamG½
gtamG½kSGaceRbI)ansRmab;
)ansRmab;EtkmøaMaMgtamG½
gtamG½kS
mantémøminFMeBk. eBk. vtþmanrbs;
manrbs;bnÞ ú ú
bnÞkktamG½
tamG½kS
kS ¬elIkElgenAeBlvamantémø
kElgenAeBlvamantémøtUc¦ begátm: Itm:Umm:g;:g;TIBBIrEdl
IrEdl
RtUv)anKi
v)anKitbBa© gú karKNna. rUb TI 6>3 bgðajBIF wñm-ssrCamYybnÞ úktamG½kS
tbBa© ÚlkñgkarKNna. kS nigbnÞ ú
gbnÞ úkTTwgG½ gG½kS
BRgayes μ I. Rtg;cMcMNcu O NamYyEdlmanmanm:mm:U :gg;;Bt;Edlbegá Edlbegá IteLI
teLIgedaybnÞ ú ú
edaybnÞkBRgayes
kBRgayes μ Innwgm:
wgm:Umm::gg;;
bEnßm Py Edlbegá IteLIgedaybnÞ ú
gedaybnÞ úktamG½kSeFV
kSeFV IGGMMeeBIBIcMcNakp©
N
M akp© itBIG½G½kSbeNþayrbs;
ayrbs;GGgágát;t.; m: Umgg;: TTI; IBBIIr
enaH mantémøkan; kan;EtFM
EtFMenAkEnø
enAkEnøgNaEdlmanPaBdabkan;EtFM. kñ ú úkñgkrNI gkrNIenH enH Rtg;km<s;sBak;
B; ak;kNþ
kNþaalm: lm:mm:U :gg;;
2
srubbes I μnwngw wL / 8 + Pδ . vaCakarBitEdl

es tEdl m: Umg;g: ;bEnßmbegá ItPaBdabbEnß
PaBdabbEnßmBI
mBIelIPaBdabEdl)anBI
PaBdabEdl)anBI
bnÞ ú úkTTwgG½
bnÞ gG½kS.kS. edaysareKminGacrkPaBdabsru
nGacrkPaBdabsrubedaypÞ bedaypÞal;
al; ¬bBaðaenHCa
aenHCa nonlinear ¦ ehIy
yeday
eday
sarEteKminsÁ nsÁal;
al;PaBdab eKk¾miminGacKNnam: Um:g)anEdr.
); anEdr.
aKeRKOgbgÁ MF μm ttaa (ordinary structural analysis methode) Edlminykragpø
viFIviPaKeRKOgbgÁ ú ú nykragpøas; as;TTImk
Imk
KitRtUvv)aneKKi
)aneKKitCa
tCa viFIFIdWeeRkTI
RkTImmYYy (first-order method). eKeRbI Iterative numerical technique
¬EdleKehAfa viFIFIdWeeRkTI
RkTIBBIIr (second-order method)¦ edImm,I,IrkPaBdab
rkPaBdab nigm: gm: Umm::gg;;TTIIBBIIr b: u ub:Enþ
EnþviFIenHmin
GaceRbIsRmab;
sRmab;karKNnaedayéd
karKNnaedayéd EdlvaRtUv)aneRbI v)aneRbICaTUeTACamY
eTACamYy μ atkareRbIR)as;
ynwnwggkm
km vi
FI
F kM
k
I MB
BüÚ
u üÚ T r.
r
½ . Design codes
nig specifications bc©
bc© ú úbb,nñ
,nñPaKeRcI
PaKeRcIn rYmbBa© ÚlTaMg AISC Specification GnuBBaØaØatkareRbI R)as; second-
Fñm-ssr
w 201
201 T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
order analysis b¤ moment amplification method . viFenHtRmU IenHtRmUvkarKNnam:

vkarKNnam: Umm::gg;Bt; ;Bt;Gti
GtibrmaEdl)an
brmaEdl)an
BIllT§T§plBI
plBI flexural loading ¬bnÞkTTw úkTTwgG½
gG½kS
kS b¤mm: Um:m: :g;cucgGgá
gu Ggát;¦ eday first-order analysis bnÞab; ab;mk
mk
KuNnw
NnwgemKu
gemKuNm:
Nm: Umm:g;:g;bEnßm (moment amplification factor) edIm,I m,IKtm:
ti m: Um:gTTI; BIIBIr.
rUbTI 6>4 bgðajGgá
ajGgátt;TRmsamBaØ
;TRmsamBaØCamYynw
ynwgbnÞ ú
gbnÞ úkcMG½G½kS nigPaBminRtg; nRtg;dMdbUbM Ug (initial out-of-
straightness). PaBdabdMbUg (initial crookedness) enHGacsMEEdgeday³ dgeday³
π
x
yo = e sin
L

