(17 - Salt Analysis 1 To 24

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Practical Chemistry
SALT-1-Aluminium Nitrate
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

I. Priliminary Tests : :
a) Colour White Cu+2, Fe+2, Ni+2 & Mn+2
Cations may be absent
b) State Crystalline
c) Flame test :
Clean the platinum wire by Colour flame is not observed Ca+2,Sr+2,Ba+2,Cu+2,
dipping in con. HCl and heat Zn+2 (or) Mn+2, Pb+2 are
it on flame upto no colour absent.
appears. Now, prepare the
paste of con.HCl + salt in
watch glass, then introduce
this paste by platinum wire
loop into the flame.
d) Action of Heat :
ns
A small quantity of salt is Reddish Brown vapours are May be Nitrate (NO–3)
o
taken a dry test tube and evolved. salt is present
ti
strogly heated
a
II. Identification of Anion :
ic
a) Action of dil.HCl :
l
A small quantity of salt is No reaction Carbonate (CO–23) &
ub
taken in a dry test tube Acetate (CH3COO–)
P
and dil.HCl is added. ions are absent.
i
b) Action of conc. H2SO4:
n
A small quantity of salt is a) Before heating no reaction. Chloride (Cl–) &
a
taken in a dry test tube Bromide (Br–) ions are absent.
n
and conc.H2SO4 is added. b) After heating Reddish Brown Nitrate (NO–3) ion may
a
vapours are evolved. be present
J
c) Action of Cu-turnings
and conc.H2SO4:
To the small quantity of salt is
taken in a test tube 1 or 2 pieces
Reddish Brwon Vapours of NO2 Nitrate (NO–3) ion is
are evolved and the solution turns present
pale blue
of Cu turning and conc. H2SO4
are added and then heated.
III. Preparation sodium carbonate extract :
To a small amount of the salt, add twice the amount of sodium carbonate, a few ml of distilled water and
boil it for five minutes. It is filtered and the filtrate is known as sodium carbonate extract.
IV. Confirmation test for Nitrate ion :
Brown – Ring test
A small quantity of Na2CO3 extract Dark Brown Ring is formed in Nitrate (NO–3)
solution is neutralized with dilute. between the junction of two layers ion is confirmed.
H2SO4 until the brisk efferverscence (Nitroso ferrous sulphate) (FeSO4.NO)
is ceased and same amount of freshly
prepared FeSO 4 solution is added, then
few drops of conc. H2SO4 is added by
keeping the test tube in an inclined
eeee
position.
17
Practical Chemistry
V. Identification of Cation :
eeee
Preparation of original salt solution : Original salt solution can be prepared by dissolving excess
amount of given salt in a suitable solvent.
VI. Test for Ammonium (NH+4) ion :
Reaction with NaOH : To the small colour less gas (NH3) with Ammonium (NH+4)
quantity of salt is taken in a dry test pungent smell is not evolved. cation is absent.
tube few drops of NaOH solution is
added and heated strongly.
VII. Group Separation Table :
a) Test for I Group Cations :
To the salt solution a few drops of No ppt. is formed. Lead (Pb+2 ) cation is
dil HCl solution is added. absent.
b) Test for II Group Cations :
To the salt solution a few drops of No ppt. is formed. Copper (Cu+2) cation
dil HCl solution is added and is absent.
H2S gas is passed.
ns
c) Test for III Group Cations:
o
To the salt solution NH4Cl White gelatinous ppt. is formed. Aluminium (Al+3)
ti
salt and NH4OH solution are
a
cation is present
c
added.
bli
d) Test for IV Group Cations:
Salt solution + NH4Cl salt + White ppt. ZnS is not formed. Zinc (Zn+2) absent
Pu
NH4OH solution + H2S gas passed Flesh colour ppt. MnS is not formed. Manganese (Mn+2) absent
i
Black ppt. NiS is not formed. Nickel (Ni+2) absent
n
e) Test for V Group Cations:
na
Salt solution + NH4Cl salt +
NH4OH solution +(NH4)2CO3
White ppt. CaCO3 is not formed.
White ppt. BaCO3 is not formed.
Calcium (Ca+2) absent
Barium (Ba+2) absent
Ja solution is added
f) Test for VI Group Cations :
White ppt. SrCO3 is not formed.
White ppt. is not formed

Strontium (Sr+2) absent
Magnesium (Mg+2)
NH4OH solution +(NH4)2CO3 + absent
Na2HPO4 solution is added
VIII. Confirmation Tests for Aluminium :
a) Actions of NaOH solution:
To the salt solution NaOH White gelatinous ppt. is formed. Aluminium (Al+3 )
solution is added. which is soluble in excess of cation is confirmed.
NaOH solution
b) Action of NH4OH solution:
To the salt solution NH4OH White gelatinous ppt. is formed. Aluminium (Al+3)
solution is added. which is soluble in excess of cation is confirmed.
NH4OH solution.
IX. Report :
The given Cation is : Aluminium (Al+3) ;
The given Anion is : Nitrate (NO–3)
The given salt is : Aluminium Nitrate [Al (NO3)3]
18 eeee
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Practical Chemistry
SALT-2-Aluminium Sulphate

a) Colour : White Cu+2, Fe+2, Ni+2 & Mn+2
Cations may be absent.
c) Flame test :
Clean the platinum wire by Colour flame is not observed Ca+2, Sr+2,Ba+2, Cu+2, Zn+2
dipping in con.HCl and (or) Mn+2, Pb+2 are absent.
heat it on flame upto no
colour appears. Now,prepare
the paste of con.HCl + salt in
s
d) Action of heat :
n
o
A small quantity of salt is Water droplets are formed on May be Hydrated salt
ati
taken in a dry test tube and
strongly heated
the inner walls of test tube
ic
l
b
u
i P
taken in a dry test tube
and dil.HCl is added
Acetate (CH3COO–) ions
are absent.
an
b) Action of conc.H2SO4 :
n
A small quntity of salt is a) Before heating no reaction Chloride (Cl–) &
a
taken in a dry test tube bromide (Br–) ions are absent.
J
and conc. H2SO4 is added b) After heating no reaction. Nitrate (NO–3)ion is absent
c) Action of Cu-turnings and
conc. H2SO4 :
To the small quantity of No reaction Nitrate (NO–3) ion is absent.
salt is a taken in test tube
1 or 2 pieces of Cu
turnings and conc. H2SO4
are added and then heated.
d) Action of BaCl2 solution :
To the salt solution BaCl2 White ppt. of (BaSO4) Sulphate (SO–24) ion is
solution is added. is formed. present
IV. Confirmation test for Sulphate ion :
Action of BaCl2 solution :
To the salt solution BaCl2 White ppt. of (BaSO4) is formed. Sulphate (SO–24) ion is
solution is added. Solubility : Above ppt. is insoluble confirmed.
eeee
in Conc. HCl
19
Practical Chemistry
eeee
VII.Group Separation Table :
s
H2S gas is passed.
n
tio
To the salt solution NH4Cl White gelatinous ppt. is formed. Aluminium (Al+3)
a
salt and NH4OH solution are cation is present
ic
added.
l
b
u
P
ni Black ppt. NiS is not formed. Nickel (Ni+2) absent
a
n
Salt solution + NH4Cl salt + White ppt. CaCO3 is not formed. Calcium (Ca+2) absent
a
NH4OH solution +(NH4)2CO3 White ppt. BaCO3 is not formed. Barium (Ba+2) absent
J solution is added

Magnesium (Mg+2)
VIII. Confirmation Tests for Aluminium :
a) Action of NaOH Solution :
To the salt solution NaOH White gelatinous ppt. is formed. Aluminium (Al+3)
solution is added Which is soluble in excess of Cation is confirmed.
NaOH Solution.
b) Action of NH4OH solution :
To the salt solution NH4OH White gelatinous ppt. is formed. Aluminium (Al+3)
solution is added. Which is soluble in excess of cation is confirmed.
NH4OH solution.
IX. Report :
The given Cation is : Aluminium (Al+3)
The given Anion is : Sulphate (SO–24)
eeee
The given salt is : Aluminium Sulphate [Al2 (SO4)3]
20
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Practical Chemistry
SALT-3-Ammonium Acetate

