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 ABSTRACT

We present an approach to basic arithmetic between abstract matrices, i.e., matrices of

symbolic dimension with under specified components. We define a simple basis function that
enables the representation of abstract matrices composed of arbitrary regions in a single term that
supports matrix addition and multiplication by regular arithmetic on terms. This can, be
exploited to obtain general arithmetic closure properties for classes of structured matrices. We
also describe an approach using alternative basis functions that allow more compact expressions
and admit additional arithmetic simplification .

It is everyday mathematical practice to represent matrices in an abstract way with

symbolic dimensions and containing under specified parts described using ellipses. While
reasoning about matrices in this form is mathematically routine, there is very little automated
support for it. In earlier work, we have investigated the problem of representing abstract matrices
with certain entries given by expressions and others given by interpolating ellipses [4, 5]. Their
analysis included determining conditions for boundaries between regions and general
expressions for elements within regions of such matrices and has led to a representation that
made abstract matrices available as a template for concrete matrices with fully specified
dimensions and entries.

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 INDEX

Sl. No. Contents Page no.

Introduction 4
Types of matrices 5
Properties of matrix 8
Determinant of a matrix 9
Inverse of a matrix 10
Application of matrix in daily life 14
Problem 15
Solution 15
Conclusion and reference 17

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 INTRODUCTION:-

In mathematics, a matrix is a rectangular array of numbers, symbols or expressions, arranged in

rows and columns. For example, the dimensions of the matrix below are 2x3 (read by two by
three) because there are two rows and three columns. The individual items in an m x n matrix A,
often denoted by aij, where max i=m and max j = n, are called its elements or entries, provided that
they have the same size(each matrix has the same number of rows and the same numbers of
columns as the other), two matrices can be added or subtracted element by element. The rule for
matrix multiplication, however, is that two matrices can be multiplied only when the number of
columns in the first equals the number of rows in the second (i.e., the inner dimensions are the
same, n for Am.n x Bn.p). Any matrix can be multiplied element-wise by a scalar from its
associated field.

Applications of matrices are found in most scientific fields. In every branch of physics, including
classical mechanics, optics, electromagnetism, quantum mechanics and quantum
electromagnetism, they are used to study physical phenomena. In computer graphics, they are
used to manipulate 3D models.

Meaning:-

Rectangular arrangement of numbers or alphabets in rows and columns enclosed by a square

bracket or a common bracket is called a “matrix”. The numbers (parameters or variables) are
called elements of the matrix. The numbers in a horizontal line are called rows while the
numbers in a vertical line are called columns, the number of rows (m) may not be equal to the
number of columns (n). The number of rows and numbers of columns defines the dimension or
order of the matrix.

Definition :-

A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers or other mathematical objects for which operations
such as addition and multiplication are defined. Most commonly, a matrix over a field is a
rectangular array of scalars each of which is a member of F. Most of this article focuses on real
and complex matrices, that is matrices whose elements are real numbers or complex numbers.

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The numbers, symbols or expressions in the matrix are called its entries or its elements. The
horizontal and vertical lines of entries in a matrix are called rows and columns.

TYPES OF MATRICES:-

1. Row Matrix:-

A matrix which has exactly one row is called a row matrix. It can have any numbers of columns.

For example – [1 2 3 4]1x4

2. Column Matrix:-

A matrix which has exactly one column is called a column matrix. It can have any number of
rows.

[]
3
For Example – 2
4

3. Square Matrix:-

A matrix in which the number of rows is equal to the number of columns is called a square
matrix.

For Example – [ 30 25]

4. Diagonal Matrix:-

A square matrix whose all elements except the leading diagonal elements are zero is termed
as a diagonal matrix. In other words, all of its non-diagonal elements are zero.

[ ]
300
For Example – 0 310
0 0 13

5. Scalar Matrix:-

A diagonal matrix whose leading diagonal elements are equal is called a scalar matrix.

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 [ ]
700
For Example – 0 7 0
007

6. Unit Matrix:-

A scalar matrix whose diagonal leading elements are unity (1) is termed as a unit matrix and
is denote by ‘I’.

[ ]
10 0
For Example - 0 10
001

7. Rectangular Matrix:-

When the number of rows is not equal to the number of columns, it is termed as a rectangular
matrix (m is not equal to n).

For Example – [ 36 21 54]

8. Null Matrix:-

If all the elements of a matrix are zero, it is called a null matrix or zero matrixes.

[ ]
000
For Example – 0 0 0
000

9. Transpose of Matrix:-

The transpose of a matrix is obtained by interchanging the rows and columns. In other words,
rows are changed into columns and columns are changed into rows. Transpose of matrix A is
denoted by A’ or AT.