Edl e CabMlas;
las;TITGIGtitibrmadM
brmadMbUbUg EdlekIteLI
teLIgenAkNþ
genAkNþalElV alElVg. g.
sRmab;RbB½nn§§kkUUGredaendU
GredaendUcEdl)anbgð
cEdl)anbgðaj eKGacsresrTMnak;
nak;TMngExSkMeNag-m:
eNag-m: Um:g ;
(moment-curvature relationship) dUcxageRkam³
d 2 y M
=−
dx 2 EI
m:mm:U g;:gBt;
B; t; M ekIteLIgedaysarcM
gedaysarcMNakp© iténkmø
ténkmøagtamG½ kS Pu eFobG½kSrbs;
gM tamG½kS kSrbs;Ggát;. cMNNakak
p©tenHpSM
ti enHpSMeeLI
LIgedaygeday initial crookedness yo bUkknwnwgPaBdabbEnßm y EdlekItBI tBIkarBt;. enARtg;TTII
taMgNamYy m: Um:gKWK; W
M = Pu ( y o + y )
edayCMnYnYssmIkarenHeTAkñkarenHeTAkñgsmI
gú smIkarDI
karDIepr:
epr:gg;Esül
;Esül eyIgTTY
gTTYl)an
l)an
d 2 y P ⎛ π x ⎞
= − u ⎜ e sin + y ⎟
2 EI ⎝ L ⎠
dx
d 2 y Pu P e π
x
2
+
EI
y = − u sin
EI L

dx
T.Chhay 202
202 Beam-Column
viTüasß
bec©keTskm<
keTskm< úCa
ordinary, nonhomogenous differential equation

EdlCa xNÐ
dUccenHvamanlkç
enHvamanlkç xNÐRBM
RBMEdnBIr.
r. sRmab;lkçxNÐTRmEdlbgð TRmEdlbgðaj aj lkçx.NÐRRBM
edaysarvaCasmI
BMEdnKW
EdnKW kardWeRkTI
eRkTIBrI
enARtg; x = 0 / y = 0 nigenARtg;
genARtg; x = L / y = 0
enHmann½yfa
yfa PaBdabes μ IssUUnüenAcugsgç
gsgçag. GnuKmn_ Kmn_EdlbMeBjTaM
eBjTaMgsmI
gsmIkarDI
karDIepr:g;g;Esül nig
lkçxNÐ
xNÐRBMEdnKW
EdnKW
π
x
y = B sin
L

Edl B Catémøefr. efr. CMnYnYsvaeTAkñ ú
vaeTAkñ úgsmIkarDI
karDIepr:gg;Esül
E; sül eyIgTTY
gTTYl)an
l)an
π 2 π x P x P e
π π
x
− B sin + u B sin = − u sin
2 L EI L EI L
L
eKTTYl)antémø
l)antémøefr
efr
Pu e
−
−e e
B = EI = =
Pu π 2 π 2 EI Pe
−1
− 1−
Pu
EI L 2 2
Pu L
π 2 EI
Edl Pe = = Euler buckling load
L2
enH y = B sin π L x = ⎡⎢ (P / Pe ) − 1⎤⎥ sin π L x

dUccenH
⎣ e u ⎦
M = P ( y + y )
u o
⎧ ⎡ ⎤ ⎫
= Pu ⎪⎨⎪e sin π
x e x ⎪
sin π
L + ⎢⎣ (Pe / Pu ) − 1⎥⎦ L ⎪ ⎬
⎩ ⎭
m: Umm:g;:gGti
G; tibrmaekI
brmaekItenARtg;
tenARtg; x = L / 2 ³
⎡ e ⎤
M max = Pu ⎢e + ⎥
⎣ (P / P ) − 1
e u ⎦
⎡ (P / P ) − 1 + 1 ⎤
= Pu e ⎢ e u ⎥
⎣ (Pe / Pu ) − 1 ⎦
⎡ 1 ⎤
= M o ⎢ ⎥
⎣1 − (Pu / Pe )⎦
Edl M o minEmnCam: Umm::gg;bEnß
;bEnßmGtibrma (unampliflied maximum moment). kñ ú úkñgkrNI
gkrNIenH
enH
vaTTYl)anBI
l)anBI initial crookedness b: u u
b:EnþEnþCaTU
CaTUeTAvaGacCalTß
eTAvaGacCalTßplénbnÞkTTw
kú TTwgG½
gG½kS
kS b¤mm: U:m:gcuc; ug. dUcenHem
cenHem
Fñm-ssr
w 203
203
T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
KuNm: Um:gbEnß
b; Enßm (moment amplification factor) KW
1