I. Priliminary Tests :
b) State Crystalline Cations may be absent.
c) Flame test :
Clean the platinum wire by Colour flame is not observed Ca+2, Sr+2,Ba+2,Cu+2, Zn+2
dipping in con.HCl and heat (or) Mn+2, Pb+2 are absent
it on flame upto no colour
s
n
o
d) Action of heat :
ti
A small quantity of salt is
a
Charateristics smell of vinegar May be Acetate
c
taken in a dry test tube and (CH3COO–) ion is present.
li
strongly heated.
b
Pu
i
A small quantity of salt is Colourless vapours with smell May be Acetate (CH3COO–)
n
taken in a dry test tube and of vinegar is evolved and ion is present
nadil.HCl is added. which turns blue litmus to red.
a
JTo a small amount of the salt, add twice the amount of sodium carbonate, a few ml of distilled water and
IV. Confirmation test for Acetate ion :
a) Action of Neutral FeCl3
solution :
To the small quantity of salt Deep Red filtrate is formed. Acetate (CH3COO–)
is taken in a test tube and On boiling above solution with ion is confirmed.
neutral FeCl3 solution is water is becomes brownish red ppt.
added.
b) Esterification test :
To the salt solution Fruity odour is obtained. Acetate (CH3COO – )
conc. H2SO4 and C2H5OH ion is confirmed.
are added and heated.
It poured into water
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21
Practical Chemistry eeee
Reaction with NaOH :
To the small quantity of salt is colour less gas with pungent Ammonium (NH4+)
taken in a dry test tube a few smell of ammonia (NH3) is cation may be present.
drops of NaOH solution is evolved and gives dense white
added and heated strongly. fumes (NH4Cl) with glass rod
when dipped in conc.HCl
Note: If Ammonium cation is identified then write following table. Do confirmation test of Ammonium Cation.
Group Group Reagents Name of the Precipitate Name of the Cation

(Identification Tests of cations)
a) Salt solution + dil. HCl is added White ppt. PbCl2 is not formed. Lead (Pb+2) absent
b) Salt solution + dil.HCl + H2S
gas passed Black ppt. CuS is not formed. Copper (Cu+2) absent
s
c) Salt solution + NH4Cl salt + White gelatinous ppt.Al(OH)3 is Aluminium (Al+3) absent
n
NH4OH solution is added not formed.
tio Dirty Green ppt. Fe (OH)2 is not Ferrous (Fe+2) absent
a
formed.
e)
ic
l
White ppt. ZnS is not formed. Zinc (Zn+2) absent
b
NH4OH solution + H2S gas Flesh colour ppt. MnS is not Manganese (Mn+2) absent
Pu
passed formed.
i
f)
an Salt solution + NH4Cl salt + White ppt. CaCO3 is not formed. Calcium (Ca+2) absent
n
J
g)a solution is added
NH4OH solution +(NH4)CO3+
Magnesium (Mg+2)
absent
VII. Confirmation Tests for Ammonium :

Action of Nessler’s reagent :
To the salt solution Nessler’s Reddish Brown colour ppt. is . Ammonium (NH+4)
reagent [K2HgI4] is added. formed (Iodide of Million’s base) cation is confirmed
VIII. Report :
The given Cation is :Ammonium (NH+4)
The given Anion is : Acetate (CH3COO–)
The given salt is : Ammonium Acetate [NH4(CH3COO)]
22 eeee
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Practical Chemistry
SALT-4-Ammonium Bromide

b) State : Crystalline Cations may be absent.
c) Flame test :
dipping in con.HCl and heat (or) Mn+2, Pb+2 are absent
s
on
d) Action of heat :
i
t
A small quantity of salt is Colourless gas with ammonia May be Ammonium
a
taken in a dry test tube and smell is evolved sublimate (NH+4) salt is present.
ic
strongly heated
l
is formed
b
u
i P
A small quantity of salt No reaction Carbonate (CO3–2) &
n
is taken in a dry test tube Acetate (CH3COO–)
a
and dil.HCl is added. ions are absent.
n
b) Action of Conc. H2SO4:
Ja A small quantity of salt is

Conc. H2SO4 is added.
Reddish Brown vapours with Bromide (Br–) ion
pungent smell are evolved.
Which turns starch to Yellow.
may be confirmed.

IV. Confirmation test for Bromide ion :
a) Action of MnO2 &
Conc. H2SO4 :
To the small quantity of salt is Reddish Brown vapour (Br2) Bromide (Br–) ion is
taken in a test tube pinch of with pungent smell are evolved. confirmed.
MnO2 and conc. H2SO4are Which turns starch to yellow.
added.
b) Action of AgNO3 Solution :
To the salt solution AgNO3 Pale yellow ppt. of (AgBr) is Bromide (Br–) ion
solution is added is formed. confirmed
Solubility : Above ppt. is
partially soluble in NH4OH
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solution
23
To the small quantity of salt is colour less gas with pungent Ammonium (NH4+)
taken in a dry test tube a few smell of ammonia (NH3) is cation may be present.
Note: If Ammonium cation is identified then write following table. Do confirmation test of Ammonium Cation.

a) White ppt. PbCl2 is not formed. Lead (Pb+2) absent
s
Salt solution + dil. HCl is added
n
io
gas passed
t
Black ppt. CuS is not formed. Copper (Cu+2) absent
a
ic
NH4OH solution is added
l
not formed.
b
Dirty Green ppt. Fe (OH)2 is not Ferrous (Fe+2) absent
u
formed.
e)
i PSalt solution + NH4Cl salt + White ppt. ZnS is not formed. Zinc (Zn+2) absent
n
na passed formed.
a
J
f) Salt solution + NH4Cl salt +
solution is added
White ppt. CaCO3 is not formed. Calcium (Ca+2) absent
White ppt. BaCO3 is not formed. Barium (Ba+2) absent
White ppt. SrCO3 is not formed. Strontium (Sr+2) absent
g) Salt solution + NH4Cl salt + White ppt. is not formed Magnesium (Mg+2)
NH4OH solution +(NH4)CO3+ absent

To the salt solution Nessler’s Reddish Brown colour ppt. is . Ammonium (NH+4)
VIII. Report :
The given Cation is :Ammonium (NH+4)
The given Anion is : Bromide (Br–)
The given salt is : Ammonium Bromide [NH4Br]
24 eeee
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Practical Chemistry
SALT-5-Ammonium Carbonate

Cations may be absent.
b) State : Crystalline
c) Flame test :
Clean the platinum wire by Colour flame is Ca+2, Sr+2, Ba+2, Cu+2,
dipping in con.HCl and heat not observed Zn+2 (or) Mn+2, Pb+2 are
it on flame upto no colour absent
s
n
d) Action of heat :
o
A small quantity of salt is Colourless gas with May be Ammonium
ati
strongly heated.
ammonia smell is evolved. (NH+4) salt is present.
lic
b
u
P
A small quantity of salt is Colour and smell less gas Carbonate (CO–23) ion
i
taken in a dry test tube and (CO2) evolved with brisk may be present
n
dil.HCl is added. effervescence. The gas puts
a
off a burning splinter. It turns
an Lime water into milky.
J
To a small amount of the salt, add twice the amount of sodium carbonate, a few ml of distilled water
and boil it for five minutes. It is filtered and the filtrate is known as sodium carbonate extract.
IV. Confirmation test for Carbonate ion :
A small quantity of salt solution White ppt. (BaCO3) is formed. Carbonate (CO–23) ion
is taken in a dry test tube and Solubility : Above ppt. is soluble is confirmed.
BaCl2 solution is added dil.HCl
V. Identification of Cation
eeee 25
To the small quantity of salt is Colour less gas with pungent Ammonium (NH+4) cation
taken in a dry test tube a few smell of ammonia (NH3) is may be present
Note : If Ammonium cation is identified then write following table. Do confirmation test of Ammonium cation
ns
tio Dirty Green ppt. Fe (OH)2 is not Ferrous (Fe+2) absent
a
formed.
e)
ic
l
White ppt. ZnS is not formed. Zinc (Zn+2) absent
b
Pu
passed formed.
i
f)
an Salt solution + NH4Cl salt + White ppt. CaCO3 is not formed. Calcium (Ca+2) absent
n
a
solution is added White ppt. SrCO3 is not formed. Strontium (Sr+2) absent
J
g) Salt solution + NH4Cl salt +
NH4OH solution +(NH4)CO3+
White ppt. is not formed Magnesium (Mg+2)
absent

