Topic 1 A History of Educational Technology (Pre-Internet)

Topic 1: A History of Educational
Technology (Pre-Internet)
Harvinder Kaur, PhD
Learning Outcome
• Educational Technology
• Instructional Technology
• Domains in Educational Technology
• ISTE’s Learning Environment
• Educational & Instructional Technolgist
• Educational Technology Developments in
Malaysia
What is Educational Technology?
• Application of technology process and tools
which can be used to solve problems of
instruction and learning”(Seels & Richey, 1994).
• The study and ethical practice of facilitating
learning and improving performance by creating,
using and managing appropriate technological
processes and resources
• “Utilises application tools to accomplish the
overall goal of constructing and delivering
optimal learning experiences”(Newby & et al.,
2006).
Educational
Technology/Instructional
Technology
Definitions Type of job Developments
Challenges
5 Domains
• 4 revolutions in education:
– Task of educating the young shifted from parents
to teachers
– Adopting the written word as a tool of education
– Invention of printing and wide availability of books
– Developments in electronics – radio, television,
tape recorder and computer
Definitions of Educational Technology
• Table 1.1
How is Educational Technology
Utilised?
• Give some Situations...
• To utilise educational technology in such
situations, the followings should be
considered:
• How should the learning experience be
constructed?
• How should it be delivered/experienced?
• Human learning (techniques, methods,
strategies, ...)
• Tools (computers, mobile devices, Internet, ...)
• Reasons of using these tools to understand
how it is used to create a usable structure.
The computer is very important tool for developing
and delivering instructional materials... BUT is
there a meaningful Integration of Technology?
Instructional Technology
• The purpose of instruction is to help people learn
• Can learning occur without instruction?
• Why talk about instruction rather than teaching?
• Teaching is only one part of instruction
• Teach ➔ infers that a person is lecturing or
demonstrating something to the learner
• A teacher’s role includes many different tasks: selecting
materials, gauging learner readiness to learn, managing
class time, monitoring instructional activities, serving
as a content resource and a learning facilitator
• Teach how to plan, design, develop,
implement, evaluate and manage instructional
processes effectively to ensure improved
performance by learners
• Understand how people learn and how to best
design instructional delivery system
• We define instruction as a set of events
embedded in purposeful activities that
facilitate learning
– External Events ➔ display of printed pages,
lecture, activities;
– Internal mental events ➔ directing attention,
rehearsing, reflecting, monitoring progress
Definitions of Instructional Technology
• Table 1.2
Educational Tech vs Instructional Tech
• Educational technology in general sense to
describe any use of technology in an
educational endeavour while instructional
technology has more to do with direct
application of technology in the acts of
teaching and learning
What are the keywords in the
definitions?
• Design
• Solving problems
• Control learning process
• Learning resources
• ...
• ...
• Let’s do activity 1.1
5 Domains
• Design
• Development
• Utilisation
• Management
• Evaluation
See Figure 1.1 pg 6.

Design
• Design refers to the process of specifying
conditions for learning.
• The design component demonstrates the
knowledge, skills, and dispositions to design
conditions for learning by applying principles
of instructional systems design, message
design, instructional strategies, and learner
characteristics.
Copyright Schematic from University of Potsdam, 2003
Development
• Development includes the actual creation of
instructional materials and experiences, along
with the resulting products.
• Development includes the knowledge, skills,
and dispositions to develop instructional
materials and experiences using (by applying
principles, theories, and research related to)
print, audiovisual, computer-based, and
integrated technologies
Utilisation
• Utilisation refers to the use of processes and
resources for learning.
• Utilisation incorporates the knowledge, skills,
and dispositions to use processes and
resources for learning by applying principles
and theories of (and research related to)
media utilization, diffusion, implementations,
and policy-making.
Management
• Management refers to processes for
controlling instructional technology.
• Includes the application of principles of
projects, resources, delivery systems, and
information management to the planning,
organising, coordination, and supervision of
instructional technology.

Evaluation
• Evaluation is the process for determining the
adequacy of instruction.
• Evaluation focuses on the application of the
principles of problem analysis, criterion-
referenced measurement, formative and
summative evaluation, and long-range
planning to the evaluation of the products and
processes of learning.
What do educational and instructional
technologist do?
• Works as ............
• Roles in .....
• Has knowledge in ......
Educational Technology Developments
in Malaysia
• Educational radio
• Educational TV programmes
– What you think of those programmes?
• Milestone ET related developments in Malaysia – Table
1.4
• 2004 - E-learning readiness
• BTP trained 20,000 teachers Figure 1.8
– Computers, notebooks & projectors were given to teachers
– How was the level of usage?
• Mid 1990 – Universities embraced technology in
instruction
Can technology enhance learning?
Think-Pair-Share: Discussion
Summary
• What are the key points learned from this
topic?

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Topic 1: A History of Educational

Definitions Type of job Developments

See Figure 1.1 pg 6.

Copyright Schematic from University of Potsdam, 2003

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