1 − (Pu / Pe ) ¬^>$¦
dUcEdl)anerobrab;mkehIy TRmg;eemKu
mKuN
Nm:m:Umm::gg;bEnß
b; Enßmrbs;
mrbs; AISC GacxusEbø
sEbøkkBIBIsmI
smIkkarar ^>$
bnþ icc..
6 >2³ eRbIs
]TahrN_6>2³ smI
mIkar
k ar ^>$ edIm,IKNnaemKu
K NnaemKuN
Nm:m: U m:gbEnß
b; EnßmsRmab;
msRmab;F wm-ssrén]TahrN_
ñ wñ 6>1.
6>1.
NaHRsay³ edaysar
dM e NaHRsay³ CaEpñkkrbs;
rbs;emKuNm: Um :gbbEnß
Euler load Pe ; Enßm eKRtUvvKNnavasRmab;
KNnavasRmab;G½kSén
karBt; Edlkñ úgkrNIenHKW
e nHKWGkkS
½ S x . eKGacsresr Euler load Pe edayeRbI effective length nig
slenderness ratio dUcxageRkam³
π 2 EAg
Pe =
(KL / r )2
¬emIlCM
l CMBUB Uk 4 smIkar
k ar $>^ a¦. sRmab;GkSénkarBt;
k½ SénkarBt;
KL K x L 1.0(17 )(12)
= = = 55.89
r r x 3.65
2
π EA
g π 2 (29000)(17.1)
Pe = = = 1567kips
(KL / r )2 (55.89)2
BIsmI
s mIkar ^>$
1 1
1 − (Pu / Pe )
=
1 − (200 / 1567 )
= 1.15
EdlbgðajkarekI
ajkarekIneLI
neLIg 15% BIelI
e lIm:m U:m :gBt;
B; t;. m: Um :gbEnß
b; EnßmKW
mKW
1.15 × M u = 1.15(93.5 ) = 107.5 ft − kips
³ emKuN
cemø y ³ Nm:m: Umm: gg;: ;bEnß
b Enßm 1.15
6>4> Web Local Buckling in Beam-Columns

karkMNt;
Nt;rbs; design moment tRmUv[RtYv[RtYtBininitümuxkat;sRmab; compactness . enAeBl
μanbnÞ ú ú
EdlK anbnÞkktamG½
tamG½kS
kS RTnugrbs;RKb;rrUUbbragEdlmanenAkñ ú ú
ragEdlmanenAkñgtaragsu
gtaragsuTT§Et
§Et compact. RbsinebImanvtþ
manvtþ
manbnÞ ú úktamG½kS
manbnÞ kS RTnugTaMgenaHGacnw
genaHGacnwgmin compact. enAeBlEdleyIg[ λ = h / t w /
nebI λ ≤ λ p rUbragKW compact.
RbsinebI
T.Chhay 204
204 Beam-Column
viTüasß
bec©keTskm<
keTskm< úCa
RbsinebI
nebI λ p < λ ≤ λ r rUbragKW noncompact.
RbsinebI
nebI λ > > λ r rUbragKW
bragKW slender .
ASIC B5 enAkñ
enAkñ ú úg Table B5.1 erobrab;nUnUvkarkMNt;
Nt;xxageRkam³
ageRkam³
⎛ 2.75Pu ⎞
sRmab; φ PPu ≤ 0.125 / λ p = 640 F
⎜1 −
⎜ φ P
⎟ ¬xñat
⎟
at US¦
b y y ⎝ b y ⎠
1680 ⎛ ⎞
⎜1 − 2.75Pu ⎟
λ p =
⎜ φ b P y ⎟
F y ⎝
¬xñat
at IS¦
⎠
191 ⎛ ⎞
sRmab; φ PPu /
> 0.125 λ p = ⎜ 2.33 − Pu ⎟ ≥ 253
⎜
F y ⎝ φ b P y ⎠⎟ F y
¬xñat
at US¦
b y
500 ⎛ ⎞
⎜ 2.33 − Pu ⎟ ≥ 665
λ p =
⎜
F y ⎝ φ b P y ⎠⎟ F y
¬xñat IS¦
témøepSg²rbs; φ bPPu y / λ r =