To the salt solution Nessler’s Reddish Brown colour ppt. is Ammonium (NH+4)
agent [K2HgI4] is added. formed (Iodide of Million’s base) cation is confirmed
VIII. Report :
The given Cation is : Ammonium (NH+4)
The given Anion is : Carbonate (CO–23)
The given salt is : Ammonium Carbonate [ (NH4)2CO3]
26 eeee
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Practical Chemistry
SALT-6-Ammonium Chloride

c) Flame test :
dipping in con. HCl and heat it (or) Mn+2, Pb+2 are absent
on flame upto no colour appears.
Now, prepare the paste of
con.HCl + salt in watch glass,
then introduce this paste by
platinum wire loop into the flame.
s
d) Action of heat :
ion
A small quantity of salt is taken Colourless gas with ammonia May be Ammonium
t
in a dry test tube and strongly smell is evolved and white (NH+4) salt is present.
a
heated. sublimate is formed.
lic
ub
P
ni
taken in a dry test tube and Acetate (CH3COO–)
a
dil.HCl is added. ions are absent
n
a
A small quntity of salt is Colour less gas (HCl) with Chloride (Cl–) ion
J taken in a dry test tube and

conc.H2SO4 are added.
pungent small is evolved and may be present
gives dense white fumes
(NH4Cl) with glass rod
when dipped in NH4OH
IV. Confirmation test for Carbonate ion :
a) Action of MnO2 & Conc.H2SO4:
To the small quantity of salt Greenish yellow colour Chloride (Cl–) ion is
is taken in a test tube pinch of vapours (Cl2) with pungent smell confirmed.
MnO2 and Conc.H2SO4 are evolved.
are added.
b)Action of AgNO3 solution :
To the salt solution AgNO3 White curdy ppt. of (AgCl) is Chloride (Cl–) ion
solution is added. formed. is confirmed.
Solubility: Above ppt. is
eeee
completely soluble in NH4OH
27
Note : If Ammonium cation is identified then write following table. Do confirmation test of Ammonium cation

s
n
io
gas passed
t
Black ppt. CuS is not formed. Copper (Cu+2) absent
a
ic
NH4OH solution is added
l
not formed.
b
u
formed.
e)
i PSalt solution + NH4Cl salt + White ppt. ZnS is not formed. Zinc (Zn+2) absent
n
na passed formed.
a
J
f) Salt solution + NH4Cl salt +
White ppt. CaCO3 is not formed. Calcium (Ca+2) absent
White ppt. BaCO3 is not formed. Barium (Ba+2) absent
To the salt solution Nessler’s Reddish Brown colour ppt. is. Ammonium (NH+4)
VIII. Report :
The given Anion is : Chloride (Cl–)
The given salt is : Ammonium Chloride [NH4Cl]
28 eeee
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Practical Chemistry
SALT-7-Ammonium Sulphate

c) Flame test :
Clean the platinum wire by Colour flame is not observed Ca+2, Sr+2, Ba+2, Cu+2, Zn+2
dipping in con. HCl and heat it (or) Mn+2, Pb+2 are absent
s
n
o
d) Action of heat :
ti
A small quantity of salt is taken
a
Colourless gas with ammonia May be Ammonium
c
in a dry test tube and strongly smell is evolved (NH+4) salt is present.
heated.
bli
u
P
i
n
A small quantity of salt No reaction Carbonate (CO–23) &
a
is taken in a dry test tube and Acetate (CH3COO–)
n
dil.HCl is added. ions are absent
Ja
A small quntity of salt is taken
in a dry test tube and
a) Before heating no reaction. Chloride (Cl–) &Bromide
b) After heating no reaction. (Br–) ion are absent
Conc. H2SO4 is added Nitrate (NO–3) ion is absent.
c) Action of Cu turnings and
Conc. H2SO4:
To the small quantity of salt No reaction Nitrate (NO–3) ion is absent.
is taken in a test tube 1 or 2
pieces of Cu turnings and
Conc.H2SO4 are added and
then heated.
d) Action of BaCl2 solution:
To the salt solution BaCl2 White ppt. of (BaSO4) is Sulphate (SO-24) ion is
solution is added. formed. present.

eeee 29
Practical Chemistry
eeee
Action of BaCl2 Solution:
solution is added. Solubility : Above ppt. is insoluble confirmed.
in Conc. HCl
s
n
Note : If Ammonium cation is dentified then write following table. Do confirmation test of Ammonium cation
Group
tio
Group Reagents Name of the Precipitate Name of the Cation
a
a)
lic
Salt solution + dil. HCl is added White ppt. PbCl2 is not formed. Lead (Pb+2) absent
b
u
c)
i PSalt solution + NH4Cl salt + White gelatinous ppt.Al(OH)3 is Aluminium (Al+3) absent
n
a
n
formed.
J
e)
a Salt solution + NH4Cl salt +
NH4OH solution + H2S gas
passed
White ppt. ZnS is not formed.
Flesh colour ppt. MnS is not
formed.
Zinc (Zn+2) absent
Manganese (Mn+2) absent

f) Salt solution + NH4Cl salt + White ppt. CaCO3 is not formed. Calcium (Ca+2) absent
To the salt solution Nessler’s Reddish Brown colour ppt. is. Ammonium (NH+4)
VIII. Report :
The given Anion is : Sulphate (SO4–2)
The given salt is : Ammonium Sulphate [(NH4)2SO4]
30 eeee
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Practical Chemistry
SALT-8-Barium Acetate

c) Flame test :
Clean the platinum wire by Grassy - green colour flame Ba+2 May be present
dipping in con.HCl and heat it is observed
s
i n
d) Action of heat :
o
A small quantity of salt is taken in Charateristic smell of vinegar May be acetate
at
a dry test tube and strongly (CH3COO–) ion is present
heated.
lic
b
u
P
i
A small quantity of salt is Colourless vapours with May be Acetate
n
taken in a dry test tube and smell of vinegar is evolved (CH3COO–)
nadil.HCl is added. and which turns blue litmus ions are present
a
to red
J
IV. Confirmation test for Acetate ion :
a) Action of Neutral FeCl3 solution :
To the small quantity of salt Deep Red filtrate is formed. Acetate (CH3COO–) ion is
is taken in a test tube and On boiling above solution with confirmed.
neutral FeCl3 solution is water it becomes brownish
added red ppt
b) Esterification test :
To the salt solution Fruity odour is obtained. Acetate (CH3COO–) ion is
Conc. H2SO4 and C2H5OH confirmed.
are added and heated.
It is poured into water
eeee 31
To the small quantity of slat is colour less gas (NH3) with pungent Ammonium (NH+4)
taken in a dry test tube a few smell is not evolved. cation is absent.
drops of NaOH solution is
added and strongly heated
s
n
H2S gas is passed.
io
t
a
To the salt solution NH4Cl No ppt. is formed. Aluminium (Al+3)
c
salt and NH4OH solution are cation absent
added.
bli
Pu
i
n
a
e) Test for V Group Cations :
n Salt solution + NH4Cl salt + White ppt. is formed Calcium (Ca+2)
Ja NH4OH solution +(NH4)2CO3