[]
25
For Example –A= [ ] 23 4
567
'
, it implies= A = 3 6
47

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10.Equal Matrix:-

Two matrices are said to be equal if both are of the same order and their corresponding
elements are equal.

For Example – A= [ ac bd], B=[ 62 75]

11.Symmetric Matrix:-

A matrix is termed as asymmetric matrix if it is equal to its transpose. In other words, if A .

A’ the matrix A is called a symmetric one.

[ ]
abe
For Example – b e g
e gc

12.Skew-Symmetric Matrix:-

A matrix is called a skew-symmetric matrix if its negative is equal to its transpose. In other
words, if A’= -A, the matrix A is termed as skew-symmetric one.

For Example – [−a0 a0]

13.Sub Matrix:-

A matrix obtained from a given matrix by deleting some rows or columns or both is called a
sub- matrix.

[ ],
325
If A= 1 4 6 its sub matrices will be
778

[3 2 8] , [ 24 56 ] ,[ 47 68 ] ,[ 31254 6.] and so on.

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 14.Singular Matrix:-

A square matrix whose determinant is zero, is called a singular matrix.

[ ]
000
For Example – 1 2 3
345

15.Non-singular Matrix:-

A square matrix whose determinant is not equal to zero is called a non-singular matrix.

For Example- [ 43 56] , |A| = 24 – 15 =9 ≠ 0

16.Orthogonal Matrix:-

A sqare matrix is which the product of the matrix with its transpose and vice-versa is a unit
matrix it is termed as an orthogonal matrix. In other words, matrix A is called an orthogonal
matrix if,

A’ x A =I and A x A’ = I

PROPERTIES OF MATRIX

PROPERTIES OF MATRIX ADDITION:-

1. Associative law A+B = B+A

2. Commutative law A+(B+C) = (A+B)+C

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 3. If 0 denotes null matrix of the same order as that of A then, A+0 =0+A = A
4. Existence of inverse if A+B=0 , Then B= -A OR A =-B

PROPERTIES OF MATRIX MULTIPLICATION:-

1. If A and B are two matrices then AB may not be equal to BA

2. If A, B and C are three matrices then (AB) = A(BC)
3. Multiplication is distributive with respect of addition of matrices, i.e. ; A(B+C) =
AB+BC
4. (AB)’ = B’ x A’
5. AI =A = IA, where, I is a unit matrix.
6. ∝ (AB) = (∝A) B = A (∝B)
7. The product of two non-zero matrices may be a zero matrix.

Example A= [−11
1−1
], B=[ 1111]
then AB= [ 00 00]

DETERMINANT OF A MATRIX:-

The standard formula to find the determinant of 3X3 matrix is a breakdown of smaller 2X2
determinant problems which are very easy to handle. If you need a refresher how to find the
determinant of a 2X2.

Suppose we are given a square matrix A, where, A

[ ]
abc
A= def
ghi

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The determinant of Matrix A is calculated as.

[ e f ] [ d f ] |d e|
|A|= a h i -b g i c g h

If A=[ 35 48 ], then the determinant of A or |A| written as |3584| whose value will be
(3X8) – (5X4) = 4

The co factors of the element of |A| can be found by applying the formula.

Aij ¿(−1)i+ j X Mij

INVERSE OF A MATRIX

The inverse of a square matrix A exists if |A| ≠0 . in other words, inverse exists if the square
matrix is non-singular. The inverse of a matrix A is denoted by A−1.

The inverse of A is given A−1 = Adj A / |A|

Remarks:-

1. Ax A−1= A−1x A=I

2. B is called the inverse of A if AB=BA=I
3. ( AB)−1= B−1x A−1

Finding Inverse Of Matrix:-

[ ]
2 06
If A = 3−1 show that A(Adj A) = I3 ; |A| find inverse of matrix.
1
4 5−2

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 STEP-1:-

1) First find all the co-factors

A11 = |3−1
5−2|
= -1 A21 = |5−2
06
| = 30 A31 = |3−1
06
| = -18

A12 = |1−1
4−2|
= -2 A22 = |4−2
26
| =-28 A32 = |1−1
26
|=8

A13 = |1345| = -7 A23 = |2045| = -10 A33 = |21 03| =6

STEP-2:-

Write the co-factors in matrix from we get

| |
−1−2−7
30−28−10
−18 8 6

Then transpose it to get Adj A

[ ]
−130−18
Adj A = −2−28 8
−7−10 6

[ ] [ ]
2 06 −130−18
A x (Adj A) = 1 3−1 X −2−28 8
4 5−2 −7−10 6

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 [ ]
−2+0−42 60+0−60−36 +0+36
= −1−6+7 30−84+ 10−18+24−6
−4−10+14 120−140+20−72+40−12