sRmab;témø 970 ⎛ ⎜1 − 0.74 Pu ⎞⎟
⎜
F y ⎝ φ b P y ⎠⎟
¬xñat US¦
2550 ⎛
⎜1 − 0.74 Pu ⎟
⎞
λ r =
⎜
F y ⎝ φ b P y ⎠⎟
¬xñat
at IS¦
Edl P y = Ag F y / bnÞúkktamG½
tamG½kScaM)ac;edIm,I
m,IeTAdl;ssßanPaBkM
ßanPaBkMNt;
Nt; yielding.
edaysar Pu CaGBaØtti i eKminGacRtY
nGacRtYtBi
tBinniitü
tü compactness rbs;RTnug nigmi gminGacerobcMCata
Cata
ragTukkCamu
Camun)aneT.
n)aneT. b:Enþ uEnþ rolled shape xøHbM
HbMeeBjnU
BjnUvkrNI
vkrNId¾dGaRkk;
G¾ aRkk;bpupM ut 665 / F y Edlmann½yfarUb
ragenaHmanRTnug compact edayminTak; nTak;Tgnw
TgnwgbnÞúktamG½
ktamG½kS. kS. rUbragEdlmanenAkñ
bragEdlmanenAkñgú column load
table in Part 3 of the Manual EdlminbM nbMeeBjlkç
BjlkçxNÐ xNÐRtUvv)ankM
)ankMNt;bgð bgðaj
aj enaHeKRtUvRtYtBi
tBintü
ti ü
compactness rbs;RTnu RTnuggrbs;
rbs;va.
va. rUbragEdlmansø
bragEdlmansøabmi abmin compact k¾RRtUtUv)ankMNt;Nt;bgð
bgðaj
aj dUcenHRKb;
rUbbragTaM
ragTaMgGs;Edlmi
Edlmin)anbgð
n)anbgðaj aj enaHmann½yfarU
yfarUbragTaM
bragTaMgenaHKW
genaHKW compact.
6 >3³ Edk
]TahrN_6>3³ A36 EdlmanrUbrag
brag W 12 × 65 RtUv)andak;
v)andak;[rgm:m:mU gg;: ;Bt; niggbnÞ
bnÞ úkktamG½
tamG½kSem
k Sem
KuN 300kips . RtYttBiBinin itü compactness rbs;RTnu R Tnugg..
dM eNaHRsay³
e NaHRsay³ rUbragenHKW
bragenHKW compact sRmab;
sRmab;RKb;témø t émøbnÞ
b únÞktamG½kS k S BIeRBaHminmankarkM
n mankarkMNt;
Nt;cMc N
NaM
M aMNa
mYyenAkñ
yenAkñgú column load table. b:Enþ uEnþ edI
edImm,I
,Ibgð
b gðaj
aj eyIgRtYtBi tBinni itü width-thickness ratio rbs;RTnug
Fñm-ssr
w 205
205
T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
Pu Pu 300
φ b P y
=
(
φ b Ag F y ) =
0.9(19.1)(36)
= 0.4848 > 0.125
191 ⎛ ⎞
⎜ 2.33 − Pu ⎟ = 191 (2.33 − 0.4848) = 58.74
dUcenH λ p =
⎜ φ P ⎟