solution is added
Barium (Ba+2)
Strontium (Sr+2)
cations are present
Salt solution + NH4Cl salt + White ppt. is not formed Magnesium (Mg+2)
VIII. Confirmation Tests for Barium :
a) Action of K2CrO4 solution :
To the salt solution potassium Yellow colour ppt. (BaCrO4) is Barium (Ba+2) cation
chromate solution (K2CrO4) is formed which is soluble in may be present.
added. dil.Acetic acid and soluble in
dil HCl
b) Action of Ammonium oxalate
soution:
To the salt solution Ammonium White colour ppt. (BaC2O4) Barium (Ba+2) cation
oxalate solution is added. is formed. Above ppt. is soluble is confirmed.
in hot Acetic acid.
VIII. Report :
The given Cation is : Barium (Ba+2) ; The given Anion is : Acetate (CH3COO–)
eeee
The given salt is : Barium Acetate [Ba(CH3COO)2]
32
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Practical Chemistry
SALT-9-Barium Bromide
c) Flame test :
Clean the platinum wire by Grassy-green colour flame Ba+2 May be present
dipping in con.HCl and heat is observed
appears. Now, prepare the paste
of con.HCl + salt in watch glass,
s
d) Action of heat :
ion
in a dry test tube and strongly
Water droplets are formed on the
inner wall of test tube.
May be Hydrated salt.
heated.
at
ic
l
b
Pu
A small quntity of Salt is taken No reaction Carbonate (CO–23) &
i
in a dry test tube and dil. HCl Acetate (CH3COO–)
n
is added. ions are absent.
a
n
A small quantity of salt is taken Raddish brown vapours Bromide (Br–) ion
Ja in a dry test tube and

conc. H2SO4 is added
with pungent smell are
evolved . Which turns starch
to yellow
may be present

IV. Confirmation test for Bromide ion :
a) Action of MnO2& Conc. H2SO4:
To the small quantity of salt is Reddish Brown vapour (Br2) with Bromide (Br–) ion
taken in a test tube pinch of MnO2 pungent smell are evolved. Which is confirmed.
and Conc. H2SO4 are added. turns starch to yellow.
b) Action of AgNO3 solution :
To the salt solution AgNO3 Pale yellow ppt. of (AgBr) is formed. Bromide (Br–) ion
solution is added. Solubility : Above ppt. is partially is confirmed.
soluble in NH4OH solution
eeeeamount of given salt in a suitable solvent.

33
drops of NaOH
H2S gas is passed.
s
added.
ion
at
c
NH4OH solution + H2S gas passed
i
Flesh colour ppt. MnS is not formed. Manganese (Mn+2) absent
l
b
u
P
Salt solution + NH4Cl salt + White ppt. is formed Calcium (Ca+2)
i
NH4OH solution +(NH4)2CO3 Barium (Ba+2)
n
solution is added Strontium (Sr+2)
a
cations are present
n
Ja Salt solution + NH4Cl salt +

NH4OH solution +(NH4)2CO3 +
absent

To the salt solution potassium Yellow colour ppt. (BaCrO4) is Barium (Ba+2)
chromate solution (K2CrO4) is formed which is soluble in cation is confirmed.
added dil. Acetic acid and soluble
in dil HCl
soution:
To the salt solution Ammonium White colour ppt. (BaC2O4) is Barium (Ba+2) cation
oxalate solution is added. formed. Above ppt. is soluble is confirmed.
in hot Acetic acid.
IX. Report :
The given Cation is : Barium (Ba+2)
The given Anion is : Bromide (Br–)
The given salt is : Barium Bromide [BaBr2]
34 eeee
eeee
. .
Practical Chemistry
SALT-10-Barium Chlorides

c) Flame test :
Clean the platinum wire by Grassy-green colour flame is Ba+2 May be present
dipping in con. HCl and heat observed.
s
n
o
d) Action of heat :
ati
in a dry test tube and strongly
Water droplets are formed on the
inner wall of test tube.
heated.
lic
b
Pu
i
A small quntity of Salt is taken No reaction Carbonate (CO–23) &
n
in a dry test tube and dil. HCl Acetate (CH3COO–)
nais added.
ions are absent.
Ja A small quantity of salt is

Conc.H2SO4 is added
Colour less gas (HCl) with
pungent smell is evolved and
gives dense white fumes
Chloride (Cl–) ion
may be present
(NH4Cl) with glass rod

when dipped in NH4OH.

IV. Confirmation test for Chloride ion :
a) Action of MnO2 & Conc. H2SO4 :
To the small quantity of salt is Greenish Yellow colour vapour (Cl2) Chloride (Cl–) ion
taken in a test tube pinch of MnO2 with pungent smell are evolved. is confirmed.
and Conc.H2SO4 are added.
To The salt soluton AgNO3 White curdy ppt. of (AgCl) is formed. Chloride (Cl–) ion
solution is added. Solubility: Above ppt is completely is confirmed.
soluble in NH4OH
eeee 35
Practical Chemistry
eeee
s
ion
H2S gas is passed.
at
c
added.
bli
Pu
i
n
a
n Salt solution + NH4Cl salt + White ppt. is formed Calcium (Ca+2)
Ja NH4OH solution +(NH4)2CO3

solution is added
Barium (Ba+2)
Strontium (Sr+2)
cations are present
chromate solution (K2CrO4) is formed which is soluble in cation is confirmed.
added dil. Acetic acid and soluble
in dil HCl
soution:
in hot Acetic acid.
IX. Report :
The given Cation is : Barium (Ba+2) ; The given Anion is : Chloride (Cl–)
eeee
The given salt is : Barium Chloride [BaCl2]
36
eeee
. .
Practical Chemistry
SALT-11-Barium Nitrate

c) Flame test :
Clean the platinum wire by Grassy-green colour flame is Ba+2 May be present
dipping in con. HCl and observed.
heat it on flame upto no colour
appears. Now, prepare the paste
of con.HCl + salt in watch glass,
d) Action of heat :
s
A small quantity of salt is taken Reddish Brown vapours are May be Nitrate (NO3–)
heated.
ion
in a dry test tube and strongly evolved salt is present
at
ic
l
b
A small quntity of Salt is No reaction Carbonate (CO–23) &
u
P
dil. HCl is added. ions are absent
i
n
A small quantity of salt is a) Before heating no reaction Chloride (Cl–) & Bromide
a
taken in a dry in a dry test tube b) After heating Reddish (Br–) ions are absent
n
and conc.H2SO4 Brown vapours are evolved. Nitrate (NO–3) ion may be
a
present.
Jc) Action of Cu-turnings and

conc.H2SO4 :
To the small quantity of salt
Reddish Brown vapour of NO2
are evolved and the solution
Nitrate (NO–3) ion present
pieces of Cu turning and turns pale blue.

hen heated.
a) Brown – Ring test :
A small quantity of salt Dark Brown Ring is formed Nitrate (NO–3) ion is
solution is taken in a test tube in between the junction of confirmed.
and same amount of freshly two layers. (Nitroso ferrous
prepared FeSO4 solution is sulphate) (FeSO4.NO)
added, then few drops of
conc.H2SO4 is added by
keeping the test tube in an
eeee
inclined position.
37
Practical Chemistry
eeee
s
n
H2S gas is passed.
io
at
c
added.
bli
Pu
i
n
a
n
a
J solution is added

