Exercise 7














Procedure
• Carefully observe the shape and external morphology of each
specimen.
• Draw diagrams and observe the morphological differences
between the samples.

Observation
Some modifications of roots are discussed below:
(i) For storage of food
Roots are modified in some plants for storing reserve
food materials. These modified roots usually are swollen (b) (c)
(a)
and assume different forms such as spindle shaped,
e.g., radish; top shaped, e.g., beet, turnip; conelike, e.g., Fig. 7.1 Roots modified for storage
of food (a) Carrot
carrot; indefinite shape, e.g., sweet potatoes (Fig. 7.1).
(b) Radish (c) Turnip
Dahlia, Asparagus, Portulaca are some other examples
of plants with modified roots for food storage.
(ii) Nodulated roots
The roots of pea and other leguminous plants have
Nodules
numerous swollen nodules on fine branches of roots.
These nodules are formed due to symbiotic association
of Rhizobium (bacterium) that live inside the root
cortical cells of the roots. They fix nitrogen. An active
nodule is pink in colour (Fig. 7.2).
Fig. 7.2 Nodulated roots

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Exercise 7

(iii) For mechanical support

Roots are modified to provide mechanical support as seen in
banyan tree which has roots growing vertically/obliquely
downwards (prop roots); sugarcane/maize in which roots arise
from the nodes in cluster at the base of the stem (stilt roots) and
betel/black pepper in which nodes and internodes bear roots
which help in climbing (Fig. 7.3).

Fig. 7.3 Prop root of banyan tree

(iv) For gaseous exchange

Pneumatophores or breathing roots are found in plants growing in
mangroves or swamps with saline water for exchange of gases. They
are erect peg like structures with numerous pores through which air
circulates e.g., Rhizophora mangle (Fig. 7.4).

Fig. 7.4 Pneumatophores

of Rhizophora

Questions
1. Why are healthy root nodules pink in colour?
2. Mention characteristics by which we can identify the modified
roots as roots?
3. Prop and stilt roots are aerial in origin yet they are called roots.
Why?

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Exercise 8











Procedure
• Observe the external morphology of each
specimen.
• Draw diagrams and bring out the differences
in each type of the stem modifications.

Observation
(i) For storage of food
Stems get modified into underground
(a) (b)
structures for storage of food as seen in potato
(tuber) (Fig. 8.1a), ginger (rhizome) (Fig. 8.1b), Fig. 8.1 Stems modified for storage
garlic (bulb), yam (corm). Presence of an eye (a) Potato
(node) in potato, distinct nodes with internodes (b) Ginger
and scaly leaves in ginger/yam, a cluster of
roots at the base of the reduced stem in garlic/
onion, all indicate that these underground
plant parts are modified stem.
(ii) For vegetative propagation
Plants besides reproducing sexually also
propagate through vegetative parts. For this
purpose, stems may be modified into runner
(Cyanodon dactylon, Oxalis) (Fig. 8.2a).
Runners are a slender prostrate branches (a) (b)
arising from axillary buds; stolon (e.g., mint, Fig. 8.2 (a) Runner of Oxalis
strawberry) which is a slender lateral branch (b) Offset of Eichornia

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Exercise 8

arising from the base of stem grows upward and then down to develop new
daughter plants; offset having a single long horizontal internode growing
upto some distance and producing a tuft of leaves above and cluster of roots
below at the apex (Eichornia, Pistia) (Fig. 8.2b) and sucker, which arises
from underground part of stem, grows obliquely and gives rise to a new
shoot. (Chrysanthemum, Banana, Pineapple).

(a) (b)
Fig. 8.3 Thorns of (a) Acacia (b) Bougainvillea
(iii) For protection
Some modified stem provides protection as thorns which are hard,
pointed structures each representing a branch that arises from the
axil of leaf. Thorns are found in plants like Duranta, Pomegranate,
Acacia, Ber, Prosopis, Bougainvillea, Citrus, etc (Fig. 8.3).

(iv) For support Fig. 8.4 Tendrils of

Passion flower
Tendrils are modifications of stem to provide support to plants, e.g.,
Vitis, passion flower, Bignonia etc (Fig. 8.4).

(v) For photosynthesis

Stems are also modified into Phylloclade, to facilitate photosynthesis.
Phylloclades are flattened/cylindrical stem or branches of unlimited growth
(Cactus) (Fig. 8.5).

Discussion
Fig. 8.5 Green
In all the examples cited above, the stems are modified to perform the stem of
additional function of storage, perennation, vegetative propagation, Cactus
photosynthesis, etc. Accordingly, their morphology and structure have been
modified to suit the function they perform.

Questions
1. Mention any one stem character by which ginger rhizome and onion bulb are
recognized as stem.
2. Though potato tuber is non-green and underground, it has plenty of starch. Where
does this starch come from?
3. Comment on the feature of photosynthetic stem of Opuntia.

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