F y ⎝ b y ⎠ 36
253 253
F y
=
36
= 42.17 < 58.74
dUcenH λ p = 58.74
BI dimensions and properties tables/
h
λ = = 24.9 < 58.74
t w
h
dUcenH
cenH RTnugKW compact . cMNaM
N
aMffa a sRmab;RKb;
R Kb;témørbs; F y enaH t w
nwgmantémø
tUtcCag
cU Cag
253 / F y EdlCatémøEdltU
EdltUcbMppu trbs;
utrbs; λ p dUcenHRTnu
cenHRTnugrbs;
grbs; W 12 × 65 nwgenAEtCa
compact .
BRgwg
6>5> eRKagBRgwg nigeRKagGt;BRgw (Braced versus Unbraced Frame)
AISC Specification erobrab;BI moment amplification in Chapter C, Frames and other
Structures”. eKmanemKuNbEnß NbEnßmBIrEdleRbI
rEdleRbIenAkñ ú ú
nAkñg LRFD: mYyedI yedImm,I,IKiKitBIm U:mm::gg;bEnß
;bEnßmEdlCalT§plBI plBI
PaBdabrbs;GgáGgát;t ; nigmY
gmYyeTotsRmab;KKiittBIBI\T§ iBl
Bl sway enAeBlEdlGgát;tCaEpñ C; aEpñkrbs; unbraced
frame. viFI
FenHmanlkç
eI nHmanlkçN³RsedogKñ
N³RsedogKñaeTAnw
aeTAnwggviviFIFIEdleRbIenAkñ
enAkñgú ACI Building Code sRmab;ebtug
gedayEdk (ACI, 1995). rUbTI
BRgwgedayEdk bTI 6>5 nwgbgðajBI r. enAkñúg rUbbTITI 6>5
ajBIGGgágátt;;TTaMaMgBI
gBIr. 6>5 a GgátRtU
;RtUv)anTb;
v)anTb;
RbqaMgnw
gnwg sidesway ehIym:Umm:g;:g;TIBrGti
IrGtibrmaKW
brmaKW Pδ EdlRtUvvbEnß bEnßmeTAelI
meTAelImm: U:mgg;: Gti G; tibrmaenAkñ ú ú
rmaenAkñgGgá
gGgát;t ;
enaH. Rbsi n ebI eRKagmi
e RKagmi nRtU
nRtU v)anBRgw
v )anBRgw g vanw
gelceLI
g elceLI g nU
v
vm:
m:
U m: gT
TI
; I
B
BIr
I Edlbgð ajenAkñ ú ú
jenAkñ g rU
b
bTI
TI
6>5
6>5 b
begáIteday
teday sidesway. m: Umm::g;TTIBIIBIrenHmantémøGti Gtibrmabrma PΔ EdlbgðaajBI gu . Edl
jBIkarbEnßménm: Umm::gg;;cucg.
edIm,I
m,IKIKtItBIBI\\T§T§ iBlTaM
BlTaMgBI
gBIrrenH
enH emKuNm:
Nm: Umm::gg;bEnß
;bEnßm B1 nig B2 RtUvv)aneRbI
)aneRbIsRmab;
sRmab;mmm::U g;:g;BrRbePT.
IrRbePT.
m: Um:gbEnß
b; EnßmEdleRbI
mEdleRbIsRmab;KNnaRtU KNnaRtUv)anKNnaBI
v)anKNnaBIbnÞ ú ú bnÞkkemKu
emKuN nigm: Umm::gg;emKu
;emKuN
NdUdUcxageRkam³
cxageRkam³
M u = B1 M nt + B2 M lt (AISC Equation C1-1)
Edl M nt = μtt;fami