Strontium (Sr+2)
cations are present
chromate solution (K2CrO4)is formed which is soluble in cation is confirmed.
added. dil. Acetic acid and soluble
in dil HCl
soution:
in hot Acetic acid.
IX. Report :
The given Cation is : Barium (Ba+2) ; The given Anion is : Nitrate (NO3–)
eeee
The given salt is : Barium Nitrate [Ba(NO3)2]
38
eeee
. .
Practical Chemistry
SALT-12-Calcium Chloride

c) Flame test :
Clean the platinum wire Brick red colour flame is Ca+2 May be present
by dipping in con.HCl observed
and heat it on flame upto no
colour appears. Now, prepare
the paste of con.HCl + salt in
watch glass, then introduce this
paste by platinum wire loop
s
into the flame.
n
d) Action of heat :
tio
Water droplets are formed
on the inner walls of test tube.
ca
strongly heated.
i
bl
u
a) Action of dil HCl :
i P
n
taken in a dry test tube and Acetate (CH3COO–) ions
a
dil.HCl is added. are absent.
n
b) Action of conc. H2SO4:
JaA small quantity of salt is

conc. H2SO4 is added.
Colour less gas (HCl) with
pungent smell is evolved and
gives dense white fumes (NH4Cl)
Chloride (Cl–) ion may be
present.
with glass rod when dipped in

NH4OH.
IV. Confirmation test for Chlorides ion :
To the small quantity of salt is Greenish yellow colour vapour (Cl2) Chloride (Cl–) ion
taken in a test tube pinch of MnO2 with pungent smell are evolved. is confirmed.
and conc.H2SO4 are added.
To the salt solution AgNO3 White curdy ppt. of (AgCl) is Chloride (Cl–) ion
solution is added formed confirmed.
eeee
39
Practical Chemistry
eeee
VI. Test for Ammonium (NH4+) ion :
To the small quantity of salt is colourless gas (NH3) with Ammonium (NH4+)
taken in a dry test tube a few drops pungent smell is not evolved. cation is absent
of NaOH solution is added and
strongly heated.
s
n
H2S gas is passed.
tio
ca
i
cation absent
l
added.
b
u
P
i
n
Black ppt. Nis is not formed. Nickel (Ni+2) absent
a
an Salt solution + NH4Cl salt + White ppt. is formed Calcium (Ca+2)
J
solution is added Strontium (Sr+2)
cations are present
VIII. Confirmation Tests for Calcium :
To the salt solution potassium Yellow colour ppt. (CaCrO4) is Calcium (Ca+2)
chromate solution (K2CrO4) is not formed. cation is confirmed.
added (Yellow colour solution is formed.)
soution:
To the salt solution Ammonium White colour ppt. (CaC2O4) is Calcium (Ca+2) cation
is oxalate solution is added. formed. Above ppt. is insoluble confirmed.
in hot Acetic acid.
IX. Report :
The given Cation is : Calcium (Ca+2) ; The given Anion is : Chloride (Cl–)
eeee
The given salt is : Calcium Chloride [CaCl2]
40
eeee
. .
Practical Chemistry
SALT-13-Calcium Nitrate

c) Flame test :
Clean the platinum wire by Brick red colour flame is Ca+2 May be present
ipping in con.HCl and heat observed.
paste of conc.HCl + salt in
s
d) Action of heat :
n
A small quantity of salt is Reddish Brown vapours are May be Nitrate (NO–3)
o
taken in a dry test tube and evolved. salt is present.
ti
strongly heated.
a
c
bli
a) Action of dil. HCl :
u
P
i
n
A small quantity of salt is a) Before heating no reaction Chloride (Cl–) & Bromide
na
and conc.H2SO4 is added
b) After heating Reddish Brown
vapours are evolved.
(Br–) ions are absent
Nitrate (NO–3) ion may be
Ja
conc.H2SO4 :
present.
Reddish Brown vapours of NO2 are Nitrate (NO–3) ion is

is taken in a test tube 1 or 2 evolved and the solution turns pale present
pieces of Cu turnings and blue
Conc. H2SO4 are added and
then heated.
eeee
inclined position.
41
Practical Chemistry
eeee
To the small quantity of slat is colour less gas (NH3) with Ammonium (NH+4)
taken in a dry test tube a few pungent smell is not evolved. cation is absent.
ns
H2S gas is passed.
o
ati
To the salt solution NH4Cl
No ppt. is formed. Aluminium (Al+3)
cation absent
added.
lic
b
u
i P
n
a
n
a
J solution is added

Strontium (Sr+2)
cations are present
NH4OH solution +(NH4)2CO3 + cation is absent
VIII. Confirmation Tests for Calcium :
To the salt solution potassium Yellow colour ppt. (CaCrO4) is Calcium (Ca+2) cation
chromate solution (K2CrO4) not formed. is confirmed.
is added (Yellow colour solution
is formed)
solution :
To the salt solution Ammonium White colour ppt. (CaC2O4) is Calcium (Ca+2) cation
oxalate solution is added formed. Above ppt. is insoluble confirmed.
in hot Acetic acid.
IX. Report :
The given Cation is : Calcium (Ca+2) ; The given Anion is : Nitrate (NO–3)
eeee
The given salt is : Calcium Nitrate [Ca (NO3)2]
42
eeee
. .
Practical Chemistry
SALT-14-Copper Nitrate

a) Colour Blue May be Cu+2 cation is
present
c) Flame test :
Clean the platinum wire Bright bluish-green colour Cu+2 May be present
by dipping in con. HCl flame is observed.
and heat it on flame upto
no colour appears. Now,
prepare the paste of
con.HCl + salt in watch
glass, then introduce this
into the flame.
s
d) Action of heat :
n
o
small quantity of salt is Reddish Brown vapours are May be Nitrate (NO–3)
ati
and strongly heated.
evolved. salt is present.
ic
l
b
u
P
ni
dil.HCl is added.
are absent.
na
is taken in a test tube and
a) Before heating no Reaction. Chloride (Cl–) & Bromide
(Br–) ions are absent
Jaconc.H2SO4 is added.

b) After heating Reddish Brown
vapours are evolved
Nitrate (NO–3) ion
may be present
Conc.H2SO4:
To the small quantity of salt Reddish Brown vapours of NO2 are Nitrate (NO–3) ion is
is taken in a test tube 1 or 2 evolved and the solution turns pale present
pieces of Cu-turnings and blue.
conc.H2SO4 are added and
then heated.
prepared FeSO4 solution is added, sulphate) (FeSO4.NO)
then few drops of conc.H2SO4 is
added by keeping the test tube in an
eeee
inclined position.
43
To the salt solution a few drops of Blue ppt. is formed. Copper (Cu+2) cation
s
dil HCl solution is added and is present.
n
H2S gas is passed.
o
ati
c
salt and NH4OH solution are cation is absent.
li
added.
b
u
i P
n
a
n
Salt solution + NH4Cl salt + White ppt. CaCO3 is not formed. Calcium (Ca+2)absent
a
J solution is added

Magnesium (Mg+2)
VIII. Confirmation Tests for Copper :
a) Action of NaOH solution :
To the salt solution NaOH Blue colour ppt. is formed. Copper (Cu+2) cation is
solution is added [Cu(OH)2] confirmed.
b) Action of K4[Fe(CN)6] solution :
To the salt solution Potassium Chocolate colour ppt. is formed. Copper (Cu+2) cation
ferrocyanide (K4[Fe(CN)6]) Cu2[Fe(CN)6] is confirmed.
solution is added. Which is soluble in dil.HCl.
IX. Report :
The given Cation is : Copper (Cu+2)
The given Anion is : Nitrate (NO–3)
The given salt is : Copper Nitrate [Cu (NO3)2]
44 eeee
eeee
. .
Practical Chemistry
SALT-15 - Copper Sulphate

a) Colour Blue May be Cu+2 cation is
present
c) Flame test :
Clean the platinum wire Bright bluish-green colour Cu+2 may be present
by dipping in con. HCl flame is observed.
paste by platinum wire
s
n
d) Action of heat :
tio
Water droplets are formed on
the inner walls of test tube.
ca
strongly heated.
i
l
b
u
i P
aken in a dry test tube and
No reaction Carbonate (CO–23) &
Acetate (CH3COO–) ions
an
n
JaA small quantity of salt is

Conc.H2SO4 is added.
a) Before heating no Reaction.
b) After heating no reaction

Chloride (Cl–)& Brominde
(Br–) ions are bsent.
Nitrate (NO–3) ion is absent
c) Action of Cu-turning and
Conc.H2SO4:
To the small quantity of salt No reaction Nitrate (NO–3) ion is absent
pieces of Cu turning and
then heated.
solution is added. present.
eeee 45
Practical Chemistry
eeee
solution is added. Solubility: Above ppt. is insoluble confirmed.
in conc.HCl.
s
n
io
t
ca
To the salt solution a few drops of Blue ppt. is formed.
i
Copper (Cu+2) cation
l
dil HCl solution is added and is present.
b
H2S gas is passed.
u
i P
To the salt solution NH4Cl salt
and NH4OH solution are added.
n
cation is absent.
a
n
a
J
Black ppt. Nis is not formed.

