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Chapter Three
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
What is Artificial Intelligence?
“Is it possible to build a machine that has intelligence, specifically a human
level of intelligence?”
Artificial Intelligence is “The science and engineering of making intelligent machines,
especially intelligent computer programs.” “About algorithms enabled by constraints exposed
byrepresentations that support models targeted at thinking perceptionand action.”“The theory
and development of computer systems able to perform tasks normally requiring human
intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition, decision-making, and translation
between languages.
AI is the creation of a computer program that can learn to think and function on its own, kind of
like robots that don’t need to be told what to do all the time.Most advanced AI systems use
machine learning technology to analyze current conditions and learn from experience.
Intelligence is composed of:Reasoning, Learning, Problem Solving, Perception,Linguistic
Intelligence.
Examples of technologies that uses AI,Machine Learning, Robotics, Machine Automation, Deep
learning, Virtual Reality,Natural Language Processing,Cloud Computing,Augmented Reality,
NeuralNetworks, BigData, Internet of Things,Computer Vision
Components of AI system
1. Applications:Image recognition, Speech recognition,Chatbots, Natural language generation,
and Sentiment analysis.
2. Types of Models: Deep learning, Machine learning, and Neural Networks.
3. Software/Hardware for training and running models:Graphic Processing Units (GPUs),
Parallel processing tools(like Spark), Cloud data storage and computer platforms.
4. Programming languages for building models:Python, TensorFlow, Java, and C/C++, etc.
Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML) andDeep Learning (DL)

Fig.3.0. Parts of Artificial Intelligence

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History of Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Formally initiated in 1956 and the name AI was coined by John McCarthy. “Every aspect of
learning or any feature of intelligence can in principle be so precisely described that a machine
can be made to simulate it. An attempt will be made to find how to make machines use language,
from abstractions and concepts, solve kinds of problems now reserved for humans, and improve
themselves. The advent of general purpose computers provided a vehicle for creating
artificially intelligent entities and Used for solving general-purpose problems.
The Original 7 Aspects of A.I. (1956)
1. Simulating higher functions of the human brain.
2. Programming a computer to use general language.
3. Arranging to hypothetical neurons in a manner so that they can form concepts.
4. A way to determine and measure problem complexity.
5. Self-improvement.
6. Abstraction: the quality of dealing with ideas rather than events
7. Randomness and creativity.

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Table.3.0. History of Artificial Intelligence (AI) by table

Fig .3.1. Artificial Intelligence (AI)Maturity model

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Fig .3.2. Seven Outcome of Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Fig .3.3.Artificial Intelligence as multidisciplinary

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Need for Artificial Intelligence (AI)
1. To create expert systems that exhibit intelligent behavior with the capability to learn,
demonstrate, and explain and advice its users.
2. Helping machines find solutions to complex problems like humans do and applying them as
algorithms in computer-friendly manner.
Goal of Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Following are the main goals of Artificial Intelligence:
1.Replicate human intelligence
2. Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks
3. An intelligentconnection of perception and action
4. Building a machine which can perform tasks that requires human intelligence such as: Proving
a theorem playing chess, Plan some surgical operation, driving a car, in traffic
5. creating some system which can exhibit intelligent behavior, learn new things by itself,
demonstrate, explain, and can advise to its user.
Advantage of Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Following are some main advantages of Artificial Intelligence:
1. High Accuracy with fewer errors: AI machines or systems are prone to fewer errors and
high accuracy as it takes decisions as prepare-experience or information.
2. High-Speed: AI systems can be of very high-speed and fastdecision making, because of that
AI systems can beat a chess champion in the Chess game.
3. High reliability: AI machines are highly reliable and can perform the same action multiple
times with high accuracy.
4. Useful for risky areas: AI machines can be helpful in situations such as defusing a bomb,
exploring the ocean floor, where to employ or a human can be risky.
5. Digital Assistant: AI can be very useful to provide digital assistant to users such as AI
technology is currently used by various Ecommerce websites to show the products as per
customer requirements.
6. Useful as a public utility: AI can be very useful for public utilities such as a self-driving car
which can make our journey safer and hassle-free, facial recognition for security purposes,
Natural language processing (for search engines, for spelling checker, for assistant like Siri,
for translation like Google translate) etc.
Disadvantage of Artificial Intelligence (AI)
1. High Costs of Creation: The hardware and software requirement of AI is very costly as it
requires lots of maintenance to meet current world requirements.
2. Lacking out of the box thinking: Even we are making smarter machines with AI, but still
they cannot work out of the box, as the robot will only do that work for which they are
trained, or programmed.

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3. No feelings and emotions: AI machines can be an outstanding performer, but still it does not
have the feeling so it cannot make any kind of emotional attachment with humans, and may
sometime be harmful for users if the proper care is not taken.
4. Increase dependence on machines: With the increment of technology, people are getting
more dependent on devices and hencethey are losing their mental capabilities.
5. No Original Creativity: As humans are so creative and can imagine some new ideas but still
AI machines cannot beat this power of human intelligence and cannot be creative and
imaginative.
Types of Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Artificial Intelligence can be divided in various types, there are mainly two types of main
categorization which are based on capabilities and based on functionally of AI. General types
of AI (2):Type 1 and Type 2. the Following is flow diagram which explains the types of AI.