m: Umm::g;g;GtibrmaEdlsn
brmaEdlsn f; aminnman
man sidesway ekIteLI
teLIg eTaHbICaeRKagBRgwgb¤
gb¤mminBRgw
inBRgwg
keday ¬ nt mann
mannyfa
yfa no translation¦
T.Chhay 206
206 Beam-Column
viTüasß
bec©keTskm<
keTskm< úCa
M lt = m: Umm:g;:g;GtibrmaEdlekI
brmaEdlekIteLIteLIgeday sidesway ekIteLIteLIg ¬ lt mann½yfa yfa lateral transla-
tion¦. m:Um m:g;:g;enHGacekItBI
tBI lateral load b¤
b¤eedaysar
daysar unbalanced gravity loads .
bnÞúkTM kTMnnajGacbegá
ajGacbegá It sidesway RbsinebInebIeRKagGt;sIsemRTI
Ieu mRTI b¤
b¤k¾kbnÞ ú
b¾ nÞ úkTMnaj
naj enaHRtUv)an
v)an
dak;eedaymi
dayminmanlkç N³sI uemRTI. M lt nwgmantémøes
nmanlkçN³sI u e μs IsUsUnüRbsinebIeRKagRtU
eRKagRtUv)anBRgw
v)anBRgwg.
B1 = emKuNm:
Um:gbEnß
b; EnßmsRmab;
msRmab;m Umm:: g;:g;EdlekIteLIgenAkñ ú ú
genAkñgGgá
gGgát;EdlRtU
EdlRtU vv)anBRgw
)anBRgwgTb;
gTb;nnwwg sidesway.
B2 = emKuN
Nm:m:Umm:g;:g;bEnßmsRmab;m:Umm:g;:g;Edl)anBI sidesway.
eyIgnwgerobrab;
gerobrab;BkarkM kI arkMNt;emKu
emKuN NTaM
TaMgBI
gBIr B1 nig B2 enAkñ
enAkñ ú úgEpñkxageRkam.
kxageRkam.
6>6> GgtenAkgeRKagEdlBRgg
(Members in Braced Frames)
emKuNm:
Nm: Umm::gg;bEnß
;bEnßmEdl[edaysmIkar kar ^>$ RtUv)anbM
v)anbMEbksRmab;Ggá Ggát;EdlBRgwgRbqaM gRbqaMggnwnwg
sidesway. rUbTI
bTI 6>6 bgðajBI ajBIGGgágátt;RbePTenHEdlrgm:
;RbePTenHEdlrgm: Um:genAxagcu μ IKaEdlbegá
e; nAxagcuges
ges añ EdlbegátI single-
B¬kM
keNagEdlbegá
eNagEdlbegá
Nþalkm<s;s; IEdlPaBdabmantémø
tkarTaj
tkarTaj nigkarsgá
gkarsgáFFMt;tMbe;enAEtEpñ
nAEtEpñ
Mppuut. dUkmç
kcmçenHm:
agrbs;
agrbs;
Um:gGGgá
TTI; gáIBBIt;trGti
Ir¦¦.
;Gti. bm: Urma
mm:g;:g;bniEnßgm:
gmm: U
curvature bending
GtibrmaekI
brmaekItenARtg;
tenARtg;Bak;
ak;kNþ
m:g;gemGti
e; mGtibbrmaRtU
rmaRtUv)anbUkbBa©
kbBa©lKñ
lÚ Kña. a. eTaHRbsinebI
nebImm: U:mm::gg;enAxagcu
;enAxagcugmi nesI μKKñak¾
gminesI ñak¾eday RbsinebI nebImm: U:mm:g;:g;mYy
vilRsbTisRTni sRTnicnaLika ka nigmY
gmYyeTotvilRcasRTni lRcasRTnicnaLi
cnaLika vanwgbegá gbegáIt single-curvature bending
ehIy ym:m: Um:gemGti
e; mGtibrma
brma nigm:
gm:Umm:g;:g;TIBBIrGti
IrGtibrmanw
brmanwgekI
gekIteLIgenAEk,Kñ genAEk,Kña. a.
Fñm-ssr
w 207
207 T.Chhay

mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
vanwgmi
gminEmnCakrNIeT eT enAeBlEdlm:Umm:g;:g;enAcugEdlGnuvtþ begá begá It reverse-curvature bending
ajenAkñgú rUbTI 6>7 . enAeBlenH m: Umg;g: ;emGtibrmaKWenAcu
dUccbgð
bgðajenAkñ enAcugmç gmçag ag ehIym:
ym: Umm::gg;;TTIBIIBIrGtibrmaekI
brmaekIt
eLIgenAcenø
genAcenøaHcu
aHcugTaM
gTaMggBIBIrr.. m:Umm:g;:g;bEnßmGacFM
mGacFMCag b¤ttUcCagm:
UcCagm:mm:U :gg;cuc; gGaRs½
gu GaRs½ynwynwgbnÞ ú
gbnÞ úktamG½kS. kS.
dUcenHm: Um:gGti
G; tibrmaenAkñ ú ú
rmaenAkñg beam-column GaRs½ynwgkarEbgEckm:
gkarEbgEckm: Umm::gg;Bt;
;Bt;enAkñ
enAkñgGgá
gú Ggát;t.; kar
EbgEckenHRtUv)anKi
v)anKitedayemKu
tedayemKuN C m EdlGnuvvtþtþenAkñ ú ú
enAkñgemKu
gemKuNm:
Nm: Umm::gg;bEnß
;bEnßm B1 . emKuNm:
Nm:Umm::gg;bEnß
b; Enßm
Edl[edaysmIkar ^>$ RtUvv)anbM )anbMEbksRmab;
EbksRmab;krNI
krNIGaRkk; cenH C m nwgminRtU
GaRkk;bpupM ut dUcenH nRtUvFM
vFMCag
Cag 1.0 .
TRmg;ccugeRkayrbs;
ugeRkayrbs;emKu emKuNm: Um:gbEnß
b; EnßmKW
mKW³
C m
B1 = ≥ 1 (AISC Equation C1-2)
1 − (P / P ) u e1
2
Edl Pe1 = Ag 2F y = π EAg2
λ c (KL / r )
enAeBlKNna Pe1 eRbI KL / r sRmab;G½kSénkarBt; ehIyemKu
yemKuNRbEvgRbsi
NRbEvgRbsiTT§PaB
§PaB K ≤ 1.0 ¬Edl
RtUvKñ
vKñanwanwglkç
glkçxNÐ
xNÐEdlBRgwg¦.
g¦.
karKNnaemKuN C m
emKuN C m GnuvvtþtþEtelI
EtelIlkç
lkçxNÐ
xNÐEdlBRgwgEtb: u u
gEtb:eNÑ
eNÑaH.
aH. eKmanGgát;tBIB; IrRbePT EdlmYyman
yman
bnÞ ú úkkTTw
bnÞ TTwgG½
gG½kSGnu
kSGnuvvtþtþenAcenø
enAcenøaaHcu
Hcug nigmY
gmYyeTotminmanbnÞ ú
nmanbnÞ úkTTwgG½
gG½kS.
kS.
rUbTI 6>8
6>8 b nig c bgðajBI
ajBIkkrNI
rNITTaMaMgBI
gBIrrxagelI
xagelIenH ¬Ggát;t; AB Ca beam-column EdlRtUvvKiKit¦.
t¦.
T.Chhay 208
208 Beam-Column

viTüasß
bec©keTskm<
keTskm< úCa
!> RbsinebI
nebIminmanbnÞ ú ú
manbnÞkTTw
kTTwgG½
gG½kSeFV
kSeFV IGeBI
eM BIenAelIGgá
Ggát;
⎛ M ⎞
C m = 0.6 − 0.4⎜⎜ 1 ⎟⎟ (AISC Equation C1-3)
M ⎝ 2 ⎠
CapleFobénm:mm:U g;:g;Bt;enAcu
M 1 / M 2 enAcugrbs;Ggát;. M 1 Catémødac;
dac;xaténm:
xaténm:mm:U :gg;cuc; gEdltU
gu EdltUcCag
cCag
eK ehIy M 2 CatémøFMFMCag enaHpleFobnwggviviCC¢¢mansRmab;
mansRmab;Ggá
Ggát;tEEdlekagkñ ú
; dlekagkñ úgTRmg; reversecurvature
niggGvi ansRmab; single-curvature bending ¬rUbTI
GviC¢mmansRmab; bTI 6>9
6>9 ¦. Reverse curvature ¬pleFobviCman¦ m¢ an¦
M 1 M 2
ekIteLI
teLIggenAeBlEdl
@>enAeBlEdl
sRmab;Ggá ni úgkTTwgG½vilRsbRTni
Ggátt;rgbnÞ ú
;rgbnÞ lkS
kSRsbRTni
eKGacykcnaLiC kaTaM
kmaTaM= 0gBI
g.BI85r Rbsi
b¤RcasRTni
RcasRTni
nebIcucugcnaLi
nebI cnaLi
rbs;kvaRtU
aTaMv)anTb;
vg)anTb;
BIr.
r. RbqaM
RbqaMg
nwggkarvi
karvil niges μ Innwwg 1.0 RbsinebIcucgrbs;
ges gu rbs;vaminRtUv)anTb;nnwwggkarvi
karvil ¬ pinned ¦. ¦. CaTUeTAkarTb;
eTAkarTb;cucgu
(end restraint) ekItBI tBIPPaBrw
aBrwgRkaj
gRkaj (stiffness) rbs;Ggát;t;EdlP¢ab; ab;eeTAnw
TAnwg beam-column. lkçxNÐ xNÐ
TRm pinned CalkçxNÐmmYyEdlRtU YyEdlRtUv)aneRbI
v)aneRbIsRmab;
sRmab;TajrkemKu
TajrkemKuNm: Nm:Umm:g;:g;bEnßm dUcenHvami
cenHvaminmankarkat;
nmankarkat;
bnßyytémø
témøemKu
emKuN
Nm:m:Umm::gg;bEnß
b; EnßmsRmab;
msRmab;krNI krNIenHeT
enHeT EdlvaRtUvvKñKñaanwnwg C m = 1.0 . eTaHbICalkç CalkçxNÐcucgBigu Bit
Fñm-ssr
w 209
209 T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½
Tüal½ysM
ysMNg;
Ng;sIsvivIu li NPIC
gknøaas;s; μK K ankki
R)akdsß it enAcenøaHkarbgáb;b;eBj (fully fixity) nigknø ankkit (frictionless pin) k¾eday eKGac

Steel Design T.chhay by William T. Segui

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Steel Design T.chhay by William T. Segui

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What are the main topics covered in the document?