Nickel (Ni+2) absent

VIII. Confirmation Tests for Copper :
To the salt solution NaOH Blue colour ppt. is formed. Copper (Cu+2) cation is
solution is added [Cu(OH)2] confirmed.
b) Action of K4[Fe(CN)6] solution :
To the salt solution Potassium Chocolate colour ppt. is formed. Copper (Cu+2) cation
ferrocyanide (K4[Fe(CN)6]) Cu2[Fe(CN)6] is confirmed.
solution is added. Which is soluble in dil.HCl.
IX. Report :
The given Cation is : Copper (Cu+2) ; The given Anion is : Sulphate (SO–24)
eeee
The given salt is : Copper Sulphate [CuSO4]
46
eeee
. .
Practical Chemistry
SALT-16 - Ferrous Sulphate

a) Colour : Pale Green May be Fe+2 cation is present
b) State : Crystal line
c) Flame test :
Clean the platinum wire by Colour flame is not observed Ca+2,Sr+2,Ba+2,Cu+2,Zn+2
dipping in con. HCl and heat (or) Mn+2, pb+2 are absent.
s
d) Action of heat :
n
A small quantity of salt is taken Water droplets are formed on May be Hydrated salt.
o
in a dry test tube and strongly the inner walls of test tube.
heated.
ati
c
bli
Pu
i
n
a
A small quantity of salt is a) Before heating no Reaction. Chloride (Cl–) &
n
taken in a dry test tube and Brominde (Br–)
a
Conc.H2SO4 is added. b) After heating no reaction ions are bsent.
J
c) Action of Cu-turning and
Conc.H2SO4:
Nitrate (NO–3) ion is absent
To the small quantity of No reaction Nitrate (NO–3) ion is absent

salt is taken in a test tube
1 or 2 pieces of Cu turning
and conc.H2SO4 are added
and then heated.
eeee in conc.HCl.
47
s
H2S gas is passed.
n
o
ati
Dirty green ppt. is formed. Ferrous (Fe+2)
cation is present
ic
added.
l
ub
P
i
n
a
n
a
J
absent
VIII. Confirmation Tests for Ferrous :

a) Action of NH4OH solution :
To the salt solution NH4OH Dirty Green ppt. [Fe(OH)2] is Ferrous (Fe+2) cation is
solution is added. formed. confirmed.
b)Action of K4[Fe(CN)6]
solution :
To the salt solution Potassium Deep Blue ppt. is formed. Ferrous (Fe+2) cation
ferrocyanide (K4[Fe(CN)6]) is confirmed.
solution is added.
IX. Report :
The given Cation is : Ferrous (Fe+2)
The given salt is : Ferrous sulphate [FeSO4]
48 eeee
eeee
. .
Practical Chemistry
SALT-17 - Lead Nitrate

c) Flame test :
Clean the platinum wire Dull blusish-white colour flame Pb+2 maybe present
by dipping in con. HCl is observed
s
n
into the flame.
io
d) Action of heat :
t
A small quantity of salt is Cracking sound is observed. May be Lead Salt
ca
i
is present.
l
strongly heated.
b
u
P
i
A small quantity of salt is No reaction. Carbonate (CO–23) &
an
dil.HCl is added.
Acetate (CH3COO–)
ions are absent.
n
b) Action of Conc.H2SO4:
a
J
A small quantity of salt is a) Before heating no reaction. Chloride (Cl–) & Bromide
taken in a dry test tube and (Br–)ions are absent.
conc.H2SO4 is added. b) After heating reddish Brown Nitrate(NO3–) ion
vapours are evolved. may be present
Action of Cu-turning and
Conc.H2SO4:
To the small quantity of Reddish Brown vapours of Nitrate (NO–3) ion is
salt is taken in a test tube NO2 are evolved and the solution present.
1 or 2 pieces of Cu turnings turns pale blue
and then heated.
eeee 49
Practical Chemistry
eeee
A small quantity of salt solution Dark Brown Ring is formed in Nitrate (NO–3) ion is
is taken in a test tube and same between the junction of two layers. confirmed.
amount of freshly prepared FeSO4 (Nitroso ferrous sulphate)
solution is added, then few drops (FeSO4.NO)
of conc. H2SO 4 is added by
inclined position.
Preparation of original salt solution : Original salt solution can be prepared by dissolving excess amount of
given salt in a suitable solvent.
s
n
o
To the salt solution a few drops of White ppt. is formed. Lead (Pb+2 ) cation is
i
dil HCl solution is added. present.
t
a
c
To the salt solution a few drops of No ppt. is formed. Copper (Cu+2) cationdil
i
HCl solution is added and is absent.
bl
H2S gas is passed.
u
P
i
added.
n
a
an
absent
Flesh colour ppt. MnS is not formed. Manganese (Mn+2)
J
Black ppt. Nis is not formed.

Nickel (Ni+2) absent

VIII. Confirmation Tests for Lead :
To the salt solution Potassium Yellow colour ppt. (PbCrO4) is Lead (Pb+2) cation
chromate solution (K2CrO4) formed. Which dissolves in is confirmed.
is added. NaOH solution
b) Action KI solution:
To the salt solution Potassium A Yellow colour ppt. is formed Lead (Pb+2) cation is
iodided (KI) solution is added. which is disolved in hot water confirmed.
and cooled. Golden yellow
spangles are formed.
IX. Report :
The given Cation is : Lead (Pb+2) ; The given Anion is : Nitrate (NO–3)
eeee
The given salt is : Lead Nitrate [Pb(NO3)2]
50
eeee
. .
Practical Chemistry
SALT-18 - Magnesium Chloride

c) Flame test :
Clean the platinum wire Colour flame is not observed Ca+2, Sr+2, Ba+2, Cu+2, Zn+2
by dipping in con. HCl (or) Mn+2, Pb+2 are absent.
s
n
io
d)Action of heat :
t
A small quantity of salt is Water droplete are formed on the May be Hydrated salt
ca
i
inner walls of test tube.
l
strongly heated.
b
u
P
i
n
a
dil. HCl is added. ions are absent.
n
a
A small quantity of salt is Colour less gas (HCl). with Chloride (Cl–) ion
J
taken in a dry test tube and pungent smell is evolved and may be present.
conc.H2SO4 is added. gives dense white fumes (NH4Cl)
NH4OH
1. Action of MnO2 &
conc. H2SO4:
To the small quantity of salt is Greenish yellow colour vapour (Cl2) Chloride (Cl–) ion is
taken in a test tube pinch of with pungent smell are evolved. confirmed.
MnO2 and conc.H2SO4
are added.
2. Action of AgNO3 solution :
To the salt solution AgNO3 White curd ppt. of (AgCl) is formed. Chloride (Cl–) ion is
solution is added. Solubility : Above ppt. is completely confirmed.
soluble in NH4OH
eeee 51
Practical Chemistry
eeee
ns
o
H2S gas is passed.
ati
lic
salt and NH4OH solution are cation is absent
b
added.
u
P
i
n
a
n
a
J
Salt solution + NH4Cl salt + White ppt. is formed Magnesium (Mg+2)
NH4OH solution +(NH4)2CO3 + cation is present
VIII. Confirmation Tests for Magnesium :