[ ]
−44 0 0
= 0−44 0
0 0−44

[ ]
10 0
= -44 0 10
001

|A| = a11 . A11+a12 . A12+a13 . A13

=2(-1)+0(-2)+6(-7) = -2+0-42 = -44

So,

A(Adj A) = I 3 |A|

STEP-3:-

Now find A−1= Adj A / |A|

[ ]
−130−18
A−1= −2−28 8 ÷ (-44)
−7−10 6

= ¿

Procedure of Adjoint of Matrix

The ad joint of a square matrix is the transpose of the matrix of co-factors

STEP-1 : Find all the co-factors

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STEP-2 : Write them in matrix form

STEP-3 : Then change the columns into rows and vice versa

Examle :

Original Matrix of co-factors Transpose (Adjoint)

[ 43 65 ]=¿ [−6 4 ] [−3 4 ]

5−3 =¿ 5−6

Remark :-

(Adj A)A = A(Adj A) = |A|I

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 APPLICATION OF MATRIX IN DAILY LIFE

Matrices are used much more in daily life than people would have thought. In fact it is
front of us every day when going to work, at the university and even at home. Graphic software
such as adobe Photoshop on your personal computer uses matrices to process linear
transformations to render images. A square matrix can represent a linear transformation of
aerometric project. In a video game , this would render the upside-down mirror image of an
assassin reflected in a pond of blood. If the video game has curved reflecting surfaces, such as a
shiny metal shield , the matrix would be more complicated, to stretch or shrink the reflection. In
physics related applications, matrices are used in the study of electrical circuits, quantum
mechanics and optics. Engineers use matrix or model physical systems and perform accurate
calculations needed for complex mechanics to work. Whereas in programming which is taught at
the universality. Matrices are inverse matrices are used for coding and encrypting messages. A
message is made as a sequence of numbers in a binary format for communication and it follows
code theory for solving. Many IT company also use matrices as data structure to track user
information, perform search queries and manage databases. In the world of information, security,
many systems are designed to work with matrices. Matrices are used in the compression of
electronic information, for example in the storage of biometric data in the new identity card in
maturities. In geology, matrices are used for making seismic surveys. They are used for plotting
graphs, statistics and also to do scientific fields. Matrices are also used in representing the real
world data’s like the population of people, infant mortality rate, etc. they are best representation
methods for plotting surveys. In economics very large matrices are used for optimization of
problems, for example in making the best use of assets, whether labor or capital, in the
manufacturing of a product and managing very large supply chains.

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 PROBLEM

A supplier supplies coffee beans to SHOP A, SHOP B and SHOP C in bags of 5 kgs,10 kg and
15 kg as shown in the table.

SL NO SHOP NAME 5kG 10 KG 15 KG

1 SHOP A 50 100 30
2 SHOP B 60 150 40
3 SHOP C 80 200 70

The cost price of 5 kg, 10 kg and 15 kg bags are Rs.10.60, Rs.17.20 and Rs.22.50 respectively.

(a) Write down two matrices P and Q , such that the elements of the matrix product PQ give
the total cost price of the beans delivered to each SHOP. Find the product of PQ.
(b) In June, SHOP A,B and C received 15,10 and 5 such delivers respectively. By using a
matrix multiplication ,find the total number of 5 kg , 10 kg and 15 kg bags delivered in
June. Hence; find the total number of bags delivered in June by further matrix
multiplication.

SOLUTION

[]
A
(A) [A B C] B
C

[ ]
50 ×10 . 60+100 ×17 . 20+30 ×22 .5
= 60 ×10 .60+ 150× 17 .20+ 40 ×22 . 5
80 ×10 . 60+200 ×17 . 20+70 ×22 .5

[ ][ ]
50 10030 10 .60
= 60 150 40 × 17 .20
80 200 70 22 .50

15
 [ ]
2925
= 4116
5863

[ ]
2925
∴ PQ = 4116
5863

[ ]
15 × 50+60 ×10+80 ×5
(B) = 100× 15+150 ×10+200 ×10
30 × 15+ 40 ×15+70 × 15

[ ]
50 10030
=[ 15 105 ] 60 150 40
80 200 70

= [ 1750 4000 1200 ]

[]
1
=[ 1750 4000 1200] 1
1

= [ 1750 +4000+1200] = [6950]

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 CONCLUSION

Matrices are very easy to add the data together, like we do with matrices in mathematics. Like in
some problems of our homework, matrices could be useful to figuring out things like price and
quantitative, like with the foods and prices in our homework. As we can see, there are many and
very useful ways matrices could be applied in our everyday lives and even in the future.

REFERENCE:-

1. NPH Publisher: Business mathematics and statistics:2016

2. https://www.ukessays.com> mathematics

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