How are beam-columns designed according to the document?

How are beam-columns designed according to the document?

1>3> Building Codes ...........................................................

1>4> Design Specifications .......................................................

II. eKalKMnitkñgkarsikSaKNnaeRKOgbgÁEdk (Concepts in Structural Steel Design)

2>2> American Institute of Steel Construction Specification ......................................... 22

III. eRKOgbgÁrgkarTaj (Tension Members)

(Effective net area) ....................................

3>6> karKNnaGgát;rgkarTaj (Design of tension members) ..........................................

3>7> EdksrésEdlmaneF μj nigExSkab gExSkab (Threaded rods rods and Cables)............................

3>8> Ggát;rgkarTajenAkñgdM úgdMbUbUl (Tension members in roof trusses) ...............................

3>9> Ggát;EEdltPa¢ e; dayknøaas;s; (Pin-Connection Members) ...........................................

4>7> Built-up Member ...........................................................

5>3> lMnwg (Stability)

5>5> Bending Strength of Compact Shapes ......................................................

5>6> Bending Strength of Noncompact Shapes.............................................................

5>7> Summary of Moment Strength .............................................................

5>8> ersIsþusg;gþ ;kmø kat;TTwg (Shear Strength) .........................................................

5>10> karKNnamuxkat; xkat; (Design) ..............................................................

5>12> Open-Web Steel Joists ...........................................................

5>14> Biaxial Bending .....................................................................................

6>2> smIkarGnþrkm μ (Interaction Formulas) .......................................................

m (Moment Amplification) ..............................................................

6>4> Web Local Buckling in Beam-Columns ........................................................

6>8 KNnamuxkat; xkat;F wñm-ssr (Design of Beam-Column) ................................................

6>9> Trusses With Top Chord Loads Loads Between Joints ...........................

7>2> Bolted Shear Connections: Failure Mode ............................ ..........................................................

7>3> Bearing Strength, Spacing and Edge-distance Requirements ........................... .............................

7>5> b‘Lú ULgúgersI u u

7>6> Shear Strength of High-Strength Bolts............................

7>7> Slip-Critical Connections .....................................................................

7>11> Fillet Welds....................................................................................... ................. 295

8>7> Column Stiffeners and other Reinforcement ..............................................

8>8> End Plate Connection......................................

9>4> Shear Connectors ..............................

9>10> ssrsmas (Composite Columns) .......................................................................

10>2> karBicarNaTUeTA (General Considerations ) .........................................................

10>3> tRmUvkarrbs; AISC (AISC Requirements) ........................... ......................................................

10>4> ersIsþusg;gþ ;rgkarBt; (Flexural Strength) .......................................................... ........... 435

10>5> ersIsþusg;gþ ;kmøaaMMgkat; (Shear Strength) ...................................................... .................. 438

10>6> GnþrGMeeBIBIénkarBt; gkat; (Interaction of Flexural and Shear)

10>8> kaKNnamuxkat xkat (Design) ............................................................

Appendix A. karKNna nigkarvi

idaanæ n (Conclusion Remark)..............................................................

B>1> esckþ Iepþ Im (Introduction) .........................................................................

B>2> Ggát;rgkarTaj (Tension members) ...........................

B >6> snñ idædæanan (Concluding Remarks) .................................

>2> bnÞk Loads

>3> Building Codes

>4> Design Specifications

!> American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC): Specification enHpþl;[sRmab;

Edl e= sac;lUt ¬KitCaPaKry¦

and Material (ASTM). GgÁk karenHbegá

Tensile strength: F 58ksi 400 MPa eTA 80ksi 550 MPa

Edk A36 RtUv)ancat;

50ksi 345 MPa CamYynw

nig 70ksi 480 MPa . cMEENksmasFatu