a) Action of NaOH solution:
To the salt solution NaOH white ppt. is formed. Magnesium (Mg+2) cation is
solution is added Which is insoluble in excess confirmed.
of NaOH.
b) To the salt solution Na2CO3 White ppt. is formed. Magnesium (Mg+2) cation is
solution is added confirmed.
IX. Report :
The given Cation is : Magnesium (Mg+2)
eeee
The given salt is : Magnesium Chloride [MgCl2]
52
eeee
. .
Practical Chemistry
SALT-19 - Magnesium Sulphate

c) Flame test :
s
n
o
ti
d)Action of heat :
a
A small quantity of salt is Water droplets are formed on the May be Hydrated salt
ic
taken in a dry test tube and inner walls of test tube.
l
strongly heated.
b
u
P
ni
No reaction. Carbonate (CO–23) &
Acetate (CH3COO–)
nadil. HCl is added. ions are absent.
a
J A small quantity of salt is

conc.H2SO4 is added.
a) Before heating no reaction.
b) After heating no reaction
Chloride (Cl) & bromide
(Br–) Nitrate (NO–3) ion is
absent.
Conc. H2SO4:
1 or 2 pieces of Cu turnings
and then heated.
To the salt solution BaCl2 White ppt. (BaSO4) is formed. Sulphate (SO–24) ion is

eeee 53
Practical Chemistry

eeee
in conc.HCl.
s
i n
o
at
ic
H2S gas is passed.
l
b
u
P
salt and NH4OH solution are cation is absent
i
added.
n
a
anNH4OH solution + H2S gas passed Flesh colour ppt. MnS is not formed. Manganese (Mn+2) absent
J
Salt solution + NH4Cl salt + White ppt. is formed Magnesium (Mg+2)
NH4OH solution +(NH4)2CO3 + cation is present
To the salt solution NaOH white ppt. is formed. Magnesium (Mg+2)
solution is added Which is insoluble in excess cation is confirmed.
of NaOH.
b) To the salt solution Na2CO3 White ppt. is formed. Magnesium (Mg+2)
solution is added cation is confirmed.
IX. Report :
The given Cation is : Magnesium (Mg+2)
54
The given salt is : Magnesium Sulphate [MgSO4]
eeee
eeee
. .
Practical Chemistry
SALT-20 - Manganese Chloride

a) Colour Pale pink Mn+2 cation may be present
c) Flame test :
Clean the platinum wire Colour flame is not observed Zn+2 (or) Mn+2, may be
by dipping in con. HCl present
s
n
d)Action of heat :
o
ati
strongly heated.
inner walls of test tube.
lic
b
Pu
i
n
dil. HCl is added. ions are absent.
a
ions are absent.
n
a
J
A small quantity of salt is Colour less gas (HCl) with Chloride (Cl–) ion
taken in a dry test tube pungent smell is evolved may be present.
and conc.H2SO4 is added. and gives dense white fumes
(NH4Cl) with glass rod when
dipped in NH4OH

a)Action of MnO2 & Conc.H2SO4:
To the small quantity of salt is Greenish yellow colour Chloride (Cl–) ion is
taken in a test tube pinch of MnO2 vapours (Cl2) with pungent confirmed.
and conc.H2SO4 are added. smell are evolved.
b)Action of AgNO3Solution :
To the salt solution AgNO3 White curd ppt. of (AgCl) is Chloride (Cl–) ion is
eeee
55
H2S gas is passed.
s
ion
cation is absent.
added.
at
ic
l
ub
NH4OH solution + H2S gas passed Flesh colour ppt. MnS is formed. Manganese (Mn+2)
P
cation is present.
i
n
na
solution is added
Ja
absent
a)Action of NaOH solution :
To the salt solution Sodium White ppt. Mn (OH)2 is formed. Manganes (Mn+2) cation is
Hydroxide solution (NaOH) Which turns to Brown colour. confirmed.
is added. It is insoluble in excess of
NaOH solution.
b) Action of NH4 OH solution :
To the salt solution NH4OH White ppt. Mn (OH)2 is formed. Manganese (Mn+2) cation
solution is added Which is soluble in excess of is confirmed.
NH4OH solution.
IX. Report :
The given Cation is : Manganese (Mn+2)
eeee
The given salt is : Manganese Chloride [MnCl2]
56
eeee
. .
Practical Chemistry
SALT-21 - Manganese Sulphate

a) Colour : Pale pink Mn+2 cation may be present
c) Flame test :
Clean the platinum wire Colour flame is not observed Zn+2 (or) Mn+2, may be
by dipping in con. HCl present
s
n
d) Action of heat :
io
at
taken in a dry test tube and inner walls of test tube.
c
strongly heated.
li
b
Pu
A small quantity of a salt is No reaction. Carbonate (CO–23) &
i
aken in a dry test tube and Acetate (CH3COO–) ions
n
dil.HCl is added. ions are absent.
a
n
A small quantity of salt is a) Before heating no reaction Chloride (Cl) & Bromide
a
taken in a dry test tube and (Br–) ions are absent.
J Conc.H2SO4 is added.

Conc. H2SO2:
b) After heating no Reaction Nitrate (NO–3) ion is absent
To the small quantity of No reaction Nitrate (NO–3) ion is absent.

1 or 2 pieces of Cu turning
and conc. H2SO4 are added
and then heated.
d) Action of BaCl solution :
To the salt solution BaCl2 White ppt. of (BaSO4) is Sulphate (SO–24) ion is
solution is added. formed. present
eeee in conc.HCl.
57
H2S gas is passed.
s
ion
cation is absent.
added.
at
c
li
b
u
Flesh colour ppt. MnS is formed. Manganese (Mn+2)
P
cation is present.
i
n
a
NH4OH solution +(NH4)2CO3 White ppt. BaCO3 is not formed. Barium (Ba+2)absent
an solution is added White ppt. SrCO3 is not formed. Strontium (Sr+2) absent
J
a)Action of NaOH solution :
To the salt solution Sodium White ppt. Mn (OH)2 is formed. Manganes (Mn+2)
Hydroxide solution (NaOH) Which turns to Brown colour. cation is
is added. It is insoluble in excess of confirmed.
NaOH solution.
b) Action of NH4 OH solution :
To the salt solution NH4OH White ppt. Mn (OH)2 is formed. Manganese (Mn+2)
solution is added. Which is soluble in excess of cation is confirmed.
NH4OH solution.
IX. Report :
The given Cation is : Manganese (Mg+2)
58
The given salt is : Manganese Sulphate [MnSO4]
eeee
eeee
. .
Practical Chemistry
SALT-22 -Nickel Nitrate

a) Colour : Pale pink Ni+2 cation may be present
c) Flame test :
s
d) Action of heat :
n
A small quantity of salt is Reddish Brown vapours are May be Nitrate (NO3–)
o
taken in a dry test tube and evolved salt is present
ti
strongly heated.
a
c
bli
A small quantity of a salt is No reaction. Carbonate (CO–23) &
Pu
dil.HCl is added.
Acetate (CH3COO–)
ions are absent.
i
n
A small quantity of salt is a) Before heating no Reaction Chloride (Cl) & Bromide
nataken in a dry test tube and

conc.H2SO4 is added. b) After heating Reddish Brown
(Br–) ions are absent.
Nitrate (NO–3) ion may be
Ja
Action of Cu-turnings and
Conc. H2SO2:
To the small quantity of salt is
vapours are evolved
Reddish Brown vapours of

present
Nitrate (NO–3) ion is

taken in a test tube 1 or 2 NO2 are evolved and the present.
pieces of Cu turning and solution turns pale blue
Conc. H2SO4 are added and
then heated.
eeee inclined position.