Fig.3.4. flow diagram which explains the types of AI

Types of Artificial Intelligence based on Capability
1. Artificial Narrow Intelligence (Weak AI or Narrow AI)
A type of AI which is able to perform a dedicated task with intelligence.The most common and
currently available. It is only trained for one specific task, cannot perform beyond its field or
limitations. Example of narrow AI Playing chess, purchasing suggestions on e-commerce site,
Self-driving cars, Face verification in your iPhone, Speech recognition and Image recognition.
2. Artificial General Intelligence (General AI or Strong AI)
• A type of intelligence which could perform any intellectual task with efficiency like a human.
• The idea is to make a system which could be smarter and think like a human by its own.
• General AI systems are still under research.
3. Artificial Super Intelligence (Super AI)
• A level of Intelligence of Systems at which machines could surpass human intelligence, and
can perform any task better than human with cognitive properties. An outcome of general AI.
Characteristics of strong AI include the ability to think,to reason, solve the puzzle, make

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judgments, plan, learn, and communicate by its own. Development of such systems in real is
still world changing task.

Fig. A Fig. B Fig. C

Fig.3.5. Weak AI (Fig. A), General AI (Fig. B) and Super AI (Fig. C)
Types of Artificial Intelligence Based on Functionality
1. Reactive Machines
Purely reactive machines are the most basic types of Artificial Intelligence. Such AI systems do
not store memories or past experiences for future actions. These machines only focus on
current scenarios and react on it as per possible best action. IBM's Deep Blue system and
Google’s AlphaGo is an example of reactive machines.IBM Deep Blue Super Computer Google
Alpha Go.

Fig.3.6. Reactive Machines

2. Limited memory
Limited memory machines can store past experiences or some data for a short period of time.
These machines can use stored data for a limited time period only. Self-driving cars are one of
the best examples of Limited Memory systems. These cars can store recent speed of nearby cars,
the distance of other cars, speed limit, and other information to navigate the road.

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3. Theory of Mind
Theory of Mind AI should understand the human emotions, people, beliefs, and be able to
interact socially like humans.This type of AI machines is still not developed, but researchers are
making lots of efforts and improvement for developing such AI machines. Sophia: the
humanoid robot is one example of such effort where a number of young Ethiopians have
contributed on the development.

Fig.3.7. Theory of Mind

4. Self–Awareness
Self-awareness AI is the future of Artificial Intelligence. These machines will be super
intelligent, and will have their own consciousness, sentiments, and self-awareness. These
machines will be smarter than human mind. Self-Awareness AI does not exist in reality still
and it is a hypothetical concept.
What are some examples of Artificial Intelligence?
Some examples of Artificial Intelligence (AI) are:
1.Google’s AI-Powered Predictions 2. Ridesharing Apps like Uber and Lyft 3. Email spam
Filters & Categorization 4. Plagiarism Checkers 5. Mobile Check Deposits 6. Fraud Prevention
7. Credit Decisions 8. Online shopping recommendations 9. Voice-to-texts 10. Smart
Personal Assistants etc.
What are the branches of Artificial Intelligence?
The main branches of Artificial Intelligence are:
1. Perception - understanding images, audio, etc.
2. Reasoning - answering questions from data
3. Planning - inferring the required steps to reach a Goal
4. Motion - moving a robot in an environment
5. Natural language processing – understanding human language
Applications of AI
Currently, AI is being applied across several industries. But we cannot say that AI is replacing
humans but it is certainly making the work of human beings more efficient. The main
Applications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) are: 1. Transportation, 2. Banking and finance, 3.

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Healthcare, 4. Natural Language Processing, 5. Speech Recognition, 6. Vision Systems,7.
Smartphones, 8. Smart cars and Drones,9. Social Media Feeds, 10. Music and Media Streaming
Services, 11. Video Games, 12. Online Ads Network, 13. Navigation and Travel etc.
1. Agriculture
AI technologies are being used to yield healthier crops, control pests, monitor soil and growing
conditions, organize data for farmers, help with workload, and improve a wide range of
agriculture-related tasks in the entire food supply chain.Example. Agricultural Robots
Companies are developing and programming autonomous robots to handle essential agricultural
tasks such as harvesting crops at a higher volume and faster pace than human laborers. Examples
of AI applications in the agriculture sector. See & Spray Robot, Harvest CROO Robotics,
Crop and Soil Monitoring etc.

Fig.3.8. Role of AI in Agriculture

2. Health
AI applications are revolutionizing how the health sector works to reduce spending and
improve patient outcomes. Companies are applying machine learning to make better and faster
diagnoses than humans. One of the best known healthcare technologies is IBM Watson. Other
AI applications include chat bots.
Personal Health Virtual Assistant Examples of AI applications in the health sector also
includes. Dip.io, Apple Watch, Medical Imaging Analysis, IBM Watson analysis, IDx
software, Precision Medicine, Healthcare Bots, Operational applications of AI

Fig.3.9. Role of AI in Health

3. Business (Emerging market)
Artificial Intelligence has enormous potential to augment human intelligence and to radically
alter how we accessproducts and services, gather information, make products, and interact. In

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emerging markets, AI offers an opportunity to lower costs and barriers to entry for businesses
and deliver innovative business models that can leapfrog traditional solutions and reach the
underserved. Examples of AI applications in the Business sector.
 Improve Customer Services
 Automate Workloads
 Optimize Logistics
 Increase Manufacturing Output and Efficiency
 Prevent Outages
 Predict Performance
 Predict Behavior
 Manage and Analyze Data
 Improve Marketing and Advertising
4. Education
The increasing adoption of the AI technology for various applications in the education sector.
AI can automate grading, giving educators more time, and can also access students and adapt to
their needs, helping them work at their own pace. AI tutors can provide additional support to
students, ensuring they stay on track.
Examples of AI applications in the Education sector.
 Administrative Tasks Automation
 Smart Content
 Smart Tutors and Personalization
 Virtual Lectures and Learning Environment
 Teachers’ Support
 Students’ Communication

Fig.3.9. Role of AI in Education Sector

End of Chapter three
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