59
H2S gas is passed.
s
n
o
added.
ati
ic
l
b
u
NH4OH solution + H2S gas passed Black colour ppt. Nis is formed. Nickel (Ni+2)
P
cation is present.
i
n
naNH4OH solution +(NH4)2CO3 White ppt. BaCO3 is not formed. Barium (Ba+2)absent
a
solution is added White ppt. SrCO3 is not formed. Strontium (Sr+2)absent
J
VIII. Confirmation Tests for Nickel :
To the salt solution sodium Green gelatinous ppt.Ni(OH)2 is Nickel (Ni+2) cation
Hydroxide solution (NaOH) formed. It is soluble in excess of is confirmed.
is added. NaOH solution
b) Action of NH4OH solution :
To the salt solution NH4OH Green ppt. Ni (OH)2 is formed. Nickel (Ni+2)cation
solution is added. It becomes blue violet on addition is confirmed.
of excess of NH4OH solution
IX) Report:
The given Cation is : Nickel (Ni+2)
The given anion is : Nitrate (NO–3)
The given salt : Nickel Nitrate [Ni(NO3)2]
60 eeee
eeee
. .
Practical Chemistry
SALT-23 -Strontium Chloride

c) Flame test :
Clean the platinum wire by Crimson red colour flame is Sr+2 may be present
dipping in con. HCl and observed.
the paste of con.HCl + salt
in watch glass, then introduce
s
n
o
d) Action of heat :
ti
a
taken in a dry test tube inner walls of test tube.
ic
l
ub
P
A small quantity of a salt No reaction. Carbonate (CO–23) &
i
is taken in a dry test tube Acetate (CH3COO–) ions
an
and dil.HCl is added.
ions are absent.
an A small quantity of salt is Colour less gas (HCl) with Chloride (Cl–) ion
J
taken in a dry test tube and pungent smell is evolved and may be present.
Conc.H2SO4 is added. gives dense white fume (NH4Cl)
NH4OH.
To the small quantity of salt is Greenish yellow colour Chloride (Cl– ) ion is
taken in a test tube pinch of MnO2 vapours (Cl2) with pungent confirmed.
and Conc. H2SO4 are added. smell are evolved.
To the salt solution AgNO3 white curdy ppt. of (AgCl) is formed. Chloride (Cl–) ion
solution is added. Solubility: Above ppt. is is confirmed
eeee
61
H2S gas is passed.
s
n
added.
tio
ica
l
b
u
P
Salt solution + NH4Cl salt + Calcium (Ca+2)
i
n
solution is added White ppt. is formed. Strontium (Sr+2)
a
cations are present
n
a
J
VIII. Confirmation Tests for Strontium :
To the salt solution sodium Yellow ppt. (SrCrO4) is formed. Strontium (Sr+2)cation
Potassium chromate solution It is soluble in acetic acid. is confirmed.
(K2CrO4) is added. NaOH solution
b) Action of Ammonium
Sulphate solution:
To the salt solution White ppt. is formed. Strontium (Sr+2) cation
Ammonium Sulphate It is sparingly soluble in is confirmed.
solution is added. acetic acid and highly soluble
in dil.HCl
IX) Report:
The given Cation is : Strontium (Sr+2)
The given anion is : Chloride (Cl–3)
The given salt : Strontium chloride [SrCl2]
62 eeee
eeee
. .
Practical Chemistry
SALT-24 -Zinc Sulphate

c) Flame test :
Clean the platinum wire by Green flashes colour flame is Zn+2 or Mn+2 may be
dipping in con. HCl and observed. present
the paste of con.HCl + salt
in watch glass, then introduce
s
i n
d) Action of heat :
o
at
taken in a dry test tube inner walls of test tube.
ic
l
b
u
P
A small quantity of a salt is No reaction Carbonate (CO–23) &
i
an
dil.HCl is added.
ions are absent.
an A small quantity of salt is a) Before heating no reaction Chloride (Cl–) &
J
taken in a dry test tube and Bromide (Br–)ions are absent.
Conc.H2SO4 are added. b) After heating no reaction Nitrate (NO–3) ion is absent.
Conc. H2SO4 :
salt is then taken in a test
tube 1 or 2 pieces of Cu
turnings and Conc.H2SO4
are added and then heated
olution is added. present.
eeee 63
Practical Chemistry
eeee
Action of BaCl2 soution :
To the salt solution BaCl2 White ppt. of (BaSO4) is Sulphate (SO–24) ion is
insoluble in Conc. HCl
V. Test for Ammonium (NH+4) ion :
VI. Group Separation Table :
ns
o
ti
H2S gas is passed.
a
lic
b
u
added.
P
ni
White ppt. ZnS is formed. Zinc (Zn+2) cation
is present
na
a
Salt solution + NH4Cl salt + White ppt. CaCO3 is not formed. Calcium (Ca+2) absen
J NH4OH solution +(NH4)2CO3

solution is added
VII. Confirmation Tests for Zinc :
To the salt solution sodium White ppt. Zn (OH)2 is formed. Zinc (Zn+2) cation is
Hydroxide solution (NaOH) Above ppt. is soluble in excess of confirmed
is added. NaOH solution.
b) Action of NH4OH solution:
To the salt solution NH4OH White Gelatinous ppt. is Zinc(Zn+2) cation is
solution is added. formed Above ppt. is soluble in is confirmed.
excess of NH4OH solution
VII. Report :
The given Cation is : Zinc (Zn+2)
The given anion is : Sulphate (SO–24)
eeee
The given salt : Zinc sulphate [ZnSO4]
64

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eeee

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

White ppt. is not formed

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

ni Black ppt. NiS is not formed. Nickel (Ni+2) absent

White ppt. is not formed

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

nadil.HCl is added. which turns blue litmus to red.

Group Group Reagents Name of the Precipitate Name of the Cation

tio Dirty Green ppt. Fe (OH)2 is not Ferrous (Fe+2) absent

VII. Confirmation Tests for Ammonium :

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

Ja A small quantity of salt is

III. Preparation sodium carbonate extract :

Group Group Reagents Name of the Precipitate Name of the Cation

VII. Confirmation Tests for Ammonium :

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

an Lime water into milky.

tio Dirty Green ppt. Fe (OH)2 is not Ferrous (Fe+2) absent

VII. Confirmation Tests for Ammonium :

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

J taken in a dry test tube and

Group Group Reagents Name of the Precipitate Name of the Cation

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

III. Preparation sodium carbonate extract :

Black ppt. NiS is not formed. Nickel (Ni+2) absent

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

n Salt solution + NH4Cl salt + White ppt. is formed Calcium (Ca+2)

Ja NH4OH solution +(NH4)2CO3

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

Ja in a dry test tube and

III. Preparation sodium carbonate extract :

eeeeamount of given salt in a suitable solvent.

Ja Salt solution + NH4Cl salt +

VIII. Confirmation Tests for Barium :

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

Ja A small quantity of salt is

(NH4Cl) with glass rod

III. Preparation sodium carbonate extract :

n Salt solution + NH4Cl salt + White ppt. is formed Calcium (Ca+2)

Ja NH4OH solution +(NH4)2CO3

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

Jc) Action of Cu-turnings and

pieces of Cu turning and turns pale blue.

f) Test for VI Group Cations :

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

JaA small quantity of salt is

with glass rod when dipped in

an Salt solution + NH4Cl salt + White ppt. is formed Calcium (Ca+2)

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

Reddish Brown vapours of NO2 are Nitrate (NO–3) ion is

f) Test for VI Group Cations :

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

c) Action of Cu-turnings and

White ppt. is not formed

SALT-15 - Copper Sulphate

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

JaA small quantity of salt is

b) After heating no reaction